Index

1607-1863, 60-62 1860-1874, 80-82 1863-1875, 83-84 1871-1900, 85-86 1910-1992, 92-98 9/11 (September 11, 2001), 75

A Ada, rancher Hugh’s wife, 294 adviser (bakwau), 340-342 Agua Caliente, AZ, 91 Agua Fria River, 37, 38, 42, 43, 67 Ahagaskiaywa (Montezuma Well), 25, 28, 168, 172, 356 Ahaytikutoba (Black Canyon), 43, 196, 215, 216, 275-277, 278- 279, 315, 318, 327, 333 Airborne, 11th, 82nd, 101st, 98 Ajo, AZ, 220, 303 Alarcon, Hernando de, 36, 46 Allyn, Joseph P. (1833-1869) (pen name Putnam), 66, 66-67, 75 Anglo-Americans, 30, 59-62, 83, 90 See also White people animals antelope, 43, 125, 308, 314, 316 beaver, 173, 309-310 buffalo, 113, 228, 311-312, 313

389 Oral History of the Yavapai

burro, 196, 276 cat, wild, 170, 172, 201, 314, 315 cattle, 111, 120, 126, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158- 159, 159-160, 160, 186, 233, 238, 270, 288, 294, 317, 361 chickens, 142, 143 coyote, 130, 170-171, 276, 314, 315, 343 deer, 38, 43-40, 43, 79, 104, 110, 112, 128, 181, 206, 228, 275, 282, 305-307, 308, 310, 311, 312-313, 316-317, 330, 331, 335, 340, 341 dogs, 21, 118, 126, 170 ducks, 309 eagle, 176, 182-184, 186-190, 191-192, 251-252, 255-256, 350 fish, 309 fox, 192, 314 goat, 315 horses, 111-112, 117, 120, 125-126, 127, 128, 129-130, 142, 145, 149-150, 154, 159, 196, 201-202, 215-216, 219, 229, 244, 248, 250, 259, 262, 276, 278, 279, 280, 287, 290, 311, 313, 316, 328, 331, 353, 357, 368 jackrabbit, 171, 255, 275, 309 javelina, 309, 313, 331 packrat, 219-220 quail, 43, 139, 171, 182-183, 309, 310, 316 rabbit, 38, 43, 171, 172, 201, 269, 275, 282, 307, 309, 311, 316, 323, 335, 336, 341, 342, 343 ringtail, 314 sheep, 38, 116, 143, 211, 315 turkey, 142, 143, 151 Ann Porter’s Saddle Shop, 289 Apache Indians, iv, 20, 23, 27, 36, 56, 65, 72, 73, 75, 77, 85, 90, 136-137, 139, 143, 144, 220, 240, 248, 260, 344, 350, 356 Apache, Tonto, 36, 72 Apache, Western, 20 Arizona, 1-4, 28, 35-36, 46, 50, 61, 62, 66-70, 73, 83, 86, 92, 95, 97 Arizona Miner, Prescott newspaper, 68 Arizona State University, ii, 19, 28, 50 Arizona Supreme Court, 95 Arizona Territory (A.T.), 62, 66-70, 77, 79, 124 Ash Fork, AZ, 113, 267 Atasquaselhua (Bloody Basin), 109, 109-111, 116, 232, 325, 333

390 Index

Audubon magazine, 96 Austin, Harry (1895-?), 95 Awila Quiva (Willie Hunt), 140 Axe, Sam (Palkahavo), 151 AZ (abbreviation for Arizona) Aztec Empire, 46

B Bakwaeguo (Skull Valley), 40, 81, 111-113, 114, 116, 257, 271, 273, 280 bakwau (adviser), 340-342 barave (lightning), 30, 182, 201, 202, 203-204, 230, 238, 252, 260 Bartlett Dam, 295 baskets and basketmaking, 79, 109, 117, 131, 133, 139, 151, 189-190, 249, 251, 257, 274, 299, 321, 322, 324, 336 Beaver Creek, 84 Beeline Highway, 122-123, 303 beer, 261 Bible, The, 225 Bill Williams Mountain, 40, 80 Bill Williams River, 40 Black, colored, negro, 140-141, 240, 245-246, 260, 298 Black Canyon (Ahaytikutoba), 43, 196, 215, 216, 275-277, 278- 279, 315, 318, 327, 333 Black Mountains, 81 blackroot (isamaganyach, also isamaganyatch), 112, 169, 182, 183, 188, 191, 193, 205, 209, 223-224, 225, 230, 235, 240, 259 Bloody Basin (Atasquaselhua), 109, 109-111, 116, 232, 325, 333 blue stone, 190, 210, 223, 224, 242 Blyer, Joe, 282 boundaries, Yavapai land, 36-44, 48, 50, 56, 96, 153-155, 160, 164 boundary line, 50, 153-155, 160, 164 Bourke, Capt. John G. (1843-1896), i, 73-74, 75, 86 Bowie, AZ, 91 Braatz, Timothy, 85

