Innovationspolitik Im Globalen Süden

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Innovationspolitik Im Globalen Süden Innovationspolitik im Globalen Süden Eine vergleichende Fallstudie aufstrebender ICT-Industrien in Indien und China Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Chengzhan Zhuang aus Schanghai, VR China Bonn, 2018 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Tilman Mayer (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Xuewu GU (Guachter und Betreuer) Prof. Dr. Maximilian Mayer (Zweitgutachter) Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler (Weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08.11.2017 1 Danksagung Zunächst geht mein größter Dank an Herrn Professor Xuewu Gu, der mich dazu inspiriert hat, vor Jahren nach Deutschland zu ziehen, um dort meine Promotionsforschung zu beginnen. Im Prozess der Promotion konnte ich in vielerlei Hinsicht von seiner Beratung im fachlichen wie sprachlichen profitieren. Ein besonderer Dank gilt auch Herrn Professor Maximilian Mayer. Ich kann mich noch an die Tage und Nächte erinnern, in denen wir nicht nur über den Inhalt dieser Dissertation, sondern auch über europäische Politik, China und die Beziehungen zwischen Technologie, Gesellschaft und Mensch diskutierten. Weiter danke ich Herrn Professor Tilman Mayer für die einwandfreie Organisation und Leitung des Prüfungsausschusses, der mir maßgebliche Ratschläge für die Dissertation geben konnte. Dabei bin ich auch Herrn Professor Christoph Antweiler für seine Teilnahme am Prüfungsaus- schuss dankbar. Er konnte wertvolle Fragen aufwerfen, die einen besonderen Mehrwert für meine Forschung dargestellt haben. Ein besonderer Dank geht auch an Herrn Tim Wenniges und die Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, die mich vor allem auch in den schwierigen Phasen meiner Dissertation unterstützten. Ohne sie hätte wohl die Gefahr bestanden, den Promotionsprozess aufzugeben. Mein größter Dank geht schließlich auch an meine Eltern, die mir endlose Liebe und Unter- stützung geschenkt haben. In der chinesischen Kultur glaubt man, dass die kleinen Erfolge einer einzelnen Person nicht dem Hintergrund der Ära entgehen können. An dieser Stelle möchte ich die Reform- und Öff- nungspolitik Chinas sowie die zunehmende Digitalisierung hervorheben, die nicht nur mir das Verfassen dieser Dissertation ermöglicht, sondern auch maßgeblich zur Völkerverständigung der letzten Jahre beigetragen haben. 2 Abstract Die Länder, in denen sich hochwertige technologische Unternehmen ansiedeln, werden auch im zukünftigen globalen Wettbewerb eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei sind insbe- sondere Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer sind in ihrer Transformation zu Industrielän- dern auf eigene technologische Unternehmen und Industrien angewiesen. Dies hat gerade auch die Transformation, die Japan und Südkorea zwischen den 1960er und 1990er Jahren durchlaufen haben, offenbart. Indien und China – die beiden entwicklungsstärksten Schwellenländer – setzen ebenfalls auf eine aufstrebende ICT-Industrie, um sich zu Industrieländern zu entwickeln. Jedoch ist der Erfolg der beiden bevölkerungsreichen Länder unterschiedlich beschaffen. Während In- dien weiterhin an einer umfassenden Entwicklung seine ICT-Industrie scheitert, vermag es China bereits erste Erfolge zu verzeichnen. Im Kontext dieser unterschiedlichen Entwick- lungen untersucht diese Dissertation nun die Ursachen, um auch erste Schlüsse für das Ent- wicklungspotenzial anderer Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer zu ziehen. Dabei behandelt diese Dissertation zwei zentrale empirische Forschungsfragen: 1) Welche Faktoren erklären die wettbewerbsfähige Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie in Indien und China? 2) Warum ha- ben sich die ICT-Industrien in Indien und China zwischen 1980 bis 2015 jeweils unter- schiedlich entwickelt? Um die Forschungsfragen zu untersuchen, wurden zunächst auf theoretischer Ebene rele- vante Innovations- und Wettbewerbstheorien, sowie industriepolitische Theorien auf ihr Er- klärungspotenzial diskutiert. Dabei erwies sich eine modifizierte Version des Diamond-Mo- dells nach Micheal Porter als am besten geeignet, um die empirische Untersuchung zu lei- ten. Als zentrale Forschungsmethode wurde wiederum die vergleichende Fallstudie ausge- wählt. Diese griff auf Deskriptive Analysen und Informationsvisualisierung sowie Regressi- onsanalysen zurück, um das existierende Material weiter zu verdichten und aufzubereiten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen zunächst, dass sich die ICT-Industrie Indiens im Vergleich zur umfassenden ICT-Industrie Chinas lediglich auf ICT-Dienstleistungen, Softwarepro- dukte und dazugehörige Dienstleistungen konzentriert hat. Im Gegensatz