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The rector’s foreword

Contents Seventy-five years is no age to speak of in terms of a university. Compared with the earli- 1 The rector’s foreword est universities in Europe, some of which are 2–3 The rector’s annual report 800 years old, the University of Aarhus has just 4 The University of Aarhus – in brief started nursery school. We therefore still have 5 University structure and much to learn, but can also look forward to administration some fine, interesting years of development. 6–7 New degree programmes The 75th anniversary celebrated in 2003 8–9 New graduate schools made an impact in terms of development and 10 New research centres innovation at both professional and organisa- 11–12 2003 at the university tional levels. For many people both within and 13–15 75th anniversary outside the university environment, 2003 will 16–17 “You can’t prove beauty” also be remembered for all the highly necessary 18–19 Medieval Europe seen celebrations surrounding the day of the jubilee in a new perspective itself on 11 September. Social and festive activ- 20–21 The Andersen Patent ities play an important part in any organisation, 22–23 War in the body and when combined with professional events 24–25 Legal research in practice and top-quality celebrations, the result is worth 26–27 Have: correlations remembering. Of the many professional events, Would like: explanations I would just like to mention the awarding of 28–29 Journey to Rome academic and PhD prizes and the conferring 30–31 Top-level research requires time, of honorary doctorates. At the University of courage and flair Aarhus, the latter is particularly distinctive, 32–33 Inspiring others is important as it only takes place in connection with major 34–37 Key figures for 2003 “birthdays”. The joy associated with this major 38–39 Faculty of Humanities event was made even greater later in the year 40–41 Faculty of Health Sciences when two of the five honorary doctors were 42–43 Faculty of Social Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Eco- 44–45 Faculty of Theology nomics, respectively. 46–47 Faculty of Science This year’s edition of The University of 48–53 Doctorates and PhDs awarded in 2003 Aarhus contains more information about these 54 Addresses events and also provides brief summaries of 55 Map some of the year’s initiatives within educa- 56 Colophon tion, research and collaboration with society at large. One of the new initiatives described for 2003 is the publishing of an alumni magazine. The purpose of AU-gustus is to maintain con- tact with the many graduates who have studied at the University of Aarhus over the years. In this way, the university provides information about continued development and activities within research and education. For further information about the University of Aarhus, please see www.au.dk. To order any of the publications, please call +45 8942 2340 or contact [email protected]

Niels Christian Sidenius Rector The rector’s annual report

The most important development in 2003 was about, but the university’s fundamental ob- the new University Act, which took effect on jective to provide high-quality research and 1 July following prolonged debate. The Uni- education is not affected by the change in versity of Aarhus subsequently had to imple- management structure. The change in the edu- ment the act and make the best possible use cation system as such, which is also part of of the new legal framework. The conclusion of the new University Act, is probably more im- deliberations among university management portant. In addition to the structural changes and in the Senate was that it would be best in the education reform (the 3+2 model in all to implement the act as soon as possible with degree programmes) and the built-in flexi- due respect for the election periods set out in bility (easier access to transfer of credits upon the previous University Act. In autumn 2003, change of degree programme or department), much work was therefore put into finishing it is particularly the act’s focus on quality as- a draft for new articles, appointing the six surance and student guidance that is worth external members of the University Board, noticing. We are not talking about new activ- electing the five internal members and ap- ities at the university, but the act emphasises pointing heads of department in advance of the importance of assessing and developing the changeover date of 1 February 2004. these areas. All in all, the university completed this The impact of the changes to the education exercise successfully. Many problems were system brought about by the new act will be solved before and immediately after New particularly noticeable because of the change Looking east along Nordre Year 2003. The University Board was formed, in the upper secondary education that took Ringgade (the northern the Senate approved a draft for new articles place in 2003. The many changes will compli- ring road). On the right of in mid-January as its last task, and heads of cate the enrolment of new students at the uni- the picture are the old main department were appointed for the period un- versity in the coming years and pose special building, the Main Hall and til mid-2006. However, the university will not challenges to the future degree programmes the University Park. The fully implement the new University Act until for teachers in the upper secondary education first red buildings to the left, 2004 and 2005, when new players and new system. These challenges can only be over- the former Orthopaedic Hos- procedures will become a part of daily life at come through close cooperation between the pital, now house the Faculty the university. universities and the educational institutions of Theology. The flat-roofed The University Act is a management re- concerned. It is therefore extremely important buildings in the background form involving a board with a majority of to strengthen the cooperation with the upper are the Nobel Park, which external members and managers employed at secondary schools and the professional asso- houses modern languages the university. Time will show what changes ciations of upper secondary school principals and psychology. this new management structure will bring and teachers about the process of change. Some of the major changes to the long-term physical structure of the university are near- ing completion. In that regard, the last two months of 2003 were particularly eventful. In November, the university took over the Aarhus Museum of Fine Arts in the Venne- lystparken park, and the museum will now be rebuilt to house most of the university’s geo- logical environment. The extension to the IT City Katrinebjerg was completed towards the end of the year with the result that Computer Science and Information and Media Studies can now be located side by side. The depart- 2 / 3

ments will continue to be divided between case, one thing that is perfectly clear is that several buildings to accommodate the needs the new contract must focus to a greater ex- of researchers and students, but a significant tent on the level of the university than the first regrouping will be possible in 2006, at which contract did. It must also be worded in such stage a planned IT Science Park will have a way that it allows the maximum amount of been completed in the area. freedom in research and innovation. Two large projects were completed in De- The University Act of 2003 stipulates that cember 2003. The extension of the Nobel Park the universities have four tasks: research, has finally been built, and at the turn of the education, dissemination of knowledge and year 2003–2004, the Department of Psychology exchange of knowledge. The latter two tasks was able to move into modern buildings next are only new in theory because the univer- to the areas used for arts and social sciences. sity has worked with these aspects for many The most important change in the Nobel years. The researchers at the university have The flags are all raised Park, however, was that a completely different also “contributed to public debate”. However, when ceremonies are held in educational institution – the School of Social in the years to come, we will no doubt see the university’s Main Hall. Work – moved into the university environ- more activities in these areas – some are al- The Tree of Knowledge, a ment at the same time. It will be interesting to ready in the pipeline. In conclusion, I would relief by the Danish sculp- see how these very different institutions will like to highlight two examples of the univer- tor Olaf Stæhr-Nielsen, has influence each other. Finally, the Biomedical sity’s traditional, but also future core areas: been hanging above the Science Park at Skejby Sygehus was completed research and education. main entrance since 1949. at the end of the year. The close cooperation Researchers normally communicate by The individual faculties are between the university and the Aarhus Sci- publishing reports, typically in magazines represented by symbols ence Park makes us very positive about this that target the academic environment. It is hanging between the leaves. new development in the innovative environ- therefore a great pleasure to see that the ment of East Jutland. This also fits in well number of research-related articles published with the university’s increased focus on how in 2003 was higher then ever before and that to strengthen efforts aimed at innovation. research-related articles represent 75% of all 2003 was the final year in the university’s published items as per the university’s annual four-year development contract with the report. That does not mean that we are per- Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and fect, but it is an impressive result. Development. It is not easy to sum up the re- In the area of education, I would like to sults. Cynics would say that the results failed mention that the Ministry of Science, Technol- to match the resources spent over five years in ogy and Development authorised the uni- an attempt to put the many different aspects versity in principle to use the title graduate of the agreement into words and reports. engineer (Master of Science) for future gradu- Optimists would say that working with the ates from the Centre for Engineering Master’s contract caused us to focus on and speed up degree programmes. It also appears that the certain deliberations and activities that would Ministry of Science, Technology and Devel- otherwise have been less advanced by now. opment will approve the actual engineering The objective assessment is that the contract degree programmes (3+2 years) at the Uni- attracted more attention to a number of uni- versity of Aarhus, which would give students versity activities, but that it did not change an additional and very relevant reason to much in its own right. study at the university. This would add some The university now faces the task of pre- interesting perspectives to the university’s paring a new contract, which the University collaboration with the business sector and the Board will enter into with the Ministry of University College of Aarhus, which will no Science, Technology and Development. In any doubt be very productive. The University of Aarhus – in brief

The University of Aarhus was founded in university. The University Board safeguards 1928 and was a self-governing institution the university’s interests in its capacity as an until 1970. After about thirty years as a gov- education and research institution, and de- ernment institution, the university has again termines the guidelines for its organisation, become self-governing as a result of the tran- long-term activities and development. The sition to the new University Act, which was rector deals with the daily management of the adopted in 2003. university within in the framework defined The university is divided into five fac- by the University Board. The remainder of ulties: the Faculty of Humanities, the Faculty the senior management (the pro-rector and of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Social Sci- the director of administration), deans, heads ences, the Faculty of Theology and the Faculty of departments and directors of studies act in of Science, as well as a common area. In 2003, accordance with the authorisation granted by the university employed about 5,000 people. the rector. Converted to full-time positions – expressed in years of work – this equals approximately Task 3,400 positions. There are approximately The university’s task is to conduct research 22,000 students enrolled at the university. The and provide research-based education to University of Aarhus is Denmark’s second- the highest international standard within its largest university, a large regional workplace subject areas. The university must ensure and an important international, national, equal interaction between research and edu- regional and local business partner supplying cation, undertake ongoing strategic selection, knowledge and education to the surrounding prioritisation and development of its fields community. of research and education, and disseminate With effect from 1 February 2004, the Uni- knowledge of scientific methods and results. versity Board is the supreme authority at the

The Steno Museum in the southern part of the Univer- sity Park has exhibitions about the history of science and medicine. 4 / 5

University structure and administration

The university’s structure is regulated by the Structure from 2004 University Act of 2003. This act introduced a University Board as the supreme authority for ���� ���������� ����������������� ������������ the university. The University Board consists ����� ���������� of eleven members, six of whom are appointed ��������������� ������������������� �������������������� from outside the university. Two members are elected by and from among the academic staff, ���� ���������� ����������������� ������������� ��������������� two members are elected by and from among ������ ��������������� ������������������� ������������������� the students, and one member is elected by ���������� and from among the technical and adminis- ���� ���������� �������������� ��������� trative staff. The University Board safeguards ���������������� the university’s interests in its capacity as an ��������������� ������������������� �������������������

institution of education and research, and �������� determines the guidelines for its organisation, ���� ���������� ��������� long-term activities and development. The ��������������� ������������������� ������������������� University Board came into effect on 1 Febru-

ary 2004 and replaced the Senate. ���� ���������� ����������������� ������������� The rector deals with the daily manage- �������������� �������� ment of the university within the framework ��������������� ������������������� ������������������� defined by the University Board. The remain- der of the senior management (the pro-rector and the director of administration), deans, heads of departments and directors of studies act in accordance with the authorisation granted by the rector.

Faculties and departments The University of Aarhus consists of five faculties: the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Faculty of Social Sciences, research centres have been established at the the Faculty of Theology and the Faculty of Sci- faculties to accommodate interdisciplinary ence. Each faculty is headed by a dean, who research projects, which often receive external represents the faculty outside the university, finance. and manages the main study area in accord- ance with the authorisation granted by Board of studies the rector. The dean appoints a director of studies and a The university has approximately forty de- board of studies for each of the approximately partments, which are the smallest administra- sixty study areas for which the university tive units within the university, and the place offers degree programmes. The director of where research and education takes place. studies is in charge of the actual planning of Each department is managed by a head of de- the degree programme in question (teaching, partment, who represents the department out- examination and student guidance) within side the university, and is in charge of profes- the framework of the academic regulations. sional, financial and staff management for the Each board of studies consists of an equal department in accordance with the authorisa- number of representatives of academic staff tion granted by the rector and the dean. and students, who are elected by and from the In recent years, an increasing number of academic staff and the students, respectively. New degree programmes

The Faculty of Humanities who wish to find employment in teaching New Master’s degree programmes positions. Cultural Environments and Landscape Analysis In 2002, the Aarhus School of Architecture The Faculty of Social Sciences and the University of Aarhus received ap- Combined studies programme consisting of psych- proval for a Master’s degree programme in ology as a subsidiary subject and business admin- Cultural Environments and Landscape Analysis, istration as a main subject. which began in February 2003. This degree This degree programme begins with two targets planners, advisers and administrators years of business administration studies fol- of landscapes and those who actively partici- lowed by 1½ years of psychology as a subsid- pate in interest groups. The Master’s degree iary subject. The degree programme finishes programme in Cultural Environments and Land- with 1½ years of business administration scape Analysis studies the history of the land- studies, which includes the Master’s thesis. scape. Participants acquire skills in planning and managing an administrative department Master’s degree programme in Social Integration that takes the interests of culture and nature This degree programme targets employees into consideration. in the teaching profession or the social sector who work with individuals at risk of mar- Ethics and Values in Organisations ginalisation. The target group is therefore The Master’s degree programme in Ethics and employees interested in social integration Values in Organisations was approved by the theories and those interested in the practical Ministry of Science, Technology and Develop- application of these theories. These include: ment and began in September 2003. The de- • professionals working with the integration gree programme targets individuals involved of individuals (children, young people and in staff and organisational development, adults) who are at risk of being margin- management, strategic planning, informa- alised in the education system, the social tion and communication, human resources, system or the health system. project management and teaching. These are • individuals in management positions who people whose job already requires or will at are responsible for organising social and some stage need theoretically based know- educational initiatives. ledge of how to decode, formulate, prioritise • individuals in planning, consulting or co- and communicate the ethics and values of an ordinating functions who are responsible organisation. for professional assistance with social and educational initiatives. The Faculty of Health Sciences See also The Master’s degree programme in Clinical www.samfundsvidenskab.au/dk/msi Nursing was approved by the Ministry of Sci- ence, Technology and Development in May The Faculty of Theology 2003, and was launched on 1 September 2003. With effect from September 2003, the The- This degree programme aims at giving ology degree programme was divided into students the necessary qualifications to prac- a three-year Bachelor’s degree programme tise and manage clinical nursing functions. (plus one year propaedeutic Greek and Latin) Candidates will be particularly suited for and a two-year Master’s degree programme. clinical positions that require both practical At the same time, a considerable number of nursing expertise and supervisory skills as existing students accepted a transfer to these regards patients and nursing staff. The de- new degree programmes, which are distin- gree programme is also relevant for students guished by innovation in offering a greater 6 / 7

degree of scholarly cooperation with other traditional subject knowledge and to putting degree programmes, increased integration of the subject into a wider perspective. language studies, new subjects such as gen- eral studies and religion, increased flexibility Degree programmes in Engineering and study credit opportunities, as well as In September 2003, the Ministry of Science, new forms of examination. New introductory Technology and Development gave the go- material for the degree programme has been ahead for the University of Aarhus to start of- prepared and is available at www.teo.au.dk fering engineering degree programmes. The ministry’s approval affects both the The Faculty of Science existing two-year technical Master’s degree New Bachelor’s degree programmes programmes, and also allows the University In 2003, the faculty implemented a compre- of Aarhus to establish new technical research hensive study reform. As a result of this re- programmes that lead to the title of graduate form, entry subjects have been reduced from engineer. approximately forty two-subject combinations The three existing Master’s degree pro- to the following eleven Bachelor’s degree pro- grammes – Biomedical Engineering, Technical grammes: Information Technology and Technical Geol- Biology, Computer Science, Physics, Geol- ogy – are attached to the Centre for Applied ogy, Physical Education and Sport, Chemis- Sciences, and are taught in close collaboration try, Mathematics, Mathematics–Economics, with the University College of Aarhus. More Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and new degree programmes are in the pipeline. Nanotechnology. There are several reasons to be pleased This has made it easier for the students to with this new development. Now that the get a general idea of their study direction. At University of Aarhus can offer engineering the same time, they have more choices within programmes, a basis has been established the individual degree programmes and the for educating increasing numbers of skilled opportunity to influence their studies accord- young people. These graduates will be able ing to personal and professional interests. The to work in high-tech companies already students thus have the opportunity to choose present in the region. They will also become between a number of subject packages and highly qualified entrepreneurs, applying the can combine their main subject with another knowledge and expertise gained at centres of subject area, either within science or in a education in Aarhus. The establishment of the completely different area such as languages, engineering degree programmes in Aarhus is communication, environment or business important, not just for regional business de- administration. velopment, but also to maintain and develop The study year has also been restructured: the region as an attractive centre of education. Japanese ivy. the familiar structure with semesters has been done away with, and the study year divided into four so-called quarters, each con- sisting of seven weeks of teaching followed by an assessment period of two to four weeks. A number of new teaching and evaluation methods were introduced at the same time. This reform improves the initial study period in a number of ways. For example, during the initial period of the Bachelor’s degree, equal weight is given to teaching New graduate schools

The Faculty of Health Sciences clinical and epidemiological aspects of cardio- The faculty hosts the Danish Research School in vascular research. The University of Copen- Molecular Cancer Research. hagen hosts the graduate school. The objective of this graduate school is to strengthen the education of young research- Danish Cardiovascular Research Academy ers in molecular aspects of cancer research. www.dacra.dk The main focus is on methodology and the ability to develop and use new molecular Danish Stem Cell Research Doctoral School technology. The two other health science The faculty also participates in the Danish faculties in Denmark and the science faculty Stem Cell Research Doctoral School. The ob- at the University of Aarhus participate in the jective of this graduate school is to prepare graduate school. a common PhD programme in which stem cell research, related technologies and ethical Danish Research School in Molecular Cancer aspects can be processed in a joint national Research www.mcrs.dk forum with the contribution of both basic and clinical research. The University of Southern Danish Cardiovascular Research Academy Denmark hosts the graduate school, in which The faculty participates in the Danish Car- the three health science faculties – including diovascular Research Academy. The objective the Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aal- of this graduate school, in which the three borg University, and the Royal Veterinary and health science faculties in Denmark par- Agricultural University – all participate. ticipate, is to strengthen the cardiovascular research environment. The graduate school Danish Stem Cell Research Doctoral School targets PhD students with projects in basic, www.dascdoc.dk

The lakeside lecture theatre 1. 8 / 9

The Faculty of Science Loke Diagnostics ApS, ACE BioSciences A/S The graduate school for Industrial-related Molecu- and Pipeline Biotech A/S. lar Biotechnology These companies are represented on the The objective of the new PhD programme is Board of the graduate school and participate to work with a number of small businesses in in project planning. The graduate school does biotechnology, which is one of the fields that not offer standard PhD scholarships, but a most rapidly turns basic research into product wide range of projects that are of interest to development and manufacture. the companies. These projects form the basis The graduate school for Industrial-related of the education of the young PhD students. Molecular Biotechnology received DKK 5.4 Large parts of the PhD courses themselves million from the Danish Research Train- take place in the companies. ing Council, which in the latest round of grants, favoured the establishment of gradu- The graduate school for Industrial-related ate schools in which the business sector Molecular Biotechnology www.femb.dk is responsible for a significant part of the financing. The graduate school, located at the Univer- sity of Aarhus, is based on collaboration be- tween the Faculty of Business Administration at the Aarhus School of Business, the Foulum Research Centre under the auspices of the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the A large part of the Depart- County of Aarhus and four small, new bio- ment of Molecular Biology is technology companies: Borean Pharma A/S, located in Science Park Aarhus, facing the university. New research centres

Centre for Business History is yet another ex- ample of collaboration between the university and local cultural institutions.

