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Prostaglandin and Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

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Prostaglandin and Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency 70 - 26,276 DU, Julie Yi-Fang Tsai, 1937- PROSTAGLANDIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1970 Biochemistry i i University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan ] THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED PROSTAGLANDIN AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY DISSERTATION esented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Julie Yi-Fang Tsai Du, B.S., M.S. # * * * # ❖ The Ohio State University 1970 Approved by c . Adviser"*' Department of Physiological Ohemistj-y PLEASE NOTE: Some pages have indistinct print. Filmed as received. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere appreci­ ation to Dr. Fred A. Kruger for his guidance, patience and encouragement during the course of this study and the preparation of this manuscript. I am indebted to Dr. John Allred for his kind con­ cern and constructive advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Ralph M. Johnson for his guidance and support in the mitochondrial studies. The encouragement and understanding of my parents and my husband are also greatly appreciated. Special thanks are also extended to the members of my research committee for their advice and help and to ell my colleagues for their kindness and cooperation. VITA March 23, 1937 Born— Ching-Tao, China 1959 B. S*, Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei, Taiwan, China 1961-1963 M.S., Department of Chemistry Texas Technological University Lubback, Texas 1965-1966 Research Assistant Institute of Nutrition Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1969-1970 Teaching Assistant Department of Physiological Chemistry Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio , FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Physiological Chemistry Minor Fields: Organic Chemistry Microbiology CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................. ii VITA ......................................... iii TABLES ....................................... vi ILLUSTRATIONS ............................... viii ABBREVIATIONS ............................... ix INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF P R O B L E M ...... 1 CHAPTER I REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................... 4 Essential Fatty Acids ................. 4 Mitochondrial Studies . ............. 7 Prostaglandin ........................ 11 Role of Lipolytic Hormones in Free Fatty Acid Mobilization from AdiposeTissue. 16 PGEn as the Regulator of Fatty Acid Mobilization ........................ IS PGE-^ and Blood Glucose .............. 21 PGEn and Glucose Metabolism ........ 21 Mechanisms of the Action of Different Hor­ mones on the Glucose Utilization • • . • 22 CHAPTER II MITOCHONDRIAL STUDIES . .......... 25 Methods and Materials • ............. 25 D i e t s ........................... 25 Materials....................... 27 Purification of Commercial Linoleic Acid........................... 27 Liver Mitochondrial Preparation and Studies....................... 32 Lipid Extraction and Fatty Acid Compo­ sition of Mitochondrial Phospholipids 34 Administration of Prostaglandin .... 35 Results and Discussion ................. 35 One-week PGE^ Injection.......... 35 Two-week PGEi Injection.......... 37 iv Page _ * Feeding Low Levels of Methyl Linoleate. • 37 Feeding Corn Oil Up to Five Percent by W e i g h t ............................ Ad. CHAPTER III ADIPOSE TISSUE STUDIES .................... 55 Methods and Materials. ............... 55 Materials............. 55 Preparation of Isolated Fat Cells .... 55 Analytical Procedures ................. 57 Results and Discussion ........... 59 Lipogenesis.......................... 59 Lipolysis............................ 79 SUMMARY .......................................... 32 CONCLUSIONS ................................... 36 LITERATURE CITED ................................ 37 V TABLES Table Par:e 1 Diets .............................. 25 2 Fatty Acid Composition of Dietary Oils . 26 3 NADH Oxidation by Liver Mitochondria from Nornal, Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient and PGEj_- Injected Hats ........................ 36 4 Respiratory Control Ratio by Liver Mitochondria from Normal, Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient and PGE^-Injected R a t s ............... 36 5 Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Liver Mitochon­ drial Phospholipids ................... 3& 6 Summary of Two-Week PGE^ Injection Experi­ ment ................... 39 7 Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Liver Mitochon­ drial Phospholipids from PGE^ Injected R a t s ......... 