3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 571

LANDS AND SQUARES

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK ADELAIDE 3.0 3.1.33 Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square Report

, 4 Square to

The Observer re spaces presumably Victoria Square’ as Square’ as Victoria Figure , 30 June 1855). , 30 June nyangga/Victoria Square precinct. Square precinct. nyangga/Victoria Square are clear but they exist as they as exist but clear are Square to Grote Street, and some design some to Grote Street, and elaide’ as prepared by Colonel William by as prepared elaide’ Figure The Observer for formal functions or activities, with one square square with one activities, or functions for formal This church. of a containing the representation Bishop by evidence as was used plan was later in the Short in his 1855 claim of land Extract from‘Plan a of Light in 1838 that William Colonel prepared by Figure, the above to similar information depicts with spaces (green) rectangular two the including landscape green the away eating excisions concave two squa spaces proposed,

erect a church, believing that this was the was this that believing church, a erect City the of Light in his survey of functional intent archives, Adelaide of City Source: of Adelaide. acc 679. al map. Tarndanyangga: Victoria Square was a was very true, it no use talking about it, as afford good sites for an assembly house or a no north-south (road) reservation, evidence of

of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square it depicts an rveyor at the time of the survey, George The alteration of the road running round was e representation of a church that has been continuation of Grote Street and Wakefield

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 572 Extract of the ‘Plan of the City of Ad Tarnda the 1837 depicting March Light in coloured green two the evident, is the Square of form rectangular The basic the southern quadrants of northern and a space, green each into eating excision concave a with forms rectangular Street Wakefield connecting roadway and park with Square the in space the of use the conceptualise to attempt Archives. ACC Source: evident. also is surfaces hard

through the Square was an alteration on the origin solid block containing nearly eight acres [6ha]. in only made on the plan, not ground” (Kingston interpreted in contemporary histories as a cathedral, in the southern half of Square. The latter point is unclear in its substance. There is no formal evidence that Light intended the site to be used for a church, except that Deputy Su Kingston, claims “… that Victoria Square would cathedral; but Colonel Light said that though there was no power to make reservations, or words to that effect” (Kingston in June 1855). Kingston also claimed that “the Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square was left, following Light’s survey, as a despondent wasteland with little care as to it’s development a garden nor as Square to which its epithet implied. Newly arrived settler James Moreton, who wandered through the space in 1838, a observed the fire, several reproductions of this plan had been prepared. The Provincial Survey “A” depicts the overall ‘Plan of Adelaide’. In terms east-west (road) reservation through the Square, landscape design works for the Square, and th , on 8 is a ngga Advertiser Amery has Tarndanyangga ('rock'), - in the 8 December 1927; kanya . Amery investigated this Ivariti Ngamajii. ds, with their central camp in or Advertiser which she belonged numbered m Hayden on 14 July 1995 Dharnda-anya also observed, in an interview with given Teichelmann & Schürmann’s period t in the summer of 1836-37, and his original or activities, pre-contact post-contact, for ce by government institutions and offices has (red kangaroo) and boriginal & Islander Day. The flag was Alice Dixon. On 12 July 1971 the Aboriginal phic centre of Adelaide, and South Australia, denote location. During 2004 the Corporation stands, with their central camp near or in flown at the Tent Embassy in Canberra. It was flown d retains its original edges or perimeter as was the “headquarters” of the “Dundagunya ces 2002, p. 34; Hemming 1998, pp. 22, 59). pp. 22, 59). 1998, ces 2002, p. 34; Hemming tarnda Ngamatyi gutted the Land Office in January 1839. Despite e Tarndanya clan of the Kaurna community. 1836 in honour of Princess [Queen] Victoria (1819- 2005, pp. 32, 47, 96; 2005, pp. 32, 47, Thomas, was first raised in Australia in et al Tarndanya. Ivariti where the city of Adelaide now stan ns 72 years ago, and the tribe to al camp. A similar article profiling Tarndanyangga ralia’ by Governor General Willia 2005; Hemming 1998). 2005; Hemming st-Contact Associations (cited in Amery 1997, p. 5; Draper et al 2005, p. 97). (cited in Amery 1997, p. 5; Draper et al , 12 December 1986; Hemming 1998, pp. 19-20, 59). might be better spelt recorded that the place was called ) has claimed that the location of the Square was “headquarters … [the : Victoria Square Ivariti Ivariti Ngamaji Advertiser .1837-1901). Conceptually, it is the geogra .1837-1901). Conceptually, near Victoria Square She was born on the Adelaide Plai thousands. Their headquarters were r Victoria Square has special associations to th Victoria Square. designed by Light in 1836. It was named 1901, Amelia Taylor ( Tarndanya clan] where the City of Adelaide now concluded that Historical Overview: Site Context Victoria Square covers an area of 6 hectares an diluted this latter role. Historical Overview: Aboriginal Associations There are several specific references to Kaurna sites Victoria Square (Draper 2, 4; Draper research (Amery 1997, pp. although the progressive shift towards North Terra name in 1997 and derived the as anthropologist Daisy Bates, that the site of post office was called Herbert Hale, therefore, derives from the Kaurna word for found in Kaurna place names to suffix frequently From the 1960s onwards Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square became a focus of Indigenous activities that prior to the 1960s occurred in Light Square. These included its role as a central meeting place, as a gathering place outside the central Police Station and Court House, and as a drinking venue (Hemming 1998, pp. 22, 59). During the Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Enquiry, a tree was planted in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square as a memorial to flag, designed by Aboriginal man Harold Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square on the National A officially adopted nationally in 1972 after being (Department of Education & Children’s Servi Adelaide was first surveyed by Colonel William Ligh plan of the survey was destroyed by fire that adopted the joint cultural designation of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square as part of its Reconciliation commitment. Bates in 1927 also recorded that proclaimed as a ‘Flag of Aust Historical Overview: Po tribe” and that this was their centr Tarndanyangga December 1927 stated:

1865 depicting the in Townsend Duryea’s 1875 Townsend in drant, and the obscure north-south and the obscure north-south drant, en by City Gardener William O’Brien. er dated 11 February er feature to the Square and while original

1990, pp. 162-172, 177-179). 177-179). 1990, pp. 162-172, , Edward Woods, Hamilton and Robert re was extensively and progressively demolished is visually evident also also evident is visually homas and was completed in 1869 Tea Tree Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES et al

2-3 storey complex between 1858 to 1907. The Police 2-3 storey complex between 1858 to 1907. The TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 573 Source: City of Adelaide Archives. Archives. Adelaide of City Source: strian pathway design in each qua in each pathway design strian elaide’ prepared the City Engine elaide’ by and the established tree plantings undertak established tree plantings the and Note the concave diamond shaped pede shaped diamond concave the Note that both quadrants cuts through that linear pathway the municipality. of photographs panoramic two quadrants in the Square two quadrants in Extract of a ‘Map of the City of Ad City of the of Extract of a ‘Map Not to be left out, the colonial government also offered a design competition for the design of was an the Post Office on corner of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1865, which convoluted process resulting in perhaps an amalgam of four architects ideas being drawn into the structure that was erected; Edmund Wright Thomas. Again, the tower is a dominant visual feature in Square. The Treasury Buildings, now Medina Hotel, also provide a strong corner structure dated from 1839 most of this structu to enable the construction of present Street and Gouger was also Court, now Local on the corner of King William erected in 1866 with a Roman Doric pillar portico. The Supreme Court complex was also architect Robert T commenced in 1865 under Gully sandstone in a classical Palladian manner. During the late 1990s Building underwent major renovations and additions under the Department of Information Services and Administration architects. The Magistrates Court building was constructed between 1847 to various stone finishes (Marsden 1850 using

later 1875 Townsend Duryea Townsend later 1875 1990, p. 179. 179. 1990, p. et al Square, constructed in 1847-50, taken constructed in 1847-50, Square, rtion can ever come to any good regularly stuck, and forest, with gum trees still in uare were built on blocks to escape the worst of metal “perambulator” gate. A wide gravel pathway is ground, the earlier tree plantings undertaken by by undertaken tree plantings ground, the earlier Square was also drawn by Allan Simpson. To was first established. The Corporation soon fell g age of the specimens. Note the timber post and rail post and the timber Note of g age the specimens. the City Engineer, and the the and Engineer, City the oners were appointed in 1849 under colonial Figure accords with the same wide linear pathway that is evident evident is that pathway linear wide same the with accords on by the colonial government, taking over its ding, on the southern flank of the on the southern flank of ding, ce that this most unnatural abo MLSA B6366, reproduced in Marsden B6366, reproduced MLSA 1990, pp.162-172). et al (Simpson 1950, np). … there is not the remotest chan (Whitelock 1977, p. 52). … a combination of bog, in which bullock drays were their natural state. Houses at the south end of sq winter floods .1860-66. The period photograph depicts, in the fore .1860-66. The period photograph c Photograph of the new Magistrates Buil Magistrates the new Photograph of in O’Brien although the species are unclear given the youn the given unclear are species the although O’Brien cast this point, and the Square at the surrounding fencing that gate, the at terminating time, this at also evident City of Adelaide by the 1865 Map of February in the 11 photograph of the Square. Source: Source: the Square. of photograph Governor Grey, and the Corporation re-established in June 1852. The present Town Hall structure arose from a design competition in 1862 under Mayor Thomas English which Edmund Wright won. Excavations commenced in March 1863 and the structure was completed and opened on 20 June 1866 including the tower. During construction of the tower, photographer Townsend Duryea took his now significant panorama photographs of Adelaide. The tower forms an important focal point to Victoria Square, matching that offered by the Post Office tower, and also a visual feature to King William Street corridor sightline (Marsden affairs by an Act in 1843, before city commissi fowler shooting parrots in a gum tree the Square whom informed him that he was centre of the town Adelaide, surrounded by scrub in the Square. Moreton concluded, This observation of the derelict condition him, in 1849, the Square was: In 1840 the Corporation of City Adelaide into financial decline resulting in its terminati

This photograph ant and in particular the in particular and ant ted indicating the gravel- the indicating ted O’Brien, the timber post and rail and post timber the O’Brien, garden quadrant. er. Source: ACC Archive, reproduced in reproduced ACC Archive, Source: er. .1866-67 prior to the construction of the new Post new .1866-67 prior to the construction of c logically have been an alignment of overhead alignment of overhead an have been logically turing plantings in the quadr the plantings in turing rian promenade was construc promenade rian

absence of any substantive buildings around the the around buildings absence of any substantive Figure Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 574 y design originally implemented by implemented design originally y within the northern Victoria Square within the northern Victoria ssp) plantings with two specimens in flow with ssp) plantings Agave quare; p. 166. ost and wire located along the east-west roadway through the Square; Square; the through roadway east-west the along wire located and ost n Eucalyptus species predominating on the eastern and western flanks of the Square, with Square, of the flanks western and eastern the on predominating species Eucalyptus n aning is unclear but in later years this would have this would years in later aning is unclear but neer. et al et nes; looking south across Victoria Square. Note the the Note Square. Victoria across south looking Left: Photograph of the new Adelaide Town Hall tower in Hall tower Town Adelaide new of the Left: Photograph taken from and tower Office complex pedest central north-south the Square before the depicts shaped pathwa concave-diamond covered ma the quadrant, garden the northern surrounding fencing ( Agave mature Marsden

Figure

specimens, with the Australia the with specimens, of the Square; its role and me and role its Square; the of t in regimented equi-distant li equi-distant regimented t in in the centre of the northern quadrant of the S quadrant the northern centre of in the from the City of Adelaide Town Hall tower, Adelaide from the City of and circulation system design system circulation and g around the edges of the Square quadrants, with white painted p white painted with quadrants, Square the of the edges g around lian natives and introduced exotic lian natives id out in a north-south alignmen a north-south id out in e 11 February 1865 Map of the City of Adelaide by the City Engi City by the City of Adelaide the 1865 Map of e 11 February ntral lineal planting lines in the Square; the lines in planting ntral lineal photographs of the City of Adelaide taken taken the City of Adelaide of photographs destrian pathway configuration has been located configuration has been located destrian pathway That the trees plantings appear to comprise a mixture of Austra of mixture a to comprise appear plantings trees the That introduced exotic plantings occupying the ce introduced exotic plantings occupying the abov in appears lines. This linear pathway also electricity Clearly established mature tree plantings in the Square often la often Square in the plantings tree mature established Clearly That a wide north-south linear pathway dissects the basic planting basic the dissects pathway linear north-south a wide That Absence of a north-south vehicular roadway through the Square but the existence of an east-west roadway; roadway; east-west an of existence the but Square the through roadway vehicular a north-south of Absence That a concave diamond shaped pe shaped diamond concave That a That fencing appears to be simple post and timber picket fencin picket timber simple post and be to appears That fencing

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Extract of the 1875 Townsend Duryea aerial Duryea aerial Townsend the 1875 Extract of archives. SA of Trust History Source: perimeter of the Square. In terms of the Square, note the: the: note Square, the of terms In Square. the of perimeter

Olives Cupressus ], [ Cupressus [ oleander

cypresses eloquent monitor of the Cypresses t from public treasury, ], ssp], Nerium So far the present contract [ and various other shrubs in ] be arrived before even the present t not only forest trees, such as ge Francis to ACC, Report tional embellishments; if it is too ssp]. Populus become pleasantly ornamental and [ t iron railing, immediately within t iron railing, immediately elled properly, and the whole northern Rosa [ cupressiformis europaea

Olea ) expert Paolo Villanis reported the 6 June 1854). experimentation, preceding their en [ ial would be a silent but ], etc., but Oleanders es. It is to be regretted that but one moiety of the een aided by a liberal gran tmore Square. Villanis, an expert in olive Exocarpus t hope for that graceful accompaniment of green trees laying out and planting activities had been d the generous contributions of wealthy individuals in 1854, is still partially evident in the 1865 in 1854, is still olives [ d replaced dead or poorly specimens in the Square, 8 specimens in Hindmarsh 14 ing in the Brougham Gardens, 5 specimens ssp r relevance to the soils, climate and conditions ) trees in these squares and that O’Brien had It is also probable, given Francis’ self- appears from period photographic evidence is landscape design works and planting activities in europaea but clearly not a lot of specimens were planted and other Roses

may have planted more specimens than required ear in nature, re-established avenue plantings isting tree plantings but shifted trees around The Register described in these two paragraphs was still ssp], rity of species evident in the 1865 Duryea gn structure and planting arrangements. He gn structure and planting arrangements. Olea 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ( 6 June 1855, p. 2; Geor rdener William O’Brien obviously adopted and ssp]

europaea TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 575

Rhus that Mr Francis intends to plan [ Rosa Native Cherry Allocasuarina oria Square has been completed according to the tasteful design and Olea [ three years’ growth, they will have n, and that the month of June should Register [

and others further improvements will include addi closed with a substantial and elegan on of these plantings: in width, are to be levelled and grav The ssp], sumachs ssp] Rosa [ [4.8m] ), She-Oak ssp], Cytisus [ ssp Roses ) appear as an under-current in this ], Robinia September, quoted in Best 1986, p. 52). [ ) propagation and cultivation makes no mention of the other Squares, so it is fair to europaea Eucalyptus

europaea Broom-trees acacias

Register [ recorded the completi

Olea The Olea flight of time to all who love lounge in pleasant plac Square is to be improved this seaso The walks, sixteen feet portion of the Square is to be en which is to be a hedge of Sweetbriar extends; but it is to be hope that much to expect specimens of statuary, we may at leas and flowering shrubs, a sparkling fountain, while a sund work was commenced. We understand Gum ssp], [ The laying out and planting of Vict specifications of the talented contractor. When the numerous poplars ssp], ( Victoria Square shall have two or stimulative of that march of improvement which has b and will doubtless be fostered by Municipal votes an europaea