The Faculty of Science The Centre for Structural Biology A grant from the Danish Natural Science Re- search Council made the Centre for Structural Biology a reality. The Centre for Structural Biology is a multidisciplinary centre at the Department of Molecular Biology. The centre is based on the already established Macro- molecular Crystallography group, but has a strong component of national and internation- al partnerships. The overall focus of the centre is the molecular basis of life. By determining the spatial composition of selected proteins and RNA molecules, the centre will conduct research into how the cell’s proteins are formed on the ribosome and how this process is regulated in higher organisms. The selec- tion of proteins in the cell can be extended beyond what is given by the genome through RNA modification. The interaction between proteins and RNA responsible for such exten- Library facilities are import- The Faculty of Humanities sions will be studied at the centre. Finally, the ant to both researchers and The Centre for Business History centre will study the structure and function students. The Ringgade The University of Aarhus and the Danish of selected membrane proteins that are key Library is shared by the National Business Archives have jointly es- components in the cell’s communication with Institute of Philosophy and tablished the Centre for Business History. The the external environment. History of Ideas, the Institute collaboration between these two organisations of History and Area Studies strengthens research in business history by Centre for Structural Biology and the Department of bringing together authorities in the field. The http://xray.imsb.au.dk Classical Archaeology. Centre for Business History is also expected to cooperate with the business community of today to map out business culture and his- tory. The plan is that the centre will provide a framework for research in market history, consumer history, accounting history, socio- economic network formation and business leader generations and profiles. It is the inten- tion that the Centre for Business History will work with institutions from all over Denmark, but with a solid base in Aarhus. Just as the Centre for Town History cooperates with the Old Town (Denmark’s National Open-Air Museum of Urban History and Culture), the 10 / 11

2003 at the university

New University Board The University Board The new University Board took over in the assembled for the first board autumn of 2003, only a few months after the meeting. Below (pictured Danish Parliament had adopted the new Uni- from left): Jens Ulrik versity Act. Andersen, Jens Bigum The University Board has eleven members (chairman of the board), altogether. The six external members of the Arild Underdal. Second University Board are Jens Bigum, former row: Kasper Rasmussen managing director of Arla Foods amba; Sys and Jørgen Grønnegård Rovsing Koch, solicitor; Bech-Bruun Dragsted, Christensen. Third row: chairman of the Danish Bar and Law Society; Kirsten Jakobsen, Annette Annette Kruhøffer, principal of the upper Kruhøffer, Johannes Riis. secondary county school in Paderup; Johan- Fourth row: Sys Rovsing nes Riis, editorial director of Gyldendal; Arne Koch, Dina Bloch. At rear: Rolighed, managing director of the Danish Arne Rolighed. Cancer Society; and Arild Underdal, rector of the University of Oslo. Elected by and from among the students are Dina Bloch, MSc stu- dent (political science) and Kasper Rasmus- sen, MA student. Elected by and from among the staff are Professor Jørgen Grønnegård Christensen, Department of Political Science; Professor Jens Ulrik Andersen, Department Aarhus now have a new and different way to of Physics and Astronomy; and Kirsten Jakob- keep in touch with university life. Four times sen, administrative officer, School of Law. a year they will receive a magazine with As was the case with the former Senate, news, debates, personality profiles, offers the University Board’s primary function is for continuing studies and events, etc. The to handle general issues such as budgets and name of the new alumni magazine is AU- development contracts and plans. In addition, gustus, which is a combination of AU for the the University Board naturally becomes in- University of Aarhus and the Latin word gus- volved further down in decision-making mat- tus, which means a taste sample. The name ters such as the creation of new departments therefore aptly describes the purpose of the and centres. However, it is not the job of the magazine. University Board to deal with staff issues, Graduates are an important part of the with the exception of the appointment of the efforts made at the University of Aarhus to rector, the pro-rector and the director of ad- integrate the universities into society and in- ministration. The rector of the university may, crease collaboration with the private business in fact, be more affected by the changes than community. At the same time, the university anyone else. wants to be first in line when a serious need arises for high-quality, targeted continuing New magazine for graduates education. from the University of Aarhus In each edition, AU-gustus will discuss a As the first university in Denmark, the Uni- specific topic or a major research area from versity of Aarhus now publishes a magazine different angles. The first edition focused on for its graduates. the new University Act, collaboration with the Approximately 40,000 Bachelor’s and Mas- private business sector and the 75th anniver- ter’s degree graduates from the University of sary celebration, which had just taken place.

2003 at the university

The University of Aarhus establishes ers. Each of the university’s five faculties rec- new contacts with the private business ommended a candidate who had completed a community PhD degree within the past year. The awards On 1 May 2003, the University of Aarhus were of DKK 50,000 each. opened a new department, the Business The PhD prizes were awarded to Mads Liaison Office. This office is the result of a Rosendahl Thomsen, assistant research pro- joint effort undertaken by the university and fessor, Institute of Aesthetic Studies; Malene the County of Aarhus, which has granted Hollingdal, senior registrar, Aarhus Universi- DKK 4 million for a four-year project. The job ty Hospital, Århus Sygehus; Susanne Schmidt of the Business Liaison Office will be to pro- Pedersen, associate professor, Tilburg Univer- mote and draw attention to the university’s sity, the Netherlands; Jørn Borup, freelance; contacts with the private business community. Peter Teglberg Madsen, scientific director, RV The new department was established in Odyssey in the Indian Ocean. the belief that there is an unexploited po- tential for businesses on the one hand and Academic awards to five prominent research environments at the university on researchers the other. The purpose is to facilitate access The awarding of academic prizes to five for private businesses to the latest research researchers marked the start of the 75th results in a large number of areas and, at the anniversary of the University of Aarhus in same time, to give university researchers May 2003. access to private businesses where research An anniversary trust was established at theories can be tested in practice, and where the university’s 50th jubilee in 1978, mainly some of the research results can be put to supporting research and education. It was a commercial use. continuation of this trust that was responsible The university also hopes that additional for the awarding of the academic prizes of contact will be established between students DKK 75,000 each at the 75th anniversary in – the researchers and staff members of the 2003. These awards were not subject to appli- future – and the business community in the cation, but were intended as a mark of respect region, which would benefit not only the two to researchers who, in their academic work, parties involved, but also the status of both have produced one or more substantial results the region as a growth area, and Aarhus as an that indicate a promising future. attractive university city. The academic awards for 2003 were given As one of its first tasks, the department has to the following five researchers: Dorthe created a Web site that describes the initiative Jørgensen, associate professor, Institute of and provides a systematic presentation of Philosophy and History of Ideas; Henning relevant activities already taking place at the Rud Andersen, honorary associate profes- university. sor, consultant, Department of Cardiology, Skejby Sygehus; Torsten Iversen, professor, The Business Liaison Office LLD, School of Law; Per Ingesman, associate www.au.dk/erhverv professor, DTheol, Department of Church History and Practical Theology; Flemming PhD awards to five promising young Besenbacher, professor, DSc, Department of researchers Physics and Astronomy. In connection with the university’s 75th an- niversary in 2003, the Aarhus University Re- See the profiles of the five researchers on pp. search Foundation awarded for the first time 16, 20, 24, 28 and 30. five PhD prizes to promising young research-

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75th anniversary

From 70 to 22,000 students lane, dinner and a retrospective student The University of Aarhus was officially revue, and finished with a ball at the Stak- opened on 11 September 1928 and could laden Canteen that lasted until 2 am. In the therefore celebrate its 75th anniversary in afternoon, the graduates elected bookseller 2003 – as the second-largest and second-oldest Henning Clausen as their honorary citizen. university in Denmark. In 1928, 70 students The official celebration of the university’s began their studies in Aarhus, and the univer- jubilee took place on 12 September, in the at- sity has grown since then to become a work tendance of both HM Queen Margrethe and Solidum petit in profun- centre for about 22,000 students and 5,000 HRH Crown Prince Frederik. The anniver- dis says the Latin text on staff. Today, the university makes its mark sary celebration was attended by 650 guests, the university seal, which is on both Danish society and the international and Rector Niels Christian Sidenius officially combined here with the world of research. opened the afternoon’s programme with an anniversary logo. It means A group of very active students who had anniversary speech. The Aarhus University “Seek a firm footing in the helped organise the 25th anniversary fifty Choir and the Royal Academy of Music, depths”. years ago took the initiative to organise an Aarhus performed Knud Jeppesen’s Aarhus “anniversary meeting” to which they had in- University Cantata (1946) with text by Tom vited all former students who graduated from Kristensen, and finished with We seek it fear- the University of Aarhus before 1965. Their lessly in the depths, composed for the occasion evening included a special lecture by Rector by Associate Professor Jens Johansen, with Niels Christian Sidenius, a musical memory text by Professor Morten Kyndrup.

VI SØGER DET FRYGTLØST I DYBET Ved Aarhus Universitets 75-års jubilæum september 2003 Tekst og musik: Morten Kyndrup og Jens Johansen

Both Crown Prince Frederik and Queen Margrethe took part in the anniversary celebrations.

Vi søger det frygtløst i dybet At få en idé mens man sover og selv når vi ingenting ved og vågne og mærke det gro så svømmer vi udad og indad og ned igennem den blåsorte vinterdags ro og håber vi når det, at tænde og pludselig føle det hænde før ilten er væk: et lykkeligt nu: så farligt det er at erkende så dejligt det er at erkende

At bære det frem gennem verden Jeg tror det er dig der skal vide en tanke man ikke kan se at alt det jeg aldrig har vidst at følge et spor, at føle det ske det tynger og kapper hver eneste kvist at vide man nok la’r sig blænde der er, også den jeg skal sende en smule måske – af sted, når jeg ser så lysfyldt det er at erkende hvor ensomt det er at erkende

Så farligt at tro man er sikker Vi ved at vi drømmer om viden så pinligt hvis nu man ta’r fejl og drømmer vi ved det en dag alligevel sættes hvert eneste sejl hvor drømmen får farver og fyldes med smag hver eneste dag, også denne og liv og et lys der kan vende hvor lyset er lavt det om, det vi ved og intet er let at erkende om verden – og om at erkende 2003 at the university

The gift from the Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus was a performance of Vival- di’s The Four Seasons, per- formed by the academy’s own orchestra in the Main Hall, which was full to capacity. Between 7,000 and 8,000 guests braved the rain to attend the concert.

On the actual “birthday” itself, Thursday 11 Sep- tember, twelve canteens served free tea, coffee and Danish pastry for the university students and staff. In the afternoon, Aarhus University Sports held their annual sports day with competitions in basket- ball, hockey, handball, football, volleyball, campus relay and cake throwing.

About 80 different events made up the university’s “Open House” day from 1 pm to 5 pm on Sunday 7 September, which featured themes such as samba, stories, sense of smell and much, much more. Every- one was welcome to join in conducted tours, listen to stories, learn to fold paper, watch the dancing, have their sense of smell tested, indulge in sweets, ask questions about God, visit three museums, listen to songs, attend a “translation concert” and much more.

"The heart celebrates the brain". Louise Gade, Mayor of Aarhus, took this picture on 11 September – the day of the anniversary – when the heart (the town hall) had invited the brain (the university) to attend an evening reception. The mayor presented Rector Niels Christian Sidenius with a present from Aarhus City Council: a grant of DKK 100,000 for the new Aarhus Centre for Business History. 14 / 15

On Saturday 13 September, the Student Council converted the University Park into the venue for a celebration that lasted from 2 pm to 8 pm. The popular local “Friday pubs” had teamed up to create a number of bars, each featuring a different decade as its theme. About ten different groups provided live music on three separate stages throughout the day. The Aarhus pop group TV-2 finished off the evening with a concert for students and staff – with more than 18,000 partying guests singing along. They paid tribute to the popu- lar TV-2 group in a colourful display made by One of the Friday pubs responsible for drinks on lighting cigarette lighters and switching on Saturday 13 September. bicycle lamps and mobile phones. The convivial atmosphere can be con- firmed by the fact that there was only one alert during the entire evening. The profes- sional security guards use three types of alert codes – green, yellow and red. The only alert to be investigated was caused by two people Steffen Brandt and an enthusiastic audience of 18,000 discussing loudly whether or not they really sang “I only dream of you” at the large concert held in were a couple. Apparently, the outcome was the University Park for students and staff. that they were not. The staff also held their own parties in the different departments and faculties. Ap- proximately 3,500 staff members and their partners joined in, finishing with a combined staff party in the Stakladen Canteen and the Students’ House.

In conjunction with the jubilee celebration, the university appointed five honorary doctors, one from each of the five faculties. From left to right these are Professor Fredrik Barth, Oslo (the Faculty of Humanities), Professor Clive W. J. Granger, San Diego (the Faculty of Social Sciences), Professor Peter Courtland Agre, Baltimore (the Faculty of Health Sciences), Professor Gerd Theissen, Heidelberg (the Faculty of Theology) and Professor Gerhard Ertl, Berlin (the Faculty of Science). A few weeks later, Professor Peter Courtland Agre was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Professor Clive W. J. Granger received the Nobel Prize in Economics. Both have worked closely with researchers from the University of Aarhus for several years. Dorthe Jørgensen

“You can’t prove beauty”

“The aesthetes have monopolised aesthetics for far too long. It’s time the phil- philosophers and historians of ideas to learn osophers have their turn,” says Associate Professor Dorthe Jørgensen. more about the nature and meaning of the experience, they do so in vain. Danish phil- By Mikkel Hvid osophy has not dealt with philosophical aes- thetics in a systematic way, and that is a huge You experience it one evening at the beach, problem, according to Associate Professor just at the moment the sun is going down, Dorthe Jørgensen, the Institute of Philosophy casting its last warm rays on the sand dunes and History of Ideas. and the stiff lyme grass – that’s exactly the Aesthetics came to Denmark as early as the moment you feel it. end of the 18th century. It arrived from Ger- Or one morning in church, there it is again; many, where it had been founded by the phi- it creeps up on you mixed with the tones of losopher Baumgarten. Inspired by that trad- the organ, the beautiful words of the hymn ition, the University of Copenhagen created a and the grandeur of the moment. professorship in aesthetics in 1788. Or maybe it pops up on a perfectly or- “The Baumgarten tradition and German dinary Thursday when you’re sitting in the philosophy nevertheless never really caught kitchen, enjoying a glass of red with your on,” says Associate Professor Jørgensen. boyfriend. Time suddenly becomes fluid, “During all the years the professorship the room takes on a special depth, and you existed, it was occupied by authors and other experience the moment more intensely and aesthetes. At first, they adopted a subjective clearly than ever before – that is it, there it approach to questions of aesthetics. They later is again. Beauty. The aesthetic experience of became more academic, but they never devel- The vestibule of the uni- something more. oped a philosophical approach to aesthetics. versity’s first building In 1918, the professorship was abolished and – inspired by the Bauhaus Dormant philosophy replaced by a professorship in comparative lit- style. This is now home to Many people experience that kind of aes- erary history. And as the philosophers did not the School of Law. thetic awareness, but if they approach Danish protest, philosophical aesthetics disappeared, and it became up to individuals to preserve its future.”

