Disaster & Climate Risk Governance in Undp

10 THINGS TO KNOW: Empowered lives. Resilient nations. DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

About the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help guild nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in nearly 170 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations.

Content coordinators: Martin Ras, Kalyan Keo and Uthira Ravikumar with technical oversight and guidance from Angelika Planitz

Editing and Peer Review: Georgina Wilde and Rajeev Issar

Design and Layout: Phoenix Design Aid A/S

Front Cover Photo: © UNDP Macedonia

Back Cover Photo: © Angelika Planitz/UNDP

b 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

This booklet provides an overview of The Sendai Framework, the Paris Climate UNDP’s work in disaster and climate risk Agreement, and the Sustainable Develop- governance, an area that gained greater ment Goals (SDGs) all highlight the need recognition from the international com- to protect hard-earned development munity through the Sendai Framework gains from disaster and climate risks, es- for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 pecially in socioeconomic development (Sendai Framework) which dedicates sectors. They also seek to build sustaina- one of its four Priorities for Action to bility through risk-informed development “strengthening disaster risk governance which is greatly influenced by functioning to manage disasters”. disaster and climate risk governance arrangements.

1. Governance: a key determinant of risk...... 2

2. UNDP: a snapshot of our work in disaster and climate risk governance...... 4

3. Risk assessment: central for a functioning risk governance system...... 6

4. Strong institutions & coordination: the foundations for multi-sector, multi-tier and multi-stakeholder engagement...... 8

5. Legislative frameworks: assigning accountability and setting incentives. . . . . 10

6. DRR strategies & action plans: establishing common goals and priorities . . . . 12

7. Risk-informing development: an imperative for sustainable development. . . . 13

8. Communities & municipalities: important risk governance actors...... 14

9. Access to finance: creating diversified funding streams...... 16

10. Recovery: governance matters before and after...... 17

1 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

1. GOVERNANCE: A KEY DETERMINANT OF RISK

Reducing disaster risk and adapting to a ization, and an increasing intensity and For over two decades, UNDP has made changing climate have become increas- magnitude of extreme weather events strengthening disaster and climate risk ingly critical for achieving sustainable de- due to climate change, especially in poor governance a cornerstone of its efforts to velopment. Disaster losses continue to rise and fragile countries.1 These drivers of risk assist its programme countries better un- due to growing concentrations of people are predominantly rooted in political and derstand, reduce and manage risk.3 Despite and assets in areas exposed to natural institutional structures, or flawed govern- an increasing recognition that good gov- hazards, rapid and uncontrolled urban- ance processes.2 ernance, disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation are mutually supportive, the related risk governance arrangements still HFA Decade encounter many challenges:4 The Economic and Human Impact of Disasters in the last 10 years • Policy, institutional, and financing arrange- Damage ($ billion) People affected (million) People killed ments do not sufficiently prioritize disaster

2005 214 160 93,075 Roughly 70% of deaths Deaths caused are caused by earthquakes by other disasters risk reduction, or do not have accountabil- and tsunamis 2006 34 126 29,893 ity mechanisms in place to follow through 30% with their implementation. 2007 74 211 22,422 70% 2008 190 221 169,737 • Disaster risk reduction, climate adapta- 46 201 15,989 2009 tion and environmental management 2010 132 260 328,629 and their related policy and institutional More than 150 million people were affected by floods 2011 364 212 30,083 frameworks are pursued in silos. Around 65% of damages were caused by earthquakes and tsunamis with Asia losing more than $250 billion 2012 156 107 11,154 Climate-related Others disasters in 2014 2013 119 96 21,118 13% • Disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation are only weakly connected to 2014 110 102 7,000 87% Confirmation of a trend stretching the broader poverty reduction agenda back 20 years when $1.4 trillion 1.7 billion 0.7 million they averaged 86% due to inadequate incentive systems Total damage Total people affected Total people killed for forging closer links to development planning at all levels. Source:Top UNISDR,10 countries 2015: with http://www.unisdr.org/files/42862_economichumanimpact20052014unisdr.pdf. most disasters, 2005-2014

Number of disasters Total damage ($ billion)

300 286

250 2 212 200 181 167 150 141

100 73 72 64 62 59 50

0 China US Philippines India Indonesia Vietnam Afghanistan Mexico Japan Pakistan

265 443 16 47 11 7 .16 26 239 25

China has the most disasters from 2005-2014 but the US has incurred the most damage, and while Japan is far behind in number of disasters, its economic loss is almost as big as that of China