Olea masse planting in plantations the Park Lands, ( in the squares and gardens. By 1886 olive existence of some 29 fruit-bearing species remain the Palmer Gardens, 19 specimens in Wellington specimens in Light Square, and 6 Whi ( say that by 1886 their were no olive ( on Palmer Place Improvement, 11 September 1854, ECR/0066BD4:01). Improvement, 11 September 1854, ECR/0066BD4:01). on Palmer Place The Register Olives ( It is important to note that the spatial design existence when O’Brien took charge of the Square Townsend Duryea panoramic photograph; what the same desi that O’Brien, in 1854, utilised straightened the pathways, making them all lin along these avenues, retained much of the ex accordingly to pathway changes and his additional tree plantings. It is very doubtful that he the matu removed Francis’s plantings, given photograph, but simply modified the plantings an Square. By September 1855 Francis reported that all these completed. This is the first record of conscious the Squares, including Palmer and Brougham Gardens, laying much of spatial that inaugural City Ga planting framework utilised when appointed to this position in 1865. promotional activities seeking the establishment of a botanic garden, that Francis used this tender as an opportunity to trial species as to thei of the squares and gardens, as it is clear that he by the tender (Best 1986, p. 48; ssp), cypress ssp ?), almond lking age and whisp’ring Populus ations preparatory to the Robinia d plant the northern portion of rmanently green grass’. Four large lt of trees, shrubs and plants, realising a ssp), poplar ( carried out immediately, is described as ‘comprising ve been fenced, it clearly was not fenced in the central plot, and surrounded by an oval border “the Council may be enabled to carry out in a ated ‘Hawthorn shade for ta d by 1854 he had expended some £1,106. 13s. , George Francis, was the successful tenderer planted in Victoria Square, 1,500 each in in Victoria Square, 1,500 each planted Adelaide City Council, to Colonial Secretary, e Public Squares &c of the City Adelaide”, the trees and other oper h the Lieutenant Governor, acceded to this fence, layout and plant all the Squares, He claimed that, “The whole planting may be 1852, Town Clerk William Sabben wrote to the 1852, Town Clerk 4 May 1854, GRG 24/6/1108. Reputedly, over 24/6/1108. 4 May 1854, GRG ose and fence Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. for Planting the Squares, 12 April 1854, ACC res &c of the City of Adelaide”, 18 May 1854, res &c of the City Adelaide”, 18 May 1854, ent for fencing and planting the squares of rst” (Best 1986, p. 48; George Francis, “Tender Eucalyptus ” (Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, 4 May 1854, Victoria Square. A condition of the funds was pers is unclear, but horticulturist and later cations adopted by the Council.” Whether reported the works in progress in the Squares under reported the works in progress cis, the contractor, to lay out an concave sides, laid down in a pe , 9 May 1854, p. 2). Register

), “gum tree” ( The wide, in which it is intended to form a be europaea

The Register Olea [7.6m] ), olive ( ssp), and others, with some 3,000 to be dulcis

beds are to be planted with trees along and outside of twenty-five feet some future day, a counterpart of Goldsmith’s celebr lovers made’. a central plot of diamond shape, with Several men were engaged yesterday in grubbing up commencement in earnest by Mr Fran Victoria Square. The approved design, which will be Prunus Cupressus ACC Archives SQ18540518). of On June 6, 1855, the issue Francis: a manner and structural form that was satisfactory. In April 1854 the colonial government was again petitioned by the Corporation for funds to completed in 5 months from the present time, provided fencing be completed in 3 & provided also that Victoria Square be done fi for the Laying out and Planting Public Squa With the re-establishment of Corporation in colonial government seeking permission to encl He received permission to undertake this work, an 8d. on the erection and maintenance works for these enclosures (Bechervaise & Motley 1986, p. 3). While Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square appears to ha fencing and planting the public squares &c” in “for the including tabling specifications municipality. These documents identify principally Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square but it was clear from the specification that the intent applied to all the Squares, as it detailed number and species of trees to be planted, including specimens of Acacia sp ( On 4 May 1854 the colonial government, throug proposal and granted £2,000, in that time a considerable expenditure “for planting and ornamenting the squares of city” to a level that manner satisfactory to the Citizens of Adelaide VS18540504; Colonial Secretary to Town Clerk, half of this money was expended on works in that tenders would “be called for by advertisem Adelaide in accordance with plans and specifi inaugural director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden (Worsnop 1878, p. 121; In his “Tender for the Laying out and Planting th dated 18 May 1854, Francis proposed to undertake all layout and planting works in the Squares and Gardens but excluded the fencing. contract was actually advertised in the newspa ( ( Hindmarsh, Light, Hurtle and Whitmore squares, 500 in the Palmer Gardens, 1,000 Hindmarsh, Light, Hurtle Wellington Square, and 500 in the Brougham Gardens (State Records Office, Colonial Secretary’s Office, Correspondence, Town Clerk, Specification GRG 24/6/1310; 29 April 1854, Archive SQ18540504).

), and planted ] ), Willow macrophylla

macrophylla

s in these squares. The Ficus ich was brackish and sterile erected as a memorial Ficus [ t. Source: MLSA B291, B291, t. Source: MLSA camaldulensis

a wide north-south central central a wide north-south looking north taken in 1871. taken looking north

ly creditable and will, I am told, ly creditable and will, I am told, which are now growing and ] Squares which have always been so Eucalyptus europaea

Moreton Bay figs Moreton Bay figs Olea [ ), Moreton Bay Figs ( adjacent forest belts are doing as well can be ich were always so mischievou fine start. The ground wh s, the two stationmen in these wards have been very uld be a guard with top ha be uld 10 Flinders Street, was suber mature shrubs and trees, trees, and shrubs mature each garden bed, the use of flowering shrubs and shrubs and flowering use of bed, the garden each

[and the] constructed to a design by architect Robert Figure Figure largely in bluestone (Marsden et al 1990, pp. 158- largely in bluestone (Marsden et al 1990, pp.

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

Congregational community in South Australia. TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 576 Quercus ), River Red Gum ( and promenades of the city are high rant of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square of Tarndanyangga/Victoria rant 1863). the citizens. Light and Whitmore europaea

Olea Register ssp) trees, and at the central middle-ground white painted metal strap fencing and and fencing strap metal painted white middle-ground central at the and trees, ssp) grounds at East Terrace, l 1990, p. 156. p. 156. l 1990, ] ssp), Cork Oaks ( ssp) ( et a et Cupressus ), Olive ( Rosa europaea ssp,

Pinus Olea leucoxylon [

Allocasuarina olive All trees are doing very well. the roads and their desired. The view through the clumps contribute much to the health of obstinate to cultivate trees in, have this year made a has been drained and improved and planted with olives promise to be quite successful. Fitzgerald and Evan vigilant in the capturing and impounding of goats, wh ssp), Roses ( Photograph of the northern garden quad the northern Photograph of pedestrian pathway through the garden, stone edging to edging stone garden, through the pedestrian pathway coniferous ( co and what “perambulators” turnstile-like two with gates Marsden in reproduced The scene depicts a very established garden setting with setting garden established a very depicts scene The Eucalyptus Salix

species he did propagate were predominantly Australian species: South Australian Blue Gums ( ( Sheoaks ( During 1865-67 the Stow Memorial Church, at 2- to Reverend TQ Stow in establishing the Presently known as the Pilgrim Church, it was George Thomas in early English Gothic style 159). By 1866 O’Brien was pleased to report:

ssp], cactus, 4 May Eucalyptus , honeysuckle [ 30 June 1855; ssp] [Aloe ssp], gums I will plant a hedge of ], aloes trees and shrubs in each Mayoral Reports, ( ], also dig a border as in Victoria Laburnum Messrs Morewood and Rogers. border around the whole at a given europaea [

The Observer Square is to be fenced by the junceum

Olea [ reported that the “finding … to provide and plant 3,000 trees shrubs, ll be fenced in with post and rail. The rails to olive ], Spartium Wellington and Hurtle Squares will be fenced [ Town Clerk, Report re Olive Plantations, 22 and plants as per the plan. ) hedge to restrict access from wind and Victoria Square and replace them in the southern and plant at least 750 dulcis

The Observer quare. Short had been allocated an acre (0.4ha) March 1848 but was slow in developing this ation a tree propagating area. Interesting, those h litigation but was unsuccessful following a George Francis but displaying evidence of a and others, laburnum sted with weeds and were ill-maintained, he m of works for the first twelve months of his ener in 1854. William O’Brien was successful. e “Government Hut in 1839.” The resolution of istence of a two chain wide north-south road ssp] in Light’s first survey plan. The Corporation and 1,000 trees shrubs and some bulbs. All the open spaces will be regulated and e Church adjacent to the Square to enable the europaea

Prunus ssp] ssp] [ Rosa [ ssp] w ones provided if required. I will Olea Spanish broom wide and gravelled. We will dig a gates which have been procured from Rosa [ .1812 in Dublin, Ireland, O’Brien arrived in Adelaide 1858 Ireland, O’Brien arrived .1812 in Dublin, , almond The northern division of Victoria c Cupressus ervaise & Motley 1986, pp. 3-4; [ roses [4.8m] ssp?] [Salix ssp], hedge put in as before along the whole of fence. I intend , cypress ssp], Acacia ssp] [ ssp] ssp] , willows Rosa Rosa [ Geranium ssp] [ [ Populus [ , and lived in North Adelaide. He died on 18 October 1884. Melaleuca Utopia part with a post and wire fence. [ planted with grass seed. Hurtle and Whitemore Squares wi be taken from Victoria Square and ne Square and plant a hedge of sweet briar Square. Similarly for Hindmarsh and Light Squares. and a briar 1854). Contractors are to remove fences on both divisions of Corporation with iron hurdles and these being acacia poplars geraniums The paths are to be 16 feet distance with a fence on both divisions ready for trees sweet briar This was an extensive and most detailed progra in horticulture appointment, and unfortunately no plan exists to indicate his visions or skill and garden design. Despite these good intentions, O’Brien was hampered in the quality of his program due to the contractors who cared for Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. The gardens continued to deteriorate, the walks became infe errant animals. He also sought from the Corpor reserve through the Square, but conceded that all parties were hampered by the loss of Light’s and documentation in a fire at th original maps An experienced gardener born in lack of care and maintenance. Further, the Square existed as two garden quadrants at this time; equal northern and southern quadrants. O’Brien wrote of his works in the Square as follows: sought to encircle the Square in Olive ( reviewed and assessed their condition and integrity of retention within his parks gardens development works (Correspondence, P. Villanis to February 1886, TC 1886/465). Perhaps the most controversial move in the early life of Square was attempt by Bishop Short in 1855 to erect a cathedral part of the S in the southern portion frontage to Square land. The Bishop applied for permission throug Supreme Court determination on 29 June 1855. the [Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square] was set apart originally for the recreation of the inhabitants” and not for any ecclesiastical purpose. Short’s argument was based upon the vignette of a church positioned in the Square argued against this proposal pointing to the ex the matter was allocation of an acre to th construction of a cathedral (Bech Worsnop 1878, pp. 116-126). In recognition of the state garden system in municipality prompted the Corporation to for the position of City Gard call for applicants on the O’Brien’s priority task upon his appointment was the condition of Victoria Square. He inherited a garden landscape with foundation plantings by

1990, 1990, Ficus et al et ely south of the 10 July 1875 that 10 July 1875 that Sketcher

reproduced in Marsden Marsden in reproduced at its northern and southern flanks, flanks, southern and its northern at m Street, immediat Australasian ding in King Willia t through access road, and extensive established tree tree established extensive road, and access t through Figure Source: MLSA B1128, B1128, Source: MLSA Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Bay Figs ( likely Moreton blished tree planting, most

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 577 laid out in two quadrants, curving in laid out

the municipality published in the in the the municipality published of the Street. This was the train service that ran from the Square to Square the from ran that service train the was This Street. the of a/Victoria Square ), along both sides of Wakefield and Grote Streets. Source: ACC Archives. Archives. ACC Source: Streets. Grote and Wakefield of sides both along ), Extract of an axiometric lithograph of axiometric Extract of an Tarndanyangg depicts macrophylla with no north-south through access, with an east-wes an access, with through with no north-south esta the also Note two quadrants. the plantings in p. 171. Photograph of the eastern flank of the Local Courts buil Local of the eastern flank the Photograph of Square, depicting a train in the centre in the train a depicting Square, 1876-80. taken in 1914. Photograph until up Glenelg

Sydney ), 4 Cassia heterophylla

) and 6 Cassia ( Office to the Government Araucaria populneus

t weather but are responding to ), 6 Thuja (species unspecified), 6 White Brachychiton 10 July 1875, a fact corroborated in the spring tide at Port Adelaide. The EWS did end of the Government buildings in Victoria end of the Government buildings in Victoria ia Square from the Post ed a proposal to improve Victoria Square but ually to form a pyramidal top. One face is of Ornamental Trees suitable for planting in rposes of a public park, that roadway 132 to late 1800s. It is evident, by the implied they added 100 feet (30.48m) to all their values. their heads (0.3m) above the natural surface. robusta t refused by the Legislative Council (Bechervaise t refused by the Legislative Council 1900 fountain pertains to Hindmarsh Square. through the Square, and that Parliament House

ections of the municipality published in ttle factual evidence to substantiate these graphic acres (1.6ha) of land on the west side and 8” (1.1m long by 0.2 square) in the Square “153.70 height above LW at Pt A” Low Square land itself. Worsnop proposed that, with ryea 1865 photograph is the fountains that were was 253.70 feet (77.32m) on the EWS datum, which City Gardener William O’Brien wrote to the pply (EWS) Department (or its predecessor) at these were planted by O’Brien (Town Clerk’s Grevillea ), 6 Kurrajongs ( e looking very brown due to the ho 6 May 1866). ), 6 ( Australasian Sketcher ). It is unclear whether the Corporation approved this list, and Reports

australasica macrophylla

var candolleana

Mayoral Ficus ( Cassia July 1876 and the azedarach

syn. Melia last winter in Wakefield Street ar watering. A new walk has been suggested for Victor Printing Office bicapsularis which Square it pertained to, but is likely th Docket 714 of 1874). Cedars ( embossed its bench mark number 9 (number 1 was at Port Adelaide), on another is the monarch’s crest with the initials VR, Victoria Regina, the third face is blank, while remaining face has a plate affixed, which states its height Illustrated News 1880 Smith Survey of the City Adelaide, that fountains may have been positioned in the central point in each Square. There has been li representations, and the only evidence of a pre- During 1872 the Engineering and Water Su positioned a cast iron benchmark, 3’8” x 8” opposite the Torrens Building, “opposite south marks were usually placed with Square.” These The benchmark’s head has four facets sloping grad Water at Port Adelaide. The original height is 100 feet (30.48m) below mean low water ordinary not want negative heights for their pipes, etc., so it raised questions as to the ownership of the authority of colonial parliament, that four fronting the Square should be acquired for pu feet wide (40.32m) be constructed north-south and University buildings should be erected on the eastern acres to the Square. The proposal, by way of a Bill, was approved by the Assembly bu & Motley 1986, p. 4). Upon the invitation of Mayor Henry Fuller, Corporation on 19 August 1874 proposing “a list the Squares of City.” The list comprised: 2 Norfolk Island Pines ( Moreton Bay Figs ( This is only one of two known benchmarks in the Park Lands and Squares (Kentish pers. comm. This is only one of two known benchmarks in the Park Lands and 2006). During 1873 Town Clerk Thomas Worsnop ventur graphic representations in the lithographic proj reputedly positioned in this Square the middle What is not discernable in the Townsend Du