391 Oral History of the Yavapai

Bradshaw Mountains, 37-38, 54, 274 British, 60 Brown, Bootha (1898-1973), 246 Buckeye, AZ, 215 Buck’s Bar Ranch, 291, 295 Bumble Bee, AZ, 257 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 66, 85, 86, 95 Burns, Mike (Hoomothya) (1866?-1934), 73, 93, 360 Butler, Carolina Castillo, iv, 19-21, 24, 28, 54

C California, 1, 3, 60-61, 138, 279 California Gold Rush, 60 Camp Date Creek (1864-1874), 82, 83 Camp Mohave (1859-1890), 79 Camp Reno (1867-1870), 67 Camp Toll Gate (also Camp Hualpai) (1869-1873), 80 Camp Verde, 25, 84, 90, 95, 113, 116-117, 119, 143, 145, 161, 168, 220, 268, 280, 323, 352 Camp Verde Reservation, iv, 90, 116-117, 145, 268 Canada, National Museum of, 19 Canyon Lake, 333 Captain Coffee, 93 Carleton, General James H., 68, 77 Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania (1879-1918), 91 Carnegie Hall (New York City), 91 Casa Grande, AZ, 219 cattail, 172, 224, 312 Cave Creek, AZ, 37, 38, 275, 277, 301, 318 caves, 2, 23, 25, 27, 67, 73-76, 82, 103, 104-108, 109, 111, 116, 119, 120, 143, 167, 174, 175, 176-177, 179, 194-195, 198, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209-210, 224, 235, 235-236, 267, 278, 302, 303, 310, 317, 321, 327, 340, 350, 356, 359, 360-361, 362-363, 364, 367 CBS-TV, 96 Central Arizona Project, 96 Chalk Mountain, 233 Chavez, Joe, 246-247 Chemehuevi Indians, 55, 121, 122, 123

392 Index

Cherry Creek Trail, 117 Chicago, Illinois, 72, 92, 95, 365 Chickenneck (Koleonoteh), 340, 359-360 chief (mayora), 46, 65, 77, 104-105, 108, 109, 111, 119, 122, 123, 127, 131-132, 138, 142, 144, 146-158, 160, 169, 171, 213, 218, 271, 281, 304, 327, 340, 342, 344, 356 Choka, Frank, 261 Choka, Richie, 261 Choka, William, 295 Chokasiva (Rim Rock), 143 church, 32, 98, 131, 133, 232, 235, 268 Churkakwoya (Walnut Deep), 126 Civil War (1861-1865), 66 Clarkdale, AZ (Savokalhulva), 90, 113, 145, 161, 220, 228, 284, 295 Cleator, AZ, 258-259, 259 clothing blankets, 46, 111-112, 117, 130, 141, 211, 247, 271, 310, 314- 316, 354 buckskin, 79, 108, 112, 125, 193-194, 211, 229, 253, 268, 312- 314, 316, 319, 323, 325, 331, 332, 337, 348-349, 354, 355, 364 cattail, 312 gloves, 120, 140, 314 jacket, 125, 127, 129, 312, 354 moccasins, 120, 268, 313-314 shirts, 129, 272, 289, 314 shoes, 128, 139, 194, 216, 262, 268-269, 272, 287, 312, 313, 343, 348, 349, 354 strap, 129 vest, 129, 130, 184, 185-186, 314, 348, 349, 354 yucca, 303, 312 Cloud (Sakarakaamche’s father), 182, 201, 203-204, 206, 223, 230, 253, 259-260 Cocopah Indians, 30, 55, 240, 345, 356 Colby, Wallace, 233 Colorado, 2, 91 Colorado River, 3, 35, 40, 46, 54, 55, 61, 96 Colorado River Reservation, 83, 84, 85 Columbus, Christopher (1451-1506), iii, 45, 59, 60 Committee to Save Fort McDowell Reservation, 19 Congress, AZ, 113, 257

393 Oral History of the Yavapai

Congress Junction, AZ, 272 Cooley, D.N., 85 Coolidge, President Calvin (1872-1933), 92 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, 36, 46 Cottonwood, AZ, 113, 161, 184, 220, 228, 255 cremation, 48, 49 Crook, General George (1828-1890), i, 73, 75, 85 cross, 46, 123, 193, 230, 251, 252, 259-260 Crown Dance (Kakaka ima), 46, 229-231, 232, 303 Crown Dancer, 46

D dance, 30, 31, 110, 129, 137, 141, 190, 191, 209, 213, 223, 228- 232, 236, 254, 284, 303, 305, 340, 344, 350, 351, 364-365 Date Creek (Hakaonwa), 25, 40, 82, 115-116, 116, 257 Davis, Lieutenant Britton, 75 Davis, Gilbert, 160 Delgado, Carlos, 51 Dewey, AZ, 127 Dickens, Charlie (1865-1963), 152, 366 Dickens, George, 92, 146, 150, 157-158 Dickson, Walter J. (1900-1972), 139 Don Juan, 138 Dorchester, Roy, 295 Dudley, Levi Edwin (1842-1913), 86 Dunn, John C., 80

E eagle, 176, 182-184, 186-190, 191-192, 251-252, 255-256, 350 eagle feathers, 251-252 East Fork River, 81 Eh-ti-sa, Sam (1866-1960) (also Ichesa, also Etchesaw), 90, 93 eminent domain, 97 England, 98 English, 60 English language, 21, 23, 150, 155, 160, 162, 258, 280, 360, 366