Sources: EM-DAT database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Munich Re • National disaster and climate risk man- 5 agement strategies, policies and plans UNDP’S LONG-TERM SUPPORT TO MOZAMBIQUE are disconnected from local realities because the systematic participation UNDP has been working in Mozambique since the 1990s, providing support for disaster risk reduction on a sustained basis. Some of the key milestones have included support for the: and inclusion of the most vulnerable is neglected. Establishment of the National Institute of Disaster Management (INGC) in 1999

• Financing for reducing disaster and Development of a Disaster Risk Management Policy in 2000 climate risks is insufficient, leading to short-term or fragmented interventions. Development of the Master Plan on Disaster Prevention in 2006

Against this backdrop, UNDP has developed Development of a Disaster Risk Management Law, approved in 2014, which recognizes gender considerations in all disaster risk management planning activities a comprehensive policy and programme support package that seeks to strengthen Establishment of a decentralized disaster risk management system the key components of a functioning disas- through local risk management committees ter and climate risk governance system (see section 2 for more information). In doing so, Establishment of community early warning systems UNDP has built upon its existing democratic governance practice area. Mainstreaming disaster and climate risks in national and sectoral development plans

A keystone of UNDP’s approach has been RESULTS the provision of long-term and sustained support which has been instrumental in accompanying countries through the Key sectors such as agriculture, education, health, infrastructure and energy are now integrating disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation components into planning, many ups and downs in their endeavours backed by budget allocations . to strengthen their risk governance capacities and build resilience. From 2001 to 2011 the total number of Mozambicans affected by disasters fell by 45 percent compared with the previous decade .

Flood related mortality in 2010 was less than 25 percent of the 10-year average, and decreased 90 percent compared with the previous decade .

3 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

2. UNDP: A SNAPSHOT OF OUR WORK IN DISASTER AND CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE

From 2005 to 2016, UNDP implemented ap- DRR projects with a considerable disaster and programme support services, cover- proximately 1,500 projects in nearly 150 and climate risk governance component ing the following categories: countries with a considerable disaster & grew by nearly 30 percent with a signifi- climate risk governance component. These cant increase over the past two years since • Assessment and analysis amounted to 64 percent or US$1.3 billion of the adoption of the Sendai Framework. UNDP’s total disaster risk reduction portfolio • Institutions (capacity development, of US$2.1 billion (see figure 1). Most expendi- UNDP strengthens its disaster & climate training, coordination, decentralization) tures occurred in the Asia and the Pacific risk governance capacities through a com- region, followed by Africa (see figure 3). prehensive set of complementary policy • Legal and regulatory frameworks

• Plans (action plans, national, sub-nation FIGURE 1: UNDP’s disaster risk FIGURE 2: Increase of UNDP’s and sector plans, and planning frame- reduction portfolio (2005-2016) with disaster and climate risk governance expenditures for disaster & climate portfolio from 2005 to 2016 works) risk governance, early warning and preparedness, and resilient recovery 100% • Policies (national and sector policies and components 80% strategies, and strategic frameworks)

100% 60% • Risk-informed development planning 80% 40% and budgeting (or mainstreaming) 64% 60% 20% 38% 0% • Disaster recovery governance 40% 28% 2005-2012 2013-2014 2015-2016 20% • Community based and urban risk man-

0% Governance Climate Risk Disaster & Preparedness and EW Recovery Resilient agement

• Gender equality

4 FIGURE 3: UNDP expenditures for FIGURE 4: UNDP projects with a considerable disaster and climate risk governance disaster and climate risk governance component distributed by category of support across five regions (2005-2016) distributed by region (2005-2016)

225 220 203 5% 15 16% 130 82 8 17% 0 9 3 4 3 49 43 21 20 15 10% rica rab tates 4% 355

258 22 48% 18 142 149 134 10 9 3 4 55 44 55 Global Asia and the Paciﬁc 43 24 32 32 Africa Europe and CIS Arab States Latin America and sia-acific urope and the Caribbean

Assessment & analysis 295 Gender 231 Community based & urban risk management 13 Disaster recovery governance 113 11 Plans 4 Policies 2 21 30 Legal & regulatory frameworks Institutions Latin merica and aribbean Mainstreaming