Art is only a small component In other parts of the world, art theory and art philosophy also pushed philosophical aesthetics into the background. Many actu- ally confuse philosophical aesthetics with an analysis of the idiom of an artwork in terms of art theory or with considerations of what actually defines a work of art in terms of art philosophy. “But,” says Associate Professor Jørgensen, “there is something missing. On the one hand, the beauty of art and beauty as such are not the same thing. On the other hand, philosophical aesthetics are about aesthetic experience. The aesthetic experience is a special form of true cognition that many people encounter 16 / 17

without it having anything to do with art. If of beauty were entertained throughout the you reduce aesthetics to a question of analys- Middle Ages. ing the idiom of an artwork, you cut yourself But with Kant, the equilibrium was lost. off from exploring an experience that many He mentions somewhere that beauty in fact is people share with each other, and that has a the symbol of virtue – i.e. goodness – and in special meaning for them.” that way, morals get the upper hand. In Germany, philosophical aesthetics Be open to beauty nevertheless survived despite this twist. In 45-year-old Associate Professor Jørgensen Denmark, however, things developed dif- would like to see a renewed focus on philo- ferently. One of the reasons for this was that sophical aesthetics. This time, the task would Danish philosophy was for many years more be tackled in earnest and an actual philo- influenced by the analytical philosophy of sophical approach to aesthetics developed the English-speaking world, which sees itself – and philosophical aesthetics are completely as a science, than by the German philosophy, different from art history. which is more open to metaphysics. “Art history is about the artwork as an “That’s a shame,” says Associate Professor object that is academically analysed. Others Jørgensen, “because aesthetics are basically should be able to repeat the analysis; other- metaphysics, the metaphysics of experience. wise the results are not valid. However, it It is a lack of understanding or acceptance of does not make sense to deal with aesthetic this that causes aesthetics to be reduced to experience in this way. You cannot repeat art history. Instead, philosophical aesthetics my special aesthetic experience; that which should be the philosophical basis for work I experience as beautiful. My experience is with aesthetic subjects. Just like the metaphys- nevertheless valid. It says something import- ics of experience, it can function as a new and When the park is covered ant. The task is therefore to define the com- more modern form of theory of cognition.” in snow, the children of mon denominator in the individual aesthetic Aarhus soon crowd the experience, and you do that through phil- large toboggan run on osophical reflection. In that way, I can share the “Island”. my experience with you, and you will be able not just to recognise it in yourself, but also to better understand your own experiences,” says Associate Professor Jørgensen.

Missing component Denmark is not the only country in which philosophical aesthetics have been replaced by art history. The same thing happened in the English-speaking world, and only Italy and Germany have a tradition for philosoph- ical aesthetics. The tradition is particularly strong in Germany, and in the 20th century, it includes philosophers like Benjamin, Heidegger and Adorno. As early as Plato, thoughts about beauty constituted a key part of philosophy. Plato perceived truth, goodness and beauty as three aspects of the same thing, and thoughts Else Roesdahl

Medieval Europe seen in a new perspective

In Tromsø, Dublin, Seville and many other places, researchers are busy Physical vestiges provide writing a story that began in Aarhus seven years ago, based on an idea created a new perspective by Professor Else Roesdahl from the Department of Medieval Archaeology. “The baptismal font is just one of many ex- amples,” says Professor Roesdahl. “It’s an By Mikkel Hvid example of how archaeologists’ studies of the Many Danish churches have baptismal fonts physical vestiges that culture leaves in the that date from the Middle Ages. The church landscape, in the earth, in buildings and tools at Nr. Snede has a beautiful font, typical of provide completely new knowledge and allow those found in Jutland: about a metre high, us to see the past in a new light. If written cut out of solid, grey granite and ornamented material was the only testimony of the past, with four large male lions, each pair sharing a our knowledge would be very restricted,” human face. she adds. “Many aspects have never been In most Danish churches, the baptismal described in written material. Trelleborg, for font is placed in the chancel. That can hardly example, is not mentioned in as much as one surprise anybody. That is just how it is. And if written source, but it is nevertheless an im- we read historical documents, we do not find portant part of our history. Many of the other anything that contradicts our perceptions royal centres are only known from diggings about where in the church the baptismal font or from the physical traces remaining in the should be. landscape. The material sources we work with “That just shows how dangerous it is to use in archaeology therefore expand and supple- only written material when reconstructing ment our historical insight. At the same time, one’s past,” says Professor Else Roesdahl from archaeological studies often contribute with the Department of Medieval Archaeo logy. historical knowledge about completely differ- Written information is much less compre hen - ent aspects of life than those the historians sive, precise and detailed than one would deal with,” says Professor Roesdahl. think, and that is why we tend to take too “Written sources often deal with politics, much for granted and presume that the world legal matters and famous individuals, but always appeared the way we know it. there is not much written material that de- However, that is not always the case. Not scribes how ordinary people actually spent even when it comes to baptismal fonts. Arch - their lives, what they ate, how they adapted, ae ological diggings have in fact revealed that what technical methods they used, etc. Archae- the baptismal font was originally placed near ology can supply that knowledge.” the entrance at the rear of the nave. And that is not all – it was not placed on the floor. The Prime motivator of European work font was placed on a podium with some steps, At the moment, Professor Roesdahl is spend- which meant that it was raised about half a ing a large amount of her time and research metre above floor level. on a two-volume work on medieval archae- “That also explains the ornamentation on ology in Europe. the baptismal font,” continues the 62-year- If everything goes according to plan, the old archaeologist. Today, not many people book The Archaeology of Medieval Europe I–II The baptismal font in the really see the ornamentation. We look at the will be published by University College Lon- church at Nr. Snede dates baptismal font from above, and the amount don Press in 2006. In this case, it will be the back to around 1150 and of ornamentation we can see from that angle first book ever to give a complete account of is one of Jutland’s many is very limited. Previously, when the font was medieval archaeology in Europe. granite fonts that feature placed on a podium, it was at eye level for the The professor from Aarhus is not alone in lions. It is seen here at an congregation, and from that angle, the work of writing the book. Archaeologists from uni- angle from below. the artist was presented at its best. versities in fifteen countries – from Tromsø 18 / 19

to Seville and from Dublin to Prague – are collaborating on writing the two volumes of sixteen chapters each. However, Professor Roesdahl was the one who came up with the original idea for the book, and she was the one who presented her colleagues with a project plan that would unite them. “I presented the idea at an archaeological conference in Seville in 1999, and my ideas were so well received that my colleagues and looking at contexts and developments in medi- A well-established road I immediately appointed a work group and eval Europe, a complete work also gives us network, including bridges soon after an editing committee, which has the opportunity to study the differences and across rivers and streams, since been in charge of the project.” why they exist. Why did people have stoves contributed to linking the The project involves a lot of work, both in Western Europe, but ovens in Central and different parts of medieval professional and practical. It is a huge task. Eastern Europe? And why did sailing ships Europe. This beautiful She knew that beforehand, but work on the make their entry so late in Scandinavia when fourteenth-century fortified book has also triggered a number of pro- they were known in the Mediterranean many bridge is in Cahors, south- ductive discussions she had not anticipated. centuries before? Those are some of the sub- ern France. “For example, it was not that easy to de- jects I am looking forward to reading more fine which areas could be considered part of about once the book is finished,” says Profes- Europe in this context. For many practical sor Roesdahl, chairperson of the project’s reasons, we ended up focusing on the Roman steering committee. Catholic area. We have therefore included the Baltic States, but neither Greece nor the Increased collaboration Outside the village of Ukraine, for instance. You have to be very “The book project has also had a positive im- Gnojewo near Gdansk in careful about discussing this issue, because pact on the Department of Medieval Archae- Poland, passers-by still it easily becomes political,” says Professor ology,” says Professor Roesdahl. decorate the local roadside Roesdahl. “Through the work on the book, we have chapel with flowers – just established contact with a large number of as they did in the Middle The whole is greater than archaeologists in Europe, which is very bene- Ages. The red-tiled chapel the sum of its parts ficial. Some of them have come to visit and has niches for crucifixes A number of books are available about medi- have given guest lectures, and more are still and icons of saints. eval archaeology in the individual countries, to come. It is an obvious advantage to the but Professor Roesdahl had long missed a degree programme to get this type of inspir- work covering a larger part of Europe – for ation from outside. The students are also very educational purposes, for example. pleased with the broader international hori- “The national works are very good and zon,” says Professor Roesdahl. necessary, but a complete work on medieval “Most young people are very international- archaeology in Europe has a broader, more ly oriented, so they are enthusiastic about the interesting scope. First of all, we currently broadening of the archaeological perspectives need to know about the whole of Europe. By that the project has brought about.” tracking a specific subject throughout Europe, Then wouldn’t it be a good idea to publish we also gain an insight into the way in which a book about the medieval archaeology of the different cultures have developed. How and whole world? why do the regions affect each other, and “Well yes, but I’ll have to leave that to what were their characteristics? In addition to someone else,” says Professor Roesdahl.

Henning Rud Andersen

The Andersen Patent

Doctor Henning Rud Andersen is only 53 years old, but nevertheless one of Try it, try it the “grand old men” among cardiac specialists. It is all because he got a crazy The heart valve is Doctor Andersen’s most idea when he was a young registrar. original and daring idea, but far from the only one. Already during his medical stud- By Mikkel Hvid ies, he registered his first patent, and more followed. Phoenix, Arizona, 1988. In a huge auditorium He gets his inspiration from his mentor, at the Arizona Heart Institute, 1,500 cardiac Professor Jørgen Fabricius in Odense. specialists from all over the world are sit- “I was fascinated by his approach to the ting, listening. Among them is Henning Rud subject,” says the now 53-year-old consult- Andersen, a Danish registrar. ant at the Department of Cardiology, Skejby One of the pioneers of balloon dilation is Sygehus. “He experimented a lot. He always on the podium. He is explaining by means of encouraged us to find new solutions. Is there video clips and overheads how he cures nar- a different way of doing it? Is there a better rowed or blocked coronary arteries. Together way of doing it? He was always looking for with a couple of colleagues, he has invented a new answers, always trying to test new tech- ground-breaking device. They have attached niques and forms of treatment. It was very an elongated balloon to the tip of a plastic inspiring.” catheter. With the balloon still completely folded up, they have placed a fine latticed, Pigs’ hearts metal scaffold over the balloon, which Back in Aarhus, Doctor Andersen rushed squeezes it so thin that they can introduce the down to the local butcher to buy some catheter through the patient’s vessels until it pigs’ hearts. He opened them, cut the heart reaches the coronary artery. When the balloon valve free and placed it on a latticed, metal is inflated, the cylindrical scaffold expands tube, which he squeezed around a balloon. and prevents the artery from collapsing again This was his idea. To introduce the balloon afterwards. through the vessels to the heart, where he Balloon dilation using latticed metal tubes would manoeuvre it into position, and inflate (stents) had been described in medical litera- it so that the stent and the valve expanded ture, but the technique had not been intro- and became wedged against the cardiac wall. duced to Denmark, and it was the first time New valve. No scars. the 39-year-old Danish registrar had heard the pioneers personally talk about and ex- The pig is alive and well plain the invention. He was deeply fascinated. Deep down below Skejby Sygehus is the In- And suddenly something happened. While stitute of Clinical Medicine, where doctors he was sitting there listening, he came up test and develop new technologies and forms with an idea. A ridiculous idea. Impossible. It of treatment. Today, it is one of the major couldn’t be done. institutes at the University of Aarhus with 35 And yet? clinical professors and about 1,500 affiliated Doctor Andersen was no longer listening. staff in all. Of all the scientific articles in this He was engrossed in his idea. It was too ri- field published around the world, 0.2% come diculous. And irresistible. And ... fantastic. from this institute. And up to 2,000 pigs are When the conference was over and Doctor operated on each year as part of the clinical Andersen had flown back to Aarhus, he de- experiments. fined his goal. He wanted to be the first per- However, at that time in the late 1980s, Heart valve mounted in lat- son in the world to insert a valve in the heart the institute was just a small room, almost ticed metal tube (stent). without resorting to cardiac surgery. a hobby room, and this was where Doctor

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Andersen and his assistants experimented with the new heart valves. “At that stage, we had really poor working conditions in the basement, so when they had In one of the largest patient studies in the Heart valve stretched over an finished operating on the patients upstairs, world, he documented that balloon dilation inflated balloon. we sometimes moved the pigs into the oper- is far more effective against blood clots than ating room,” he says. anticoagulants. He spearheaded the study The technical solutions were also primitive. with telemedicine and doctors in special coro- They had to construct everything themselves nary care ambulances, wrote a thesis on blood and use whatever means were available. This clots in the heart and started research into included different tubes, glue from the DIY new pacemaker techniques. centre, etc. However, regardless of what prob- He was also regularly invited to speak lems they encountered, the researchers stayed about his invention around the world. Al- on track – new valve, no scars. though nobody believed him, he had never- “I have always thought,” says Doctor theless become one of the “grand old men” Andersen, “that to cut open the entire body is among cardiac specialists. the most primitive form of treatment. The real Then one day in 1992, the notice appeared. challenge consists in solving the heart valve An English doctor had inserted a heart valve problem without maltreating the patient.” in a human being without surgical interven- Finally, on 1 May 1989, they succeeded: the tion – using the Andersen Patent. first pig survived with a new heart valve. Today, more than 25 patients have heart valves that were introduced by a balloon. In People shake their heads February, Windhover Information published an Doctor Andersen was excited. He had reached eight-page article about the brave new non- his goal. He had succeeded. The crazy idea surgical world of the heart valve. was not that crazy after all. The magazine specifically mentions that And he was convinced that he would have Edwards Lifesciences, which has a third of no trouble having the article about the experi- the world market for heart valve surgery, had ment accepted by one of the major period- purchased Percutaneous Valve Technologies icals. Not so. The editors shook their heads. Inc for about DKK 1 billion. The company had “Nobody believed us,” says Doctor An- only one asset – the Andersen Patent. dersen. “Neither the periodicals nor the com- “We were simply ten years ahead of our panies that produced heart valves and similar time,” says Doctor Andersen, who is now con- medical equipment. It sounded too crazy.” vinced that his idea has a future. Finally, the article was published in the “If you had asked me five years ago, the European Heart Journal. They sold the patent to answer would have been no. At that stage, I a small American company for USD 10,000. was convinced the idea was dead. But now I And then nothing more was heard of the know that its time will come.” idea. Nothing happened. Nobody believed in He does not regret that he sold the patent the Andersen Patent. so cheaply back then. “The task was too big for us, and nobody Resurrection else in Denmark could handle it. We tried, but Doctor Andersen continued his work with it was impossible. The only thing that I regret clinical research, evaluating the effect of a bit is that I did not contribute to developing different forms of treatment. With his ex- the idea until it could be used in humans. I perimental research, he developed new tech- would have liked to have been part of that,” niques and forms of treatment. he says. Marianne Hokland

War in the body

The white blood cells wage war against cancer, and Doctor Marianne a natural, but very complex immune defence Hokland is their commander. system against these conditions.” Two elements are particularly important in By Mikkel Hvid this context: NK cells and T cells. NK stands for natural killers, which are the “When it’s a success? That’s hard to say.” body’s first line of defence. Doctor Marianne Hokland pauses to think The NK cells do not need to come into con- over the question. tact with the cancer before they realise that it “I haven’t really thought about what it is dangerous. They are, in fact, controlled by would take before I could call the project a “not me” principle, attacking whatever does a success,” she continues, “but I would be not resemble themselves – and thus the body. happy and proud if our project contributes to However, the NK cells present two prob- improving survival chances for future cancer lems. Firstly, they are not particularly effect- patients. No. No, let me rephrase that. If our ive, and secondly, they have difficulty iden- project can help increase the number of cancer tifying certain forms of cancer. patients who survive or get a better quality of “Cancer cells form within us, so they re- life. Yes, that would really make me happy.” semble us,” explains Doctor Hokland. “The Doctor Hokland conducts research into NK cells therefore have difficulty identifying immune therapy. Her goal is to find and im- them as hostile. They are too much like us.” prove the parts of the body’s natural immune It is therefore fortunate that the body also system that are best suited to fighting cancer. has another line of defence, the T cells. The 52-year-old doctor has been interested in this subject since the mid-1970s, when she Once an enemy, always an enemy worked as a student assistant to Associate The T cells are the body’s elite soldiers. They Professor Iver Heron at the Department of fight cancer much more effectively, but are Medical Microbiology and Immunology. His unfortunately a bit slow off the mark. They work included using interferon, a substance have to come into contact with the cancer at that inhibits viral infections and that has also least once to know that it is an enemy. turned out to assist the body’s fight against “The T cells have a memory. Once they certain types of cancer. have fought against a specific type of cancer, This project was a turning point in Doctor they know they must attack it next time they Hokland’s career. After a period at Harvard encounter it. So they attack very swiftly and Medical School, she wrote her doctoral disser- effectively the second time round. That’s the tation on a subject that went right back to her principle used in vaccination programmes. initial student project: how does interferon af- Tetanus is a good example. You vaccinate the fect the cells in the immune system, and how body with a little bit of tetanus to teach the T can this effect be used as part of treatment cells to recognise the organism. If the patient based on the immune system? How do you is later infected, the T cells act swiftly and strengthen and use the immune system so it effectively, because now they know exactly can play a part in treatment? what to do.” Once the T cells recognise a specific an- The body versus cancer tigen, they go straight for the kill, and that During the past fifteen years, Doctor Hokland is the basis of Doctor Hokland’s project. By has focused on immune therapy in connection using techniques such as flow cytometry, she with skin cancer (malignant melanoma) and is trying to find out what characterises the T kidney cancer. cells that attack specific forms of cancer, so “The point is,” she says, “that the body has they can be used in cancer treatment. 22 / 23

“We’ve identified T cells that attack certain forms of cancer, but we do not have enough cells, and they are not effective enough. The main question driving my research at the mo- ment is therefore to find out exactly what cell types we are talking about. Can we develop more? Can we make them more effective? That’s what I’m working on.”