394 Index

Escobar, Francisco de, 48 Espejo, Antonio de, 46 Etchesaw, Sam See Eh-ti-sa, Sam (1866-1960) etchitawa (yellow powder), 210, 223, 224, 225, 230, 236, 246, 264, 364 European, 45 extermination, 65-70, 72

F Farfán de los Godos, Marcos, 46 farming, 43, 114-115, 131, 146-145, 146, 151, 155, 206, 211, 218, 223, 270, 297, 325-328, 357 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 97-98 fence, cattle (1915), 156-159, 163 Feudge, John, 85 field trip, 25, 28, 195, 221 Fish Creek, 41, 43, 234 Flagstaff, AZ (Wimunkua), 2, 28, 50, 90, 322 Florence, AZ, 72, 297, 341 flu epidemic (1918), 52, 228, 256 foods acorns, 39, 43, 212, 214, 267, 304, 308, 318, 322-323 bananas, desert, 249, 321 barley, 327 beans, 38, 44, 131, 146, 154, 215, 217, 226, 228, 303, 318, 325, 326, 327, 328, 335, 348 cactus fruit, 226, 227, 228, 277, 278, 319 corn, 114-115, 132, 151, 155, 171-172, 211, 212, 218, 280, 319, 325-328 jerky, 173, 270 meat, 79, 104, 116-117, 118, 154, 173, 186-187, 216, 261, 270, 309, 310, 312, 317, 322, 331, 349, 362, 368 melons, 270, 297, 327 mescal (agave), 38, 40, 43, 68, 109-110, 211, 221, 319, 323- 324, 340, 342, 348, 349 mesquite, 38, 43, 211, 215, 217, 226, 228, 303, 310, 318, 319, 321, 342, 348 peaches, 212

395 Oral History of the Yavapai

piñon, 43, 212, 214, 267, 304, 318 prickly pear, 38, 40, 43, 226, 321, 348, 349 saguaro fruit, 38, 44, 215, 226, 227, 275, 318-319, 343, 348 salt, 40, 323 seed cake, 79 seeds, 39, 43, 79, 172, 173, 212, 249, 318, 319, 321, 322, 325, 326, 327, 329, 348 squash, 114, 132, 151, 270, 325, 326-327 walnuts, 39, 43, 44, 324 wheat, 146, 327, 328 yucca fruit, 321 Fort McDowell Gaming Center, 97 Fort McDowell military post (1865-1890), 31, 81, 84, 129, 131 Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Reservation (now Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation), 19-20, 27 Fort McDowell Reservation, i, 4, 19-23, 29, 31, 49-50, 52, 54, 72, 73, 76, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 128, 129, 138, 139, 141, 145-146, 150, 156, 160, 165, 228, 233, 249, 264, 268, 275, 277, 278, 285, 287, 291, 295, 303, 327, 328, 329, 340, 343, 352, 359, 360, 362, 365, 366 Fort McDowell tribal council, 20, 24 Fort McDowell tribal seal, 98 Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, iv, 65, 71, 77, 87, 89, 92, 95, 98, 221, 320 Fort Mohave (1859-1890), 61 Fort Verde (1864-1890), 84 Fort Whipple (1863-1913), 66, 68, 77, 80, 83, 90, 116, 248, 330 Fort Yuma (1849-1885), 61 Fossil Creek (Vialnyucha), 3, 54, 198, 199, 232, 304, 325, 347, 348 Fountain Hills, AZ, 162 Four Peaks (Wigidjassa), 3, 31, 67, 72, 74, 82, 106, 113, 128, 130, 131, 143, 167, 229, 233, 233-235, 237, 260, 268, 303, 305, 319, 325, 332, 336, 337, 346 Francisco (Wadarudjima), 361-363 Friends of the American Indians, 92

G Gadsden Purchase (1854), 1, 61 Gallup, New Mexico, 164

396 Index gambling, 97, 210, 241 games cards, 241, 266, 277, 279, 355 itigoweh, 354 nòhówe (four rocks in dirt), 210, 354 pulling game, 353 todoweh (hoop and stick), 355, 356 Garcés, Francisco, 48 Garland American Indian Ethnohistory series, 95, 369 Gazzam, Warren (1880?-1967), 72, 86, 90-91 Geronimo, 135, 136-142, 143, 338 Gifford, E.W. (1887-1959), 53, 93, 259 Gila Bend, AZ, 38, 218, 220, 303 Gila River, 1, 3, 35, 60, 61 God, 32, 206-207, 225, 228, 258, 268, 317 gold, 45, 60, 61, 104, 143, 272, 273, 332-333 Goldwater, Barry (1909-1998), 96 good White people (haiko hanna), 132 Goodwin, John Noble (1824-1887), 66, 68, 77 Grand Canyon, 2, 3, 68, 210, 212 Grand Junction, Colorado, 91 Grant, President Ulysses S. (1822-1885), 84 Grapevine Spring, 81 Great Bank, 303 Great Britain, 60 Guadalupe, AZ, 246-247