5 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

3. RISK ASSESSMENT: CENTRAL FOR A FUNCTIONING RISK GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

Through its programmes, UNDP supports countries to gain a thorough understand- RWANDA’S NATIONAL MACEDONIA’S FIRST ing of the prevalent natural hazard and RISK ATLAS NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT climate change related risks, the available UNDP, in collaboration with the Europe- UNDP provided technical and expert capacities, and relevant context. This is an an Union and WB/GFDRR, supported the assistance for development of the coun- important prerequisite to help determine Government of Rwanda in preparing a try’s first comprehensive National Risk the key features of a country’s risk govern- National Risk Atlas that provides a com- and Hazard Assessment. This work was ance arrangements to effectively manage prehensive assessment of existing risks at based on 81 municipal risk and hazard emergencies, reduce existing risks and the national and local level across all the assessments which served as a basis for minimize the creation of new risks. country’s 30 districts. The Atlas includes defining the national profile, as well as sex-disaggregated data on population the exposure, vulnerability and coping exposure to risks related to earthquakes, capacities of the country’s disaster risk Risk assessments establish the empirical landslides, storms and droughts. Since its reduction system. This National Assess- basis for risk-informed decision-making launch in 2015, the Risk Atlas has shaped ment serves as the main tool for main- and investments in disaster risk reduc- the government’s disaster risk reduction streaming disaster risk reduction into tion and climate adaptation. From 2005 agenda. UNDP supported the application other national strategies, policies and of the new evidence base for updating programmes. It includes sex-disaggre- to 2016, UNDP supported more than 80 the national and districts land use master gated data as the basis for the creation of countries to understand and communi- plans and the Rwanda national building gender sensitive measures and actions, cate risks through disaggregated risk as- code, as well as the district development as well as adequate gender budgeting. sessments for a range of applications at plans. Recent support also included the national, urban and local levels. conduct of risk assessment of other hazards, such as lightning. Loss and damage accounting helps to maintain a reliable and official disaster-sta- track the impacts of hazard events over tistics system for reporting and analysing time to provide information on cumulative damage that occur, and temporal trends. information on disaster losses and damages loss and damage, their geographic distribu- UNDP recognizes that disaster and climate and contributing to the evidence-base for tion, the main hazards, the types of loss and risk governance requires the capacity to risk-informed decision-making.

6 From 2005 to 2016, UNDP supported the establishment of more than 30 national THE GLOBAL CENTRE FOR THE VANUATU RISK DISASTER STATISTICS GOVERNANCE NEEDS databases and helped institutionalize, ASSESSMENT update and maintain them. UNDP, with partners, launched the Glob- al Centre for Disaster Statistics in 2015 UNDP worked with the Government A new area of support in UNDP relates to to deliver quality, accessible and un- of Vanuatu, under the Pacific Risk Re- contextual analysis.6 For an understand- derstandable disaster damage and loss silience Programme (PRRP), on a risk ing of the decision-making processes that data to partners, as well as middle and governance needs assessment before underpin risk-informed development, low-income countries. The centre aims initiating a comprehensive disaster and UNDP works with governments to carry to improve systems of disaster statistics climate risk governance programme. and the analysis of social vulnerability to The assessment brought national and out in-depth analysis of development disasters; establish baselines for mon- sub-national leadership concerns to the planning, including actors, sectors, and itoring and evaluating loss reduction forefront and helped to align the leader- decision-making levels. This entails careful targets and indicators (SDGs/Sendai ship at all levels in support of the coun- reading of the institutional and political Framework); increase risk informed try’s risk reduction priorities. factors that promote or block risk reduc- public investments in DRR and development; and enhance preparedness for tion, and that include or exclude the poor effective response and resilient recovery. and most vulnerable people. It also balanc- es a focus on technical assistance with one on the enabling or disabling environment in a country, a sector, or across sectors.

UNDP programmes also offer disaster risk reduction capacity assessment support, including through its participation in the interagency Capacity Development for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI).