zu China sind die Geschäfte der ICT-Industrie Indiens dabei auch äußerst ähnlich. Als die entscheidenden Faktoren für diese Unterschiede wurden die Nachfrageorientierungen identifiziert. Während 3 sich ICT-Industrie in Indien an der Auslandsnachfrage orientiert, stützt sich die ICT-Indust- rie in Chinas auf die Binnennachfrage. Dies hängt vor allem damit zusammen, dass die chi- nesische Industriegesellschaft eine große Binnennachfrage generieren kann. Damit sind ihre Konsumenten auch relativ bereiter, neue Technologien aus der ICT-Industrie aufzunehmen und von ihnen zu profitieren. In Indien existiert eine solche inländische Offenheit jedoch nicht, weswegen vor allem die Auslandsnachfrage die Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie be- dingt und limitiert. Aus einer nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsperspektive ist die ICT-Industrie in China ebenfalls besser aufgestellt als die ICT-Industrie in Indien. So befindet sich letztere noch ausschließ- lich auf den nachgeordneten Abschnitten der globalen Wertschöpfungskette und wird daher weiterhin sehr abhängig von ausländischen Unternehmen der übergeordneten Abschnitte bleiben. Damit ist die Entwicklung der ICT-Industrie in Indien insbesondere von Wechsel- kursveränderungen abhängig, welche eine starke Bedeutung für die Auslandsnachfrage be- sitzen. Im Gegensatz zu Indien ist die ICT-Industrie Chinas wiederum dabei, auf sämtliche Abschnitte der globalen Wertschöpfungskette der ICT-Industrie vorzudringen. So konnte die ICT-Industrie in China bereits ein umfassendes ICT-Ökosystem entwickeln, welches äußerst positive Synergieeffekte leistet. Dadurch können einige chinesische Unternehmen womöglich sogar während des Übergangs von der jetzigen 4G-Technologie zur 5G-Tech- nologie endgültig zu globalen, wettbewerbsfähigen ICT-Unternehmen aufsteigen. Schlussfolgernd ist die ICT-Industrie Chinas damit ein typisches Beispiel für den allmähli- chen ‚Catch Up’, bei dem sie sich beinahe vollständig auf die inländische Industriegesell- schaft stützen kann. Die ICT-Industrie in Indien ist wiederum ein typisches Beispiel für ‚Leap Frogging’, da sie weiterhin stark auf die Agrarwirtschaft angewiesen ist. Dies belegt insbesondere auch der Entwicklungsgrad der Basisinfrastruktur. Diese Erkenntnisse sollten auch in die Entwicklungspolitik anderer Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer einfließen, da sie aufzeigen, welche Bedeutung die Ankurbelung der inländischen Binnennachfrage und die Entwicklung von ICT-Ökosystemen für die zukünftige globale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Länder besitzen. Damit sind aber auch unausweichlich weitere Politikfelder wie Sozia- les und Bildung betroffen. 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1: Einleitung ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Fragestellung ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definition der Kernbegriffe ............................................................................................... 10 1.3 Ü bersicht und Organisation der Forschungsarbeit .............................................................. 11 Kapitel 2: Literaturdiskussion und Forschungsmethode ............................... 16 2.1 Forschungsvorhaben und theoretische Debatten ............................................................... 16 2.2 Vergleich der verschiedenen Forschungsansätze ................................................................ 22 2.3 Porters Diamond-Modell ................................................................................................... 39 2.4 Theoretisches Modell und Forschungsmethode ................................................................. 45 Kapitel 3: Hintergrund der ICT-Industrie Indiens und Chinas ........................ 48 3.1 Indiens ICT-Industrie ................................................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Ausgangslage ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.2 Der aktuelle Status der ICT-Industrie Indiens ..................................................................... 52 3.2 Chinas ICT-Industrie .................................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 Ausgangslage ....................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.2 Der aktuelle Status der ICT-Industrie Chinas ...................................................................... 59 3.3 Die Ähnlichkeiten und Differenzen beider Fälle ............................................................ 61 Kapitel 4: Die Binnennachfrage ist wichtiger als die Auslandnachfrage ........ 67 4.1 Fundament für ICT-Industrie ............................................................................................
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