1990, pp. et al meant that the

1880-81, p. 111). 1880-81, p. Report

del was unveiled on 8 October 1880 a Square. It appears very clear that it was Annual ornamental cast iron palisading but also had ll made. These palisades were erected around 1879-80, p. 82; 1880-81, pp. 110-111; 1881- pp. 110-111; 1880-81, 1879-80, p. 82; illiam Street vista promenade, and the tramway ected on a pedestal of height 5.4m, the e colonial parliament to enable this aim. A e city”. The City Surveyor prepared designs for penditure of the palisading. His argument was on that Melbourne-based architect Michael Egan rshall Woods to depict what the final version then City Gardener, William Pengilly, was faced then City Gardener, William Pengilly, was was erected at the junction of North Terrace with l demonstrations of loyalty”. The model Bundey saw it as a major aim of his tenure Bundey stead, the very extensive tree plantings, pathway Report

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES th a more elaborate palisading version for

around the Squares was subject to Corporation TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 578 to create King William Street throughto create King William Victoria Square Annual ion survey plan was prepared for these works dated 29 July as distinct from the other Squares. Tenders were called for

all her regal robes. The mo Victoria Square Thoroughfare Act 1882 The state and condition of extant fencing deliberations in the late 1870s. Mayor William Bundey consciously sought to remove the “old and decaying split post and rail fences from the City squares” and to erect “substantial and these enclosures.” ornamental railings round Mayor and an important task for “beautifying th these cast iron ornamental railing fences, wi Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square with removing the old post and rail fencing to enable the contractors to proceed. Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas Smith witnessed the erection of to deal with public criticism of Corporation’s ex that, “consistent with the end they had in view, a bold but neat palisading which adds so much to the appearance of the Squares, and to the ornamentation of the streets, and saves to the Corporation at least £2,000” was an investment we all five squares by early 1881. However, a public vote of citizens seeking the continuation Street north-southKing William through Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square 175-176). of a statue Queen Victoria In 1880 a model Street. Measuring 3.6m high and er King William model was prepared by “eminent sculptor” Ma might look like. The representation of Queen Victoria featured the monarch at opening of the Imperial Parliament in amidst much public “satisfaction, and the usua prompted the move to call for public subscriptions and a colonial government matching subscription to enable the purchase of a final statue ( The Smith Survey was undertaken in Victoria Square 1880 prior to the erection of this statue as it does not appear on the survey plans. In system, Grote-Wakefield Street roadway, King W loop around the Square are evident. The was gazetted in 1882. A Corporat new roadway was designed1883, and the with a width of 132 feet (40.23m) and was completed at a cost of £2,100 (Bechervaise & Motley 1986, p. 6; Russell 1992, pp. 3-4). both designs and works awarded. Presumably palisades were not erected in Tarndanyangga/Victori the intention of Corporation, in 1879-1881, to continue King William Street through Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. Thus the Corporation wished to construct the road but also recognised that legislation had to be passed in th the road proposal which was thereupon tabledpublic vote on 10 December 1881 approved before parliament for consideration ( 41, 54). 82, pp. 34-35, During 1877-1881, following a design competiti won, the Torrens Building complex was constructed in a classical style (Marsden

rs. Source: MLSA B9351, B9351, MLSA rs. Source: ter pathway of which their of which ter pathway -south lines of tree plantings in -south lines shaped pathway system, system, shaped pathway illy in his planting and gardening gardening and in his planting illy n plant display as used n plant cases in the display formal diamond rather than an arc- an than rather diamond formal ) specimens, Canary Island Palm Island Canary ) specimens, .1877 depicting the western portion of the portion of the .1877 depicting the western c macrophylla

ssp) are evident, encircled by the white-painted white-painted the by encircled evident, are ssp) Ficus more mature treesto the sides of the pathway,the mburgk during the same yea the same during mburgk .1880 looking south from the roof of the Treasury the roof of from the .1880 looking south es along the internal es along the perime internal Figure Figure Figure c Cupressus now straightened diamond- now straightened ssp and ssp rian pathway system that is now a that is now pathway system rian replicate the role and use of Wardia the role and replicate iginal William O’Brien created linear north created linear O’Brien William iginal ounding the Square including gates in the foreground, and the lack of of the lack and the foreground, in gates including Square the ounding -south pedestrian promenade. New young deciduous trees are evident evident are trees deciduous young New promenade. pedestrian -south d were obviously incorporated by Peng incorporated d were obviously Pinus ng. The image is part of the Captain Sweet photographic collection. collection. photographic Sweet the Captain of is part The image ng. uced in Moreton 1996, p. 9. 1996, p. uced in Moreton a/Victoria Square in routes,Moreton Bay Figs( ), various conifers ( conifers various ), canariensis

Phoenix the Square are still visually evident an evident still visually the Square are box white-coloured the Note Square. in the activities spatially but unclear is role purpose and Scho Dr Richard director by Garden Botanic Adelaide p. 17. 1996, Moreton in reproduced northern garden section of the Square. Note the Note Square. northern garden section of the surr fencing metal strap white-painted edgi garden bed guttering, kerbing or reprod Archive 963, Source: ACC established tree plantings along the sides of the pathway, the established tree plantings along the sides of Photograph of the new Post Office complex and tower taken in taken and tower complex Office Post the new Photograph of of Tarndanyangg A photograph pedest re-alignment the Buildings. Note with a central north diamond, shaped pedestrian diagonal along the metal strap perimeter fencing. The or perimeter fencing. metal strap (

ue and pleasing portion features at the southern southern features at the circulation system that that system circulation (Fenner 1927, np). within the city may be ed north-south lines of roadway was constructed. roadway was tant statements of the whole area is covered with diagonal pathways that diagonal the squares remain as parks, this is

the Corporation took immediate steps through the Square, are construction of a line rthwards of that picturesq s to terminate this vista at North Terrace. onal yet creative pathway creative onal yet of the magnificent street and an unobstructed view, ngilly was busy tree planting in the Squares. its grounds to the north including sections ing in that the regiment ing in that the s considerably over-shadowed by the Jubilee resting semi-circular pathway resting semi-circular de road “linking the hitherto severed portions de road “linking Industries involved considerable Corporation dicate that the deciduous shade trees along the diagonal diagonal the along trees shade deciduous the that dicate raphical Society (SA Branch), made a similar rious park squares set aside ecimens, and in-planting with other species having species in-planting with other ecimens, and ated but his purpose was to plant new specimens held in 1886-1887 that celebrated 150 years of held in 1886-1887 uare beforethe north-south gn of the squares overall in Light’s plans whether ade, the secondary straight secondary the ade, Figure Figure 1881-82, p. 137; 1882-83, p. 135). p. 135). 1882-83, 1881-82, p. 137; 1882-83, p. 54). al exhibitions were impor

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ltural Society grounds now occupied by the

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 579 1882-83, pp. 22-23, 54). 54). pp. 22-23, 1882-83, and diminishing areas of trees and grass Report Report

sh Squares, where the greater part of

time only remnants of certain lly removed, but it is more conceivable that Patterson kept most of the the of most kept Patterson that conceivable more it is removed, but lly Report

as laid out and planted in 1880 as surveyed in the Smith Survey of the of Survey the Smith 1880 as surveyed in in planted and as laid out

and Hindmarsh Square as being contrary to the design intent of ed plan depicts the functi depicts the ed plan

e tree pattern is interest Annual Annual date. Source: ACC archives, acc 1619. Source: date. ( Annual by William O’Brien, the inte by William O’Brien, the Victoria Square Thoroughfare Act 1882 … the chief points of value carrying King William Street of communication between the hitherto severed portions southwards of the spurs and no of the Mt. Lofty Ranges of the city, North Adelaide Some measure of the official appreciation of the va Some measure of the official appreciation gauged from the fact that at present notably so in Victoria and Hindmar paved roads and footpaths, with small healthy specimens, removing the unhealthy or poorly sp poorly or the unhealthy removing specimens, healthy in also plantings The system. pathway new to the regard at this planted been paths had not and northern ends of the Square gardens. A tertiary internal perimeter pathway system, as originally created by by created originally as system, pathway perimeter internal tertiary A gardens. Square the of ends and northern Th retained. also been has O’Brien, are visua established by O’Brien planted Left: Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square Left: Tarndanyangga/Victoria City of Adelaide in 1880. This detail in 1880. City of Adelaide Patterson created in the two garden portions of the Sq garden portions two Patterson created in the promen pedestrian wide north-south central the Note retained the system employed Town Clerk Worsnop’s belief was that: In terms of the proposed thoroughfare, It is also interesting to postulate, given the desi Light intended roads to dissect the Squares at all or whether they would act to ameliorate the summer dust that would otherwise be funnelled down the north-south street corridors 3-4). 1992, pp. (Bechervaise & Motley 1986, p. 6; Russell Dr Charles Fenner , Secretary of the Royal Geog observation in 1927 wherein he criticised the Corporation’s actions in carving roadways through Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square The visual aesthetic argument is interesting as Light never planned for King William Street to connect to North Adelaide as Government House wa Light but also the lost of open space that would otherwise be gardens: Upon gazettal of the to call for tenders form and make the 40.2m wi of this magnificent street”. Cost for road works was tendered at £2,100. Contractors for the palisading were also called ( While the debate about palisading was continuing Pe Unfortunately the nature of the species is not st and to replace “missing” trees ( As part of these ‘advancement’ works cultur Exhibition of Arts and ‘advancement’. The 1880 attention and investment. The latter Exhibition wa International Exhibition of Arts and Industries advancement of the colony South Australia. Both events were principally held in the old Exhibition Building on North Terrace together with of the former Royal Agricultural & Horticu

espectfully repeat my Square. I such a case, . The scene is painted is painted scene . The 1883-84, p. 116). 1883-84, p. 116). ) to the right, the cast iron the iron cast ) to the right, Report

se carriages awaiting customers or or customers awaiting se carriages ed ‘King William Street, Adelaide’, ed ‘King canariensis

l doing well. I beg to r Annual Phoenix ck-Weir 2005, p. 43. y enhance the appearance of the place, and as it is fence off the paths in this expense might with advantage be bestowed upon it horticulture in England, knew how to prepare of the Square, with the two towers of the Town Hall Hall Town of the towers two the with Square, of the the Square during the the 1880s Square during the Figure charge of 55 gardeners. As part the Patterson noted the “disorderly state” of in 1882 claimed that he “re-modelled 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 580 Square. Source: Lo Square. Source: ergreen trees, which are al message of the cultural maturation of the city. Note the established tree tree established the Note city. the of maturation cultural the of message r of Victoria Square in 1885 entitl Square in Victoria r of renovation works Patterson also transplanted several existing

is contemporary practice ( se with the central roadway line of hor central roadway the se with spp) and a Canary Island Palm ( Palm a Canary Island spp) and Pinus 1882-83, p. 116). 1882-83, p. Report

Annual I have transplanted several large ev suggestion, formerly advanced, that it would be well to flower beds could be introduced, which would considerabl the central Square, I would suggest that some extra ( Edmund Goldsmith colour Edmund watercolou palisade fencing surrounding the Square garden to the east, the use of cut stone to line gutters and kerbing to kerbing and line gutters to stone cut of use the east, the to garden Square the surrounding fencing palisade road gravel ba the extant the right, depicting the formal gathering and promenading role of and promenading gathering formal the depicting looking north, at a middle point in the northern portion northern portion in the point at a middle looking north, Post Office symbolically sending a and ( a Pine plantings including in Tarndanyangga/Victoria simply parking

As Patterson stated: appointed City Gardener, Richard Patterson, [Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square] according to the plan which I had honor to submit.” There is some evidence that Patterson, trained in landscape plans. As part of this appointment evergreen trees in the Square and mooted his suggestion to “fence off the paths in this square” presumably with iron hoops as Squares, despite the fact that he was placed in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square

been completed from ock Avenue tram stop Illustrated Sydney News n to show signs of that anting the Adelaide Park were completed in late

1883-84, p. 68). and the of this Square has Report

1880-81, pp. 28-31; 1884-85, 9- no attempt to include the Squares in this Annual Report

accordance with plans submitted to and approved by ( In contrast horticultural expert and newly sor of the Plantations’, upon invitation Report on a System of Pl e have been securely enclosed with handsome iron ance; Pengilly also had jurisdiction over the sack Pengilly, and therein had a serious of City where the present Peac tions that appear in the lithographic axiometric oposal by Glenelg Railway Company Ltd to tion, seek to be relieved of the responsibility.” on 11 February 1865. This plan appears to be on 11 February 1865. This ady the trees and shrubs begi prevent a proposal to construct a railway line rks are illustrated in a ‘Plan of the City aking the landscape works it is unclear as to who lished, and which William Pengilly was charged ting in the Park Lands” and to “render Mr. to Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. The reet to a point at the northern boundary of Annual inty, it is clear that O’Brien established tree Australasian Sketcher e Corporation sought to remedy the situation, on Terrace West prompted Brown’s resignation (1862-1934) was appointed City Gardener (1899- Adelaide, 11 February 1865, ACC Archives). hern and southern portions Smith was pleased to report: ’s (1880) recommendations. Pengilly was advised that Brown 1883-84, pp. 54-55). Report Report