Cells die when they are mass-produced Doctor Hokland and her team of researchers are using a specific group of T cells to fight skin cancer and kidney cancer. These T cells identify the cancer and fight it. The only prob- is conducting trials in another direction. The Bartholin Building is lem is that she loses too many of her soldiers She also uses them as carriers and suicide named after the Danish in the heat of the battle. bombers. anatomist Thomas “Far too many of the T cells we have found Once the T cells that fight skin cancer, for Bartholin (1616–80), who do not reach the cancer, and we haven’t yet example, have been identified, they can be first described the link managed to find out how the cells that do used to transport lethal substances to between glands and the reach the tumour differ from those that don’t. the cancer. lymphatic system in And until we can answer that question, the However, Doctor Hokland is also encoun- humans. treatment will not be good enough.” tering problems in this area. She cannot get Another problem facing Doctor Hokland is enough T cells. And far too many of them do the difficulty associated with producing suf- not reach their target. ficient numbers of T cells. Normally, research- She has nevertheless managed to get ers remove cells from a blood sample and get enough T cells to the cancer to allow visual- them to divide in a test tube. However, doing isation on a PET scanner. This principle can this with the T cells that fight cancer is not be used to trace cancer that would otherwise always so easy. be difficult to find. “We can find and isolate the cells, but only And one day, she will succeed in using the in small quantities. We therefore have to acti- T cells to fight cancer. She is certain of that. vate them to get them to divide, but in doing One day, they will find the type of T cell that so, we run the risk of them getting tired. In is certain to reach the cancer, and they will some cases, they actually commit suicide.” also find out how to produce it. When that This is a natural reaction. T cells were day comes, Doctor Hokland believes her re- never meant to proliferate in uncontrolled search will have a decisive impact on practical numbers. If they did so, they would kill us. cancer treatment, but it is unlikely to be the “T cells are meant to go on developing as only form of treatment. long as the disease is present and to die when “I don’t believe in monotherapy. Combined it’s gone. But that makes it difficult for us to forms of treatment are the thing of the future. get hold of large numbers of them. It’s actu- But our therapy will contribute to future ally very difficult to imitate the body’s natural cancer treatment, and it has one major advan- functions in a test tube.” tage. Our treatment attacks the cancer itself and nothing else, whereas chemotherapy and Immune therapy only kills the enemy radiotherapy also affect other parts of normal Instead of making use of the inherent “licence cells. We hit the target, and only the target,” to kill” feature of the T cells, Doctor Hokland says Doctor Hokland. Torsten Iversen

Legal research in practice

In 1988, Professor Torsten Iversen graduated from the university with er are different from those of a practising so- honours. Four years later, he returned as a researcher. However, he does not licitor. A solicitor preparing a pleading, for ex- regret his years as a lawyer. ample, would study the eleven most important judgements in support of his case. It is accept- By Mikkel Hvid able if he does not include a twelfth judge- ment, either because he thinks it’s less import- In 1988, you graduated in law. You left the uni- ant, or because it contains aspects that are ir- versity with top marks and began working as a relevant to him. He can even be forgiven for solicitor’s clerk in one of Denmark’s largest legal overlooking it. practices. Why did you return to the world of As a researcher, I have to include every- books and research four years later? thing. I weigh up all aspects of the decisions Professor Iversen: “Research and research and explain any uncertainties. I have to com- ... In the School of Law, we have neither labora- ply with requirements for completeness and tories nor test tubes, so the word research is a objectivity that do not apply to a solicitor. On bit exaggerated in my opinion. the other hand, judges and administrative Law is not a highly theoretical subject, and lawyers are also subject to the requirement of legal research is very practical. In many ways, objectivity. the work I do as a researcher is similar to A solicitor’s purpose is more practical than what you do working as a solicitor, a judge or mine. The difference shows in the way we in administrative law. read. In this regard, there are major differ- Most lawyers work basically the same way. ences between a student, a researcher and a They look up the sources of law, analyse and solicitor. The student reads to learn what is evaluate them and then try to explain how a written on the pages. The solicitor skims the case should be solved on the basis of applic- sources to find what he can use, but the re- able law. Whether a young researcher is work- searcher reads with two specific questions in ing on his PhD dissertation or a solicitor’s mind. How can this be summarised as a state- clerk is writing a memorandum or a pleading ment about applicable law? Is the statement – the procedure is the same.” sufficiently substantiated? Law also involves a lot of theory, doesn’t it? Another difference is that the researcher Professor Iversen: “Parts of the subject – jur- not only concerns himself with applicable isprudence, sociology of law and legal history law, but also with legal policies, i.e. the law – are more philosophical and historical. These of the future. The researcher therefore makes subjects are important in their own right, but recommendations for amendments to acts, etc. are particularly important as auxiliary sub- This aspect is obviously completely outside jects that support what legal research is really the scope of the solicitor’s work.” about – legal theory, i.e. the teachings of applic- able law. Research into legal theory results in Researchers have more freedom statements about what is applicable law, and What is the difference between working as a solici- this research is definitely of practical use.” tor’s clerk and as a university employee? Professor Iversen: “The job as a solicitor’s Your purpose determines how you read clerk was very interesting, demanding and There must nevertheless be a difference between versatile, and many aspects of the work ap- working as a researcher and working as a solicitor, pealed to me, but it was sometimes very for example. stressful. As a solicitor you have many em- Professor Iversen: “Oh yes, there are cer- ployers – your clients or customers – and they tainly differences. The conditions and require- pull you in all directions. Your clients com- ments associated with my work as a research- pletely control your time, your work and your 24 / 25

The university’s early buildings are situated high up in the moraine formation of the University Park – commonly referred to as the “Island”. These buildings now house the School of Law.

priorities.” is very thorough and versatile, and practical So you chose a less stressful career at the legal work teaches young lawyers something university? they cannot learn at university. Professor Iversen: “The university is When I was studying, I was determined definitely no rest home – that’s not what I’m to work as a solicitor’s clerk. I didn’t want to saying. But as a university employee, I can go straight from being a student to becoming organise my own work to a great extent, and a lecturer. I wanted experience from real life, that’s important if you have three children of and I got that. At the same time, the work as a seven, five and six months, like I do. At the solicitor’s clerk taught me some good working same time, I can concentrate on the subjects habits. You work under pressure and learn to I like. The freedom to work with the subjects get things done. The discipline that I learned that interest me is very important to me.” as a solicitor’s clerk has made it easier for me So it was the freedom that lured you back to the to work as a researcher.” university? Practical experience makes you a better jurist? Professor Iversen: “Yes, the freedom and Professor Iversen: “I think so, but in fact the depth. As a solicitor’s clerk, I missed the it’s hard to say what makes a good jurist. You time to study subjects in depth. As a solicitor, obviously have to know the rules of law, the once you finalise a case, you settle with the judgements and the legal literature, but the client and move on to the next case. It’s rare ability to weigh up different aspects is essen- that you have time to work on the cases later tial. We often evaluate and compare aspects on and reflect on the legal aspects involved. that really cannot be compared. The ability to I missed that, because I think law is a very analyse, systematise and draw conclusions is interesting and challenging subject.” important. The late Jørgen Nørgaard, former professor at the University of Aarhus and Practical work teaches you good judge of the Danish Supreme Court, stressed working habits the ability to develop a feel for the material You are now a professor and a researcher employed as the most important skill of a good jurist. by a university. Were your years as a solicitor’s I think that skill is best acquired in real life, clerk a waste of time? and it is therefore a good idea to get some Professor Iversen: “No, not at all. The practical legal experience before becoming a practical training you get as a solicitor’s clerk lecturer.” Preben Bo Mortensen

Have: correlations Would like: explanations

He is good at finding out what is not true. But when he discovers a correl- self, ‘OK, was that all there was to it?’ Or ‘OK, ation, he still has no explanation. Professor Preben Bo Mortensen is an but then what does that mean?’” epidemiologist. According to Professor Mortensen, the problem is that there is an enormous dif- By Mikkel Hvid ference between an explanation and a correlation. One winter’s day in 1998 at the Danish Na- “My study showed that many people with tional Serum Institute, Professor Preben Bo schizophrenia live in the city, but do they go Mortensen was paging through some material to live in the city because they have schizo- he had received from the statisticians at the phrenia, or do they get schizophrenia because institute. they live in the city? If I want an answer to Ever since his days as a medical student, that question, I’ll have to carry out another he had been trying to solve the mystery of study. And if it turns out that they actually schizophrenia. What characterises individuals become schizophrenic from living in the city, who become schizophrenic? What do they it raises another question. What is it about the have in common? Have they all suffered from city that makes them sick? Is it the noise? The the same disease? Are they children of very lead content in the air? The many people? Or young mothers? Or can the answer be found what is it?” in social and physical conditions? Where is the factor that causes schizophre- Denmark registers most data nia hiding? Epidemiology is about determining the fac- On the face of it, there was no indication tors that trigger a certain disease, and in that the material he was paging through Denmark, the opportunities to do that are would provide the answer, but suddenly particularly good. Nowhere else in the world something caught his eye: 2.5. are working conditions for epidemiologists An incidence rate ratio of 2.5? Could that so ideal. really be true? Was there such a strong correl- The reason is that we register so much ation between city life and schizophrenia? information. By combining registers, re- searchers are able to find correlations that are The answer that raises questions inaccessible to researchers elsewhere in the Yes, indeed there was. The chances that a world. Even more important than the number schizophrenic lived in the city rather than in of registers is the fact that the registers date the country were 2.5 to 1. so far back. Professor Mortensen was both fascinated “Other countries register just as much and happy, but he also knew that what he had information as we do, but we’ve done it for found did not solve the mystery. decades. This also makes it possible to track a “That is often how it is in epidemiological disease. If we’re interested in schizophrenia, research,” says 45-year-old Professor for example, we can trace all the individuals Mortensen, Director of NCRR – The Danish who suffer from the disease, and by studying National Centre for Register-based Research their history, we can determine whether they – at the University of Aarhus. have anything in common. That’s an incred- “Epidemiology is fantastic work. It’s a field ible advantage.” that really satisfies your curiosity. You get the opportunity to study a lot of correlations, and Correlations are also important it’s always interesting. But when the results Professor Mortensen, who recently received of the study become available and you’ve had the August Krogh award for his ability to cre- time to think about it, you often say to your- atively search for medical knowledge in the 26 / 27

many registers, emphasises that although it have been disproved by epidemiological can be frustrating for the individual research- studies, but that doesn’t make the studies any er to discover correlations rather than causes, less important.” epidemiological correlations are an important contribution to medicine. Collaboration is the way of the future He has been working personally on a Professor Mortensen believes that epidemio- project about suicide. The study showed that logy will be able to provide more correlations more than half of the individuals who com- and explanations in the future. Today, epi- mitted suicide had been in contact with the demiologists base their studies on diagnoses, psychiatric health system, and a large part of but in the future, they will be able to work the suicides took place after the individuals directly with biological material. had been discharged. As bioanalysts and gene researchers be- “Even though our studies don’t explain the come more and more skilled, it will become correlation between discharge and suicide, possible to combine their detailed knowledge the knowledge we provided was important with epidemiological registers, and the com- for preventive work. It’s easier to prevent sui- bination of the two is likely to provide more cide if you know who’s likely to commit it and definite and positive answers, according to when,” he says. Professor Mortensen. The study also showed that people who “When we try to find out what character- commit suicide are more socially isolated, ises schizophrenics, the fact that the diagnosis more likely to be unemployed and to be fi- of schizophrenia is so imprecise means that nancially worse off than others. However, our results become very uncertain. Some of the difficult conditions alone are not enough the individuals included in our study may to explain the suicide rate. In fact, it was the have been misdiagnosed. Or perhaps gene re- mental illness that explained both the social search will show that the diagnosis of schizo- difficulties and the suicide. phrenia actually covers several different “This is important information if you need diseases. Once we know exactly what disease to make a decision about what preventive to study, we’ll obtain very definite indications measures to take.” of the correlations involved. It’s a job that in- volves collaboration with many new groups of Statistics explode myths professionals, and that will be very exciting,” Epidemiology also plays another important says Professor Mortensen. role. It puts an end to myths and excludes correlations. “Although the registers rarely provide con- clusive answers to the mystery of the disease, they’re very good at excluding some of the answers,” says Professor Mortensen. The National Centre for “We know today, for example, that there is Register-based Research no correlation between autism and the MMR is located in the build- vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella, ing between the Faculty and this is important information. It means of Theology – the former that parents who would like to protect their Orthopaedic Hospital children against these diseases have less rea- – and the Nobel Park. son to worry. We also know that it is not dan- gerous to live underneath a power pylon. Or to use a mobile phone. All these correlations Per Ingesman

Journey to Rome

Associate Professor Per Ingesman spent eighteen months sitting in one of Professor Per Ingesman, the Department of the reading rooms in the Vatican archives, studying court records. The 500- Church History and Practical Theology. year-old records written in Latin with a quill pen reminded the church his- He is the first person to have studied and torian of the EU debate taking place back home in Denmark. recorded all the cases in which the Rota dealt with Danish matters. By Mikkel Hvid He is not the first to focus on the rela- tionship between the Catholic Church and In 1495, the Danish State threw a group of Denmark during the Middle Ages. After the Benedictine nuns out of their convent on the secret archives of the Vatican were opened in outskirts of Ribe. 1881, Danish historians flocked to Rome, and Sixteen years earlier, King Christian I had their work resulted in eight volumes of source banished the Benedictines and given their material published between 1904 and 1943. convent to the Order of Malta. In the Middle However, this work only includes mater- Ages, it was normally the bishop and ultim- ial from the two main departments at the ately the Pope who controlled the convents, Vatican, the chancellery and the finance the churches and the clergy, but the secular department. The Rota’s protocols did not be- powers could interfere when people associated come available until 1927 and were therefore with the church diverged from standard prac- overlooked by the Danish researchers. “That tice, which is exactly what Christian I claimed. is why the Rota’s influence in Denmark has “The convent was in disrepair,” he said, “and never been looked into before,” says the 50- ‘scandalous acts’ took place behind its walls.” year-old church historian. The king’s decision was not implemented “Many experts on the Middle Ages were right away – in fact, it did not happen until surprised to find out that the Rota had de- sixteen years later, when King Hans was on cided cases involving Danes. This fact has the throne. Even then, the nuns resisted. Not only been known by very few researchers.” physically, but legally, writing a complaint, which they sent to the so-called Rota Romana Scandinavians manage on their own in Rome. Denmark was not a large-scale supplier of cases to the Rota. The reading room at the Supporter of the weak Associate Professor Ingesman has found Vatican, as it appears today. The Rota Romana – or just the Rota – was the 150 Danish cases. Only one seventh of the high court of the Catholic Church. As such, it protocols have been preserved, so his guess is had the same function in the Middle Ages as that the total number of cases exceeded 1,000, the EU Court of Justice has in the Europe of which is still not very many. today: a high court and a court of appeal cov- “The major Catholic countries like France, ering all member nations. Italy and Spain used the Rota a lot more than The Rota had plenty to see to. To start we did. Up here in Scandinavia, we were a with, the influence of the church – and thus long way from Rome, and we possibly pre- the Rota – was much greater than it is today. ferred to handle our own cases – even in The power in society was divided between those days,” says Associate Professor Inges- king and church, and in addition to questions man, who believes there are obvious simi- of faith and matters regarding the church and larities between the Rota of the Middle Ages the clergy, the church was also responsible for and the EU debate of today. social services, matrimonial issues and educa- “In both cases, a supranational court con- tion. Secondly, the Rota was much used. In a fronts a national or regional court. Both then single year, it handled up to 5,000 cases. and today, we’re looking at two legal systems “It was mass production,” says Associate competing for influence.” 28 / 29