H haiko hanna (good White people), 132 Haikotó, 252, 255, 256-257 Hakaonwa (Date Creek), 25, 40, 82, 115-116, 116, 257 Halkoyama, 351 Haló, 124, 125-126, 127, 214 hamalutha (smallpox), 115, 346 Harrison, Frank (1911-1986), 95 Harrison, Mike (1886-1983), i, 21-31, 52, 54, 59, 65, 71, 77, 80, 97, 102, 112, 125, 159, 236, 253, 259, 261, 269, 271, 274, 277, 279, 307, 341 Harry, Peter (Romsa) (? -1975), 159 Hartford Evening Press, Connecticut newspaper, 66

397 Oral History of the Yavapai

Hassayampa River, 37, 38, 40, 61, 115, 270 Hatsalla, 130 Havasupai Indians, 36, 56, 210, 212 Hayes, Ira (1923-1955), 94 Hayes, Leonard, 154 Heard Museum, 299 Heckle, “Old man”, 276 Hillside, AZ, 257 Homutalva (Sam Jack), 159 Hood, Hiawatha (1912-1991), 52, 95 Hoomothya (Mike Burns) (1866?-1934), 73, 93, 360 Hopi Indians, 168, 209, 229, 244-245, 335 Horseshoe Dam, 233, 309 Horseshoe Ranch, 233 Hot Springs, 327, 347 Howakanuakagewa, 127 Hualapai Indians, 36, 56, 121, 122, 210, 212, 212-215, 267, 364 Hugh (a rancher), 292, 293 Humboldt, AZ, 125, 127 Hunt, Jim, 268, 277, 279, 280 Hunt, Willie (Awila Quiva), 140 hunting, 35, 38, 40, 43, 44, 55, 57, 66, 78, 125, 127, 162, 188, 229, 255, 305-312, 315, 316, 341, 342, 347

I I-17 Yavapai-Apache Nation Visitor Complex, 90 Ichesa, Sam See Eh-ti-sa, Sam (1866-1960) Ichiquama (John Urki), 228, 236, 240, 241 Inca Empire, 46 Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 92 Indian Claims Commission, iii, 5-7, 36, 48, 71, 80, 93, 94, 96, 369 Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946, 94 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, 97 isamaganyach (blackroot, also isamaganyatch), 112, 169, 182, 183, 188, 191, 193, 205, 209, 223-224, 225, 230, 235, 240, 259 Iwo Jima, 94

398 Index

J Jackson, Jack, 270 Jakhwa (John Williams’ mother) (? -1913), 265-267, 279 Jamestown, Virginia, 60 Jerome, AZ, 46, 51, 113, 332 Jerome Mountain, 54, 125, 127, 128, 232, 307, 308, 339 Jesus, 206 Jimulla, Sam (? -1940), 144, 164, 280, 285, 352 Jimulla, Viola Pelhame (Sicatuva) (1878-1966), 141, 144, 248, 280, 286, 295, 352, 355, 368 Johnson, President Lyndon B. (1908-1973), 96 Johnson, Ovea, 146 Jones, John, 232, 239 Jones, Melissa, 32 Jones, Terry, 232 Jones, Tom (Pachesakha), 231, 236, 239, 240, 242, 247, 249, 253, 278, 284, 353, 360 judge, 66-67, 75, 293-295, 297, 317

K Kachina, 229 Kakaka, 229, 230, 232-235, 236-237 Kakaka ima (Crown Dance), 46, 229-231, 232, 303 Kakauwa, 113-114 Kamalapukwia (Sakarakaamche’s grandmother), 176-183, 191-192, 196, 201, 204-205, 209 Kapalwa (Yuma Frank) (? -1913 or 1914), 90, 138, 142, 146- 157, 160, 275, 277, 359 Kathatkullo, 232 Kehedwa (John Williams) (1904-1983), i, 21-32, 45, 50, 54, 60, 65, 71, 77, 79, 80, 87, 97, 102, 125, 195, 265-300 Ketchi, 93 Kewevkepaya (Southeastern Yavapai), 53-54, 72, 89, 110, 112, 122, 133, 145, 146, 168, 213, 216, 230, 307, 331, 339-340, 344, 346-347, 350, 359 Kewevkepaya Hauyam, 345 Khera, Sigrid (1934-1984), i-iv, 19-32, 97, 102, 299 King, David, 98-100

399 Oral History of the Yavapai

Kingman, AZ, 211, 294 Kipilla, 340 Kirkland, AZ, 113, 257, 322, 333, 342 Koahlaka, 127-128 Kohwah (John Williams’ grandmother), 167, 212, 224, 225- 226, 247-249, 254, 266, 267-268, 269, 270, 274, 275-276, 278, 279, 282-284, 301, 303, 312, 315, 318, 322-323, 324, 325, 326-327, 333-337, 339, 340, 343, 345, 350, 351-352, 359, 363, 367-368 Koleonoteh (Chickenneck), 340, 359-360 Kowara, 231 KTVK-TV, Phoenix, 96 Kulasmalgagava, 257