Annual beauty to which it is hoped they will ultimately attain you; the planting has all been completed, and alre The new roadway, connecting the nort some months, and the four divisions of open spac palisadings. The interior spaces have been laid out in (1880), under Mayor William Bundey, there was (1880), under Mayor William Bundey, is located] along the centre of King William-st Victoria-square” ( The road construction works through Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square perspectives of Adelaide as published in the respectively (Brown 1880; Plan of City With John Ednie Brown’s appointment as ‘Supervi Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas Smith in April 1882, Brown commenced foundational work in implementing parts of the shall have “general supervision of the tree plan continued disobedience and contrary activities by the City Gardener and his workforce eventually prompted Brown’s formal resignation on 1 June 1883. In his letter of he wrote “I must for the sake of professional reputa Gardeners until such time as August Pelzer 1899. 1934) in mid In 1883 the Corporation debated and sought to along King William Road from South Terrace Corporation vehemently sought to oppose the pr construct this railway and successfully used a public poll as evidence of community opposition to the proposal. The proposal involved construction of a railway from the “present [at South Terrace terminus in King William-street Park Lands at this time. Despite uncerta plantations along several road corridors through the Park Lands. These fenced enclosures, planted with shelterbelt trees, included Glen Osmond Road, Bay Road (Anzac Highway), Port Road, and East Terrace. The scope of these wo Adelaide’ prepared by the City Surveyors Office more accurate than the tree shelterbelt representa Brown every facility for this purpose …” (Town Clerk’s Dept Outwards Letter Book, 1882/602/18). A fractious relationship occurred with Brown and Pengilly, a specific incident over street tree plantings along Bart th from this position in August 1882. While With this decision the Corporation determined to universities of Adelaide and South Australia ( 12). In commissioning John Ednie Brown to prepare a Lands investigation. This perhaps indicates the quality of landscape that was extant in the Squares that George Francis and William O’Brien had estab with Square and garden development mainten prepared the landscape plans for these works as there is no record that Pengilly knew how to draw and prepare plans in the Corporation records. While it is clear that Pengilly was initially undert 1883 and Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas 1883 and Mayor

18891-92, p. Report

Annual t’s grave in Light Square as by state Governor Le Hunte. The private collection. yal Engineers, either in bronze or marble.” of the Colonel Light statue at the intersection of the intersection statue at Light Colonel of the al and received nine for the statue and 13 for 1902, p. 13; 1903, p. 11; 1904, 13; 1905, 1902, p. 13;

tion again re-affirmed its commitment to the a cost of £510. The Committee expected the id out the city of Adelaide in 1836. Erected by and air impacting upon the soft stone. Thus Figure Figure was deferred. But in 1903 the Corporation re- Report onel Light arose in Corporation debates 1902

£1,000, and architects Messrs Garlick Silbley & be positioned in King William Road at the be positioned in King William Gill, wasted no time with the task calling for scription on the pedestal reading “Colonel William 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 581 e Square. Source: Source: e Square. Annual lin Street, and not on top of Ligh d Franklin Streets on 27 November 1906 November 27 d Franklin Streets on Black and white photograph postcard depicting he unveiling depicting postcard and white photograph Black an William Street with Flinders King through th is taken looking south photograph

regimental uniform of a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Ro 1936 ( before it was re-erected on Light’s Vision Montefiore Hill in The damage was being caused by “salt-damp” started the Light Statue project that saw the statue erected in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square 66). pp. 28-29, 12; 1894-95, The matter of a suitable statue honouring Col but with the lack of available funds matter confirmed its commitment to the project as also the past guarantee of £1,000 from the state Government. In the following year Corpora project but this time proposed that the statue intersection of Flinders and Frank originally envisaged. The newly constituted Committee, including Superintendent of Public Owen Smyth, Sir Edwin Thomas Smith, Under Secretary LH Sholl, RK Thomas, Buildings CE and the Master of School Design, HP designs for both the statue and a new grave memori the memorial. The commission for a bronze statue, 2.7m high, was awarded to Scottish sculptor of W Birnie Rhind of Edinburgh for a tender Wooldridge were responsible for the pedestal at an in statue to be unveiled in early 1906 with Light first surveyor general, fixed the site and la on 27 statue was unveiled by the state Governor Le Hunte citizens 1906.” The bronze November 1906 (Vivienne 1908, p. 4; p. 7; 1907, 15; Cameron 1997, pp. 47-53).

Report

Report

5 October 1884-85, p. Annual , 8 October, p. Register Annual (

Report

ruck and magnificent muscles Annual l the crack of doom, or an long as he original sculptor, the idea of what the ancients considered the The Adelaide Observer atue upon its unveiling acknowledging s, deep chest, powerful t statues to the Corporation. The statuary ‘Venus’ in the south-western corner of the yet , A Waterhouse and various unnamed others ing the state Governor, Sir Henry Ayers, Sir would be placed in a position that “would e city by Horn. The statue was described as: ation voted £500 to this proposal and numerous W Hayes reported on these acts of vandalism (Anon 1892, . Light in Light Square … was fast crumbling . Light £1,000. Architect D Garlick recorded that the expressed in bronze, lounges negligently with his e. The bronze depicts the “muscular son of of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square by City was located in the north-eastern portion of type of landscape they wished to establish in a “portrait statue, eight feet in height, the 1884-85 Patterson reported that he had caused the Town Hall to discuss a proposal erect Canova’ and a bronze facsimile of ‘Farnese that George Francis and William O’Brien also had s clearly implemented given the photographic ccordingly a representative Committee called for it is hoped, retain his post unti quares were also “in very good order” ( of a bronze statue on short pedestal The figure is a fine example of conveying, through the genius of t opy of the Farnese Hercules excavated in Naples and signed by boasted about the qualities of st his tough metallic frame holds out. grandest type of muscular manhood, the vast shoulder swelling out of the body and limbs superhuman strength, though perhaps not activity The pride of his magnificent physique eloquently formidable club within reach, and will, 33) Adelaide Observer 1883-84, p. 50; 1885-86, pp. 48, 111-112). 48, 111-112). pp. p. 50; 1885-86, 1883-84, In 1891 philanthropist William Horn donated two comprised a white marble copy of ‘Venus di pp. 10-11). It is a c 1891-92, Athenian sculptor Glykon. It consists Hercules’. The Corporation determined to locate Patterson’s plan was the first comprehensive vision for Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, expressed on paper, although it is clear also clear perceptions as to planting works and the Victoria Square (Russell 1992, p. 4). It wa documentation of the 1880-1885 period. By openings in the fencing to “allow persons charge of perambulators getting these vehicles into the Squares … for children to enjoy grateful shade of trees” ( 50). person or persons” caused considerable vandalism to the Despite this “some ill-disposed palisades in all the Squares over 1885 Christmas holidays “especially to that round Hurtle Square.” Newly appointed City Gardener John to be named Prince Henry Garden. ‘Hercules’ Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, mounted on a red granite pedestal, and was unveiled 4October 1891 by state Governor Lord Kintor Jupiter and Alcmena, standing in a recumbent attitude with his formidable club” ( 1997, pp. 13-14). 1892, p. 6; Cameron The the donation of a heathen goddess and god to th Horn donated the statue on the condition that it free from the attacks of larrikins.” He suggested that it should be located in the north-eastern corner of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, which was agreed to by the Corporation in June 1892, where it remained until June 1930 when it was moved to its present location in Pennington Gardens West due to remodelling Gardener August Pelzer (Swanbury Penglase Architects 2001, ART: 008). In January 1892 a public meeting was held in statue in memory of Colonel Light. The Corpor people and organisations also contributed, includ together with a colonial Parliament donation of “original monument built over the grave of Col away and could not last much longer.” A and that the gardens trees in S Samuel Way, John H Angas, Sir Edwin Thomas Smith, the South Australia Company, Fisher, WH Gray, Alderman Frederick Hagedorn expressions of interest from sculptors to craft

as published in as published erson to achieve the design erson to achieve cross-shaped north-south east-west east-west cross-shaped north-south album of photographic gems, album on program employed by Patt program on looking southwards and south-eastwards taken from the the from taken south-eastwards southwards and looking

Figures

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 582 Glimpses of Australia:An y being created.Note the formal s of Victoria Square. s of Victoria Square. Hoben 1897, vol 1, pp. 52, 188, vol 2, p. 90. 90. vol 2, p. vol 1, pp. 52, 188, Hoben 1897, 1897, that depict several view several 1897, that depict Square Tarndanyangga/Victoria depict images These pathway system in all quadrants created, the use of circular accents with garden beds or specimen trees as accent accent as trees specimen or beds garden with accents circular of use the created, in all quadrants system pathway relocati or removal tree severe the Further, plantings. Source: results. upstairs of the Post Office complex buildings, including renovations to the Square undertaken by Patterson as a as a Patterson by undertaken Square the to renovations including buildings, complex Post Office the of upstairs roadwa consequence of the north-south Two photographic illustrations from Hoben’s, Hoben’s, from illustrations Two photographic

1887-88, p. 41; 1889-1890, 1887-88, Report

1902, p. 13; 1904, pp. 13, 75). pp. 13, 75). 1904, 1902, p. 13; ting London and offered it to the ust 1894, p. 5; Cameron 1997, pp. 21- ust 1894, p. 5; Cameron Report

Annual Explorer Adelaide to Indian Ocean’. The e hands of the Caledonian Society to manage. e form of an inverted quarter circle” around e quare was an easier venture. The life-size under the Chair of Councillor William Ponder of meetings and site inspections to all squares, e Squares “are looking very well; but all the maintain the regular width of paths and cipality while he was Mayor, and in some way tablish a Parks & Gardens Department, appoint s a progressive deterioration of the quality and north-western corner of the Square “and at Annual terations” including tree removal works to be Granite edges to the south-eastern and south- porting directly to the City Surveyor. Under this te pedestal depicts ‘Victoria RI’ looking y.” The Corporation also determined that proper ney member WP Auld, and when the statue was ees in the Squares and that a gardener be The donation of the statue drew out Smith’s that the unveiling was scheduled at 4.00pm to Thames & Dutton in London from a model by 31 May 1904, p. 6; 3 June 1904, p. 6; 4 June 1904, 31 May 1904, p. 6; 3 June anding on top of a poorly transcribed map William Maxwell but with his untimely death the Advertiser 11 August 1894, p. 4; 13 Aug . Smith chose the statue while visi Register 1897-98, pp. 73-74). 1897-98, pp. . It was unveiled on 4 June 1904 in the north-eastern corner of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Report piece de resistance

Annual undertaken. Some 24 tree were removed from Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square concluding that the trees were either “dead, dying, or unsightl an experienced and qualified City Gardener, establish a tree nursery 27, and in Tulya Wodli/Park establish a “permanent Tree Planting Committee” ( 6; 6 June 1904, p. 7; Cameron 1997, pp. 36-40; p. 7; Cameron 1997, pp. 6; 6 June 1904, The statue erected of Queen Victoria in Victoria S Corporation upon his return. It was cast at Charles Bell Birch ( 24). In 1895 City Gardener Hayes reported that all th keep the public from destroying the borders.” western corners of the Square were installed in 1896 ( 77; 1894-95, p. 64; 1896-97, 68). Behind these snippets by the City Gardeners wa management of the gardens in Squares. This was brought to a head 1897 when Corporation established a Special Committee to inquire into the “whole working and management of the squares.” Following a series the Corporation determined a set of “drastic al arboricultural treatment was required of all tr specifically placed in charge of each Square re policy change the Corporation witnessed a change in the landscape quality of the Squares. At the same time Corporation determined to es the marble statue at a cost of £39. Auld’s ‘shilling fund’ succeeded in raising £570 and obtaining fund’ succeeded in raising £570 and obtaining the marble statue at a cost of £39. Auld’s ‘shilling a comparable government grant. The life-size white Carrara marble statue, features Stuart in bush costume, a draped Union Jack flag, st Stuart Australia with the inscription ‘John McDouall commission was given to Sydney sculptor James White with instructions to follow Maxwell’s marquètte 15-18; Square (Vivienne 1908, pp. bronze statue positioned on a tall and elabora triumphantly northwards across the Square into King William Street. It bears a plaque recording the donation of statue by Sir Edwin Thomas Smith in 1894, and unveiling ceremony on Saturday 11 August 1894 without admitting paths should be bordered with bricks on edge to In contrast to the bronze statue commemorating Light, the white marble statue commemorating John McDouall Stuart was successfully placed in th Steps were taken by the Corporation in 1902 to erect this statue. The Society was successful in fund raising activities, under the chair of jour ready the Corporation granted a location in the considerable expense erected new iron railing in th statue was to be carved by local sculptor permit the exiting football crowd to attend. championing of civic improvements in the muni was his

to 1899- var ), 3 Annual aeria

Report

orientalis

Schinus Annual Reports Annual ) and 2 False Acacias ) battens with self- Platanus [sic.] ( [sic.] light iron railings have had the ssp) tree were planted in The lawns are well kept and turfy, australasica der Ware reported, positively, of var ias, Petunias, Phlox, Zinnias, Stocks, Fraxinus ), and Pepper Trees ( Eucalyptus marginata s Payneham Nursery, Pelzer scattered these it was somewhat better controlled than the rategic aesthetic improvements to the lawns, azedarach dertaken. Taking advantage of a donation “intersecting roads” to the Squares as it

etimons, Geraniums, Canna Centaurians, and been removed from around the Elder Park damage done by the ill-bred mongrel is quite needed to enable adequate light and air to the en had to erect 1.5m tree guards around them unsuitable trees.” Chain pillars were also be diverted from the Square.” Victoria Square rn tracks. “A large quantity of soil and manure s not as great and concentrated as in other macrophylla Melia

lawns.” His conclusion was that he supported lawns.” His conclusion opped in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, and e across the lawns in the Squares caused Mayor the Squares were overcrowded with trees” and that both cases it is very discouraging both to the both cases it is very discouraging Hurtle Square that Pelzer commenced his tree so measures to delimit inappropriate human 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES 41; 1902, p. 29; 1903, 44).

