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Field Fortifications Copy 3 z DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL FIELD FORTIFICATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY OCTOBER 1959 *FM 5-15 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 5-15 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 8 October 1959 FIELD FORTIFICATIONS Paragraplhr Page PART ONE. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1,2 3 2. GENERAL -------- 3-5 4 PART Two. FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTECTION CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL AND INDI- VIDUAL WEAPONS Section I. Protection from effects of conventional weapons 6-11 7 II. Protection from effects of chemical and biological weapons -...... 12-14 .....9 . III. Protection from effects of nuclear weapons -_ 15-18 11 IV. Comparison of protection required ---------- 19,20 18 CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION OF CREW SERVED WEAPONS, COMBAT EQUIPMENT, AND MATERIEL -......................... 21,22 20 5. PROTECTION OF UNITS -............ 23-26 22 6. PROTECTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE SUP- PORT INSTALLATIONS ----------- 27-31 27 PART THREE. MEANS OF PROVIDING PROTECTION CHAPTER 7. GENERAL Section I. Materials and methods --................. 32-35 34 II Construction of overhead cover in functional layers -.......... 36-40 42 . III. Revetments for earth banks --------------- 41-44 46 IV. Drainage -...... 45-48 ......56 . CHAPTER 8. PERSONNEL AND INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS Section I. Emplacements ------------------- 49-53 61 II. Shelters -..... 54-58 85 CHAPTER 9. CREW SERVED INFANTRY WEAPONS, COMBAT EQUIPMENT AND MATERIEL 59-71 100 10. ARTILLERY WEAPONS ------------------ 72-78 127 *This manual supersedes FM 5-15, 17 August 1949, and TB ENG 117, 19 December 1955. TAGO 10025-B, Sept. 1959 1 Paragraphs Page CHAPTER 11. ACCESSORIES FOR EMPLACEMENTS AND SHELTERS Section I. Firing Ports .... 79-82 135 II. Illumination ........... ...... 83, 84 137 III. Entrances .............. 85-89 141 IV. Heating -. 9(09........... 93 147 PART FOUR. OBSTACLE EMPLOYMENT CHAPTER 12. GENERAL -............... 94-97 155 13. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT OF ARTI- FICIAL LAND OBSTACLES Section I. General -....... 98-104 .............157 II. Minefields -.................... 105,106 159 . III. Barbed wire entanglements - ........... 107-109 160 IV. Antivehicular obstacles -............. 110,111 165 CHAPTER 14. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT OF ARTI- FICIAL BEACH AND RIVER LINE OB- STACLES -............................. 112-115 166 15. PRINCIPLES OF EMPLOYMENT OF NATURAL OBSTACLES .- . ..116-118 170 PART FIVE. OBSTACLE CONSTRUCTION CHAPTER 16. BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS Section I. Materials .-......... 119-123 171 II. Construction procedures -------------------- 124-132 177 III. Matcrial and labor estimates- . 133,134..... 203 CHAPTER 17. ANTIVEHICULAR OBSTACLES ---------- 135-146 205 18. NATURAL LAND OBSTACLES -. 147,148.... 223 19. BEACH AND RIVER LINE OBSTACLES- 149-154 227 APPENDIX I. REFERENCES -.......--- - 237 II. FORTIFICATION PROTECTION FACTORS ..... 239 III. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF INSTAL- LATIONS DISPERSAL -.... 246 IV. FIELD DESIGN PROCEDURES -.-------- 261 INDEX--..................................... 265 2 TAGO 10025-B, Sept. 1959 PART ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose This manual provides information on the use of field fortifications and obstacles in proper combinations with mobility and dispersion for the protection of individuals, units, and administrative support in- stallations in the field. 2. Scope a. The manual describes the employment and construction of unit- construction field fortifications as defined in paragraph 3a. The capa- bilities and limitations of each fortification are discussed; and standard plans, bills of materials, construction procedures, and time and labor requirements are furnished. b. The fortifications and techniques of protection described in this manual, are applicable to all field army units. c. Field design procedures for structures to support overhead cover are included in appendix IV. d. This manual is written with the assumption that the reader is familiar with the employment and effects of nuclear weapons as de- scribed in DA Pams 39-1 and 39-3. e. The material herein is applicable without modification to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. TAGO 10025-B, Sept. 1959 3 CHAPTER 2 GENERAL 3. Types of Field Fortifications Field fortifications are constructed by all arms and services. En- gineer troops assist the units which are to occupy these fortifications and in addition may be made entirely responsible for all fortifications in a specific area. The two types of field fortifications and their defini- tions are listed below. a. Field Fortifications-Unit Construction. These fortifications arc emplacements and shelters of temporary construction which can be con- structed with reasonable facility by using units with no more than minor engineer supervisory and equipment participation. b. Field Fortifications-EngineerConstruction. These fortifications are emplacements and shelters of temporary construction which require construction by engineer troops with or without assistance from using units. 