L language, 27, 36, 48, 55-56, 210, 221, 251, 256 See also English language La Paz, Arizona Territory (approx. 1862-1870), 66 Lara, 228 Latimer, Joseph W., 92 Lean, a rancher, 121, 291 Lehi, AZ, 154, 243, 244 lightning (barave), 30, 182, 201, 202, 203-204, 230, 238, 252, 260 Lincoln, President Abraham (1809-1865), 61, 62, 66 Long Mountain (Wikilqua), 236 Lucy (Lucy Jimulla Miller) (1906-1984), 285 Lynx Creek, 61, 127, 248

M Mabel (Mabel Hood Thomas) (1904-1982), 231, 232 Maria, mine owner in Skull Valley, 273 Maricopa Indians, 55, 122, 218 Marikoka (Robert Roy), 144 Marines, United States, 94 marriage, 146, 176, 179, 220, 244-245, 267, 268, 281, 307, 324, 344, 346-351

400 Index

Marshall Pete (Pita), 138, 142, 143-144 Martinez, Chico, 93 Mary Mischa (wife of Yuma Frank), 148, 149-150, 278 Mason, Ole, 366 Matamthi, 112, 214 Mathews, Ben, 95 Mathews, Lem, 95 Mayer, AZ, 67, 93, 161, 231, 232, 256, 257, 271, 273, 277, 279, 284, 303, 341, 353, 355, 360 MAYFLOWER Transit, movers, 98 mayora (chief), 46, 65, 77, 104-105, 108, 109, 111, 119, 122, 123, 127, 131-132, 138, 142, 144, 146-158, 160, 169, 171, 213, 218, 271, 281, 304, 327, 340, 342, 344, 356 Mazatzal Mountains, 36, 43, 56, 81, 82 McDowell Range, 154, 311 McKinley, President William (1843-1901), 91 medicine/musical instruments drum, 253-254, 276 fiddle, 353 flute, 25, 254, 353 pipe, 218, 255 rattle, 25, 253, 254 shell, 40, 231, 254 stick talker (igugwawa), 252 medicine man, 30-31, 75, 93, 105, 112, 119, 129, 169, 171, 203, 209, 212, 224, 234-236, 238-264, 271, 305 medicine woman, 247-249 Mesa, AZ, 150, 151, 154, 297, 329 Mexican-American War (1846-1848), 1, 60 Mexicans, 111, 114, 131-134, 136, 137, 146, 148-149, 153, 228, 233, 240, 246, 272, 273, 280, 281, 297, 298, 357 Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821), 60 Mexico, 1, 46, 60, 61, 133, 164, 361 Middle Verde Reservation, 90 Middle Verde Valley, 3, 28, 31, 46, 51, 54 mìéh (spirits, ghosts), 108, 257 See also spirits Mike, Tom (1900-1990), 130 Miller, Jim, 93 Miller, Lucy Jimulla (1906-1984), 285 Miller, Susie, 93 Mineral Strip (San Carlos), 143

401 Oral History of the Yavapai mines, miners, 46, 66, 81, 260, 261, 272, 323, 333 Mingus Mountain, 43, 174 Mogollon Rim, 2, 36, 43, 118 Mohave C-5 (Ohwalla Siutawa), 144 Mohave Indians, 20, 55, 121-122, 122, 215, 356 Mohawk, AZ, 91 Montezuma, Carlos (Wassaja) (1866?-1923), 72, 76, 92, 106, 161, 316-317, 361, 363, 365 Montezuma Well (Ahagaskiaywa), 25, 28, 168, 172, 356 Moore, Glen, 290-291 Mormons, 192, 276 Morra, 345-346 Mo’ulchacha, 126 Mount McDowell (Red Mountain), 31, 160, 161, 233 Mount Suribachi, 94 Muchos Canyon, 82 Mukhat, Jim, 93, 249-251, 257-259 musical instruments See medicine/musical instruments

N Nantarri, 136 National Archives, 95, 369 Navajo Indians, 36, 168, 211, 315, 325 Needle Rock (Ohyamsikanyova), 303 Neil, William, 256 Nelson, Madeline, 320 Nelson, Mike (1880-1955), 30, 145, 155, 236, 238, 239-240, 243-247, 249, 251, 262-263, 264, 287-288, 289, 351 Nelson, Warren (1906-1982), 262 Nevada, 1, 3, 60 New Mexico, 1, 3, 60 New Mexico Territory, 1, 62 New River, AZ, 39, 126, 216, 301, 343 New World, iii, 45, 59, 98 Nicolson, John, 75 Niza, Marcos de, 1, 36, 46

402 Index

O Oak Creek Canyon, 2, 40, 206, 303, 339 Oatman, Olive, 122 Office of the Secretary, Arizona Territory, 68 Ohwalla Siutawa (Mohave C-5), 144 Ohyamsikanyova (Needle Rock), 303 Ojibway Indians, 19 Okanya (also Oskannya), 269 Oklahoma, 137, 142, 163, 209 Oklahoma Indians, 140, 209 Oklahoma State University, 95 Ole Mason, 366 olla (Spanish: “earthen pot”), 79, 120, 244, 320, 321, 323, 326, 327, 332, 335-336 Oñate, Juan de, 48 O’Neill, William O. “Buckey” (1860-1898), 124-125, 126, 136 Orme Dam, iv, 4, 20, 32, 49, 52, 96