4. STRONG INSTITUTIONS & COORDINATION: THE FOUNDATIONS FOR MULTI-SECTOR, MULTI- TIER AND MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Strong and sound democratic institutions provide for good governance in the deci- INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONAL MUNICIPAL RISK REDUCTION sion-making processes to reduce vulnera- MECHANISMS IN VANUATU MANAGEMENT CENTRES IN CUBA9 bility and risks and prepare and respond to UNDP supported the government to emergencies.7 UNDP fosters multi-sector strengthen the National Advisory Board Rather than directly supporting the engagement to capitalize on the com- on Climate Change and Disaster Risk establishment of disaster risk manage- parative capacities of sectors, and builds Reduction (NAB) to provide high-level ment committees at community level, on their mutually beneficial and dynamic policymaking and strategic advice, re- UNDP opted to support the Govern- tasks rather than isolated and static roles. placing previous climate change adap- ment set up eight provincial and 84 Strengthening horizontal coordination, for tation and disaster risk reduction specif- municipal Risk Reduction Manage- ic parliamentary committees. This was ment Centres which were trained and example through National Platforms for followed in 2013 by the establishment equipped to analyse and deliver risk Disaster Risk Reduction, and clarifying the of a Ministry of Climate Change Adapta- information and advice to 310 com- roles and responsibilities of government tion, Meteorology, Geo-Hazards, Energy, munities to support their disaster risk and non-government stakeholders, are Environment and Disaster Management management training. This approach essential in this endeavour. (MCC) to oversee the development and offered more targeted, sustainable implementation of the joint national cli- and impactful support from UNDP. The mate change and disaster risk reduction approach is currently being replicated Since disaster and climate risks manifest policy (approved in 2015). In 2015, the in other Caribbean Islands with the as- themselves locally with context-specific Government established six resilient de- sistance of UNDP. characteristics, local capacity is required velopment positions to mainstream risk, to address both the effects and underly- as well as the gender and social dimen- ing causes of natural hazards and climate sions of risk, in sector and community development planning processes. The risks.8 UNDP supports governments, where UNDP is increasingly broadening its NAB is also formulating a Climate Fi- appropriate, to develop such decentralized nance Roadmap and is seeking accred- support from a traditional focus on Na- disaster and climate risk management ca- itation at the Global Climate Fund with tional Disaster Risk Management Au- pacities through a multi-tier risk govern- UNDP support. thorities (NDMA) to include the bodies ance system. at the apex of government, such as the

8 planning and finance ministries. They are DEVELOPING COUNTY- located at the centre of development and LEVEL RISK MANAGEMENT are critical for devising a risk-informed CAPACITIES IN KENYA development trajectory. In parallel, UNDP continues to support NDMAs to develop UNDP supported the Ministry Plan- ning with a mapping of technical their capacities in disaster management capacities in 13 counties to identi- and preparedness. fy gaps in disaster and climate risk management and planning skills. The assessments were followed up with targeted training, including on Sendai Framework principles and priorities. Counties have since begun developing county-level disaster risk reduction plans and thematic groups to carry the plans forward. At national level, similar thematic groups facilitate coordination with county authorities to ensure vertical coordination.

5. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS: ASSIGNING ACCOUNTABILITY AND SETTING INCENTIVES

Legal and regulatory frameworks are the ulatory frameworks for DRM. This includ- of relevant actors.11 Many DRM laws also cornerstones for creating the enabling ed supporting governments to develop provide legal requirements to guide the environment for reducing existing risks or strengthen dedicated disaster risk post-disaster recovery process, albeit in related to natural hazards and climate management (DRM) Laws and related the majority of cases not at a sufficient change, as well as preventing the crea- regulations that prioritize risk reduction level of detail.12 This is a gap which UNDP tion of new risks.10 over emergency management; clarify in- is paying greater attention to. stitutional mandates; allocate dedicated From 2005 to 2016, UNDP supported resources; facilitate the participation of UNDP has also supported sectoral governments in nearly 90 countries in communities, civil society and vulnerable laws— such as building and construction developing or revising their legal and reg- groups; and establish the accountability laws; land use regulations; regulations

UNDP DRM LAW PARTNERSHIP LEGAL REFORM IN SERBIA SUBSIDIARY DRM WITH THE IFRC LEGISLATION IN CAMBODIA UNDP assisted the Government of Ser- UNDP, in partnership with the Interna- bia in strengthening essential laws and Building upon the technical inputs tional Federation of Red Cross and Red regulations to guide disaster risk reduc- and programmatic support of UNDP Crescent Societies (IFRC), has fostered tion and recovery responses to future during the Government-led process a better understanding of disaster risk crises. The new Law on Reconstruction to revise the country’s DRM law in reduction in legislative frameworks Following Natural and Other Hazards, 2015, assistance was subsequently through a multi-country report drawing which regulates aid provided by the extended for the development of on the research of 31 countries, and a Dis- state to citizens and enterprises follow- subsidiary legislation under the law, aster Risk Reduction Law Handbook and ing disasters, was passed at the end of including a technical review, which Checklist which provide practical guid- 2015, while a Second Statute on Risk Re- provided an opportunity to align the ance on how to develop and review laws duction and Emergency Management is legislation with the Sendai Frame- and regulations for reducing disaster risk. about to be finalized. work for DRR.