Protector of the weak in Aarhus. King Christian I made sure that “The current political debate shows that hav- the position went to his ambitious young ing two legal systems complicates matters,” chancellor, the nobleman Johan Jepsen says Associate Professor Ingesman. Ravensberg. During his visit to the Pope in “In Denmark, we are very sceptical of 1474, the king had obtained permission to supranational systems like the EU. We tend recommend candidates for a number of high, to perceive the EU system in a very negative clerical positions, so the case would have been light, almost like an encroachment on our- quite straightforward – had it not been for selves and on our right to self-determination. another ambitious civil servant, Jens Pedersen EU limits our rights. That’s a consistent argu- Hostorp … ment in the discussion, and there is hardly any doubt that the supranational court has Back to Aarhus ambitions about extending its influence. How- Jens Pedersen Hostorp was not a noble- ever, it doesn’t have to be like that,” says As- man, did not have the backing of the locals, sociate Professor Ingesman. and was not familiar with Aarhus. However, The Papal high court in “You could regard the supranational sys- he knew the Rota inside out after working Rome, the so-called Rota, tem as a higher court or a court of appeal that for about ten years as a scribe for one of the consisted of twelve judges. safeguards certain principles and rights.” Rota’s judges in Rome. He thought it was time This miniature shows the That is how many perceived the Rota dur- to return to Denmark and therefore decided twelve judges kneeling in ing the Middle Ages. In a Danish application to use his influence to secure a lucrative retire- a circle. from 1517, the Rota was described as “the ment post. refuge of the oppressed”, and that is what As- In 1494, the international careerist gained sociate Professor Ingesman considers to have the backing of the Rota, which enabled him been the Rota’s role in many cases – the pro- to return to Aarhus. Once again, there was tector of the weak against local rulers. a conflict of two principles – local versus The Rota decided, for instance, that the international. This time, the local principle convent was to be returned to the Ribe nuns, succeeded. For it is one thing to be right, but and the Order of Malta was sentenced to pay another to have power. Jens Pedersen Hostorp both compensation and costs in the case. was killed the day after having a heated argu- The Rota came to the nuns’ rescue. And ment with Nils Clausen Skade, the bishop of of equal importance, the power-sharing in Aarhus. society was so clearly defined that all parties The local candidate, Johan Jepsen Ravens- respected the Rota’s decision. The weak were berg, then became archdeacon – and later also actually proved right. bishop of Roskilde. Nils Clausen Skade was accused of the murder, both by the victim’s A question of power brother and subsequent historians. But that is Associate Professor Ingesman points out that probably not quite fair. the Rota involved more than just law and sol- While in the reading room of the Vatican emn principles. As in all other systems, power archives, Associate Professor Ingesman stum- and influence played an important part. bled over another case, in which three Danes “Three quarters of the Rota cases were about applied for forgiveness for the murder of Jens positions and appointments, and a large pro- Pedersen Hostorp. One of the three was Johan portion of the cases were filed by individuals Jepsen Ravensberg’s servant. And that is how employed in or closely affiliated with the church history can solve crime mysteries. Rota,” says Associate Professor Ingesman. One such case occurred in 1486, when the position of archdeacon became available Flemming Besenbacher

Top-level research requires time, courage and flair

“Money is important for a researcher who wants to be part of the inter- us the necessary peace and freedom to carry national elite. But without hard work, courage, good ideas and flair, money out the work. Freedom subject to responsibil- gets you nowhere,” says Professor Flemming Besenbacher, a front-line ity, of course, but unusually good working researcher. conditions for a Danish research project.”

By Mikkel Hvid The week is not long enough Good working conditions do not imply short In 1993, 200 projects competed for the DKK working days. The 51-year-old physicist’s 200 million allocated by the Danish National working week is between 70 and 80 hours. Research Foundation (DG), and one of the “I don’t have a choice. An international re- organisations that received a grant was the search project requires hard work.” Danish Centre for Atomic-scale Materials Many travelling activities contribute to Physics (CAMP). increasing the number of working hours, but In the final, international evaluation ten they, too, are necessary. years later, the centre was described as out- “Leading research at an international level standing and world-leading. It is difficult to is like a sports match. You compete with the imagine a better reference than the one the best in the world, so it’s not enough to sit in CAMP group got, and it generated respect. your office in Aarhus and read periodicals, Young researchers who have been associated because the research you find in them is often with the centre find good jobs, articles writ- a year old. You have to travel and deliver ten by the group are published in periodicals speeches at congresses, and meet people who such as Nature and Science, the researchers are both competitors and sometimes your behind the centre are invited to deliver pre- friends. The network you create in this way, sentations at top international conferences, and the ideas you take home, are essential if and colleagues read and quote their articles. your group is to maintain its position at the “However,” says one of the driving forces forefront of international research.” behind the centre for basic research, Professor Flemming Besenbacher DSc, “it has taken a lot Laziness is unforgivable of effort to get that far. If you want to be at the The long working hours are also connected forefront of the international research elite, a with a more personal factor that is equally good idea is simply not enough,” he says. important if you want to be among the elite: persistence. And Professor Besenbacher has Freedom to research subject lots of it. to responsibility “When I tackle something, I always try to According to Professor Besenbacher, the grant give my best. I persevere until I get a result from the Danish National Research Founda- that I’m happy with and that I believe others tion is largely responsible for the excellent will acknowledge as well.” AFM image of the protein international reputation of Danish materials He is also well prepared. Although he has collagen. About a quarter of physics. been invited to hold lectures at many inter- all proteins in the human Two factors made the Danish National national congresses, he still spends the night body consist of collagen, Research Foundation a particularly important before going through his notes and slides. which forms molecular cables partner: the size and duration of the grants. “There’s no excuse for wasting people’s that strengthen the tendons “In a Danish context, DKK 5–10 million is a time, so the least you can do is to be well and protect the skin and the considerable amount of money, and it allowed prepared. I have no problem accepting that inner organs. Bones and us to engage a number of promising young people lack knowledge, experience or talent, teeth also consist of collagen researchers at our centre. At the same time, but I get angry if they don’t do their home- plus certain minerals. the project periods were long enough to grant work properly.” 30 / 31

Speak out The walls of Professor Besenbacher’s office are lined with several international awards and acknowledgements, including one for the best presentation at a congress in the USA. A good presentation requires exactly the same amount of preparation as a fine academ- ic article or a successful application. “You have to question yourself all the time. What is my message? What do they have to understand and take home from the lecture? What does it mean to them? The most import- ant thing is not necessarily what you know, but what they get out of it.”

A flair for trends Finally, international research also requires a flair for what is happening in the international research arena. You may have an excellent research project, but if you fail to make it rele- vant, it will be difficult to obtain the necessary money and support. Professor Besenbacher STM picture of gold nano clusters on a titanium dioxide surface. When the size of has the ability to spot opportunities. the gold clusters approaches a few nanometres, the clusters become surprisingly In January 2004, for example, he inaugur- chemically reactive, which can be used in a number of catalytic processes. In its ated iNANO – the interdisciplinary Nano- macroscopic form, gold is the most precious metal with very little reactivity, but in science Centre – a brand new centre at the the nano world, completely new and interesting catalytic phenomena occur, which is University of Aarhus. a excellent example that “small is different”. The research field is not new, but the word is. Ever since Bill Clinton launched a major American nanotechnology initiative in 2000, nano has been a buzzword in the research world, and Professor Besenbacher has taken it to heart. The research councils gave iNANO DKK 25 million. In addition, iNANO has received simi- lar amounts for a business-oriented graduate school. Today, about 40 researchers and 70 PhD students are associated with the iNANO centre, where Professor Besenbacher is the director.

The emission of sulphur into the atmosphere is a major environmental problem. The primary source of sulphur pollution is the burning of fossil fuels such as diesel and petrol. This figure shows a high-resolution STM picture of an MoS2 nano-cluster that functions as a catalyst in the desulphurisation process in which the sulphur is removed from the fossil fuels. STM studies of MoS2 nano- clusters at the University of Aarhus have led to the development of new desul- phurisation catalysts in collaboration with Haldor Topsøe A/S. Søren Keiding

Inspiring others is important

Professor Søren Keiding has faced many challenges in his career, in both the United States, he worked with the femto- physics and chemistry. He has established femtosecond laser laboratories at second laser, a laser that emits light in 10-15 the University of Southern Denmark and the University of Aarhus, and in second glimpses. He was then given the op- 2003, he was appointed director of the new engineering degree at the Centre portunity to build a femtosecond laboratory for Applied Sciences in Aarhus. He describes himself as a closet physicist from scratch. This happened at the University and loves to launch new projects. of Southern Denmark, which thus became the first university in Europe to have a labo- By Katrine Meyn ratory of this kind. Professor Keiding then moved to the Department of Chemistry at the Professor Søren Keiding’s career has been University of Aarhus, where he repeated the unusual in more than one respect. He has process. Another fresh start and an empty an MSc in chemistry, a PhD in physics and a room awaited him when he was appointed post-doctoral degree in physics. He has also associate professor at the department in been an assistant professor of physics, an as- 1994. He brought a good deal of equipment sociate professor of chemistry and a professor and several students with him from Odense. of chemistry. He describes himself as a closet Carlsberg financed the purchase of a large, physicist and regards the world from a micro- efficient femtosecond laser, and Professor scopic perspective. He is not interested in Keiding began investigating chemical reac- the thermodynamic properties of a bucket of tions in liquids. The research group steadily water, but in the importance of the individual grew over the years and now comprises three water molecule for the whole. full-time staff and nine PhD students. “My passionate interest is laser spectros- copy. This interest began when I was writing Graduate engineer in Aarhus my Master’s thesis in molecular laser spec- Throughout his career, Professor Keiding has troscopy in 1986 at the University of Aarhus. been involved in his work environment. He Both the professional and the social aspects has been head of department and a member appealed to me, and we worked in a very of the faculty council, and has sat on patents A technical geology student dynamic environment. The first time you see committees, boards, etc. He likes to see things at work analysing micro- a real laser beam, you cannot help but be fas- from a broader perspective rather than work- scopic amounts of geological cinated by its interesting appearance. At the ing in isolation. He was therefore a logical material. same time, the laser is a very precise tool for choice as centre director for the new engineer- examining the state of the molecules and can ing degree at the University of Aarhus. therefore answer some of the questions you When it was decided that the University ask as a researcher. of Aarhus and the University College of Molecular physics (the border area be- Aarhus were to collaborate about engineering tween chemistry and physics) turned out to studies, the Centre for Applied Sciences was provide a very precise picture of how the established to bridge the gap between these molecules are linked in the gaseous phase. two organisations. Graduate engineers with a 1 We examined H2, for example, and used the BSc (3 /2 years) can now take another 2 years information we discovered to refine existing of advanced studies in Aarhus and become theories, i.e. we performed standard basic re- graduate engineers with an MSc. search. As far as I’m concerned, it’s not always At present, four degree programmes are what has been and still is the actual purpose available and more are in the pipeline. In fu- of the research that is useful, but what you ture, students will be able to choose between learn in the process,” says Professor Keiding. medical technology, technical information In the course of his career, Professor Kei- technology, process technology and technical ding has gained considerable experience. In geology. New degree programmes in nano- 32 / 33

technology, bioprocesses and optoelectronics Biomedical engineering stu- are being planned. Currently, 120 students dents work closely with the are studying to become graduate engineers. Institute of Experimental Chemistry and biotechnology are not taught Clinical Research at Skejby at the University College of Aarhus, and new Sygehus. technical Bachelor degree programmes are now being put into place to make sure the university produces engineers with these subjects. “Nano is a wonderful concept that encour- ages interdisciplinary thinking. For many years, I have been perceived as a kind of par- iah, in an amicable sense of the word, by both chemists and physicists. This is because they think I belong more to the ‘other’ group, and because there are so many traditions that are taken for granted. Nano is fantastic because it breaks down some of the barriers between disciplines. Using this science in other discip- lines creates a more holistic approach and produces excellent results. My job as a centre director is to make sure the two organisations collaborate smoothly. They have very different cultures, and it is important that they approach each other with full respect for their individual strengths. I hope that the number of graduate engineers will reach 100–150 a year in a few years. For that to happen, about half of the graduate en- Science must be inspiring gineers with a Bachelor’s degree will have to “I rarely refuse when asked to talk about sci- continue their studies. It’s important to main- ence. I see it as an obligation that comes with tain the job-focused aspect of the Bachelor’s the job, and I think it’s important to take time degree in engineering to allow graduates the to tell people about the benefits of our work. choice of finding a job in the industry after It’s also important to inspire others. I don’t studying for 3 1/2 years. subscribe to the idea that science is boring On-the-job training is part of the studies and incomprehensible. If you can give people to become a chemical engineer. We work with an idea of what you’re doing, they can under- companies all over Jutland when it comes stand you. to providing our students with practical I’ve held many lectures on water, for in- experience. The students still have to carry stance. Water is fun and interesting, for in out numerous series expansions – i.e. have spite of our extensive knowledge in many impeccable basic science skills – but they areas, there’s still a lot we don’t understand must remain aware all the time of how the about water. I explain some of the problems work is carried out at Cheminova and Aarhus and why there’s a limit to our understanding. United or at coal-fired power plants, etc. It’s It appeals to people’s curiosity, because we are important that they learn where and how right at the edge of human understanding,” they will come to use chemistry.” Professor Keiding concludes.

Key figures for 2003

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PhD students: 738 ���������� �� �� �� ������ �������� ��� ��� ��� ������ �������� �� �� �� ���� �������� � �� �� ������ ������� �� ��� ���

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Bachelors: 1,789 ���������� ��� ��� ��� ������ �������� ������ �������� ��� ��� ��� ���� �������� �� �� �� ������ ������� ��� ��� ���

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Masters: 1,742 ���������� ��� ��� ��� ������ �������� ��� ��� ��� ������ �������� ��� ��� ��� ���� �������� �� �� �� ������ ������� ��� ��� ���

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Average age Admitted Bachelors Masters Humanities 23.2 27.0 29.9 Health Sciences 22.1 none 29,2 Social Science 22.5 25.8 28.8 Theology 25.5 28.8 33.3 Science 21.9 24.8 28.2 University Total 22.7 26.2 29.6

The average age of Bachelors is influenced by the fact that more Bachelor certificates are being issued to older Master students in connection with their admission to new master curricula. 34/ 35

The lakeside lecture theatres are located south of the two lakes in the University Park. There are five lecture theatres altogether, with seating for 75 to 450 students.

Total Ordinary funding External funds Academic staff Humanities 396 292 46 (full-time equivalent) Health Sciences 505 256 146 Social Sciences 290 195 34 Theology 63 43 14 Science 586 313 234 Administration 3 1 0 University Total 1,843 1,101 474

Total Ordinary funding External funds Technical and Humanities 133 126 7 administrative staff Health Sciences 474 357 117 (full-time equivalent) Social Sciences 109 87 22 Theology 22 20 2 Science 360 293 67 Administration 469 464 5 University Total 1,568 1,348 220 Groups of staff and Group of staff Academic Acad. Tech./ Total age distribution Age group Prof.. Assoc. Assist. PhD Others Others part– adm prof. prof. scholar time 20–29 0 1 45 259 158 563 66 504 1,133 30–39 11 140 204 136 184 675 142 446 1,263 40–49 45 309 23 14 60 451 114 467 1,032 50–59 101 313 3 1 34 452 106 548 1,106 60–70 66 138 0 0 6 210 34 114 358 Total 223 901 275 510 442 2,351 462 2,079 4,892

The table includes people employed by the University of Aarhus in October 2003 who were paid for more than 10 hours per month.

Groups of staff and Group of staff Academic Acad. Tech./ Total gender distribution Gender Prof.. Assoc. Assist. PhD Others Others part– adm prof. prof. scholar time Male 208 730 175 323 209 1,645 295 699 2,639 Female 15 171 100 187 233 706 167 1,380 2,253 Proportion 7% 19% 36% 37% 53% 30% 36% 66% 46% of women

The table includes people employed by the University of Aarhus in October 2003 who were paid for more than 10 hours per month.