P Pachesakha (Tom Jones), 231, 236, 239, 240, 242, 247, 249, 253, 278, 284, 353, 360 paints, 46, 79, 230, 235, 314, 335 Pakakaya (? -1918), 123, 128-131, 137, 211, 215, 218-220, 228, 311, 323, 337, 340 Pakoteh, 121 Palkahavo (Sam Axe), 151 Palomas, AZ, 91 Palomas Mountains, 37, 38, 40 Palos Blancos, 81 Papago Indians, old name (now Tohono O’odham), 133, 335 Payson, AZ, 323 Peach Springs, AZ, 339 Pearl Harbor, 75 Peeples Valley, AZ, 43, 44, 322 Pelhame, 114, 121, 126, 135, 136-137, 214, 267, 268, 269-270, 272, 273, 283, 285, 306, 307, 308, 313-314, 316, 330, 336, 337, 338, 350, 352

403 Oral History of the Yavapai

Perez de Luxan, Diego, 46 Perrho, W.S. (or W.S. Terrpo), 67 Phoenix, AZ, 4, 19, 73, 81, 90, 95, 96, 99, 155, 276, 295, 296, 299, 329, 366, 367 Pilgrims, 60, 98 Pilles, Peter J. Jr., 221 Pima Indians, 55, 92, 94, 121, 122, 129, 196, 210, 215-220, 240, 243-244, 303, 318, 335, 337, 356 Pinal Mountains, 36, 43, 54, 56 Pine Mountain, 43 Pinole Treaty, 67 Pita (Marshall Pete), 138, 142, 143-144 planting See farming Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts, 60 Pony Express, 277 Poston, Charles D. (1825-1902), 66, 68 pottery, 253, 318, 320, 321, 332, 333-336, 346, 363 prayer, 28, 30, 108, 112, 119, 168, 191, 201, 205, 206, 212, 225- 226, 228, 236, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 258, 260, 262-263, 264, 288, 290, 298, 305, 318, 344, 364 Prescott, AZ (Wahagsigiita), iv, 54, 61, 68, 80, 83, 90, 106, 113, 116, 124, 127, 138, 141, 145, 154, 159, 161, 164, 165, 229, 232, 247, 249, 268, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284-286, 287, 308, 325, 330, 331, 333, 337, 338, 356, 366 Price, William Edward, 79 Public Law 90-537 (Central Arizona Project and Orme Dam), 96 Pulkarzhuha, 214 Purgashúe, 112 Purgas’icha, 269, 271 Putnam (pen name of Joseph P. Allyn) (1833-1869), 66, 75

Q Quail, Nellie (1882-?), 232 Quechan Indians (previously Yuma Indians), 55, 121, 218, 220, 356 Quinna Harris (Queena Harry), 159, 162, 246, 286

404 Index

R railroad, 61, 149, 356 See also trains Ralphson, Tom, 236 rancherias, 40, 43 ranchers, 66, 80, 316-317 Reagan, President Ronald (1911-2004), 97 Red Creek, 81 Red Mountain (Mount McDowell), 31, 160, 161, 233 Red Rock country, 25, 28, 31, 39, 54 See also Sedona, AZ religion, religious beliefs, 30-31, 223-264 Revolutionary War (1775-1783), 60 Rich Hill, 61 Rim Rock (Chokasiva), 143 Rio Verde Reservation (1871-1875), 84, 85, 86 rituals, 28, 30-32, 223-264 Rock Spring, 301 Romsa (Peter Harry) (? -1975), 159 Roosevelt, President Theodore (1858-1919), 50, 89, 153, 154 Rosie, 352 Roy, Robert (Marikoka), 144

S Sacramento, California, 60 Saddle Mountain, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113, 260, 303 Sakarakaamche, 176-208, 209, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, 235, 239, 240, 241, 251-252, 253, 254, 259, 353 Salmeron, Geronimo Zarate, 48 salt, 304, 323 Salt River, 4, 38, 73, 84, 96, 103, 104, 243, 244, 304, 323, 363 Salt River Canyon, 23, 27, 67, 74, 80, 82, 103, 111, 116, 304, 333 Salt River Reservation, 92, 155-156, 246, 303, 329 Sam Jack (Homutalva), 159