10 for informal settlements; environmental and natural resource management laws; ECUADOR’S INDIA’S BUILDING BY-LAWS CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS climate change adaptation laws—which are key pillars of disaster risk governance. The Government of India, supported by After the 2016 Earthquake, UNDP worked UNDP, developed a “Model Building By- These laws underpin development and with the Ministry of Urban Development Laws for Seismic Zones III, IV and V and thus offer unique opportunities to address and Housing to conduct a rapid safety the Review of City, Town and Country underlying vulnerabilities and risks and set assessment of damaged buildings. A to- Planning Act and Zoning Regulations” important incentives for risk-informing the tal of 594 volunteers were trained to eval- to promote safe constructions and development planning of socioeconomic uate 35,801 buildings in Esmeraldas and systems to ensure compliance. Nearly sectors. Manabí. To strengthen the enforcement 38 cities initiated a review of their city of Ecuador’s Construction Standards dur- building by-laws and development ing the recovery process, UNDP support- plans based on the model, to integrate ed the preparation of several practical disaster risk reduction considerations guides for design and construction of into urban development plans and re- dwellings and small buildings, promot- vised building by-laws. ing the use of appropriate construction materials and a checklist for minimum structural requirements in seismic zones. A total of 7,879 professionals completed the training on the guides.

6. DRR STRATEGIES & ACTION PLANS: ESTABLISHING COMMON GOALS AND PRIORITIES

financing sources.13 Also, many provincial ALIGNING MYANMAR'S INDONESIA INTEGRATES and local governments are issuing such NATIONAL DISASTER DISASTER RISK REDUCTION plans to further localize and adapt na- REDUCTION STRATEGY AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION WITH SENDAI PLANS tional implementation priorities to their context. In 2016, UNDP supported the Ministry of UNDP worked with the National Disaster Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement, and Management Agency (BNPB) and the From 2005 to 2016, UNDP supported the the National Disaster Risk Reduction Work- Ministry of Forestry and Environment, ac- development and implementation of ing Group, to review Myanmar's National ademic experts and NGO representatives disaster risk reduction action plans and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy in a pro- to draft Indonesia’s first plan integrating strategies from the national to the local cess to align it with the Sendai Framework measures to adapt to climate change and for DRR and localize its goals and targets. to reduce disaster risks. The plan explicitly level in a total of nearly 140 countries. recognizes that vulnerable groups, in- Increasingly, UNDP has been requested cluding women, may have specific needs to assist with the development of plans and therefore should be involved in plan- and strategies that integrate both dis- ning and implementation. The plan also aster risk reduction and climate adap- THE CAPACITY FOR DISASTER stipulates that reducing their vulnera- tation to capitalize on synergies and in- REDUCTION INITIATIVE (CADRI) bility is one of the factors to consider in measurement of success. crease efficiency in an environment that This UN interagency initiative, which is increasingly characterized by scarce UNDP is a member of, enables the UN human and financial resources. Since System to provide joint technical ex- the adoption of the Sendai Framework, pertise to countries to develop and im- National Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) UNDP has also assisted with aligning plement coherent national disaster risk reduction strategies. Since 2012, CADRI Plans and Strategies are essential for im- national plans and strategies with the has facilitated 28 disaster risk reduction plementing and monitoring a country's Sendai Framework, or with localizing re- capacity assessments, supported the risk reduction priorities by setting imple- gional frameworks such as the “Strategy development of 19 national plans of mentation milestones, establishing the for Climate and Disaster Resilient Devel- action, and trained more than 2,000 pro- key roles and responsibilities of govern- opment in the Pacific” (SRDP). fessionals from governments, the UN, ment and non-government stakeholders, NGOs and other partners. and identifying technical resources and