Ficus TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 583 also started planting new trees. In ) from parliamentarian and philanthropist George om making short cuts across the lawns shevelled woe-begone square of old. mmed and thinned out, and the interior 1899-1900, pp. 292-294; 1901, pp. 9, 41). 1899-1900, pp. 292-294; robusta

), 3 White Cedars ( Reports

1898-99, pp. 149, 150). Mayor Alexan 150). Mayor 1898-99, pp. 149, procera

1902, p. 30; 1903, pp. 24, 44; 1904, p. 64). p. 64). 1904, 1902, p. 30; 1903, pp. 24, 44; Washingtonia ). And in the flower beds were “Gaillard Annual ssp), Moreton Bay Fig ( Report

Ulmus Report

Pinus Annual pseudoacacia

1899-1900, pp. 292-294; 1901, pp. 9, 1899-1900, pp. 292-294; 1901, Victoria Square is no longer the di desired effect of preventing persons fr the trees have been judiciously tri 1900, p. 104). 1900, p. 104). Annual ). These tree species were grubbed and l Robinia molle extensive flower bed manure and aeration works un 100 Cotton Palms ( Brookman in early 1900, sourced from Henry Sewell’ and reserves th specimens in various Squares due to vandalism ( Despite measures to remove trees Pelzer Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1902 he planted 10 Oriental Planes ( English Elms ( ( Sunflowers, Cosmos, Allysums, Snapdragons, Pens Ash ( more trees were planted in 1903. Nine Roses.” Five 1904 ( In addition, the irregular movement of peopl Lewis Cohen and Pelzer considerable angst as it characterised many of their the Corporation. In Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square other Squares because the pedestrian traffic wa were erected in 1903 ( “Keep off the grass near edges of Lawns” signs Squares. Please Reports A significant management issue in all Squares was dogs. The Corporation had become frustrated in finding measures of preventing dogs entering the Squares and fouling flower beds. Mayor Alexander Ware observed that “the equalled by that of the aristocratic canine; in proposed an extensive fencing program that involved 1900 Pelzer gardener and his men.” In on jarrah ( wire netting fixed on iron railings supported remaining trees and also enable good growth in the lawns. Species that heightened this problem were Pines ( palms, added suitable soils and manure to these flower beds, and extended the spread of lawns in the Squares as much possible filling wo had to be carted for this purpose.” It was in the most of assessment process by the “grubbing erected in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square having rotunda ( Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in the following year: Clearly the immediate works Pelzer set upon were st flower beds and trees of each Square, al activities in the Squares. He extended the spread of couch grass lawns in all Squares, erected hoop fencing in Victoria Square to prevent “people from making short cuts across the lawns and also their habit of “walking along the edges any Corporation engineering action that introduced would “cause much of the pedestrian traffic to had been just cut into four quadrants enabling Pelzer to draw this management conclusion. In terms of trees, he recorded his view that “all an urgent program of thinning and grubbing was

] molle var ons occurred to ons occurred as published in as published Schinus aeria [ fenced in with a neat light iron acks across the lawn have been lex and tower. Note the and lex palisading substituted, and flowers planted. I re major renovati re major nt of August Wilhelm Pelzer in ic manner, and the funds voted next ssp?] album of photographic gems, Phoenix [ 1898-99, p. 20). ctoria Square, wherein Mayor Alexander Ware and tree planting, and undertook research on g posts and bollards, and the straight diagonal pathway pathway straight diagonal the bollards, and and g posts Squares. He re-seeded the lawns with couch beds in Victoria Square and replaced them with was a position that he held until 1932. A Ponder who extensively enabled the actions and Figure Figure Report

ling funding and political support within the ound the world including Washington DC, Paris, centre beds and borders have been already in Victoria Square, the tr Glimpses of Australia: An An Australia: of Glimpses 1898-99, pp. 22-23). 1898-99, pp. Annual ( s will be dealt with in a systemat received attention, the large pepper trees s. This image dates from c.1880 befo dates from This image s. looking towards the Post Office comp Office Post looking towards the Report

been removed and palms Annual these policy changes was the appointme on from Hoben’s, Hoben’s, on from A marked improvement is noticeable dug and replanted with grass, the fencing. The circle beds have also growing in the centres have trust that each of the other Square year for all necessary improvements A photographic illustrati 1897. This image depicts the Square depicts the 1897. This image fencing encircling the Square, the gateway with palisadin the encircling fencing tree deciduous mature now lined with the gardens in the Square. Source: Hoben 1897, vol 1, p. 52. 52. vol 1, p. 1897, Hoben the Square. Source: gardens in the The policy changes had an immediate effect in Vi reported in the following year: tree planting activities of various cities ar A key to the success of mid 1899 to the position of City Gardener. It secondary key was the role of “indefatigable” visions of Pelzer to be implemented enab Corporation. Ponder was passionate about trees Cleveland, Sydney, etc. ( Pelzer immediately set to work renourishing the grass, grubbed all trees in the centre of flower

1909, pp. 45- 1909, pp. n side are the gentlemen’s rmers. The front waiting Report tiquated and should be

rcle beds in the pathway, rcle beds in the Annual .1915 depicting the central central the .1915 depicting 1910, p. 61). c Report

both sexes. The building is constructed of brick, tors for the lawns, the use an alternative form form alternative an use the lawns, the for tors The general style of architraves is old English. is relieved with louvred do would be good policy to have them laid out afresh. Annual terra cotta tiled floors, with opal glass walls, public convenience, consisting of a waiting room for ion of the work, owing to the difficulty of obtaining d walls, and polished kauri seats. Opening off the ts’ room, and on the souther ( vered with Marseilles tiles. The front contains, as a cent plantings within the ci plantings within cent mns, the Grote Street frontage having two smaller tion of a new toilet that was constructed in d Wellington Squares are an e was also impetus from the volume of use

the Corporation, and his desire to re-create dertook user surveys of the Squares recording perience extensive remodelling more likely came Figure Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 584 the foreground. Source: private collection. collection. private Source: foreground. the Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in Square Tarndanyangga/Victoria cture as the City Engineer related: d bollards as corner protec corner d bollards as 1908, p. 21). Report

Annual ( lavatories. The ladies and gentlemens’ lavatories have This Square will shortly have a thoroughly up-to-date the Tramway employees, with lavatory accommodation for the outside walls being rough cast, and the roof is co central feature, a porch supported by six Doric colu porches, supported on four Doric columns, and the roof room is well lighted and ventilated, has tiled floors an northern end of the waiting room is the lady attendan and are replete with all the most up-to-date conveniences. There has been some considerable delay in the complet the most modern and necessary fittings from England The lawns in all the Squares require re-planting, and it The garden plans in Whitmore, Light, Victoria, an remodelled the continued use of the silver painte silver the of use continued the in a garden bed to protect fencing of cast iron A hand-tinted postcard of the gardens A postcard in hand-tinted of the gardens ac of maturity the quadrant, garden in the system pathway The suggestion that the Squares needed to ex from Pelzer given his standing and expertise in Squares subtly expressed in his reports. But ther the Squares. During 1909 Corporation un were 13,000 adults to users on weekdays and weekends. For Victoria Square an average of 4,000 per month ( recorded per month, and some 1,000 to 4,500 children 46). One component of this re-modelling was the erec quite an elaborate stru 1910. It was

) trees were removed in 1899-1900, pp. 109-110; 1899-1900, pp. 109-110; 1908, p. 7). molle 1908, p. 21; 1909, pp. 47-48). Report

var Report

Report aeria

Annual ago. I have also caused the mean to be shifted esome, and a corrective to any possible symptoms of Annual 1901, p. 9). quare, relocating one from the Park Lands. of a capable lot mean, and I am satisfied with the at the Council possesses a very capable officer, who Annual Schinus ng the Departmental staff capabilities. This works continued, and the flower beds were e foundation of the current version bylaws. 2 December 1916, p. 5; Vivienne 1908, pp. 15- e thereupon transferred the excess funds to ry 1907 but over a three year period only £374 the process of this statue’s erection rather than of 1901. Pelzer painted theof fencing in 1902 1901. Pelzer th the installation of tramways through the the existing regulation system applicable to the Report s statue unveiling ceremony. The suggestion held a cost of £620, the Corporation allocated

ed to the Corporation, which they adopted, a ttee commissioned London sculptor Captain Adrian bronze. The pedestal was sourced from Murray for Captain Sturt. The statue movement was Register remarks that his staff has worked well during the year, and has yor. Smith’s conclusion was that: 901, pp. 9, 16; 1902, p. 20). Annual ( [Pelzer’s] laying of electric-car tracks, the Squares would have to be 1905, pp. 53, 56; 1906, p. 62; 61). 1905, pp. 53, ) hedges were planted “so as to form rubbish receptacles” in each of the ssp?) were relocated to the Square the following year, and in 1906 Kaffir Report

1899-1900, pp. 106-107; 1 Phoenix Annual Report

Dovyalis caffra … I can honestly bear out his been kept fully employed. The staff is now composed “weeding out” process which I undertook some two years about occasionally, a process which has been found whol stagnation. In the City Gardener, Mr Pelzer, I am convinced th takes an abiding interest in his work Annual 1905 to permit light access the flower-beds and to reduce root damage to pathways. A tool- house was also erected in Tarndanyangga/Victoria S Two palms ( Apple ( quadrants ( In November 1906 a statue to honour Captain Charles Sturt was first proposed for Victoria Square by Robert Kyffin Thomas at the Light’ public merit, and the Light’s Memorial Committe Corporation to be kept in trust for a statue formally instigated by Mayor Bruce on 28 Februa was raised. It appears that a sense of duty drove gratitude or generosity. In 1914 the Commi Jones, at a fee offer of £950, to prepare the and preparedBridge granite by GE Morgan at “donation” of £250 towards the statue, but in addition had to cover the cost of shippage and erection (ACC Archives File No 1144/07; 2006, p. 7; Cameron 1997, pp. 68-73; 18; Richardson At the same time the Corporation was dealing wi municipality. Because of the remodelled and the Corporation viewed that the Municipal Tramways Trust (MTT) should contribute to “pay a fair proportion” of the costs ( Interestingly, Mayor Theodore Bruce also stated, perhaps seeking advice from Pelzer, that: closing swing gates. The cost for these works, of 68 chains in Victoria Square, was at £95/17/10. All Squares were fenced by the end ( 1901, p. 44). Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas Smith also accompanied Pelzer “at least once a week” in 1900-1901 inspecting all the gardens and reserves reviewi was quite a commitment of time by Ma Trees ( Several large Pepper regularly replenished. From mid 1900 the tree removal and planting One of Pelzer’s first actions was also to review Squares and Park Lands. In 1900 he propos revised and co-ordinate set of bylaws to enable the policing public. This was first major review of these regulations and provided th Signs advising these new by-laws were erected in 1901Signs advising (

the bounds of practical re, Light and Wellington Suburbs, and if the fences were 1909, p. 58). 1909, p. 58). the Squares would be ruined. Report

Annual and cattle, but also his sympathy with the d Squares was not within Eventually the latter were invited to erect a ndmarsh, Hurtle, Whitmo

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 585 shops throughout the City and the present time on account of the large number persons who kept continued, the lawns inside the further reason that sheep were driven from the North Terrace re. Source: private collection. collection. private Source: re. Squares could not be considered at cows within the City. … politics at the present time, for Markets every week to the butchers’ removed while such sheep-driving 1. The removal of the fences round Victoria, Hi 2. The removal of the fences round above-name ng recycledPatterson by and Pelzer. Source: private collection. 1901. Source: private collection. private collection. Source: 1901. eets. Note the palisade fencing on their granite blocks in the background. Source: private collection. collection. private Source: background. in the blocks granite on their fencing palisade the Note eets. Committee, and discontent by the Angas family. statue on North Terrace (Cameron 1997, pp. 58-59; In April 1913 Alderman Lewis Cohen first proposed the removal of all iron palisading fencing around the Squares and Gardens in municipality requesting Mayor [Sir] Edwin Thomas Smith to consider what options were viable. Mayor Smith replied, noting that the muncipality’s streets were still being used stock routes for sheep aesthetic rationale behind the question, that: ant of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Squa Tarndanyangga/Victoria ant of

Figures

be the pre-palisade fenci be Cupressus Square following her death in her following Square th Franklin and Flinders Str th Franklin and Flinders 1912, pp. 97, 99). ) trees in .1910. Report c

molle tal strap fencing which might which might strap fencing tal var by the Captain Sturt Statue Annual aeria

statue in Tarndanyangga/Victoria in statue rsection of King William Street wi King rsection of ffice tower. Thus, it was first located in the north-east quadr north-east in the located first was it Thus, tower. ffice Schinus ed a statue in the north-western portion of ) to grow up the walls. Potted plants were 1911 at a cost of £23,000. In conjunction ) specimen ( a bequest from the Angas family through Sir location. The mistake roused public debate and d replaced a storm blown-over Cypress ( quinquefolia

mimiosifolia

) and Pepper ( ght statue at the inte statue at the ght surrounded by white painted me surrounded by white 1911, pp. 64, 65). Pelzer extensively pruned and pollarded e erection of a suitable statue Report Jacaranda

macrophylla Parthenocissus

of statues in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square dating Square Tarndanyangga/Victoria statues in of Annual Ficus ) with a Jacaranda ( Far Left: the rear of Hercules in the foreground of the Post O the Post of the foreground in Hercules of the rear Left: Far Left: the statue of John McDouall Stuart McDouall statue of John Left: the Victoria Queen the cloaked that decorations funeral the Right: Four hand-tinted postcards Four hand-tinted Far Right: a c.1910 view of the Colonel Li view of the a c.1910 Far Right: lambertiana Amidst all these advancement thoughts the Corporation forgot about its commitment to the Captain Charles Sturt statue and proposed that Samuel Way be accepted. The Corporation propos Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square but had to retract this recommendation when it had been found that the Sturt statue had been allocated to this prompted a move to expedite th an Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1912, the Moreton Bay Fig ( The “imposing” toilet structure was completed by with this structure, Pelzer planted garden beds on the north and south sides of the building, and planted Virginian Creeper ( also placed, and recycled regularly, in the foyer of toilets using specimens from the Corporation Nursery (

28 May 28 May Annual Annual

Advertiser 1990, pp. 176- et al as a focal point in a pathway, point in a pathway, as a focal ture conifers on the left, the palm the palm the left, ture conifers on re. Source: private collection. private re. Source: ck to prepare the pedestal of granite with onsidering discussions to relocate the statue, as al was agreed to by the Corporation, and on 12 nt Colonel Light statue, located in the middle of ue of Colonel Light in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Figure eets intersection was becoming a problem to rles Moore commissioned architects Garlick & n Town Planning Conference in Adelaide, “in was unveiled by Governor General Sir Ronald they were “a danger to vehicular traffic” ( ACC Archives File No 6958/10; A sprinkler is operating on the middle left and a timber timber and a left on the middle is operating A sprinkler 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 586 1911 depicting the statue of Hercules 1911 depicting c. plants. Note the silver painted bollards marking the edges of the the of edges the marking bollards silver painted the Note plants. d farsightedness of the Founder Adelaide as a pioneer in of the use of iron hoops. Note the ma Note the hoops. use of iron of the proclaims the bylaws of the Squa the the bylaws of proclaims 1919, p. 9). 1920, p. 6). to the rear, and mature deciduous trees to the left. left. the to trees deciduous mature and rear, to the sign hand-lettered white painted pathway and lawn presumably in lieu lawn presumably pathway and Hand-tinted postcard of Victoria Square in Victoria of postcard Hand-tinted perennial garden bedding by surrounded Report Public Works, Owen Smyth, organised mason W Layco 177). One year later, in 1917, the South Australian Institute of Architects sought permission from the Corporation to affix a bronze wreath of the stat Square, in conjunction with the first Australia appreciation of the imagination an Australia of the town planning art.” This propos October 1919 the state governor the wreath (ACC Archive unveiled file No 459/67; a intermediate strip of marble, and the statue Munro-Ferguson (Cameron 1997, pp. 62-67; 1916, p. 9). While statue was being unveiled the adjacent Charles Moore Store was nearing completion. Inspired by the Paris Exhibition of 1878, Cha to undertake the designJackman with William Lucas that was opened on 29 August 1916. The structure was later converted into the Sir Samuel Way Building (Marsden While these statues were being unveiled the exta Street and Franklin/Flinders str King William vehicular traffic. By 1920 the Corporation was c well as the statue of Queen Victoria, because Report