Publications Human- Health Social The– Science Total ities Sciences Sciences ology Theory* Clinical* Research publications 550 697 1,495 453 128 939 4,262 Of which articles in journals 258 596 1,290 204 49 781 3,178 Of which contributions to anthologies 227 72 124 205 56 102 786 Of which monographs 65 29 81 44 23 56 298 Reviews 101 48 56 53 43 24 325 Letters, comments, academic debate 31 33 37 9 10 3 123 Conference contributions, working papers 78 ** ** 163 0 231 472 Translations, publications, contributions 38 *** *** 5 7 *** 50 to encyclopaedias Evaluation reports, research reports 34 3 15 22 0 38 112 Other research presentations 137 34 61 28 28 57 345 Total publications 969 815 1,664 733 216 1,292 5,689 Editorial work 119 18 35 39 39 36 283

* Theory covers theoretical departments. Clinical covers clinical departments at the University Hospitals in Aarhus and Aalborg. ** The Faculty of Health Sciences does not report this category. *** The Faculties of Health Sciences and Science do not report this catgory. 36/ 37

Total no. of staff: 3,409 (full-time equivalent)

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Turnover: DKK 2,236 million Ten years of progress

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Funding Developments in ordinary/external funding

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The faculty in 2003 dates. The survey was carried out in collabor- In 2003, the faculty’s new structure was put in ation with the sister faculty at the University place. The previous 23 departments were re- of Southern Denmark, as well as Danish Com- duced to seven: the Institute of Anthropology, merce and Services and the Confederation of Archaeology and Linguistics; the Institute of Danish Industries. Philosophy and History of Ideas; the Institute A new, uniform study structure and shared of History and Area Studies; the Scandinavian merit rules for the Bachelor’s degree with Institute; the Institute of Language, Literature effect from 2005 were the results of the con- and Culture; the Institute of Aesthetics Stud- tinued collaboration between the deans at the ies; and the Institute of Information and Me- different humanities faculties in Denmark. dia Studies. The faculty reduced the intake to some of The latter institute moved to the IT City the most sought-after studies in the light of Katrinebjerg in the course of the year, where- poor employment opportunities, but a situ- as the faculty secretariat and the technical ation still prevails in which some subjects department moved to the Nobel Park. The have to turn applicants away while others Museum of Ancient Art was reconstructed, have places available. and students studying subjects at Moesgaard Several subjects have introduced mentor could enjoy a new library and a new canteen. schemes to reduce the dropout rate, and the The Centre for Cultural Research was con- faculty is considering extending the concept to verted to a centre for research support, and at all subjects, if the outcome is positive. the same time, the faculty decided to establish There is an increasing demand for the fac- a Centre for Educational Development with ulty’s continuing and further education courses. effect from 2004. In 2003, two new Master’s degree programmes As far as finances are concerned, the fac- were launched: a Master’s degree in health ulty had to revise the budget following a anthropology in collaboration with the Univer- sudden and unexpected drop in value-added sity of Copenhagen and a Master’s degree in funding for the ordinary studies, which oc- cultural environment and landscape analysis curred when many students decided not to sit in collaboration with the Aarhus School of Ar- their examinations. chitecture. The most popular studies were the Master’s degree in Ethics and Values in Organ- Studies isations and the Master’s degree in Rhetorics In the spring of 2003, the faculty and Mercuri and Communication. The faculty is thus now Urval launched the joint JobHum project. The involved in six Master’s degree programmes main purpose of this project is to make the and more are in the pipeline. students more job-conscious before, during Distance students as well as local students and after their studies in order to facilitate have been able to benefit from the faculty’s the transition to the labour market through investment in the FirstClass electronic educa- an increased awareness of their own skills. tion and administration tool. The faculty has The project comprises courses for directors of started the ongoing educational training of studies and student counsellors based on the lecturers, and an increasing part of the fac- concept that the daily work to change student ulty’s administrative work is now paperless. consciousness must take place in the context of the actual subjects through guidance, Research courses and professional events. The University of Aarhus celebrated its 75th The faculty also launched a survey of the anniversary with events involving a large attitude, knowledge and requirements of the number of research fields by means of con- private business sector to humanities candi- ferences, lectures, presentations and “Open 38/39

House” arrangements. In addition to the an- Staff niversary awards (see elsewhere), the faculty Professors: 23 awarded six gold and silver medals in 2003 Associate professors: 186 and conferred five doctorates and 17 PhD Other academic staff: 58 degrees. Nine additional PhD degrees were Teaching assistants: 57 conferred in January 2004. Technical and administrative staff: 133 At the turn of the year, the faculty had 88 Number of doctorates: 5 PhD students, and efforts continue to increase Number of research publications: 539 The library for the aesthetics the number via joint financing. Total number of publications: 931 subjects. Faculty researchers held and participated in a large number of international conferences Institutes (with effect from 2004) and obtained financial support for many Institute of Anthropology, Archaeology and projects from research committees and funds. Linguistics Art History In addition, the faculty established the Aarhus Institute of Philosophy and History of Ideas Latin Centre for Business History in collaboration Institute of History and Area Studies Linguistics with the Danish National Business Archives. Institute of Information and Media Studies Comparative Literature Scandinavian Institute Media Studies Communication Institute of Language, Literature and Culture Medieval Archaeology In 2003, the faculty held a conference on hu- Institute of Aesthetics Studies Music Studies manistic theory and IT, and in the light of Scandinavian Language and Literature the new University Act, the faculty employed Research centres Russian a journalist to promote the dissemination Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Serbo-Croatian of knowledge about research. As the first in Black Sea Studies Spanish Denmark, the faculty published a report on Centre for Business History Czech its researchers’ dissemination of knowledge Centre for Advanced Visualisation and Interaction German to the public, supplemented by a number of (CAVI) Hungarian interviews with researchers on that topic. The Danish Centre for Urban History Aesthetics and Culture Museum of Ancient Art is another important channel of communication. The museum has Degree subjects undergone major renovations and its organ- Portuguese/Brazilian Latin American Studies isation has also been strengthened thanks to Dramaturgy support from the Aarhus University Research English Foundation. In 2003, the museum hosted an Ethnography and Social Anthropology exhibition of Greek coins on loan from the Philosophy Degrees Numismatic Museum of Athens. Finnish Researchers at the faculty were responsible Prehistoric Archaeology for more than 1,600 communication activities French 8 PhD during 2003. Greek 7 mag.art

History 6 cand.mag. Facts for 2003 History of Ideas 5 Students Indian Philology 4 Bachelor New enrolments: 1,137 Information Studies Number of students: 7,991 Italian 3 Number of PhD students: 89 Japanese 2 Number of Bachelors: 767 Chinese 1 Number of Masters: 487 Classical Archaeology Number of PhDs: 17 Classical Philology (Greek and Latin) Years The Faculty of Health Sciences

Studies gree programme for specialist doctors. One of Medicine is the faculty’s oldest degree pro- the results of this collaboration has been the gramme, and with 365 enrolments, it is the appointment of 28 post-graduates as clinical one with the greatest number of students. associate professors at the faculty. The new academic regulations have now During the year, the faculty established been fully implemented and have consider- formal agreements with a number of Dan- ably strengthened the clinical elements of ish Centres for Higher Education (CVU) the degree programme. It now includes an and other medium-term centres of further early period of clinical training at a county education in the health sector to ensure their hospital, as well as increased emphasis on cooperation in research aspects of the degree developing the students’ clinical skills. There programmes. The faculty has established a is also increased emphasis on giving the special working group to liaise with these students further insight into scientific phil- centres. The work is particularly intensive in osophy and working processes, including a the nursing field, where a framework agree- major independent assignment involving in- ment has been entered into with the County depth work in one of the degree programme’s of Aarhus. basic or clinical subjects. The degree programme in Odontology has Research also undergone a number of changes in re- The Status and Plans 2002–2006 strategy and cent years aimed at giving the students more development plan of the Faculty of Health independence. In an effort to attract more Sciences describes the research areas in students, the option of enrolling for a year of which the faculty has a strong national and research was introduced this year. international reputation. The plan also lists In addition, the faculty has offered a a number of the faculty’s expectations to the number of two-year Master’s degree pro- areas it would like to strengthen during the grammes in recent years: a Master of Science coming years. One of the major challenges in Health Science, which targets individuals facing the faculty in the next few years is the with a medium-term tertiary health degree; a change to a new generation of employees, and Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering, it is important for the faculty to secure the which was established in collaboration with best possible staff in all categories. In particu- the University College of Aarhus and has now lar, there will be a focus on recruiting doctors become a permanent part of the Centre for for the faculty’s basic sector, and dentists for Applied Sciences; and finally a Master of Sci- the School of Dentistry, where a number of ence in Nursing, which was transferred to the market mechanisms have made a university faculty in 2001 from the School of Advanced career for people with these degrees less Nursing Education. attractive. In 1996, the faculty established a Master The PhD programme has high priority. of Public Health degree. Surveys have shown In 2003, the management for the PhD pro- that this degree has improved career oppor- gramme worked to improve the quality of the tunities for most graduates. In 2003, the facul- courses offered and to restructure the choice ty also established a Master’s degree in Clini- of courses. The faculty also entered into an cal Nursing and applied for approval of a agreement about yet another interdisciplinary Master’s degree in Cardiovascular Technique. graduate school in clinical intervention The faculty’s Unit for Medical Education research. has established close links with the Regional The faculty also continues to stress the Council for Continuing Medical Education importance of offering particularly interested regarding the educational aspects of the de- and motivated students a year in which to 40/41

carry out a research project under super- Staff vision. At the end of the year, the student Professors: 45 presents a written report that is often pub- Associate professors: 130 lished in an international journal, and sits Other academic staff: 169 an examination in medical research in the Teaching assistants: 103 presence of an external examiner. This year, Technical and administrative staff: 474 interest in the research year has increased, Number of doctorates: 10 The Victor Albeck building and the number of enrolments has more than Number of research publications: 2,142 is the former Fødselsan- doubled. Total number of publications: 2,417 stalten i Jylland (Jutland Collaboration with the County of Aarhus midwifery institution). regarding the Aarhus University Hospital has Institutes It now houses an ultra-mod- been extended, and with effect from 1 January Institute of General Medical Practice ern health science library 2003, this also includes the County of North Institute of Anatomy and an equally modern Jutland, since Aalborg Hospital and Aalborg Institute of Physiology and Biophysics education centre. Psychiatric Hospital have become part of the Institute of Biostatistics Aarhus University Hospital. A new agreement Institute of Clinical Medicine relating to Aarhus University Hospital was Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine prepared in the course of the year, combin- Institute of Pharmacology ing all existing agreements pertaining to the Institute of Human Genetics collaboration. Institute of Medical Biochemistry Medicine degrees Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Communication Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine 9 PhD This year, the faculty once more published Institute of Forensic Medicine 8 a report in collaboration with the County of Institute of Science in Nursing Aarhus. The report describes the different School of Dentistry 7 cand.med. faculty departments and the clinical depart- 6 ments of the Aarhus University Hospital, Research centres 5 and provides an overview of the results of Danish Epidemiology Science Centre 4 health science research in Aarhus in 2003. In Centre for Functionally Integrated Neuroscience addition, the faculty and the county jointly Centre for Human Genome Research 3 publish the AUH – Forskning og Klinik (AAUH Centre for Clinical Pharmacology 2

– Research and Clinical Practice) magazine, Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 1 which describes new advances in health sci- Water and Salt Research Centre Years ence research of importance to the university Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology hospital’s clinical practice. Danish Allergy Research Centre Odontology degrees Faculty staff frequently attend lectures and Centre for Arctic Environmental Medicine debates about health and disease at a large Nanoscience and Tissue Engineering 8 PhD number of events held in different associ- 7 ations and organisations. Degree subjects Medicine 6 cand.odont. Facts for 2003 Odontology 5

Students Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering 4 New enrolments: 500 Master of Science in Health Science 3 Number of students: 3,193 Master of Science in Nursing Number of PhD students: 268 2 Number of Masters: 342 1 Number of PhDs: 59 Years The Faculty of Social Sciences

The faculty in 2003 Moves to strengthen both the counselling In December, the Faculty of Social Sciences of inactive students and career guidance ser- processed the first two of a total of four evalu- vices were carried out in 2003. In addition, the ations of research and education conducted at faculty has employed an associate professor the faculty’s departments. One of the reasons in university education to develop the fac- for these surveys is to create the best possible ulty’s range of courses, etc. on the subject of foundation for the development of an evalu- university education. ation and quality assurance model that can The new University Act of 2003 has been be used in the future as part of the faculty’s followed up by an education reform, and at compliance with the requirements for regular the same time the act has allocated a number evaluations as set out in the University Act. of new education-related tasks to the uni- At the end of the year, the Department of versity deans. The social science deans in Psychology moved into newly built facilities Denmark have consequently entered into an in the Nobel Park, which means that the de- agreement regarding the transfer of credits partment is now housed in modern premises upon change of degree programme and have after having had “temporary residence” at submitted an application to the ministry for Risskov for many years. The move of the permission to establish a new social science Department of Psychology marks the final degree programme – Master of Social Science step in the constant shift from building to (MSc) – to match the Master of Science degree building, which has affected all the faculty’s (MSc) and the Master of Arts degree (MA). departments in recent years. A number of meetings were held with business partners in 2003 regarding the offer Degree programmes of continuing and further education courses, In 2004, the number of enrolments in the fac- joint financing of research and PhD projects, ulty’s degree programmes was satisfactory, etc. Concrete agreements have also been en- as in previous years. This also applies to the tered into regarding the financing of specific new Master’s degree programme in Social In- PhD studies. The canteen for the social tegration, with the first courses starting in the science subjects. autumn of 2003. Research Social science research is traditionally planned and carried out by individual researchers, but a number of activities are carried out in coop- eration with other parties either within the de- partment or in other faculty units. One exam- ple is the five-year research project The Danish Health Sector’s Finances, Organisation and Legal Basis, which led to the employment of three PhD students in 2003. This project and other initiatives at the various faculty departments and centres are examples of the kind of coop- eration that can take place around this subject, both internally and with external partners in the health sector. 2003 was also the year in which the faculty could take stock of the Magtudredningsprojekt (the analysis of power project), which sparked a vast number of research projects and publi- 42/43

cations, and resulted in debates in both media and professional circles. In 2003, the faculty decided to increase its emphasis on PhD studies. The number of PhD students will be increased, partly by pro- moting the faculty’s job-oriented PhD studies, which have been very successful in the law degree programme and are now becoming available in the faculty’s other PhD pro- grammes. The finances necessary to achieve the goal of a greater number of PhD students will be provided through an allocation of fac- ulty funds for the purpose and a considerable increase in external financing. Research at the faculty’s departments and centres resulted in a number of prestigious awards to academic staff members in 2003, including three awards in connection with the university’s 75th anniversary. One of the Staff The completed Nobel Park close associates of the School of Economics Professors: 47 with new buildings for the and Management, Professor Clive Granger, Associate professors: 78 Department of Psychology in was also awarded an honorary doctorate in Other academic staff: 41 the middle. connection with the jubilee, and received the Teaching assistants: 61 Nobel Prize in Economics later in the year. Technical and administrative staff: 109 Number of doctorates: 1 Communication Number of research publications: 454 As part of the anniversary celebrations, the Total number of publications: 731 faculty participated in the “Open House” event in which interested citizens could make Departments a tour of the university and get an impression School of Economics and Management of the many activities that take place. In add- School of Law ition, a large number of anniversary sympo- Department of Political Science siums will be held in the course of 2003–2004. Department of Psychology In 2003, the faculty centres introduced some new activities, including Web-based Research centres Degrees descriptions of a number of registers that are Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research relevant for researchers in both social science National Centre for Register-based Research 8 PhD and health science, as well as access to these. 7 Degree subjects 6 cand.jur. Facts for 2003 Economics cand.oecon. cand.scient.pol. Students Master’s degree in Business Administration 5 cand.psych. New enrolments: 951 Law 4 Bachelor

Number of students: 5,945 Political Science and Social Science 3 Number of PhD students: 93 Psychology 2 Number of Bachelors: 679 Combined studies programmes consisting of two sub- Number of Masters: 566 sidiary subjects in Psychology and Business Admin- 1

Number of PhDs: 16 istration as a main subject Years The Faculty of Theology

grammes, but without independent finances and administration. These structural changes have therefore been followed up by major ad- ministrative reorganisation. The faculty’s finances have been stabilised and the activity level boosted thanks to an increase in externally financed research ac- tivities from DKK 6 million to DKK 9 million. Changes to last year’s cautious approach to appointments can therefore be introduced, and the faculty advertised a number of pos- itions in 2003, including two professorships.

Degree programmes The Claroline (classroom online) e-learn- ing programme has been introduced in all courses, whereby ICT becomes a regular in- gredient in the learning process. There was a small drop in the number of enrolments of new students, but the number of active full- time equivalents has been maintained. The in- creased focus on student and career guidance The foyer of the theological The faculty in 2003 continued in 2003 and resulted in a number lecture theatre building also When the new University Act came into effect of business and labour market-related events, serves as a meeting place for on 1 July 2003, the Faculty of Theology chose intensified guidance regarding exchange stu- the students. to use the option to organise a faculty without dent programmes, as well as the introduction departments. With effect from 1 July, the De- of opportunities for field projects and work partment of Biblical Studies, the Department experience. of Church History and Practical Theology, the The faculty’s PhD programmes take place Department of Systematic Theology and the within the framework of the PhD School Department of the Study of Religion merged of Religion/Identity/Culture. This gradu- into one single organisation with new units ate school continues to give priority to PhD providing the framework for the degree pro- courses, student guidance and contact with outside parties regarding finance. A sig- The foyer seen from Nordre nificant growth in interest in the graduate Ringgade (the northern ring school’s six-monthly exchange student grants road) stands out like a shin- has taken place, and the school has managed ing sculpture. to secure additional finance for such grants. A number of specially compiled theol- ogy courses have been offered as part of the agreement entered into with the Centre for Theology and Religious Education Løgumk- loster in 2002. The teachers at the faculty also participate in a wide range of continuing and further education courses targeting clergy- men and upper secondary school teachers, in particular. 44/45

Research and is distributed to upper secondary schools, The members of the faculty’s academic staff Danish clergymen and other individuals and continued to produce a considerable amount organisations with which the faculty has a of research material in 2003. The number of working relationship. research publications is consistently high: 129 publications, including more than twenty Facts for 2003 monographs. Students The areas of special focus have been re- New enrolments: 134 vised, resulting in strengthened collaboration. Number of students: 1,271 Internal rounds of applications determine Number of PhD students: 19 which area will be awarded a preferential Number of Bachelors: 54 share of the faculty’s own research funds in Number of Masters: 74 addition to funds from the Aarhus University Number of PhDs: 5 Research Foundation and other external re- search funds. Staff “Jews, Christians and pagans in Antiquity Professors: 11 – criticism and apologetics” is a focus area Associate professors: 24 that aims at examining the exchange of points Other academic staff: 11 of view between different religious and cul- Teaching assistants: 5 tural groups in Antiquity. The “Religious Technical and administrative staff: 22 narrativity, cognition and culture” focus Number of doctorates: 1 area examines recent perspectives within Number of research publications: 129 narrativity, cognition and culture research Total number of publications: 214 with a view to clarifying the importance of this research for a number of subjects in the Departments (with effect from 2004) study of religion, such as cosmology, philoso- Department of Church History and Practical Theology phy of man, identity construction and rituals. Department of Biblical Studies The most recent focus area is called “Ethics, Department of Systematic Theology law and religion”, in which ethics and law Department of the Study of Religion are interpreted as two closely related norma- tive systems. The main topic of the focus Research centres area is therefore to determine how these two Grundtvig Centre normative systems relate to the phenomenon Centre for Bioethics of religion. Degree subjects Degrees Communication Theology

In 2003, the faculty published the first issue of Study of Religion 8 PhD a richly illustrated yearbook. This publication Semitic Philology 7 describes a number of the important events of the year in research and education in the 6 cand.theol. form of articles, interviews and conference 5 reports. It also contains some key figures 4 Bachelor for the faculty and a list of research articles 3 published by staff members as well as other 2 forms of communication. The yearbook is part of the faculty’s increased focus on the com- 1 munication and dissemination of knowledge Years The Faculty of Science

The faculty in 2003 University West collaboration, the faculty The Faculty of Science has a reputation for a also offers Master’s degree and Bachelor’s high level of research activity and an excellent degree programmes in Software Design and international profile. In terms of education, Multimedia. the faculty has increased its intake of students Together with the Education Department for the degree programmes, but considerable of the Municipality of Aarhus, the Steno Mu- effort is still being made to recruit and main- seum and the Aarhus Museum of Natural tain a greater number of students than are History, the faculty is working on the NAT- currently enrolled. Sharing knowledge with LYS project, which aims at strengthening the community is given top priority and is science and technical education in Danish constantly undergoing development. secondary schools.

