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Viral and Cellular Determinants of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Replication in Primary Equine Macrophage Cultures in Vitro Teresa Ann Smith Iowa State University

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Viral and Cellular Determinants of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Replication in Primary Equine Macrophage Cultures in Vitro Teresa Ann Smith Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1994 Viral and cellular determinants of equine infectious anemia virus replication in primary equine macrophage cultures in vitro Teresa Ann Smith Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Teresa Ann, "Viral and cellular determinants of equine infectious anemia virus replication in primary equine macrophage cultures in vitro " (1994). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10647. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10647 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. U-M-I MICROFILMED 1994 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from lefr to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortfi Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, fvtl 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9424261 Viral and cellular determinants of equine infectious anemia virus replication in primary equine macrophage cultures in vitro Smith, Teresa Ann, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1994 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Viral and cellular determinants of equine infectious anemia virus replication in primary equine macrophage cultures in vitro by Teresa Ann Smith A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OFPHILOSOPHY Department: Microbiology, Immunology and Preventive Medicine Major: Microbiology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major/Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For /tn^Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1994 To my husband, Mike. Without your love and support I couldn't have done it. Thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives of Dissertation Research 1 Dissertation Organization 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Retroviruses 3 Lenti viruses 4 Equine Infectious Anemia Virus 12 Clinical disease and lesions 13 Persistence 16 Replication 18 BACTERL\L ENDOTOXIN DECREASES REPLICATION OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS IN PRIMARY HORSE MACROPHAGE CULTURES 25 Summary 25 Introduction 26 Materials and Methods 28 Horses 28 Cells 28 Virus inoculation and HMC activation 29 Assays for virus replication 30 TNF-a bioassay 31 Statistical analysis 32 Results 32 TNF-a production in primary HMC 32 EIAV replication varied among horses 33 Macrophage activation decreased EIAV replication 35 EIAV replication and TNF-a production 36 Discussion 36 Acknowledgements 39 Literature Cited 40 ENDOTOXIN TREATMENT OF EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS RESULTS IN ALTERNATE SPLICING OF VIRAL REGULATORY GENES AND DELAYS THE APPEARANCE OF TRANSCRIPTS ENCODING VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS 52 Abstract 52 Introduction 53 Materials and Methods 55 Animals and cells 55 Activation and infection of HMC 56 Virus replication 56 TNF-a bioassay 57 Isolation and amplification of proviral DNA 58 Isolation and amplification of viral mRNA species 59 Results 60 Dose-dependent relationship of endotoxin treatment and EIAV replication 60 Effects of endotoxin treatment on EIAV reverse transcription 61 Detection of EIAV mRNA transcripts from HMC 62 Effects of macrophage activation on the production of EIAV mRNAs 65 Discussion 68 Acknowledgements 73 Literature Cited 73 GENERAL CONCLUSION 91 ADDITIONAL LITERATURE CITED 93 APPENDIX A. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUINE MACROPHAGE CELL LINE 102 APPENDIX B. IMPORTANCE OF HOST CELL SPECIFICITY IN EIAV TRANSCRIPTION ...105 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Susan Carpenter who gave me the opportunity to complete this research in an atmosphere filled with support, encouragement, and excitement about science. I also thank her for teaching me the skills needed to become an independent researcher. Drs. Michael J. Wannemuehler, Prem Paul, Michael McCloskey, and Lyle Miller are thanked for serving on my program of study committee, and challenging me to learn more than I ever thought was possible. From you I have learned to open my mind to all areas of science. Yvonne Wannemuehler and Mary Jane Long are graciously thanked for their excellent laboratory assistance, being friends and most of all, putting up with me and all my bad moods. Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank my family who didn't complain when I couldn't make it to get-togethers, or when I forgot birthdays. Your support and understanding are a large part of this accomplishment, and will never be forgotten. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Objectives of dissertation research Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. Like other lentiviruses, EIAV replicates in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, has a complex genome, and causes an immunopathology [16,34,40,45,77,78,83,99,111]. One of three types of clinical disease, acute, chronic, or aclinical, may occur in an EIAV-infected animal [40,45,83,111]. Acute disease is characterized by fever, mucosal hemorrhage, anemia, edema, and rapid death. Animals which exhibit chronic disease have clinical signs similar to the acute form, but they are less severe and occur in a cyclic manner. Animals with aclinical disease show no apparent signs of disease, but remain infected carriers for life. Both viral and host factors are thought to be involved in determining the outcome of clinical disease in an EIAV-infected horse. Viral factors include the virulence of different isolates, antigenic variation to escape the host immune response, sequence heterogeneity in viral regulatory elements, as well as the co­ existence of varying genotypes in vivo [1,5,50,55,56,89,100]. Host factors are not as clearly defined, but likely include host immune competence and qualitative differences in cellular co-factors involved in viral gene regulation [89]. The severity of clinical disease appears to be correlated with the levels of virus replication in an infected animal [56]. In addition, the host's ability to control virus replication appears to determine its ability to remain free of clinical signs of disease [15,56]. Therefore, it is our hypothesis that cellular 2 factors which control the rate of EIAV replication early after infection are important determinants in the outcome of clinical disease in an EIAV-infected animal. The overall objective of this research was to identify cellular and viral factors which regulate EIAV replication in primary equine macrophage cultures (HMC). The specific objectives were 1) to examine the variability of EIAV replication in primary HMC established from different horses; 2) to determine the effects of macrophage activation on EIAV replication; and 3) to examine the effects of macrophage activation on specific stages of EIAV replication. Dissertation organization This dissertation consists of two manuscripts which are preceeded by General Introduction and Literature Review sections and followed by General Conclusion and Additional Literature Cited sections. The format of each manuscript is that of the journal to which it was submitted. Bibliographical information corresponding to literature citations which occur in the text of each manuscript can be found at the end of that particular chapter. Bibliographical information corresponding to citations made in the text of the General Introduction, Literature Review and General Conclusion sections are located in the Additional Literature Cited section. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW Retroviruses Retroviruses are a family of single-stranded RNA viruses which infect mainly vertebrate species, and produce a variety of diseases, such as malignancies, wasting diseases, neurological disorders, immunodeficiencies, as well as persistent viremia without apparent signs of disease [20-22]. The virion structure shared by members of this family is approximately 100 nm
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