) trees in Annual Annual Report patersonii

ed to cast the bronze ace and the North Terrace trampled upon and ruined. tail the Council in heavy cost for Lagunaria was practically ruined by persons d run into approximately £1,500 at determination, the matter of 1914, p. 19). ttle Day event. In November 1917 the ssp) specimens were planted in at locality was less affected by wandering cows, Markets at Gepp’s Cross, it would be possible to ounds and the Jubilee Exhibition Ground. The Report me the flower beds were

82; 1919, p. 46; 1920, pp. 16, 30). 16, 30). pp. 82; 1919, p. 46; 1920, Square that sought the removal of “iron Alfred Drury was select in the centre of Victoria Square were put there ain replaced with the present tram service. by removing a small portion of the fencing round the ainage of the flower beds and removed a dead the Reserves on North Terr Acacia s constrained to counsel caution in a policy The matter arose again following a deputation with more suitable specimens including several veiled by state Governor Sir Henry Galway and danyangga/Victoria Square departed on 31 May urn and William Horn. The Superintendent of t Explorer born April 28 1793 – died June 16 Annual years of agitation by the Corporation and its until 1916 in various forms as proposals ( onze statue of Charles Cameron Kingston was ar future, it would most certainly en , as within three months the lawn ges of the lawns. The cost woul to visitors.” With this policy 1916, p. 42). 1913, pp. 53-54). Report

22 December 1916, p. 5; ACC Archives File No 1144/07; Cameron 1913, pp. 62, 64; 1914, pp. 80, 1913, pp. 62, 64; 1914, 80, Annual Register Annual Report Report

( ssp) tree presumably from the previous Wa Gardens generally. … designedly about fourteen years ago; prior to that ti North Terrace Gardens between the University Gr experiment proved to be disastrous making short cuts across it, and the Town Clerk had to have the fence replaced. remove the fencing round Victoria Square, because th but if this should be done in the ne least dwarf walls to protect the outer ed Acacia Annual 5. The light palisading fences round the flower beds 6. Last year the Town Clerk made an experiment 7. When the Abbatoirs were open, and the new Stock 3. The same remarks, applied to the fences round 1913, pp. 53-55; 1916, p. 32; 1917, 28). under the supervision of Way, Sir John Cockb under the supervision of Way, Sir John 1920, p. 16). 1920, p. 16). As part of the Wattle Day celebrations 8 Wattle ( Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1913, and tree guards also erected. In the following year Pelzer undertook improvements to the soil and dr wattle ( citizens seeking its removal from the Square ( Finally in 1916 the foundations for Sturt statue were poured and Pelzer removed a tract of lawn to enable the pouring. The life-size bronze statue, with Sturt in an open-necked shirt, included the inscription ‘Captain Charles Stur 1869’. On 21 December 1916 the statue was un JL Lewis MLC ( In addition to the Sturt statue, a life-size br unveiled on 26 May 1916. Honouring ‘The Right Honourable Charles Cameron Kingston Patriot and Statesman’, the pedestal includes a bronze coat of arms inscribed ‘Viribus Scandens’ (In Strength Ascend) quartered by lions. Sir Samuel Way initiated attempts to erect this statue a site. Funds with [Sir] John Langdon Bonython writing to the Corporation in 1910 requesting and donation came from various sources. Sculptor The removal of the rail service marked many 1997, pp. 68-73; In conclusion Mayor Smith recorded that “he was quite in accord … ” with Cohen “from the aesthetic appearance of the Squares … yet he wa which would be costly and might lead to disaster in the Gardens which were such a source of pride to the citizens and delight removal of the palisading did not re-surface Report by various traders around Tarndanyangga/Victoria and the “tall trees” in Square favour of flower beds shrubs ( railings” Corporation determined to remove all the Norfolk Island Hibiscus ( the Square, because they “were unsuitable for the locality,” but it was not until 1920 that this recommendation was fully completed. During 1919 Pelzer felled “a number of stunted, unsightly trees” in the Square and replaced them The last train from King William Street in Tarn 1914. Thereafter the rails were removed and the tr palms (

as as

. central memorial. It is memorial. It central et al et Architects. Here Bagot Bagot Here Architects. Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square Tarndanyangga/Victoria (1921), p 53. The design is actually dated actually The design is (1921), p 53. prepared by KBR prepared by by the South Australian Institute of Architects (the Architects (the Australian Institute of South by the at analogous to the 1960s remodelling that occurred in remodelling that occurred 1960s the at analogous to with an accent statue, and a statue, accent an with yal Australian Institute of yal Australian Institute closing the central east-west north-south closing the central vehicular and Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 587 year 2000 design proposal gned plan for the remodelling of the plan for gned to the existing Square, existing to the An Introduction to the Study of Town Planning in Australia Town of Study Introduction to the An published in Sulman as a submission discussed by 1918 and is November Ro the Chapter of to the South Australian fore-runner Architect Walter Hervey Bagot’s Architect Walter si Hervey proposes simple modifications proposes simple the Square, the within landscape green the encircles that system tramway a perimeter creating routes, access each Square the to corners triangular green of creation somewh is design proposal this reflect that to interesting to the is very similar the Square and

that Victoria Square was e absence of the Grote- At the entrance to An Introduction to the Study of An Introduction to the Study of Town of Study Introduction to the An town planning text for Australia, it oposed for the edges of Tarndanyangga/Victoria d references. But within these pages are two rcular tram system. al by the Instituteal or Bagot. Bagot’s scheme e designs Sulman interpreted Sulman designs e aide. In discussing efficient traffic circulation aide. In discussing efficient which are largely extant today. In reality, the creation of triangular lawned spaces featuring placing a circular lawn in the middle with ed site for the Queen Victoria statue (Sulman iguration today except th transport to another, Sulman used the example a circular green space within crowned by a war a war by crowned within space green circular a d hinge the entrances to the Square and a circuitous circuitous a and Square the to entrances the d hinge Figure ing anchored the corners on resumed land. A stitute of Architects” but signed by “WH Bagot Victoria Square as published in Square Victoria gle as it is in reality. (1921). Representing a significant (1921), p 53. Here, a dramatic change is pr dramatic Here, a (1921), p 53. to introduce visually strong civic buildings with civic buildings visually strong introduce to

indeed a square and not a rectan and not indeed a square memorial. Thus, architecturally strong buildings woul strong buildings Thus, architecturally memorial. thes In proposing be constructed. tramway system would John Sulman’s plans for the remodelling of John Sulman’s Square Planning in Australia Wakefield Street east-west streets and an identifi 1921, pp. 52-53). During 1921 (Sir) John Sulman published his seminal text called Town Planning in Australia Nov 1918” indicating that it was an earlier propos proposed the shaping of interior Square into an ellipse shaped lawn with central “memorial,” with a circular tram system and the “statuary” in the respective corners of Square Bagot scheme mirrors much of the present conf fascinating set of theoretical diagrams, they were complemented with a scaled diagram of the Square prepared by the “South Australian In extensively canvassed the role, potential and value of town planning in Australia despite primarily using Melbourne and Sydney examples an interesting diagrams and a small reference to Adel each street, a major public build Square, from systems, and the transfer between one mode of of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. Sulman set out two hypothetical designs for the Square, mis-configuring the ‘Square’ into a square shape, central “war memorial” feature surrounded by a ci

onfigured Square 1929 prior to the 1930s the prior to 1929 c. Square. Consider this Square. Consider the quad-partite c the quad-partite oria statues in the middle of King William King of the middle statues in oria s Cohen. Finally Lord Mayor Charles Glover and estimate of cost for the entire remodelling )fountains or centre at the of eachgarden rectangle, quare to a cost of £10,000 which was tabled for quare to a cost of £10,000 which the Square following completion of the Pelzer- completion of Square following the well running through the running through well Figure being undertaken next year” (Bechervaise &

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES pondence between state and local levels of

the palisading had been formally before TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 588 de taken by photographer D Darian Smith in D Darian Smith photographer de taken by 1925, p. 4). Phoenix cananiensis Phoenix ng the dense tree canopy enveloping h Collection, Atkins Technicolor. Collection, Atkins h 1924, p. 17). Report

Report

Annual es, with the location of Light and Queen Vict Light the location of es, with Annual Extract of an aerial photograph of Adelai aerial photograph Extract of an creating four rectangl creating four Street,theof Canary( Island use Palms renovation of Victoria Square indicati renovation of photograph to the following two aerial photographs of two aerial photographs the following to photograph Source: D Darian Smit renovations. and tramlines and car parking encircling the Square as the Square encircling car parking and and tramlines an object lesson of what was possible in a model garden city.” This deputation was not acted upon. By 1924 it was the subject of corres government, again being led by Councillor Sir Lewi acceded and requested Pelzer “prepare a scheme of Victoria Square … with a view to the work Motley 1986, p. 9; By this time the question of future Corporation three times in the past 11 years. Pelzer brought forth a proposal in plan and report to remove the cast iron palisading fencing, the Tramway waiting room and toilet, the Tramway signal cabin, and extensive remodelling of the S further consideration (

var ), Report aeria ) and the

molle Jacaranda var Schinus Annual macrophylla aeria

) trees, which would ) trees that lined 1922, p. 26; 1924, ) trees ( unable to see the business ad reached the end of Ficus Schinus Report

) trees, etc.,” that ), or no removal, and ), or no removal, macrophylla macrophylla

mimiosifolia

) trees but indicated that he had also Annual the Square in 1924 and replaced by Ficus Ficus macrophylla

) but thought otherwise because of their macrophylla ssp), Pepper (

Jacaranda Ficus ally unfit for City Squares.” Pelzer’s desire ey concluded that they h if not remodelling. His concerns were with if not remodelling. His concerns the new trees to be carried out.” Orchard re-passed the original motion for their echervaise & Motley 1986, p. 9). A deputation mimiosifolia indica Pinus On 30 June 1924 a further deputation of On 30 June 1924 a further Ficus

alf.” At the end of 1921 32 cast-iron opening the G.P.O. Corner, were and new larger openings installed. The ssp) trees ( ee. The Curator of Parks & Gardens, A Stanley n of the Squares generally noting that they were February 1920 again raised the matter seeking on following the 1936 Centenary celebrations as ous property owners wrote to the Corporation eet from Victoria Square to Hutt Street. The bollards were removed to provide larger openings ne 1935 by W Menz & Co Ltd suggesting that they ne 1935 by W Menz & Co Ltd suggesting that 1920, p. 16). 1920, p. 16). These works were thereupon approved, but again ) trees in the spaces between the Moreton Bay Figs trees more appropriate than the Jacaranda ( Fraxinus Jacaranda Erythrina g “large, overgrown, unsightly pepper ( Report

Annual mimiosifolia

( ) and Ash ( ), Moreton Bay trees ( ) trees in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square that had “very much procera

Jacaranda patersonii ssp) trees” were felled and grubbed in

patersonii

Ulmus ) and a “complete scheme for planting the whole street” be prepared. The ). In response Orchard expressed his angst with this proposition stating that the Pinus Lagunaria ). Finally in May 1936 the Corporation ). Finally in May Lagunaria shopping portion of the City” premises to the west and south of the Square, and th Many people – particularly visitors – on reaching macrophylla macrophylla

) and pine ( Ficus Ficus 32 cast iron “opening posts” or In 1921 some in the Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square palisading. ratepayers invited the Corporation to remove all the fencing and “that Victoria Square be made Wakefield Street, and entered in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, were “severely pruned thinned out, reducing the crowns by about one-h posts were removed from the Squares’ quadrants condition of these trees was again raised in Ju be removed in favour of a more suitable street tr Orchard, responded to the Corporation by proposing total felling of Moreton Bay Figs ( planting of Jacaranda ( ( enable the proper uniform spacing and planting of concurred with the choice of Jacaranda ( mimiosifolia complete removal and replacement with Jacaranda ( matter was deferred pending a site inspection by Councillors whereupon JA Harper and Arthur C Rymill proposed the retention of Moreton Bay Figs ( “better course would be first to remove the Moreton Bay ( improved” the Square. All remainin During 1920-21 the “large, overgrown” Moreton Bay Fig ( considered planting Indian Coral Trees ( the scope of works involved Wakefield Str matter was prologued for most of 1936 as vari proposing the removal of Moreton Bay Figs ( expressing various options as to suitable pp. 23-25). 39; 1936-37, 1921, pp. 37, In 1922 Pelzer drew an overview of the conditio “well maintained” but still room for improvement the style of design, “large, unsightly Pine ( Lagunaria ( characterised the Squares and which were now “tot scale renovations, pointing the success of mass removal of Norfolk Island was for large Hibiscus ( tendency to “bush in the trunk low down.” reconsidered and rescheduled for implementati molle ( 17 English Elm 37; 1925, pp. 33, 35). The discourse about the removal of the palisade fencing in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square never declined once Alderman Lewis Cohen raised the issue. During 1916 there was some correspondence proposing the acquisition of fencing by state government for use around the southern perimeter of the Botanic Gardens (B by the Central (Market) Traders’ Association in the removal of palisading and that “flower beds shrubs substituted for tall trees in the reserve.”