40 6 Respiratory Control Ratio of Liver Mitochon­ dria from Rats Fed Different Levels of Methyl Linoleate or a Normal Diet • . • * 42 9 NAiDH Oxidase "Specific Activity” of Rat Liver Mitochondria fed Low Levels of Pure Methyl Linoleate or a Normal Diet •«••••• 43 10 The Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Liver Mito­ chondrial Phospholipids in Rats fed Low Levels of Methyl Linoleate or Control D i e t s .......................... 46 11 Effect of Feeding Corn Oil or Pure Methyl Esters of Linoleate and Linolenate Upon the Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Liver Mitochondrial Phospholipids ........... 52 vi Table Page 12 Glucose Utilization in Adipocytes from Normal and EFA-Deficient Rats ••••.. 61 13 Effect of Hormones and Diets on the Utili­ zation of Glucose by Isolated Fat Cells From Rats ...................... 63 14 The Utilization of Glucose by Fat Cells from Rats Fed Either a Fat-Free Diet, a 5% Corn Oil Diet or a 5f° Hydrogenated Coconut Oil D i e t ......... • ...................... 69 15 In Vitro Metabolism of Glucose by Fat Cells From Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient and Normal Rats After PGE^ Addition......... 70 16 The Effect of Feeding Different Levels of Corn Oil or Methyl Oleate on the Metabolism of Glucose by Isolated Fat Cells from Rats • 72 17 The Effect of Feeding Pure Methyl Linoleate or Pure Methyl Oleate on the Metabolism of Glucose by Isolated Fat Cells From Rats • 73 IB Effect of Depletion of EFA on the Incorpora­ tion of Glucose-1--1L4c into CO2 or FA of Normal-Fed Adult Ra t s ................... 77 19 Lipolysis by Fat Cells of Normal and EFA Deficient Rats.......................... Bl 20 Effect of PGEn on Epinephrine Stimulated Lipolysis by Adipocytes from Normal and EFA-Deficient Rats • «••••••••• Si vii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Structures of prostaglandins and prostanoic a c i d .................... 14 2* Average body weights of rats fed various levels of dietary pure methyl linoleate for 21 days............................ 45 3. The ratio of 20:3 to 20:4 in liver mitochon­ drial phospholipids from previously fat- depleted rats fed low levels of pure methyl linoleate for 21 days................... 47 4, The response of NADH oxidase 11 specific activity" in rat liver mitochondria to various levels of linoleate fed for 14 d a y s ........... 50 Vlll* * * ABBREVIATIONS ADP adenosine dinucleotide c.p.m. counts per minute C.O. corn oil HCNO hydrogenated coconut oil FA fatty acid EFA essential fatty acid FFA free fatty acid NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide n.s. no significance PGEj^ prostaglandin E^ S.E* standard error of the mean TL total lipids GLC gas liquid chromatography Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid ra.p. melting point b.p. boiling point Omega (u) ) Nomenclature: This nomenclature is one of the methods of naming single or methylene interrupted unsaturated long chain fatty acids. The position of the terminal methyl group is designated carbon number one. Thus, linoleic acid (octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid) 4 will be called 13:2 106. The first number “IS" means the number of carbon atoms, "2 " refers to the number of double bonds, and ”006” shows the position of the double bond, C-AMP 3*»5T-cyclic adenosine monophosphate x INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The discovery that prostaglandins are biosynthesized from essential fatty acids (PGE^ from dihomo- }f -linolenic acid or 20:3 u) 6 and PGE2 from arachidonic acid) has led to the hypothesis that perhaps a part of the actual func­ tion of essential fatty acids is to act as precursors of prostaglandins• BergstrSm and Carlson (1) found a higher basal rate of free fatty acid and glycerol release from adipose tissue in vitro and higher concentrations of free fatty acid in the plasma and of triglycerides in the liver of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficient rats. DePury and Collins (2) also observed plasma free fatty acids ele­ vated above normal. Since prostaglandins have been demonstrated to be potent inhibitors of basal and hor­ monal stimulated lipolysis, these observations suggest that they may be lacking in EFA deficiency. Essential fatty acids are constituents of phospho­ lipids which in turn are important components of cellular end subcellular membranes. These unsaturated fatty acid residues are essential for maintaining the proper struc­ ture of the membrane (3)» 1 A deficiency in EFA results in pronounced changes in fatty acid composition (4), as well as structure (5-9), and function (10, 11) of isolated mitochondria. Altera­ tions in permeability to NADH have been demonstrated in mitochondria from EFA deficient rats (12). In rat adipose tissue, prostaglandin Ex(PGEx), like insulin, is one of the most potent inhibitors of basal and hormonal stimulated lipolysis (13)* also has a weak insulin-like effect on glucose metabolism in this tissue* It stimulates glucose uptake, glucose oxidation, fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis from both glucose and acetate (14-19). Alloxan diabetic rats exhibit an impaired ability to synthesize fatty acids from ^C-glucose in
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