405 Oral History of the Yavapai

San Carlos Reservation, iv, 23, 25, 28, 44, 72, 84, 85, 86-87, 89, 90, 117, 118, 119, 122, 125, 129, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143-144, 145, 153, 164, 220, 232, 236, 237, 247, 249, 265, 266, 274, 317, 318, 319, 327, 335, 338, 340, 344, 351, 354, 355, 359, 365 Santa Maria Mine, 273 Santa Maria River, 40, 82 Savokalhulva (Clarkdale, AZ), 90, 113, 145, 161, 220, 228, 284, 295 school, 21, 91, 99, 164, 226, 244, 268, 270-271, 274, 277, 282, 359, 367 Schroeder, Albert H., 36, 71, 80, 82, 93 Scottsdale, AZ, ii, 20 scouts, 90, 104, 111, 114, 118, 119, 122, 122-124, 135-137, 140, 144, 149, 354 Sedona, AZ (Wipuk), 25, 28, 39, 167, 173, 174, 175, 177, 184, 198, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 221, 226, 235, 236, 254, 307, 317, 330, 339, 340, 356, 363 Seligman, AZ, 113, 212, 213, 267, 339, 356 Sells, Cato, 158, 160 Selmakakayalva, 112 settlers, 51, 65, 66, 67, 81, 83 Seven Springs, 295 Shampura, 93 Shea Boulevard, 123 Shenah, Emma (1917-2011), 28, 221 Sheshaya, 249 Sicatuva (Viola Pelhame Jimulla) (1878-1966), 141, 144, 248, 280, 286, 295, 352, 355, 368 Sieber, Al, 138 Sign, James, 93 Silver Harney (also Silver Hani), 150, 152 Siva, Dr., 311 Skeleton Cave, 25, 27, 73, 82, 107, 365 Skeleton Cave massacre (1872), 28, 73-74, 76, 82 Skull Valley (Bakwaeguo), 40, 81, 111-113, 114, 116, 257, 271, 273, 280 Skull Valley massacre (1866), 81, 111-112 smallpox (hamalutha), 115, 346 Smith, Harry, 285 Smith, John (1906-1999), 233, 262 Smithsonian Institution, iii

406 Index

Snowflake, AZ, 220 soldiers, 66, 73-74, 80, 81, 82, 84, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116-119, 122, 124, 127, 129, 131, 136, 277, 322, 359, 361 Somerton, AZ, 30, 263 songs, singing, ii, iii, 25, 29, 32, 69, 129, 169, 182, 188, 191, 200, 203, 205, 209, 225, 226, 228, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 246, 249, 253, 257, 259, 260, 262, 305, 344 Spain, 1, 45, 60 Spanish explorers, 1, 36, 46-48, 53, 71 spirits (mìéh), 31, 239, 250, 257 Squaw Peak (now Piestewa Peak), 81 Stacy, Jim, 93 Stacy, Johnson, 93 stones blue, 190, 210, 223, 224, 242 white, 174, 196, 210, 223, 224-225, 242 sun, 30, 174, 176, 196-204, 224, 230, 265, 288, 310, 313, 315, 319, 331 Sunflower, AZ, 261 Sunflower Valley, 82 Sunrise Dance, 284 Sunset Point, 274, 275 Supai, AZ, 163 Superior, AZ, 232, 304, 322 Superstition Mountains (Wigidjisawa), 3, 31, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 72, 74, 113, 143, 168, 229, 233, 303, 305 Surrama, Thomas (1865-1939), 157, 281 sweat bath, 163, 199, 243, 246, 250, 287, 346 Swilling, Jack (1830-1878), 80, 81 Sycamore Springs, 82

T Taft, President William Howard (1857-1930), 92 Taksabe, 232 Taktika, 232 TB (tuberculosis), 145, 274, 331 Tehilda, 363 Tempe, AZ, ii, 19, 50

407 Oral History of the Yavapai

Terrpo, W.S. (or W.S. Perrho), 67 Texas, 60, 137, 140, 361 Theinka, Jim, 93 Thomas, Alfred Barnaby, 93 Thomas, Mabel Hood (1904-1982), 231, 232 Tihuan Ranch, 233 The Times of London, England, 19 Tohono O’odham (previously Papago Indians), 133, 335 Tolkepaya (Western Yavapai), 53-54, 56, 90, 112-116, 121, 122, 126, 137, 145, 146, 148, 213, 230, 256-257, 269, 272, 339, 342, 344, 350, 353, 356 trade, 211-212, 276, 325, 332, 337 trains, 150, 153, 154, 366, 367 trappers, 60, 66, 71 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 60 Truman, President Harry S. (1884-1972), 94 Tucson, AZ, 50, 86, 113, 131, 133, 220, 303, 339, 356 tunnel, 184-185, 233-234, 270, 295 Turret Mountain, 82

U Udall, Levi S., 95 United States, 1, 5, 32, 37, 60-62, 65-66, 86, 92, 94, 95, 98 United States Army, i, 27, 51, 56, 61, 65, 71, 73, 78, 80, 83-86, 98, 104, 116, 121, 122, 125, 127, 135-138, 136-137, 149, 250 United States Secretary of the Interior, 32 Uquiquequiva, 363 Urban Indian Relocation Program, 95 Urki, John (Ichiquama), 228, 236, 240, 241 Utah, 1, 60

V Verde River, 3-4, 31, 40, 43, 81, 84, 89, 96, 122, 289, 303, 329 Verde River Valley, 3, 28, 31, 46, 51, 54, 90 Verde to San Carlos removal (1875), 44, 84, 86, 117-119, 125, 135

408 Index

Vialnyucha (Fossil Creek), 3, 54, 198, 199, 232, 304, 325, 347, 348 Voting Rights for Arizona Indians (1948), 95 Vulture Lode, 61