Annual ( cross the reserves 1990, p. 156. p. 156. 1990, et al et account of the surrounding t it would be futile to ations to the Square and and Square to the ations this photograph to the below the below to this photograph e extant then mature Pink mature Pink then extant e for pedestrians to e gardens, and a number of garden statues and fountains. The lawns oduced in Marsden Marsden in oduced at the end of 1931. Some 40 new trees n in 1933 looking from the Post Office Building Post Office from the n in 1933 looking nts of shrubs at the corners of the forms, iron the corners of shrubs at nts plots would be laid out at the central portions of rble fountain, reaching a height to 3.0m, for central portion of the reserves would consist of lawn tion under these trees, on oceed at this time. As part of these works, ad intersection, the tramway supervision and signal box and signal supervision tramway the ad intersection, ing the reserves and paths through the garden plots ctoria statue. Consider statue. Consider ctoria he City Gardener pointed ou letion of Pelzer’s major renov major of letion Pelzer’s rmal lawned spaces, laid out in various geometric form form geometric in various out laid spaces, lawned rmal Figure rden beds in the patterns, th patterns, in the rden beds ised ornamental terra-cotta or cement borders

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES utilitarian, rather than aesthetic, manner:

TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 589 the preparation of ample facilities ce: MLSA B6296, repr B6296, ce: MLSA flowering beds, etc. with sites for nd, similar to that in North Terrac ) to the far right foreground, the toilet block in the north-west north-west in the block toilet the foreground, right far to the ) gga/Victoria Square take gga/Victoria Square pathways, decorative acce decorative pathways, e circular feature ga e circular acerifolium - populneo

1930, pp. 13-14; Russell 1992, p. 5). 1930, pp. 13-14; Russell Brachychiton attempt to grow lawn grass and other plants to perfec Report The main features of this scheme, was from various directions over well-defined paths. Garden the reserves; spaces under large trees border would be sheeted with red quarry sa seats would be placed in the shade of the trees. T ground being completely matted with tree-roots. The grass, evergreen ornamental shrubs, could be bordered with iron edging or with ra Perspective photograph of Tarndanyan of photograph Perspective hoop enclosures surrounding th hoop enclosures surrounding roof southwards across the Square indicating the comp the indicating Square the across roof southwards fo the Note instituted. he patterns formal the intricate with major pedestrian configurations quadrant, Queen Victoria’sthe statue middle in the ro of Queen Vi the overlooking quadrant south-eastern in the Kurrajong ( Kurrajong 1936 aerial photograph of the Square. Sour Square. the of 1936 aerial photograph Thus, the “principal features would be lawn, ornamental shrubs, shade trees and seats.” The works were undertaken in mid-late 1930 and completed and 160 shrubs were planted as part of these works. As part of works the Corporation also considered a proposal for South Australian ma Pelzer described the preferred scheme in a positioning in the Square, but determined not to pr Pelzer proposed the relocation of statue of Hercules and suggested Pennington Gardens

Annual ), 3 ), 1 ), 4 Kurrajong ssp), and 3 ), 2 Ash procera 1928, pp. 30- ), 2 Ash

Araucaria populneus

ed by noble buildings. I will, however, give you however, I will, Report

Ulmus patersonii Fraxinus

). australasica australasica extend north, and will therefore Annual Brachychiton var var here the citizens gather together in ndly atmosphere. It could become patersonii

Lagunaria ), and 1 “arancaria” ( ssp ?), 2 Ash ( azedarach ssp); ssp); azedarach

), 2 English Elm ( Lagunaria ped. It should be surround procera Pinus

Melia udied the matter in detail. Melia Callitris rians to cross the reserves from various hetic condition of the City and thoughts as to may bring up some points that will be useful to you. ria Square palisade fencing, including granite e centre of each quadrant, with evergreen moval of the extant galvanised fence along ictoria Square. A special subcommittee was ssp), 3 Kurrajong ( invited the retiring state Governor, Sir Tom iversity’s perimeter. The Corporation agreed to rrespondence from the University of Adelaide Ulmus pseudoacacia rtite configuration of the Square;

discussion in the Corporation for total Pinus ), and 1 Pine ( Robinia ria Square (Russell 1992, p. 5; should be removed to give it a frie future heart of the City, which cannot 1928, p. 4). 1928, p. 2 Norfolk Island Hibiscus ( 1 Native Pine ( town, the Place de l’Hotel Ville, w 1 White Cedar ( 1 Pine ( ), 1 White Cedar ( ); 1930, p. 13). 1930, p. 13). 1928, pp. 3-5). Bridges, when considering 1928, pp. 3-5). Bridges, Report

), 1 English Elm ( procera procera mimiosifolia

Report

Report

Annual Ulmus Ulmus ( populneus Annual

Jacaranda Annual ) ( ssp), 1 False Acacia ( ssp), and 1 Norfolk Island Hibiscus ( 1930, pp. 13-14; 1930-31, p. 22). Fraxinus Fraxinus Brachychiton The retention of the existing quad-pa directions over well-defined paths;” garden plots laid out in the centre of each quadrant, with lawned spaces shade trees, and pathways laid in compacted red quarry sand “similar to that in North Terrace gardens;” the placement of a number garden seats the removal of all fencing and palisading; provision of underground wiring for lighting; provision of iron- edged mown grass in th ornamental shrubs, flower beds, etc, with sites for future fountains and statuary ( “the provision of ample facilities for pedest “the provision Report North-eastern quadrant: ( heterophylla ( South-western quadrant: ( English Elm ( English Elm ( South-eastern quadrant: North-western quadrant: Jacaranda ( I am rather diffident about this, because have not st some general ideas of my own, in the hope that they I believe Victoria Square to be the extend towards the south. The Square should be develo The railings around the grass plots what in France one finds in every time of excitement

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, stated: In August 1928 the Corporation considered co seeking the purchase of Tarndanyangga/Victo bases, and its re-erection around part of the Un possible changes ( this proposal in December 1928 requesting the re In late 1928 the Lord Mayor, Sir Wallace Bruce, some observations about the aest Bridges, to draw Victoria Drive and Frome Road, the University removed fencing at its own cost. These deliberations were occurring within a larger 31; 1929, p. 26; 1930, 13). Between January to March 1930 the Corporation considered several schemes documented by Pelzer for the remodelling of Tarndanyangga/V formed, and the Councillors walked Square its quadrants. Pelzer’s Scheme No 1, costed unanimously approved in March 1930 and its key features included: at £2,300, was remodelling of Tarndanyangga/Victo Trees to be removed included:

Report

1933-34, Annual Report

) specimen to the ) specimen Figure Annual

globe, mounted on an macrophylla

Ficus Photograph of the Captain Charles Sturt Charles the Captain Photograph of 1936, as part of in garlands decorated with where celebrations, Centenary the State’s Note Square. in Victoria located presently Moreton top trimmed excessively the mature ( Fig Bay Source: there. not statue, now rear of the Anon 1936, np. [wrote Lord Mayor J Lavington [wrote Lord Mayor J Lavington 1933-34, p. 33; 1938-39, 8). 1933-34,

onsidered activities, events and actions as e prompted by the condition of pathway part of the illumination decorations. Some Report foot traffic. The surface was formed from

of Paragon Senior type the pedestrian traffic wear, and also had been tanic Gardens, Sydney, and Victoria. Orchard with screened Findon pebbles. The pathway with either grey concrete slabs, red or e. Works proposed for Tarndanyangga/Victoria e. Works proposed for Tarndanyangga/Victoria er patterns. Accordingly the Corporation ed concrete slabs at a cost of £1,166 (

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES also proposed for Prince green floodlighting was Annual Following considerable debate the Corporation TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 590 in height. These lamps are most effective and lend character to both 1936-37, p. 9). 1936-37, ght being particularly pleasing Report

1936-37, pp. 7, 9), and they were described as: Annual The units, which are very chaste in design, consist ornamental concrete standard 12 feet these reserves, the effect at ni Bonython]( experience in New South Wales in the Royal Bo passed away suddenly on 15 March 1939 ( From 1933 onwards the Corporation debated and c part of the pending 1936 centenary stat Square included the installation of floodlights through the use pale blue and green lights for the “illuminations of trees”. Pale blue and Henry Garden. In conjunction with the floodlights, coloured lanterns were borrowed from the City of Melbourne Council and used in the trees as eight lights were installed in the Square and 16 Prince Henry Garden ( p. 33; 1935-36, pp. 5-8; As precursor works the Corporation undertook renovation of pathway surfaces in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. These works wer in Prince Henry Garden that carried considerable crushed Nairne ironstone screenings alternated pebbles proved the most reliable and resilient to laid in the pathways in the Square. But despite the favourable wear the path could not handle the traffic volumes against seasonal weath considered options to resurface this 5.4m wide maroon coloured concrete slabs, or slate. approved the adoption of the maroon-colour 1935-36, pp. 34-35).

Report

Annual patterns, the extant then then the extant patterns, by photographer D Darian lzer’s retirement a sequence cents of shrubs at the corners of the corners of shrubs at cents h Collection, Atkins Technicolor. Technicolor. Atkins h Collection, statue. Consider this photograph to this photograph statue. Consider lawned spaces, laid out in various out in various laid spaces, lawned ley Orchard FRHS to replace Pelzer the ature garden beds in the in the ature garden beds that underground wiring be installed at the opted this course of action and by the end Centenary of South Australia celebrations in ia Square taken in c.1933 ia Square taken in ) to the far right foreground, the toilet block in the north- block in the toilet the foreground, right far to the ) the completion of Pelzer’s major renovations to the the to renovations major Pelzer’s of completion the of the road intersection, the tramway supervision and supervision tramway the intersection, road the of Figure the gardens and the Park Lands is evident d experience in England,” with varied work e Corporation commenced a reorganisation of the acerifolium 1931-32, p. 27). Following Pe 1931-32, p. 27). Following - jor pedestrian pathways, decorative ac jor pedestrian pathways, e Square. Source: D Darian Smit Darian D Source: e Square. ns he instituted. Note the formal formal the Note he instituted. ns populneo

surrounding the circular fe the circular surrounding Annual Report ern quadrant overlooking the Queen Victoria overlooking quadrant ern Brachychiton 1935-36, p. 37). Annual Report Square and the intricate formal patter formal intricate and the Square Smith looking south-east across the Square indicating across the south-east Smith looking Aerial perspective photograph of Tarndanyangga/Victor photograph Aerial perspective the above 1936 aerial photograph of th aerial photograph above 1936 the signal box in the south-east signal box in the west quadrant, Queen Victoria’s statue in the middle in the statue Queen Victoria’s quadrant, west geometric form configurations with ma geometric form configurations the forms, hoop iron enclosures Kurrajong ( mature Pink West as a preferred location. The Corporation ad 1930 it was in its new “particularly attractive” location. Pelzer also recognised the maintenance implications of his design proposals and stipulated time of garden development to enable installation of light standards at a later date ( City Gardener’s Branch ( 1930, pp. 13-14, 19). On 29 February 1932 Pelzer retired and th of gardeners and a change commitment to throughout the municipality notwithstanding the 1936 ( On 15 April 1935 the Corporation appointed A Stan re-titled and relegated position as ‘Curator of Parks & Gardens’. Orchard brought to the position “theoretical and practical training an

) acerifolius

Brachychiton d been used to provide air-raid very dark and gloomy. Much 1990, pp. 174. 1990, pp. lume of flow through the Square, extant March to December 1946 necessitating the poration was starting to struggle with traffic poration was starting to struggle with re in 1964. A proposal was tabled to erect a et al in Adelaide’s first post-war skyscraper and ich was not realised. It is likely that many ctoria Square. Photographs of the late 1940s the MLC Building was erected to a modernist the Square. This design proposed current onsidered “converting pavements into lawns st from the RSSILA (SA) [RSL] to plant two royed because of the earthworks during the war re specimens in the Square except lines of pass around the one large central island.” raid shelter holes and to replace top soil. The sociated memorial, was inaugurated by the state Square. Prepared in August 1959, the report major renovation of Tarndanyangga/Victoria honour of fallen comrades planted throughout honour of fallen comrades Smart & McCutcheon, assisted by Lawson

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ent changes. While the aesthetic argument

gs were erected around the perimeter of TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 591 ) trees paralleling the north-south roadway in out on the lawn areas, as these ha in the Square at time. (Russell 1992, p. 5). ergrown and the area had become oxycarpa ) planted in 1938 and Illawarra Flame Trees ( ) planted in 1938 and Illawarra Flame

oxycarpa

Fraxinus Fraxinus The existing trees had become ov shelters during the 1939-45 war restoration work had to be carried in the north-western corner of Tarndanyangga/Vi indicate few mature tree specimens During the 1950s-60s several new buildin Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. During 1955-57 design by Melbourne-based architects Bates Cheesman Doley & Partners in Adelaide, resulting the first use of curtain wall construction (Marsden The first suggestion for a post-World War II Square occurred in 1960 when the Corporation c and gardens, making provision for traffic to Redevelopment proposals again arose for the Squa fountain in the Square to record visit of Queen Elizabeth II 1962 that required a new layout for the Square including road alignm dominated the discussions, it was clear that Cor movement problems that were occurring with the vo tramlines and tram use, and the configuration of road alignment which conceptually enabled better traffic flows but dramatically changed the aesthetic appearance of the Square from that which the Corporation had sought in 1882 (Russell 1992, p. 5). Assisting these deliberations was an internal report by the Corporation’s Works & Highways Department that assessed traffic flows in the devised five spatial scenarios for the Square and thereupon made projections as to traffic volumes and flows arising from these scenarios. During 1938 the Corporation acceded to a reque lines of Desert Ash ( Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. These trees were part of a series war memorial tree plantings undertaken by the RSSILA (SA) in South Australia. This set of plantings, with as Winston J Dugan on 2 July 1938. Governor, Sir During 1945 the Corporation considered and approved remodelling works for Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square: These remodelling works were undertaken between carting of extensive loads loam to fill the air plan of works also proposed a central fountain wh trees and tree root systems were extensively dest years resulting in the need to remove most matu Desert Ash (

g Tarndanyangga/Victoria g Tarndanyangga/Victoria detailed planting beds and lism little used in Adelaide, and that tree or sculpture sculpture or tree that and in Adelaide, used little lism quadrants. Source: University of Adelaide archives. archives. Adelaide of University Source: quadrants. elaide taken in 1936 depictin taken in elaide on of the Square, the very the Square, on of Figure Figure by Pelzer, and the extant mature tree plantings at the time. The patterns patterns The time. the plantings at tree mature extant the and Pelzer, by An extract of an aerial photograph of metropolitan Ad metropolitan of An extract of an aerial photograph Square. Note the established quad-partite configurati quad-partite established the Square. Note formal grass lawn patterns established grass lawn formal in these points as focal positioned clearly were features are interesting as they depict a strong Gardenesque forma Gardenesque strong a depict they as interesting are

ance of buildings and he heart and focus of the oration’s City Engineer & City Engineer oration’s ctoria Square frontage and its he Square an important design laid on top of the top of on design laid ulate appropriate private drants, with their tree tree their with drants, ry to the Corporation’s (Adelaide, City of 1971, p. 2). (Adelaide, City of 1971, p. 33/66, B66[GE], B67/30. 33/66, B66[GE], r of the external appear ting Victoria Square or its immediate environs. a catalyst vitalising the neighbouring areas of South ed as three distinct areas. Traffic was to be liveliness of the Square and the prosperity of the bus services, to make t King William Street was temporarily closed in the Square to stim making Victoria Square t , it was positioned on the central north-south that has being largely driven by utilitarian, without the guidance of an overall plan or rious fragmented sections of the Square into nyangga/Victoria Square were completed in railway was to be incorporated (Adelaide, City ss north-south through the Square enabling a nced in 1965, reversed the Corporation’s 1882 circular garden beds, and the original position of the the position of original beds, and the garden circular depicts the extant present extant present the depicts uare. The four garden qua garden four The uare. 1966 as prepared by the Corp the by 1966 as prepared Minister for Town Planning expressed a concern not have been satisfacto Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES c or authenticity concerns. The Committee, in 1969- upon which re-building of the Vi TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 592 ce: ACC archives, File File ACC archives, ce: uare by making it more attractive, with easier access to its centre. visory Committee with the purpose: The Three Rivers 1882-83, p. 54). Report

To advise on the broad principles immediate environs should proceed, and To investigate and report on the general characte structures erected or proposed to be erected fron To report on any other matters which may be referred to it Annual

• • • To carry out Colonel’s Lights original intention of City, continuously in use. To use the concentration of government employment enterprise activities, so that the Square would become Adelaide. To use the proposed underground railway, with the transport inter-change centre; again encouraging the surrounding areas. To encourage pedestrian use of the Sq