12 7. RISK-INFORMING DEVELOPMENT: AN IMPERATIVE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

MAINSTREAMING RISK-INFORMING THE RISK-INFORMED PUBLIC INTO NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL BUDGET INVESTMENT PLANNING IN SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES IN VIET NAM CUBA AT MUNICIPALITY LEVEL PLANS IN UGANDA UNDP supported the Government to In Cuba, UNDP helped municipalities to With the support of UNDP’s Integrated pilot a mechanism by which disaster integrate DRR into the investment plan- Climate Risk Management Programme risk reduction and climate adaptation ning process. Due to this work, every pub- (ICRMP), the government of Uganda plans have been linked to the annual lic entity is now legally obliged to include made considerable progress with main- provincial budget process and targets. actions to reduce risk in its economic streaming gender-responsive climate The approach was rolled out in eight planning. The National Civil Defence au- and disaster risk management into na- high risk provinces, reaching more thorities carry out regular inspections and tional and sectoral development plans, than 8,000 people, of which more than when disaster risk reduction is not fully in- specifically the National Urban Policy, the 50 percent are women. UNDP’s trans- tegrated in the local investment planning, National Building Control Regulations, formative intervention is now being a mandatory action plan is recommend- and the “Resilience and DRM Strategic scaled up in more than 1,700 com- ed for implementation by municipal gov- Framework and Investment Programme”. munes. ernments within a certain time frame.

Flawed development planning is a key From 2005 to 2016, UNDP supported gov- disaster risk reduction and climate adap- driver of disaster and climate risks, and ernments in more than 120 countries tation are being pursued in view of their hence provides an important entry point with integrating disaster risk reduction synergies in objectives and approaches for resilience building. Governments and climate adaptation into development and common sources of financing. aiming to risk-inform their development planning and budgeting. As a result, the processes are placing risk considerations related concepts and approaches are in- at the heart of development, including in creasingly accepted as underlying prin- policymaking, planning, budgeting, pro- ciples of sustainable development and gramming, implementation, monitoring institutionalized in organizational proce- and evaluations, at the national, subna- dures. In a growing number of countries tional and sector level.14 integrated approaches to mainstreaming

13 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

8. COMMUNITIES & MUNICIPALITIES: IMPORTANT RISK GOVERNANCE ACTORS

Communities are key to managing disas- • Assisting municipalities to develop risk From 2005 to 2016, UNDP provided ter and climate change risk. The popula- reduction plans and mainstream disas- support to community based and urban tions at risk are an important resource for ter and climate risks into land use plans, disaster and climate risk management in mitigating, preparing for and responding including through urban consultations more than 140 countries. to disasters. Community based disaster for participatory planning and im- risk management (CBDRM) and adapta- proved accountability. tion builds on this by helping to capitalize local knowledge and expertise, and strengthen people’s technical and organ- COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER AND CLIMATE izational capacities, thereby empowering DISASTER RISK ANAGEMENT RESILIENT COMMUNITY them.15 Examples of UNDP’s CBDRM pro- IN VIET NAM LIVELIHOODS IN ARMENIA gramme support, include: UNDP and partners have support- UNDP worked with farmers and repre- • Community level planning and estab- ed the government with the roll out sentatives of community administration lishing linkages with provincial level and institutionalization of community and agriculture extension services from 43 based disaster risk management (CB- rural communities to develop disaster risk governments to foster the integration DRM) since 2005. Starting from a pilot reduction, climate adaptation and mitiga- of disaster risk reduction and climate initiative that focused on one province, tion capacities. Communities in the Tavush adaptation measures with a communi- the programme led to the inclusion of region have benefitted from: anti-hail nets; ty perspective. CBDRM in the national disaster risk re- soil and infrastructures erosion protection duction strategy and the design and measures; flood protection measures for adoption in 2009 of the National CBD- the Yeghegis River; greenhouses; a moun- • The establishment and training of com- PM Programme, aiming to cover 6,000 tainous terrace orchard with a drip irriga- munity level risk management commit- (of a total of 11,400) communes in Viet tion system; and the installation of two tees. Nam by 2020. automatic weather stations for improved early warning of extreme weather events.

14 COMMUNITY BASED THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE BUILDING RESILIENCE PROGRAMME IN ETHIOPIA UNDP supported the cities of Khar- In the Oromia region, UNDP provided toum (Sudan), Ain Drahem (Tunisia) multi-faceted support to some 5,000 and Saida (Lebanon) to address their farmers to support community-based re- vulnerability to disaster and climate resilience building. As a result, it is the only lated hazards and build the capacity of El Niño (2015/6) affected area in Ethiopia city administrations and other stake- that did not require food assistance. Sup- holders to build resilience to urban port included supplying solar-powered risks. A periodic Arab Cities Resilience small scale irrigation, climate early warn- Report is published to support analysis ing systems, and local capacity develop- of risk trends and best practices. The ment. The project also featured a social report is an important advocacy tool safety net dimension with a local crop to mobilize stakeholders to promote insurance scheme that helped farmers climate adaptation and disaster risk overcome crop failure and animal losses. reduction.