W Wadarudjima (Francisco), 361-363 Wadjemodema, 213-214 Wagoner, a storekeeper, 270 Wahagsigiita (Prescott, AZ), iv, 54, 61, 68, 80, 83, 90, 106, 113, 116, 124-125, 127, 138, 141, 145, 154, 159, 161, 164, 165, 229, 232, 247, 249, 268, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 284-286, 287, 308, 325, 330, 331, 333, 337, 338, 356, 366 Walgtonamin, 323 Walnut Creek, 80 Walnut Grove, AZ, 269-271 Walnut Grove Dam, 270 Washington, DC, iv, 85, 89, 95, 121, 147-150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161 Wassaja (Carlos Montezuma) (1866?-1923), 72, 76, 92, 106, 161, 316-317, 361, 363, 365 Wasyumje, 231 watamarva (mud house), 302, 341, 342, 360 Watarammah (or Watarama), 93, 112 Waterman, Bill, 140 Watt, James G., 32 weapons bayonet, 119 bow and arrow, 65, 79, 113, 125, 126, 128, 139, 176, 178, 180- 181, 182, 184, 209, 211, 212, 216, 252, 306, 307-308, 309, 310, 312, 317, 323, 345, 346, 351 club, 77, 79, 124 gun, 116, 117, 118, 128, 138, 276, 307, 360 knife, 123, 124, 178, 181, 231, 276, 330, 331 pistol, 65, 77 rifle, 65, 77, 97, 116, 138, 212 rock, 216, 330 spear, 113, 229, 311 throwing stick, 113, 309

409 Oral History of the Yavapai

Wheaton, Bd. Maj. Gen. F., 79 White House, 91 White, Jim (1903-1978), i, iii, 30-31, 263-264 White people, iii, 23, 27, 28, 51, 56, 60, 65, 75, 77, 80, 83, 84, 103-104, 110-134, 135, 136, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149, 153, 155-157, 158, 160-163, 164, 167, 215, 220, 225, 228, 235, 239, 247, 250, 254, 259, 260-261, 267, 270, 272, 274, 276, 279, 284, 290, 296, 298, 301, 304, 309, 310, 314, 316, 319, 323, 327, 331, 332-333, 340, 341, 361, 363, 367 See also Anglo-Americans Whiteriver, AZ, 304 white stone, 174, 196, 210, 223, 224-225, 242 Wickenburg, AZ, 61, 115, 116, 257, 270 Wigidjassa (Four Peaks), 3, 31, 67, 72, 74, 82, 106, 113, 128, 130, 131, 143, 167, 229, 233, 233-235, 237, 260, 268, 303, 305, 319, 325, 332, 336, 337, 346 Wigidjisawa (Superstition Mountains), 3, 31, 37, 38, 40, 43, 54, 72, 74, 113, 143, 168, 229, 233, 303, 305 Wikilqua (Long Mountain), 236 Wikinya, 323 wikiup (Yavapai stick and branch house), 78, 79, 104, 139, 270, 301, 363 Wild Rye Creek, 81 Williams, John (Kehedwa) (1904-1983), i, 21-32, 45, 50, 54, 60, 65, 71, 77, 79, 80, 87, 97, 102, 125, 195, 265-300 Williams, Kimberley, 87, 320 Williams, Minnie (1920-2001), 217, 221 Wilson, a superintendent, 141 Wipuk (Sedona, AZ), 25, 28, 39, 167, 173, 174, 175, 177, 184, 198, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 221, 226, 235, 236, 254, 307, 317, 330, 339, 340, 356, 363 Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai), 53-54, 89, 110, 112, 122, 144, 167, 212-213, 230, 257, 267, 332, 339, 344, 346, 347, 359 witch, 152, 224, 240-242, 243-244, 247, 266, 279 wood, 85, 111, 113, 151, 152, 156, 164, 179, 180-181, 232, 252, 272, 276, 283, 285, 309, 315, 330, 334, 341, 343, 364 Woolsey, King S. (1832-1879), 67, 68, 80 World War I, 138 World War II, 94

410 Index

Y Yachi, 140, 142 Yaqui Indians, 247 Yarnell Hill, AZ, 322 Yavapai-Apache Nation at Camp Verde, AZ, 90 Yavapai Indians See also Kewevkepaya (Southeastern Yavapai); See also Tolkepaya (Western Yavapai); See also Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai); See also Yavepe (Central Yavapai) ancestral territory, iii, 3, 30-31, 35-44, 46-48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 59 identity, 35-44, 52, 65, 71 Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe, 90 Yavepe (Central Yavapai), 30, 53-54, 89, 110, 112, 122, 213, 230, 339, 344, 346, 353, 360 yellow powder (etchitawa), 210, 223, 224, 225, 230, 236, 246, 264, 364 Yuma, AZ, 2, 3, 113, 115-116, 122, 257, 339, 345, 356, 357 Yuma Charlie, 356-358 Yuma Frank (Kapalwa) (? -1913 or 1914), 90, 138, 142, 146- 157, 160, 275, 277, 359 Yuma Indians, old name (now Quechan Indians), 55, 121, 218, 220, 356 Yuma prison, 341, 356, 358, 359

411