Studies Research In 2003, the faculty implemented a compre- In 2003, the faculty’s external research grants hensive study reform. The purpose of this increased by 5% compared with 2002. The an- reform is to increase the number of students nual reports from the different departments recruited for the degree programmes and the testify to a continued high level of research percentage who complete their studies, as well activity. Research at the faculty normally as making the studies more job-focused. One takes place in the departments where re- of the main reasons for the reform is the high searchers or research groups work on projects demand for faculty graduates. In many sub- that, to a large degree, are financed by gov- jects, this demand is greater than the supply. ernment research councils. A considerable In September 2003, the Minister of Sci- number of projects are carried out jointly with ence, Technology and Innovation gave the government research institutions, other forms University of Aarhus approval in principle to of government institutions, counties and pri- educate graduate engineers with effect from vate companies. summer 2004. In recent years, research at the faculty has The greenhouses in the The PhD programme at the faculty differs increasingly taken place at centres located Botanic Garden come under from PhD studies at most other institutions at the departments. However, these centres the auspices of the Faculty in Denmark in that the students have been often have links to other departments and fac- of Science. They receive enrolled in a four-year PhD programme since ulties, or even different universities. In 2003, approximately 60,000 visit- 1991. On the basis of experience with almost a the faculty hosted six centres financed by the ors a year. thousand students engaged in this type of de- Danish National Research Foundation and a gree programme, the faculty documented the large number of centres financed by research results in autumn in a publication called PhD councils, the EU, other public research funds, degree programmes in science at the University of counties and municipalities, private com- Aarhus – a good story. panies and private trusts. The main activity of the faculty in terms of continuing studies is a range of subjects Communication under the so-called single-subject scheme. Many researchers at the faculty communicate In 2003, 160 students were enrolled. They are actively in both printed and electronic media. taught and sit for examinations on the same In addition, the faculty publishes the Aktuel terms as the full-time students at the faculty. Naturvidenskab (Current Science) periodical in The faculty saw the completion of three conjunction with the seven other Danish tech- Master’s degree programmes in 2003: Cryp- nical/science faculties and the Danish news- tology, Geoscience (clinical) and Material paper Jyllands-Posten. Aktuel Naturvidenskab Science. Within the framework of the IT provides news and background information 46/47

from the world of science. The periodical tar- Departments Degree subjects gets readers with a broad interest in science Department of Biological Sciences Biology and aims at drawing the attention of Danish Department of Computer Science Computer Science society to science. Department of Physics and Astronomy Physics The faculty has organised a number of pro- Department of Earth Sciences Geology fessional events for upper secondary school Department of Chemistry Physical Education and Sport teachers. With these popular arrangements, Department of Mathematical Sciences Chemistry the departments wish to strengthen the com- Department of Molecular Biology Mathematics munication side of their front-line research. Institute for Storage Ring Facilities – Aarhus (ISA) Mathematics–Economics At the same time, the departments contribute Steno Institute Medical Chemistry to the continuing training of teachers and to Centre for Sports Science Molecular Biology strengthening contact between the traditional Centre for Applied Sciences Nanotechnology school system and institutions of further education. Research centres In an attempt to increase the familiarity of Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre at the both teachers and pupils with the university University of Aarhus (iNANO) – and vice versa – the faculty has entered into Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology, a collaborative agreement with the County of Department of Molecular Biology Aarhus, where a number of upper secondary Centre for Algebraic and Analytic Lie Theory schoolteachers are being paid to work for the mRNA Processing Centre faculty on a part-time basis, disseminating Foundations of Cryptography and Security knowledge aimed at the upper secondary Evolution of the Stress Response and Stress school sector. Resistance The faculty has a popular visitor service Centre for Oxygen Microscopy that provides easy access for upper secondary Centre for Structural Biology school teachers and pupils to university lec- tures and laboratories. Research centres financed by the Danish National Research Foundation Facts for 2003 Aarhus Centre for Advanced Physics (ACAP) Students Quantum Optics Centre (QuantOp) New enrolments: 596 Centre for Mathematical Physics and Stochastics Number of students: 3,548 (MaPhySto) Number of PhD students: 269 Centre for Atomic-scale Materials Physics – (CAMP) Number of Bachelors: 289 Centre for Catalysis Number of Masters: 273 Theoretical Astrophysics Centre (TAC) Degrees Number of PhDs: 75 Basic Research in Computer Science (BRICS)

8 PhD Staff Other research centres and laboratories 7 Professors: 46 Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research Associate professors: 225 (CenTER), Department of Biological Sciences 6 cand.scient. Other academic staff: 144 Laboratory for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, 5 Teaching assistants: 39 Department of Molecular Biology 4 Bachelor Technical and administrative staff: 360 Centre for AMS 14C Dating, Department of Physics 3 Number of doctorates: 3 and Astronomy Number of research publications: 932 Danish Instrument Centre for Solid-state NMR 2 Total number of publications: 1,280 Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry 1

Years

Doctorates and PhDs awarded in 2003

Nanette Louise Hale: Time-Space in the Eng- lish Indian Novel. A Study of Chronotopicity in the Works of Paul Scott and Salman Rushdie.

Jesper Hede: Dante’s Divina Commedia and the Problem of Its Thematic Coherence.

Anders Damgren Højen: Second-language Speech Perception and Production in Adult Learners before and after Short-term Immersion.

Mads Holst Jensen: Public Enemy or Vanguard of the Revolution? The Social Construction of the Chinese Liumang (Hooligan).

Ulla Angkjær Jørgensen: Den performende beskuer. Kunstanalyse med krop og køn.

Lars Konzack: Edutainment. Leg og lær med computermediet. Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Health Sciences Dr.phil. degrees Anne Trine Larsen: En slags mandinder. En Dr.med. degrees Lektor, cand.mag. Anders Bøgh: Sejren i analyse af køn og arbejde i Danmark 1950-1989. Medical Science kvindens hånd. Kampen om magten i Norden Kristine Kjærsgaard Nielsen Midtgaard: Overlæge Jeppe Hagstrup Christensen: n-3 1365-89. Småstatens offensive magt- og sikkerhedsstrategi. fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death: Emphasis on heart rate variability. Lektor, ph.d. Steen Brock: Niels Bohr’s Philoso- En analyse af FN-politikkens status og rolle i phy of Quantum Physics in the Light of the dansk sikkerhedspolitik 1949-65. Adjunkt Kimmo Jensen, ph.d.: Short-term Helmholtzian Tradition of Theoretical Physics. Ejnar Martin Mikkelsen: Bebyggelsen i plasticity at GABA-synapses in the central nerv- ous system. A patch-clamp study of rodent neu- Lektor, lic.phil. Karsten Hvidtfeldt Nielsen: bronzealder og tidlig ældre jernalder i Østthy. rons. Interpreting Spinoza’s Arguments Toward a For- Henrik Skov Nielsen: Tertium datur – om lit- mal Theory of Consistent Language Scepticism. teraturen eller det ikke-værende. Tan Jinquan, MD, ph.d: Human lymphocyte Imitating Ethica. motility. A quantitative examination of lym- Lis Norup: Udtrykkets furie. Dekadencens kunst phocyte chemotaxis and adhesion, and its regula- Lektor, ph.d. Carsten Porskrog Nielsen: Rent- og kultur. tion. egods og hovedgårdsdrift. Godsstrukturer og god- Anne Marie Olesen: Erkendelse, praksis og ver- søkonomi i hertugdømmet Slesvig 1524-1770. Cand.med. Won Yong Kim, ph.d.: Non-inva- den. Et metafysisk opgør og dets implikationer for sive estimation of left ventricular chamber size Lektor, cand.mag. Stig Thøgersen: A County sandhedsbegrebet. and volumetric flow by three-dimensional of Culture: Twentieth-Century China Seen from Merete Bøge Pedersen: Prostitution og Grund- echocardiography. the Village Schools of Zouping, Shandong. loven. Regulering af og debat om prostitution i 1. reservelæge Torben Møller-Pedersen, Danmark i perioden ca. 1860-1906. ph.d.: On the structural origin of refractive PhD degrees Kim Su Rasmussen: Maurice Blanchot. Fra instability and corneal haze after excimer laser Charlotte Boje Hilligsø Andersen: Middelal- nationalisme til neutralitet. keratectomy for myopia. derens militære aristokrati. Belyst ved en analyse Kjetil Sandvik: Devising Multimedia. Teater 1. reservelæge Jan Maxwell Nørgaard, ph.d.: af genstandsmateriale fra udvalgte danske borge som analyse- og designredskab for interaktive Cell biology of chemotherapy resistance in acute og voldsteder. multimediefortællinger. myeloid leukaemia. Anne-Sofie Dideriksen: Das Erzählen von Lektor, Cand.scient, ph.d. Søren Paludan: Geschichte(n) in der deutschen Prosa der 90er Virus-cell interactions between herpes simplex Jahre. virus and leukocytes: Molecular mechanisms and impact on antiviral defense. 48/49

Cand.polyt. Jesper Skovhus Thomsen, ph.d.: Cand.scient. Johannes Dalgaard Clausen: Cand.med. Gitte M. Hvistendahl: Pathophysi- Static histomorphometry and bone strength of the Mutational analysis of Ca2+ – and nucleotide- ological aspects of nocturnal polyuria in healthy human spine and iliac crest – relation to age and binding, catalytic function, and intramolecular elderly volunteers: An explorative study of the sex. communication of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ – pharmacokinetics and the effects of dDAVP on ATPase. renal water and salt excretion. Cand.med. Peter Vestergaard, ph.d.: Fracture risk secondary to disease. Cand.med. Asger Lau Dalmose: The urine Cand.med. Thomas Bo Jensen: Stimulation storage and voiding function modulated by elec- and substitution of bone allograft around nonce- Overlæge Lotte Ørskov: Aspects of hormonal trical stimulation. mented implants. regulation of glucose metabolism in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects. Cand.med. Søren Rasmussen Deutch: Elbow Cand.med. Steen Lund Jensen: Elbow joint joint dislocation. An experimental study of joint laxity after experimental excision of the radial pathokinematics. head. The influence of associated collateral liga- PhD degrees ment injuries and the efficacy of radial head pros- Cand.med. Christian Born Djurhuus: Aspects Odontology thetic replacement and ligament repair. of acute glucocorticosteroid and growth hormone Cand.polyt. Paolo Maria Cattaneo: Orthodon- actions in the regulation of human lipid metabo- Cand.med. Anni Ravnsbæk Jensen: A Com- tic aspects of bone mechanics and bone remodel- lism. parative Population Based Study on Breast Can- ling. cer Patients in Denmark and Sweden – Aspects of Cand.med. Liselotte M. Sabroe Ebbesen: Cand.odont. Nestor Rodrigo Lopez Fernan- Early Diagnosis, Axillary Surgery and Registra- Hyperhomocysteinemia due to folate deficiency. dez: Periodontitis in adolescents. Studies among tion. Impact on haemostasis and vascular biology. Chilean high school students. Cand.med. Elise Snitker Jensen: Seasonal vari- Cand.med. Henrik Eckardt: Growth factor ation of meningococcal disease and factors associ- enhancement of bone formation Nursing ated with its outcome. Cand.med. Christian Emil Faber: Flextube Cand.cur. Susan Maybritt Rydahl Hansen: Cand.scient. Mads Toustrup Jensen: Struc- reflectometry – a new method for determination Hospitalsindlagte patienters oplevede lidelser – i ture-function relationship of the A-M3 sector of of sites of upper airway narrowing during sleep. livet med uhelbredelig kræft. Na+, K+-ATPase studied by site-directed muta- Cand.scient. Casper Møller Frederiksen: genesis. Classification of Colorectal Cancer using microar- Cand.scient Claus Johansen: In vitro and in Medical Science rays. Cand.scient. Lars Dyrskjøt Andersen: Classi- vivo regulation of the transcription factors AP-1 Christiaan M. Fulton, B.Sc.: Sodium dependent fication of bladder cancer by microarray expres- and NF-κB by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and bicarbonate cotransport (NBC). Characterization sion profiling – towards a general clinical use of Calcipotriol. in rat kidney and testes and development of an microarrays in cancer diagnostics Cand.scient. Malene Munk Jørgensen: An electroneutral NBC knockout mouse. Cand.med. Inge Scheel Andersen: The extrin- important factor in the protein quality control of Cand.scient. Christian Gottrup: Development sic neural control of ano-rectal motility in the the low density lipoprotein receptor. of instance-based methods to predict tissue out- Göttingen Minipig. Cand.med. Anne Kaltoft: Myocardial Per- come in acute ischemic stroke based on specific fusion Following Primary PCI for Acute Myocar- Cand.med. Isil Pinar Bor: Microdeletions on patterns in MRI. 99m the Y chromosome. dial Infarction – Assessment with Tc-Sesta- Teodor P. Grantcharov, MD: Virtual reality mibi SPECT. Cand.med. Marius Berndt Carstensen: Post- computer simulation- a valid method for assess- Cand.med. Margit Staum Kaltoft: Streptococ- prandial lipaemia and endothelial function in ment of technical skills in laparoscopic surgery. type 2 diabetic subjects. A comparison in type 2 cus pneumoniae in childhood. Cand.scient. Bettina Laborne Dencker diabetic male subjects with and without verified Cand.med., Marianne Knap, Radical Cystecto- Hansen: Evaluation of strategies to ensure high myocardial infarction. my in Bladder Cancer. Indication, Prognosis and concentrations of IL-2 locally in tumor tissue by Morbidity. Analysis of a consecutive cohort of Qing Chai, MD: The role of TGF-β1 in ESRD in retroviral gene tranfer to tumor and tumor local- patients treated at Aarhus University Hospital vivo. izing cells. 1992-98. Cand.scient. Jane Hvarregaard Christensen: Cand.med. Karina Bækby Houborg: Postoper- Cand.med. Søren Kold: Surgical technique’s Molecular cell pathology of autosomal dominant ative rehabilitation of elderly patients by physical influence on femoral fracture risk and implant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus. training. fixation. Compaction versus conventional bone removing techniques. Cand.med. Lene Kristensen: Atrial fibrillation Cand.med. Lone Storgaard: Genetical and pre- in patients with sick sinus syndrome. Clinical natal determinants for semen quality: An epide- and electrocardiographic predictors of atrial fibril- miological twin study. lation after pacemaker implantation. Cand.med. Susanne Wulff Svendsen: Shoul- Cand.med. Trine Hyrup Mogensen: Molecu- der disorders and postural load factors. lar mechanisms of NF-κB activation during viral Cand.med. Jette Sønderskov: Occupational infections. styrene exposure and haematological diseases. A Cand.scient Tina Mygind: Chlamydia pneumo- nested case-control study in the Danish rein- niae: PCR detection and cell-mediated immune forced plastics industry. response to infection. Cand.scient. Helle Erbs Toldbod: Studies on Cand.med. Dorthe Svenstrup Møller: The dendritic cell based vaccination in a murine mod- accuracy of home blood pressure measurement in el of malignant melanoma. the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension and Cand.med. Kristian Valbak: Suitability for hypertensive mechanisms in obstructive sleep psychoanalytic psychotherapy. apnea. Stud. med. Mikala Wang: The immunomodula- Cand.med. Lene Svendstrup Nielsen: Udbyt- tory actions of CTB and its use as an adjuvant Faculty of Social Sciences tet af en dyspnøklinik for primærsektoren. for antigen-specific oral tolerance induction in Dr.jur. degree Cand.med. Carsten Obel: Epidemiological autoimmune diabetes. Lars Hedegaard Kristensen: Studier i erhvervs- studies of stress during pregnancy and fetal brain finansieringsret. Cand.scient. Majken Westergaard: Transcrip- development. tional circuits in normal and diseased skin. Zhiwei Pan, MD: Health effects of indoor air PhD degrees Sheng Ping Wu, MD: In vivo measurements of pollution: Experimental studies of biological Mette Hastrup Andersen: Skatteretlig wall shear stresses in human arteries by MR mechanism and measuring methods for objective genoptagelse i forvaltningsretlig belysning – med phase velocity mapping. and subjective effects on the eyes and nose. særlig henblik på en analyse af genoptagelse af Xiuqing Zhang, M.Sc: Towards an understand- skatteansættelsen. Cand.med. Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen: CT ing of the pathogenic mechanisms in chromosome Colonography, a Danish Perspective. Carter Walter Bloch: Aspects of Economic Poli- deletion syndromes. cy in Emerging Markets. Cand.scient. Anette Høj Petersen: Characteri- Cand.med. Niels Kristian Aagaard: Muscle zation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms Ullan Böwadt: En undersøgelse og diskussion af strength, muscle mass and contents of muscle (SNPs) and application in hybridization-based foreliggende empiri fra forskning i tilsyneladende magnesium, potassium and NaK-pumps in technologies for genotyping. parapsykologiske fænomener samt diskussioner af chronic alcoholics with and without alcoholic liv- udvalgte teoretiske forklaringer. Cand.med. Jens Aage Kølsen Petersen: The er disease – Effects of magnesium supplementa- Effect of Hypertonicity on Immune Function. tion – Relation to spironolactone treatment. Per Bredholt Christensen: Anerkendelse af stater – en undersøgelse af anerkendelsesaktens Cand.med. Peter Vestergaard Rasmussen: betydning for den retlige statstilblivelse med sær- Neuropathic Pain – Clinical Aspects. ligt henblik på nyere statspraksis.