9. ACCESS TO FINANCE: CREATING DIVERSIFIED FUNDING STREAMS

Most Governments are funding disaster risk reduction measures from general budget al- DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT THE NEPAL EARTHQUAKE PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND RECONSTRUCTION locations for disaster risk management. These INSTITUTIONAL REVIEWS CONFERENCE are, however, often limited and end up being (DRM-PEIR) spent primarily on emergency response and UNDP assisted the Government of Ne- 16 preparedness due to fiscal shortfalls. UNDP In partnership with the Asian Devel- pal to host the International Conference has provided advisory support to some opment Bank, UNDP is implementing on Nepal’s Reconstruction in June 2015, countries to seek out more predictable do- DRM-PEIR in Thailand and the Lao PDR, “Towards a Resilient Nepal”, to address mestic financing sources, for example by ad- drawing on UNDP’s work on Climate Pub- Nepal’s massive reconstruction challeng- lic Expenditure and Institutional Reviews es following the devastating Earthquake vocating for establishing dedicated budget (CPEIR) which have already been under- of 25 April. Over 55 delegations from 35 lines for disaster risk reduction, or special taken in more than 30 countries globally. countries, including ministers from India, funds. UNDP also assists with conducting The DRM-PEIRs will look to develop rec- China, Japan, Bhutan, and development public expenditure reviews that provide an ommendations for budget reforms that partners such as the United Nations, the insight on the level of spending for disaster will mainstream DRM concerns across the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank risk reduction and climate change. public investment portfolio and contribute and the European Union participated in to the implementation of Agenda 2030. the conference. Development partners and the donor community pledged US$ Since the international funding environ- 4.1 billion in financial aid during the con- ment for disaster risk reduction is increas- ference and subsequently agreements ingly constrained,17 UNDP is promoting through post-disaster needs assessments over US$3.1 billion have been signed, climate finance as an opportunity to fund (PDNAs) that provide an overview of the which is considered a successful example of post-disaster recovery financing. disaster risk reduction. Climate finance will financing required to ensure resilient re- not, however, go far enough in supporting covery of key social and economic sectors. non-climate related disaster risks, such as Support may also include the organization for example tsunami and earthquake risks. of donor conferences. ance sector for building greater resilience to climate and natural hazards. The IDF intends UNDP is also, jointly with partners, aiding As one of the co-chairs of the Insurance to extend disaster and climate risk insur- governments mobilize resources for re- Development Forum (IDF), UNDP is pro- ance coverage to an additional 400 million covery in the aftermath of major disasters, moting closer collaboration with the insur- people across vulnerable countries by 2020.

16 10. RECOVERY: GOVERNANCE MATTERS BEFORE AND AFTER

A post disaster situation provides oppor- • Restoration of national and local gov- tunities to strengthen a country’s existing ernment institutions and services that SUPPORT TO RECOVER, BUILD BACK BETTER risk governance arrangements, including may have been damaged by crises. AND PROTECT RECOVERY the policy and institutional arrangements EFFORTS IN COMPLEX for disaster risk reduction, climate adapta- • Preparedness for recovery through de- GOVERNANCE CONTEXTS tion and recovery preparedness through veloping recovery policies, and strength- institutional as well as policy reforms.18 ening or establishing institutional re- UNDP played a key role after 2014 floods sponsibilities at national and local levels. in a highly complex governance con- Successful recovery is dependent on an ena- text in Bosnia and Herzegovina. UNDP supported all tiers of government with bling environment that can support complex information management, post disaster decision-making and service delivery based needs assessment and design and im- on limited information under immense time BUILDING CAPACITY FOR plementation of recovery interventions. pressure. UNDP works with government, the POST DISASTER RECOVERY IN In partnership with the European Un- BURKINA FASO AND NIGER private sector, and civil society to strengthen ion and other bilateral counterparts, a their participation in and ownership of the re- financial package of US$80 million was UNDP supported the Governments of consolidated in an integrated recovery covery process to contribute to the preven- Burkina Faso and Niger to strengthen intervention for 2014-2016.19 The inter- tion of future shocks and poverty reduction. their capacities to conduct Post-Disaster vention helped restore affected com- Needs Assessment and preparedness for munities, reaching the most vulnerable. From 2005 to 2016, UNDP supported more disaster recovery measures by training a More than 4,600 homes, 180 public in- than 100 countries to strengthen their total of 400 people at both national and stitutions (municipal buildings, schools, local levels, thus expanding the pool of kindergartens, healthcare centres), 150 ex-ante institutional, policy and legislative technical expertise available in post-disas- bridges and roads, water and sanitation arrangements for post-disaster recovery ter situations. UNDP also helped initiate a systems were rehabilitated, and more through the following areas of support: national framework document aiming to than 5,600 jobs retained or created. The guide future recovery efforts. The recovery principle of “building back better” in all • Conduct of post-disaster needs assess- framework is being elaborated through a recovery efforts enhanced the country’s ments and development of recovery wide participatory process and based on a disaster resilience, increased energy effi- comprehensive analysis of gaps, challeng- ciency, and improved access for people frameworks jointly with the European es and opportunities for recovery. with disabilities. Union and the World Bank.