4. Responsibilities a. It is the responsibility of the commander of troops occupying posi- tions or installations to lay out and construct field fortifications. b. The staff engineer at all levels of command assists in preparation of plans and orders and performs technical inspections with respect to field fortifications. Engineer staff officers and engineer technical ad- visory personnel must be familiar with the tactical and administrative support considerations which affect the organization of the ground in order to provide proper technical assistance and advice. c. The duties of engineer troops in the construction of field fortifica- tions by the using units are- (1) To supply field fortifications materials and hand tools. (2) To furnish technical advice and assistance. (3) To furnish and operate engineer construction equipment as appropriate. 5. Definition of Terms The following terms are used in planning and constructing field fortifications. a. Blast Loading. The loading (or force) on an object or structure caused by the air blast from an explosion striking and flowing around 4 TAGO 10025-B, Sept. 1959 the object. It is a combination of overpressure (or diffraction) and dynamic pressure (or drag) loading. b. Concealment. The act or result of actions designed to hide or dis- guise men or material from the enemy; the application of techniques of camouflage or screening or both, with the aim of denying informa- tion as to the existence, nature, disposition, or purpose of installations, equipment, or activities. Concealment offers protection from observa- tion only. c. Cover. Shelter or protection, either natural or artificial, from enemy fire. d. Deception. Any activity the aim of which is to draw attention; the use of any measure, the aim of which is to mislead by misrepresent- ing any installation, equipment or activity. e. Defilade. Protection or shielding from hostile ground observation and flat trajectory fire, provided by a natural or artificial obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or bank. f. Drag Loading. The forces exerted upon an object or structure by the dynamic pressures from the blast wave of a nuclear explosion. These forces are influenced by certain characteristics of the object or structure, primarily its shape. g. Emplacement. A prepared position for one or more weapons or pieces of equipment for protection against hostile fire or bombardment, and from which they can execute their tasks. Emplacements include foxholes and trenches. h. Enfilade Fire. Fire in which the long axis of the beaten zone coincides with the long axis of the target; e.g., fire in the direction of the length of a line or column. i. Gap. A portion of a barrier in which no obstacles exist. It is wide enough to enable a friendly force to pass through in tactical formation. j. Incident Radiation. Radiation which falls upon, strikes or affects a certain plane of reference. k. Lane. A clear route through an obstacle. A single lane is normally 8 yards wide; a double lane is 16 yards wide. Lanes must be suitably marked. 1. Obstacle. Any obstruction (natural terrain feature, condition of soil or climate, or manmade object) that stops, delays, or diverts movement. (1) Natural obstacles include steep slopes, rivers, gullies, swamps, heavy woods, thick jungle, and deep snow and manmade ob- jects, such buildings or walls, not originally erected to serve as obstacles but which may be employed as such. (2) Artificial obstacles include works of destruction and construc- tion, such as demolished bridges; road craters; abatis; flood- ing; minefields; contaminated areas; wire entanglements; road- blocks; antitank ditches, and log, steel, and concrete structures. TAGO 10025-B, Sept. 1959 5 in. Physical Protection. The use of natural or artificial physical means to provide protection from weapons effects. Some examples of physical protection are protective clothing, armored vehicles, emplace- ments, shelters, parapets, trenches and natural terrain conditions. n. Reaction Time. The time that elapses between an action and a counteraction. o. Revetment. A retaining wall or facing, constructed from sandbags, boards, brush, or other materials which hold earth slopes at steeper angles than could normally be maintained without caving or sliding. p. Shelter. Any natural or artificial cover which protects troops, ammunition, or supplies from enemy action or inclement weather. No provisions are made for firing weapons from shelters. q. Translation. Lateral movement caused by drag loading. r. Trench. An excavation of standard dimensions which connects other emplacements
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