Cand.med. Yazan F. Rawashdeh: Renal resis- Annette Kjær Fuglsang: The relationship tive index measures as pathophysiological mark- between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumat- ers of obstructive uropathy. ic Stress Disorder in traffic accident victims.

Cand.med. Anne Lene Dalkjær Riis: Fuel Bernhard Hansen: Party Activism in Denmark. metabolism and muscle protein kinetics in hyper- A Micro Level Approach to a Cross-sectional thyroidism. Analysis of the Correlates of Party Activism. Cand.med. Henriette Lassen Schaumburg: The genetic background of nocturnal enuresis.

Yimin Shi, MD: Neonatal unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats: Functional and molecular long-term changes of kidney functions. 50/51

Kristine Marie Jensen: Baskets and Body-Parts: A Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic investiga- tion of Children´s Development of Spatical Cog- nition and Language.

Mette Kold Jensen: Døden er ikke en fiasko her i livet.

Allan Jones: Investigation of the interactive effects of gender and anxiety on pain response using noxious thermal stimulation.

Birgitte Jørgensen: Retsvirkninger af omstødelse.

Michael Knie-Andersen: Customer Relation- ship Management in the Financial Sector.

Peter Myhre Lildholdt: Essays on Seasonality, Long Memory, and Volatility. Faculty of Theology Louise Vadheim Mortensen: Ytringsfrihedens Dr.theol. degrees usikre grænser – en retssammenlignende under- Lektor Per Ingesman: Provisioner og processer. søgelse af aktuelle ytringsfrihedsproblemer med Den romerske Rota og dens behandling af danske særlig henblik på ærekrænkelse af offentlige per- sager i middelalderen. soner. Lektor, cand.mag. Jeppe Sinding Jensen: The Monica Stougaard Nielsen: Medierende strate- Study of Religion in a New Key. Theoretical and gier hos para- og tetraplegikere. philosophical soundings in the comparative and Morten Ørregaard Nielsen: Multivariate Frac- general study of religion. tional Integration and Cointegration. PhD degrees Thomas Olesen: Long Distance Zapatismo. Glo- Cand.mag. Lisbeth Bredholt Christensen: balization and the Construction of Solidarity. Person and Religion. An Analysis of Aelius Aris- Morten Overgaard: Theoretical and Empirical tides’ Hieroi Logoi. Studies of consciousness. Cand.theol. Erik Kelstrup: Sandhedsbegrebet Asbjørn Skjæveland: A Government Formation hos N.F.S. Grundtvig kritiseret ud fra sandhed- in Denmark 1953-1998. steorier i det 20’ende århundredes analytiske og Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen: Studies on the hermeneutiske filosofi. associations between rumination, negative affect Cand.theol. Carl Lomholt: Din Fattiges Ret. and health-related measures. En rets-teologisk undersøgelse af Pagtsbogen, Ex. Kristian Høyer Toft: International Justice and 20,22-23,33 som udtryk for retsopfattelsen i Justificatory Models. Israels tidlige historie. Cand.theol. Hans Vium Mikkelsen: Recon- ciled Humanity. A constructive Reading of Reve- lation and Atonement in Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics.

Cand.theol. Jesper Tang Nielsen: Korsets kog- nitive dimension. En studie i Johannesevangeliets forståelse af Jesu død.

Cand.mag. Marianne Schleicher: A Theology of Redemption. Barbara Angelika Kühnle: Molecular self- Molecular Biology assembly and chiral recognition: Biologically rel- Trine Elkjær Larsen Crovato: Posttranscrip- evant molecules on metal surfaces. tional regulation of the glutamate receptor subu- nit 2. Thomas Risgaard Laustsen: ENTANGLE- MENT The Essence of Quantum Mechanics. Charlotte Georgi Jakobsen: Establishment of human and murine IgE and IgG combinatorial Jorge M De Brito Almeida Sampaio: Weak phage libraries & Vaccination for birch pollen interaction processes in nuclei for core-collapse allergy – comparison of the affinities of specific supernovae. IgE, IgG1 and IgG4. Klaus Seiersen: Electron Scattering on Positive Kim Bak Jensen: Identification of Keratinocyte and Negative Ions Studied in Heavy-Ion Storage Specific Markers Using Phage Display Func- Rings. tional improvement of phage display derived Nikolaj Rothe Zangenberg: Defect and diffu- antibodies. sion studies in Si and SiGe. Mads Breum Larsen: Function and regulation of the human serotonin transporter.

Faculty of Science Anvendt Fysik Louise Vagner Laursen: Characterization of Dr.scient. degrees Anders Rønnau: A Closer Look at the the RecQ Helicase, Rqh1, and Topoisomerase III Ph.d. Michael M. Hansen: Application of TiO2(110) Surface with STM. in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Molecular Markers in Population and Conserva- Hanne Poulsen: Studies on ADAR Inter- tion Genetics, with special Emphasis on Fishes. Chemistry actions. Ph.d. Martin Holmstrup: Strategies for cold Peter Blakskjær: Modification of Small Peptides Viktor Stepanov: Preparation of tRNAs and and drought tolerance in permeable spil inverte- Selective Side Chain Introduction onto Small tRNA-mimicking RNAs for X-ray diffraction brates. Peptides and Synthesis of Peptide Mimetics via studies. Ph.d. Lars Bojer Madsen: Triply Excited Intermolecular Radical Addition. Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen: Transcription States. Correlations in lithium and lithiumlike Aase Sejr Gothelf: Studies on the Synthesis control and pathogenic properties of murine ions. and Reactivity of Chiral Metal Complexes. leukemia viruses of the Akv Family.

Nis Halland: Catalytic Asymmetric Michael Lars Aagaard: Interactions between Endog- PhD degrees Reactions. enous Retroviruses and Exogenous Murine Mathematics Henrik Helligsø Jensen: Azasugars. Their Leukemia Virus. Thomas Johann Britz: Relations, Matroids and Synthesis, Glycosidase Inhibitory Activity, and Codes. Substituent Constants. Computer Science Rune Eliasen: KK-theory of amalgamated free Lars Poulsen: Oxygen Diffusion and Oxygen Mario Jose Caccamo: A Formal Calculus for products of C-algebras. Imaging in Glassy Polymers. Categories. Per Jensen: Frobenius and complexes. Brian Schou Rasmussen: Studies on Molecular Federico Crazzolara: Language, Semantics, Morten Skarsholm Risager: Automorphic Recognition. and Methods for Security Protocols. forms and modular symbols. Ditte Riber: Application of Ketyl- and Acyl- Christian Heide Damm: Collaborative Soft- Berit Naomi Skjernaa: Counting Points on Type Radicals Generated by the One-Electron ware Development. Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields of Characteris- Reducing Agent. Samarium Diiodide Synthesis Serge Oliver Fehr: Secure Multi-Player Proto- tic 2. of the Hydrindane Ring System via a Diels- cols: Fundamentals, Generality, and Efficiency. Alder Cycloaddition. Thomas Mailund Jensen: Sweeping the State Physics Steen Saaby: Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions Space. Brian Julsgaard: Entanglement and Quantum of Imines – An Approach to Optically Active Interactions with Macroscopic Gas Samples. Nonproteinogenic alpha-Amino Acids. Mads Johan Jurik: Extensions to the Paillier Cryptosystem with Applications to Cryptological Protocols. 52/53

Maciej Andrzej Koprowski: Cryptographic Biology Pernille Thorbek: Spatio-temporal population Protocols Based on Root Extracting. Susanne Lildal Amsinck: Development and dynamics of agrobiont linyphiid spiders. application of zooplankton-based paleoecological Giuseppe Milicia: Applying Formal Methods to Peter Langborg Wejse: Purification and char- methods with special focus on Danish brakish Programming Language Design and Implemen- acterisation of endo-beta-1,4-D-xylanases from a lakes. tion. novel halophilic bacterium. Johnnie Bremholm Andersen: Cardio-respira- Jesper Buus Nielsen: On Protocol Security in Annemette Vestergaard Witt: Light acclima- tory responses to reduced oxygen and increased the Cryptographic Model. tion in freshwater macrophytes – with emphasis metabolism in amphibians. on photoinhibition.. Paulo Borges Oliva: Proof Mining in Subsys- Lars Arve Bach: Individual-based models tems of Analysis. applied to spatial effects in evolutionary systems. Marianne Graves Petersen: Design for Learn- Geology Jens Bagger: Ecology and ecophysiology of iso- ing in Use of Everyday Artefacts. Anders Vest Christiansen: Application of air- etids. borne TEM methods in Denmark and layered Frank Darwin Valencia Posso: Temporal Con- Somchai Bussarawit: The Oyster Fauna of 2D inversion of resistivity data. current Constraint Programming. Thailand. Mads Andreas Faurschou Knudsen: Palaeo- Claus Brabrand Rasmussen: Domain Specific Jonathan David Carl: Assessment of habitat magnetic investigations of 0-3 Ma volcanics Languages for Interactive Web Services. quality for juvenile flounder (Platichtys flesus from the Cape Verde archipelago, and modelling Daniele Varacca: Probability, Nondeterminism L.). of magnetic distortion in rocks. and Concurrency: Two Denotional Models for Yoko Luise Hayashi Dupont: Ecology, evolu- Kasper Leth Lundgaard: Magma chamber Probabilistic Computation. tion and conservation of plant-pollinator interac- processes studied in two layered intrusions. Mikkel Nygaard Ravn: Domain Theory for tions on islands Lone Ahlmann Mossin: Dynamic processes in Concurrency. Mette Hesselholt Henne Hansen: Manipula- pedogeneses studied from soil and soil water Jiri Srba: Decidability and Complexity Issues for tion and tolerance strategies in relation to host analyses: 1. Podzolization processes in acidified Infinite-State Processes. life history in a mosquito – microsporidia system. soils under heather and spruce, Hjelm Hede, Denmark. 2. Transformation of ferrihydrite in Michael Svanholm Thomsen: Malleable Soft- Mette Kirkegaard: Regeneration of hair cells in the laboratory and in iron rich sediments in a ware Development . the vestibular organs of mammals. mesic temperature regime, Salten Skov, Den- Rasmus Kjær Ursem: Models of Evolutionary Bjarne Knudsen: Molecular Evolution and Bio- mark. Algorithms and Their Applications in System logical Sequence Analysis. Identification and Control Optimization. Tom Pfeiffer: Two Catastrophic Volcanic Erup- Ralf Michael Leimbeck: Ecology and Diversity tions in the Mediterranian – Santorini 1645 B.C. of Neotropical Araceae. and Vesuvius 79 A.D. Statistics and Mathematical Economics Lone Liboriussen: Production, regulation and Frank Rytter: Modern foraminiferal assemblag- Morten Riis: Classical and Non-Classical Sto- ecophysiology of periphyton in shallow freshwa- es and their application in palaeoceanographical chastic Recourse Programs with Applications in ter lakes. reconstructions on the north Icelandic shelf and Telecommunications. Marie Maar: Distributions of zooplankton in slope. relation to biological-physical factors.

Astronomy Rikke Louise Meyer: Development and use of Hans Bruntt: Studies of Stellar Clusters: Steps microscale biosensors for organic and inorganic Towards Asteroseismology & A Search for Giant ions Applications in microbial ecology. Planets. Mette Haubjerg Nicolaisen: Implemention of Molecular Methods to Study Ammonia Oxidiz- History of Science and Technology ing Bacteria in Complex Systems. Terese Marianne Olga Nielsen: Arguments Jesper Givskov Sørensen: Physiological and for Realism in Mathematics: From Gödel to evolutionary adaptation to environmental Indispensability. extremes in Drosophila: with particular empha- sis on thermal stress and the role of Hsp70. Addresses

The University of Aarhus The Faculty of Humanities Nordre Ringgade 1 Jens Chr. Skous Vej 3, Building 453 DK-8000 Aarhus C DK-8000 Aarhus C ������ Tel +45 89 42 11 11 Tel +45 89 42 11 11 Fax +45 86 19 70 29 Fax +45 89 42 12 00 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] Web: www.au.dk The Faculty of Health Sciences The External Relations Office Vennelyst Boulevard 9 Nordre Ringgade 1 DK-8000 Aarhus C DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel +45 89 42 11 22 Tel +45 89 42 23 40 Fax +45 86 12 83 16 Fax +45 89 42 11 09 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] The Faculty of Social Science University Studies Office Nordre Ringgade, Building 327, 3. International Student Centre Fredrik Nielsens Vej 5 DK-8000 Aarhus C Willemoesgade 15D DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel +45 89 42 11 11 DK-8200 Århus N Tel +45 89 42 11 11 Fax +45 89 42 15 40 Tel +45 89 42 17 99 Fax +45 86 13 09 57 E-mail [email protected] Fax +45 89 42 18 77 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected] The Faculty of Theology The International Secretariat Tåsingegade 3 Science Park Aarhus Fredrik Nielsens Vej 5 DK-8000 Aarhus C Gustav Wieds Vej 10 C DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel +45 89 42 11 11 DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel +45 89 42 23 20 Fax +45 86 13 04 90 Tel +45 86 20 20 00 Fax +45 86 13 23 29 E-mail [email protected] Fax +45 86 20 12 22 E-mail [email protected] E-mail [email protected]århus.dk The Faculty of Science Web www.sp-århus.dk Ny Munkegade, Building 520 DK-8000 Aarhus C The State and University Tel +45 89 42 11 11 Library, Aarhus Fax +45 89 42 35 96 Universitetsparken E-mail [email protected] DK-8000 Aarhus C Tel +45 89 46 22 20 Fax +45 89 46 21 30 E-mail [email protected] Web www.statsbiblioteket.dk 54/55

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Illustrations: The activities of the University of Aarhus in Henning Rud Andersen: pp. 20, 21 2003 are described in the following publica- Thomas Bertelsen: p. 19 bottom tions: The University of Aarhus 2003, and Facts Svend Christensen: p. 33 and figures 2003. Andrei T. Erichsen: cover left, pp. 13, 15 top left Poul Ib Henriksen: cover right and centre, pp. 2–10, Printed publications are available upon 15 bottom right, 16 bottom, 17, 19 top, 23, 25, 35–37, request from the External Relations Office. 38 top right, 39–42, 43 top, 44–46, 48 top, 49 top, 50 Tel +45 8942 2340 top, 52, 56 Fax +45 8942 1109 Horsens Museum: p. 18 E–mail [email protected] Jens Kjeldsen: p. 30 top Web www.au.dk/info Lars Kruse: pp. 1, 11, 12 top, 14, 15 bottom left, 16 Copyright: top, 18 top, 22 top, 24, 26, 27, 28 top, 32 top, 38 top The authors and the University of Aarhus, left, 48 centre, 50 centre, 51 August 2004 Erich Lange: p. 19 top Published by: The University of Aarhus Erik W. Olsson: pp. 27 bottom, 43 centre Translation: TRANZLATE Charlotte Sand: p. 32 bottom Editor: Anders Frølund, External Relations Office Das Geheimarchiv des Vatikan, Belser Verlag, 1992: Layout: Karen Fleng, External Relations Office pp. 28 bottom, 29 Production: Scanprint Mads Aarup–Jørgensen: p. 15 top right Number printed: 7,000