• • • • Left: ‘Plan for the Remodelling of Victoria Square’ in of Victoria the Remodelling ‘Plan for Left: Surveyor dated 10 May 1966. This plan is valuable as it This plan is valuable 10 May 1966. Surveyor dated Sq Tarndanyangga/Victoria of design landscape Pelzer with features accent systems, pathway formal plantings, this plan. Sour documented in also statues are alignment through the Square in northern portion and consists of an aluminium and concrete structure. This road alignment, comme Street should transgre opinion that King William vista to North Adelaide in the north and Hills south (Bechervaise & Motley 1986, p. 13; The road and plaza remodelling works to Tarnda evident that this outcome may 1969, but it is desires and views. At the same time state about the “piecemeal development of the Square Roads and Transport, policy …” In 1968 the federal Minister of Local Government, proposed the appointment of an Ad This Committee was established by Lord Mayor Robert Porter in November 1968. Thus established a continuing debate and community discussion about the internal spatial of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square configuration vehicular, concerns as distinct from aestheti 71, commissioned Professor Denis Winston to prepare designs for the future re-development of the Square. Winston’s proposal drew together va one central area which was proposed to be landscap diverted around the Square and an underground 1992, p. 5). pp. 1-3; Russell of 1971, Winston’s report recommended: These road realignment works were executed when diagonal roads introduced. As part of the re-design road system in in 1965 and the Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square, artist John Dowie was commissioned by the Corporation in a fountain. Entitled 1968 to design

in the way they currently and diagnosis by expert expressing his opinion onal Estate. However, no contained two town acre building (Platten 1986, np). (Platten 1986, np). The News atten observed in 1986 that the ovide both the opportunity for a long overdue must continue to travel integral part of the vibrancy square, of closing the southern vista down northern end of Some associated large scale monumental structure spite of the fact that Highways Department have lar access route. Bowen stated with this ‘The city’s dead centre?’ article seeking to of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square while still me something of a slave to the automobile. after 3 decades of debate gister have since occurred (Russell 1992, p. 6). erall of tree planting, and the addition some that Victoria, Light and Wellington Squares be e Register of the Nati a new Parliament House in this role, but it would a large roundabout surrounded by 2-3 lane r themes that Lord Mayor Jim Jarvis later architect Christopher Degenhardt offered his the city’s five squares. All of squares are proposed re-landscaping through the introduction Harry Bechervaise, transport planner Murray

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES eet traffic route and the ambitious landscape heme but with little success (Milne 1980, np). TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 593 reviewed the planning and design of at the square would pr passing assailants and others. seen, not as ‘place’ but form. It catalyst for redesigning the Square (1981) recommended, following an extensive assessment of the (Bowen 1981, np). (Bowen 1981, 6 November 1981). Architect Newell Pl The News … is a flop. There it sites, unlovely and unlovable consultants, high-minded committees, In the original plan, square was We should not be influenced by people who believe they do. Our City is not for through traffic movement, in continued to delay the change sites, one for the cathedral with the obvious intention King William Street. It is tempting to think of probably be overbearing both in scale and symbolism. perhaps. In any event, a new House significant public building and the City of Adelaide Heritage Study City of Adelaide opinion in 1980 believing that “Adelaide has beco opinion in 1980 It’s evident that the streets have eaten away at flat. Where did the third dimension go?” He of mounding in some the squares, a major ov “participatory sculpture” (Degenhardt in Pearce 1980, np). Senior Corporation planning staff also the debate (Bechervaise & Motley 1986). A Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1986 to inform simila cross-discipline workshop in 1986 raised supported. Participants included North American landscape architect Robert Royston together with architect John Morphett, urban designer Young, and landscape architect Geoff Sanderson. The conclusions of this workshop were that the Corporation “must accept vehicular traffic as an but it should be reduced in scale” (Hirst 1986, np). that an underground tramway should be constructed from South Terrace under the Square and Street, with the Square serving as King William roadway ( Square, North American EDAW president, landscape proposal that: Journalist Chris Milne summarised the situation in provoke action by the Corporation on a sc The built heritage and landscape of the City, registered on the South Australian Heritage Register. At this time only Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square was recognised, having been listed on th registrations on the South Australian Heritage Re 1990s was a period of public debate as to the quality and future The 1980s and Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. Regino Foncueva wrote to the During 1978 Lord Mayor Bowen proposed the ‘Bowen Beautification Plan’. This involved undergrounding of the Grote-Wakefield Str amalgamation of the eastern and western portions enabling a north-south King William Street vehicu City of at its (Urban fountain] ables. The raised seating Square, and covered by a (Winston in Adelaide, City (1974) (or the ‘Red Book’) a tourist enquiry centre, and for the mbers of people but it is more egantly designed pedestrian over framed setting for the fine bronze The Three Rivers [ falls to the pool on south, retain the central the Square should remain open to traffic at viewing of parades and pageants, or for just sitting. a restaurant with outside t dically change the rationale and form of its ugh Adelaide Railway Station. Underground ds of the Square visually and give importance to its the division of this larger space, “a space as acted but did consolidate thoughts as to a a Square, Rundle Street intersection, and at lowered to pass under the steel lighting masts which at night would mark rndanyangga/Victoria Square, retention of the King William Street connecting to the Glenelg City of Adelaide Plan the removal of all through access – King William and north-east quadrants of Hindmarsh Square on submitted a design plan that drew upon and opolitan Adelaide Transportation Study (MATS) he building to the pedestrian area of the Square along the line of King William Street, with a along the line of King William the incorporation of major underground transport through the cut and cover method, of an in Australia Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square (Winston in City of Adelaide 1971, p. 20). Square should be closed, dug up and their area landscaped. The so paved to handle the expected nu one of which might well be used as onting the Square could provide el pment may be implemented in stages ea with the Victoria Fountain provide a peaceful, dignified, and tree y with appropriate buildings. Fig 14.1, pp. 171-172). provisions and general planning strategies. provisions and Plan

. It commissioned George Clarke, through Urban Systems Corporation to 2005, pp. 32, 97; Hemming 22, 59). et al of 1971, p.19). of 1971, To frame the square effectivel To plan the Square so that develo grassed oval at a higher level so as to separate the en centre: in this way it is hoped to on the north and the landscaped rocks from which water statue of Queen Victoria, emphasised by four high dramatically the centre point of the city exhibition of the latest development proposals for the city. The southern end of the Square is al informal, with changing levels, sculpture, a pool, and On the north is a formal paved ar centre; the curve of stepped seating would allow for the Two kiosks have been provided for, The diagonal roads through Victoria east-west road through Victoria Square should be Design Features landscaped and paved deck. Only the four roads around grade. Future major development fr bridges across these roads from the first floor of t Systems Corporation 1974, Policy 65).

• • The MATS plan proposed the construction, underground subway system north-south under stations were proposed at Tarndanyangga/Victori South Terrace (De Leeuw 1962, These recommendations were substantially not en Adelaide Development tramline and the northern suburbs railway line thro future Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square renovation and the treatment of its edges in the In 1971 the Aboriginal flag was first raised (Draper During the mid 1970s Corporation sought to ra Development Plan prepare this documentation, and Urban Systems Corporation also undertook micro level design works, of which the designs for north-west Associated with these recommendations, Winst incorporated the recommendations of Metr that proposed a “rapid transit system running central station under Victoria Square.” Thus, inter-change facility. The design also proposed Road and Grote-Wakefield Streets – through Ta Queen Victoria statue in the present location, and large as the Place de la Concorde,” into three spaces: were implemented (Russell 1992, pp. 5-6). The proposed also a scheme for the renovation of Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square:

,

ngga spp et al ), and a ), Jacaranda pendula

) on the flanks, Callistemon ), japonica

), Illawarra Flame Betula (Chapman 2002, p. occidentalis

for Sophora oxycarpa

sempervirens /Victoria Square by Central

Celtis ). , rock, with the location suffix Ngamatyi Fraxinus Cupressus fountain and Queen Victoria statue in ), group plantings of White Poplar kanya orientalis

ssp and Silver Birch ( streets and give pedestrians greater priority. 2002, p. 22). Key points in the design were: ctoria Square was removed and traffic had to lve the “fractured, broken space” as described mise of the MATS scheme. In essence “an g the present slip lane configurations at the g the water feature to be lit up at night. buses travelling west along Wakefield St. an interactive water features … including Malus ficially adopted by the Corporation on 27 May re – central lawn and plaza (Chapman Platanus brachypetala

ll tree planting, and the creation of two main ) and the Hackberry ( ation however in 2000 proposed and accepted the ation however in 2000 proposed ad (one incorporated into footpath) y & Williams 2003, pp. 263, 268, 272; Draper 3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES ), Japanese Pagoda Tree ( the square with two extra stops. The Three Rivers TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 594 was promoted during the Journey of Healing in 2001, was promoted during the Journey of Healing in 2001, Schotia capense australis

, red kangaroo, and Celtis west access through Tarndanyangga tarnda Tarndanyangga ), specimens of Italian Cypress ( Calodendron ), Hottentot Bean ( , meaning

acerifolius

Tram line extended right around 22). Central paved plaza with an interactive Central lawn area. Special events pavilion. Central ceremonial space with granitic sand surface for cultural performances. Sculptural light pillars to highlight square. Slip lane for traffic and transit zone for Emergency vehicle slip lane. Trees and grass planted in and around square. Traffic lanes reduced from three to two in each direction. Footpaths made up to 10m wide. Continuous raised footpaths to cut across side Two bicycle lanes on each side of ro ‘Bolleana’) with an inner avenue of

• • • • • • • • • • • • • mimosifolia

alba

Tarndanyangga Brachychiton Populus Jacaranda traffic circulation recommendations given the de extended tram line … a paved central plaza with blocking east-west traffic” were proposed to reso by the project manager Andrew Russell (Chapman flow around the edges of Square still retainin Square’s corners, retention of the existing Market traders. Amery (1997, pp. 1, 4; 2002, p. 270) proposed the toponym Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. While the name’s spatial link to the Port Office site is known, its actual meaning is unknown. The Corpor name for the Square. The name and the dual nomenclature of the Square was 2002 (Amery 1997, p. 4; 2003, 177; Amer 2005, p. 96). A review of the trees in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square in 1999 found most an elderly or poorly condition. They consisted primarily of Desert Ash ( Tree ( ‘Gawler’, Cape Chestnut ( ( scatter of Southern Hackberry ( Thus, east-west traffic through Tarndanyangga/Vi their present locations, a major overhaul of elliptical linked spaces in the centre of Squa 2002, p. 22). This design proposal has also not been executed, and drew considerable criticism concern about the cessation of east- ( with some recent plantings of Oriental Planes (

(2002) that had ng buildings fronting ng thematic planting of trees; Square, retaining a transport its epicentre and major of the Queen Victoria statue, the ging prominent and imposi es as focal point gateways to the Square; yor Steve Condous floated it as a possible suitable for civic functions as the focus of the 22 March 1986). lieu a major design in 1987 that included a ere was some disagreements about this design ders to undertake a Master Plan for Victoria ders to undertake a Master Plan for Victoria phitheatre to the north and escalators to the strian and public space areas, retention of the have been authored by Michael Thiele. It by Thiele in 1992. Geoff Nairn Architects roadway leading to a 2,000 space car park, an their width, quality and presence, came at y pattern, a pedestrian accessible mound rising nts and retail premises, open air amphitheatres varied the micro urban design resolution and reconstruction as an underpass. Design practice mous scheme was submitted, that came to be ads, the provision of Grote-Wakefield Street as ty was considering major renovations to the tram d Roach through Greenway Architects proposed, cular entrances, and the strengthening of the d to the Hilton Hotel, retention of statues, gn for the Grote-Wakefield Street route with one solid recreational ground; portions of the open space. Young proposed erection of a tower at ed pedestrian boulevard and stro road around the edge of The Advertiser ( tower to accentuate the suspension bridge design, with Victoria Square Draft Urban Design Master Plan onto the enclosing Square Consolidating Victoria Square into Running a clockwise one-way ring Providing a central public place in the Square Square; and, Defining the edge of Victoria Square by encoura interchange for trams, buses and taxis; Bordering the Square with a canopi Placing sculptures, statues, monuments and arch

• • • • • • shaping of a major piazza roundabout, retention of the fountain, entrance strengthen to Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square and at its vehi individual character and function of the four changes to the vehicular routes, narrowing streets, closing service roads, reducing Grote- Wakefield Streets to 10m wide together with its Hassell, wherein Morphett was a partner, proposed variations to the remnant open spaces increase Square. The project comprised a review of the planning and design of the Square, then the and Master the Square. In October 2002 Lord design vision Plan” for preparation of “an urban Mayor Alfred Huang released the This proposal was not implemented. But clearly th circular traffic feature in the square with the same time that the State Transport Authori south. During August 1999 the Corporation called for ten proposal as both Morphett and Young subsequentially released alternate design proposals. Morphett proposed a major landmark monument in corridor and stop (Brinkworth 1987, np). Still the proposals came. In May 1989 an anony existing road pattern, a suspension bridge desi markets below supported by a 25m restaurants and food places to the north and paving and tram parking to the south. Michael Thiele lodged a proposal in February 1992 that included central observation tower 97m high, removal of all diagonal roads and central axis ro an underground tunnel accessing a three storey, 2,000 space underground car park and bus station, a 1,000 seat underground theatre linke fountains and tramway, the provision of various commercial functions in Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square. Architect Ro in January 1992, retention of the present roadwa over Grote-Wakefield Street alignment with an am been prepared by KBR in conjunction with Taylor Cullity Lethlean, James Hayter & Associates, and Jensen Planning. The design proposal interesting drew upon several of the urban design strategies proposed by the Winston scheme but known as the Condous Concept because Lord Ma featured an underground Grote-Wakefield Street proposed, in March 1990, the recession of all pede The design from this workshop included: scheme before the Corporation but is believed to restaura concert hall, underground underground and spaces but with no central tower as proposed

na culture. Source: na of one large landscaped of one large It is a landscape rich in special places and pean civilisation with Kaur civilisation pean two overlapping oblongs positioned within a larger within overlapping oblongs positioned two unding the green landscape, the introduction of an an of introduction the landscape, green the unding prepared by KBR in association with Taylor Cullity with association KBR in by prepared g landscape of aging and poor quality trees that nning depicting and creation and creation depicting nning Figure

3.0 ADELAIDE PARK LANDS AND SQUARES Square reflective of its strategic importance and uth Australian community, but possessing few uth Australian community, but possessing few TARNDANYANGGA: VICTORIA SQUARE: 595 Chapman 2002. square with a oblong-circular circulation system surro system circulation oblong-circular with a square of feature central the and system, tram oblong-circular Euro nature, of human and melding the oblong mimicking The 2002 Master Plan design for Victoria Square as design Plan The 2002 Master Pla Jensen and & associates Hayter James Lethlean, Currently Tarndanyangga/Victoria Square is an eclectic amalgam of Picturesque and Gardenesque planting styles as established by O’Brien and Pelzer, with a strong 1930s character due to the transformations undertaken by Orchard. Adelaide ands So cultural meanings for the significant trees. What exists is a deterioratin give little spirit and formal character to the symbolism in the design and life of municipality.