17 10 THINGS TO KNOW: DISASTER & CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE IN UNDP

ENDNOTES

1 IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers”. In Managing the Risks of Extreme Practices in Risk Reduction UNDP, Caribbean Risk Management Initiative, Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, 2012. 2010. Available from: http://www.preventionweb.net/files/14963_ Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_ crmicgrrcubabp2010en1.pdf. Full_Report.pdf. 10 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) 2 Aysan, Yasemin and Allan Lavell, “Disaster Risk Governance During and UNDP, Effective Law and Regulation for Disaster Risk Reduction: A the HFA Implementation Period, UNDP Thematic Review”, 2014. Multi-Country Report, 2014. Available from: http://www.undp.org/ Background Paper Prepared for the Global Assessment Report on content/undp/en/home/librarypage/crisis-prevention-and-recovery/ Disaster Risk Reduction 2015. Available from: http://www.wcdrr.org/ effective-law---regulation-for-disaster-risk-reduction.html. wcdrr-data/uploads/847/UNDP%20Thematic%20Review%20_%20 11 Ibid. Disaster%20Risk%20Governance%20during%20the%20HFA%20 12 Ibid. implementation%20Period%20(Aysan%20and%20Lavell,%202014).pdf. 13 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), “Sendai 3 UNDP, Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance: UNDP Support during the Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction”, 2015. Available from: http:// Hyogo Framework for Action Period 2005–2015, 2015. Available from: www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework. htttp://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/crisis- 14 prevention-and-recovery/strengthening-disaster-risk-governance.html. UNDP, Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development, 2004. Available from: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ 4 Ibid. librarypage/crisis-prevention-and-recovery/reducing-disaster-risk--a- 5 Ibid. See also: UNDP, Protecting Development from Disasters: UNDP’s challenge-for-development.html. Support to the Hyogo Framework for Action, 2013. Available from: http:// 15 Twigg, John, "Disaster Risk Reduction", HPN Good Practice Review 9. ODI www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/crisis%20prevention/ 2015. Available from: http://goodpracticereview.org/wp-content/ DRRexecutivesummary2013finalv2.pdf. uploads/2015/10/GPR-9-web-string-1.pdf. 6 UNDP, Institutional and Context Analysis - Guidance Note, 2012. Available 16 Watson, Charlene, Alice Caravani, Tom Mitchell, Jan Kellett, and Katie from: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/ Peters, "Finance for Reducing Disaster Risk: 10 Things to Know." ODI/UNDP, democratic-governance/oslo_governance_centre/Institutional_and_ 2015. Available from: https://www.odi.org/publications/9248-finance- Context_Analysis_Guidance_Note.html. reducing-disaster-risk-10-things-know-full-report. 7 Organization of American States, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction 17 OCED, Disaster Risk Assessment and Risk Financing: A G20 / OECD and Adaptation to Climate Change, 2014. Department of Sustainable Methodological Framework, 2012. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/ Development, Executive Secretariat for Integral Development, gov/risk/g20oecdframeworkfordisasterriskmanagement.htm. Washington, DC 2014. Available from: http://www.oas.org/legal/ 18 english/gensec/exor1604_annex_a.pdf. UNDP and International Recovery Platform, Guidance Note on Recovery, Governance, n.d. Available from: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/ 8 IPCC, “Summary for Policymakers”. In Managing the Risks of Extreme publications/16774 Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, 2012. 19 Available from https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_ UNDP, “UNDP in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Website. Available from; Full_Report.pdf. http://bit.ly/2o2aouY. 9 Guerra, José Llanes, Cuba Risk Reduction Management Centres, Best

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