MARKETING DOCUMENTATION

Apple seed oil

Family: Rosaceae Genus: Species: M. Domestica Binomial name: Malus domestica Borkh Common names: tree, apple

BOTANY

Malus domestica Borkh (synonym Pyrus malus) belongs to the Rosaceae family and its common name is apple tree. are one of the most common and widely grown fruits of the temperate zone. There are a great many named varieties with differing flavours ranging from sour to sweet and textures from dry and mealy to crisp and juicy. There is also a wide range in the seasons of ripening with the first fruits being ready in late July whilst other cultivars are not picked until late autumn and will store for 12 months or sometimes more.

This perennial tree grows up to 12 m in height and it has a broad dense crown. The tree top is rounded, with grayish-brown bark and the leaves are deciduous, alternate, acuminate, dark-green above and whitish below, with serrate margins and a stipule at the base. The flowers are hermaphrodite, pale pink, occasionally white, clustered in corymb inflorescences. The fruit (called apple) is fleshy and round, it has 5-9 cm diameter and it contains five carpels each one containing 1-3 seeds.

TRADITIONAL USE

The fruit is astringent and laxative. The fruit is also a source of . Pectin is used as a thickener in jams. The bark, and especially the root bark, is anthelmintic, refrigerant and soporific. An infusion is used in the treatment of intermittent, remittent and bilious fevers. The leaves contain up to 2.4% of an antibacterial substance called 'phloretin'.

Information sourced from various bibliographical information and websites. Biocosmethic is not liable for any medical claims or traditional uses reproduced in this document.

Biocosmethic – 6, rue du grand chêne 78830 Bonnelles – tél. : (+33)1 30 88 49 18 [email protected] – www.biocosmethic.com

Page 1/4

MARKETING DOCUMENTATION

This inhibits the growth of a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The will reduce the acidity of the stomach, it becomes changed into alkaline carbonates and thus corrects sour fermentation. The apple is also an excellent toothpaste, the mechanical action of eating a fruit serving to clean both the teeth and the gums.

Apples are good source of antioxidants. When compared to many other commonly consumed fruits, apples had the second highest level of antioxidant activity (table 1). Apples also ranked the second for total concentration of phenolic compounds, and perhaps more importantly, apples had the highest portion of free phenolics when compared to other fruits.

Table 1: Antioxidant activity of various fruit extracts (mean ± SD, n = 3).

CHEMISTRY

This oil is obtained by cold pressing process from the seeds of “Pyrus Malus”. Apple seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids. It contains over 50% of linoleic acid (omega-6) and more than 25% of oleic acid (omega-9).

Fatty acid Formula Percentage Palmitic acid C16:0 3.0 – 9.0 Stearic acid C18:0 Max. 4.0 Oleic acid (Ω-9) C18:1 26.0 – 36.0 Linoleic acid (Ω-6) C18:2 50.0 – 62.0 Alpha linolenic acid (Ω-3) C18:3 Max. 3.0 Icosanoic acid C20:0 Max. 3.0 Table 2: Apple oil’s Fatty Acids composition

Study showed that apple seed oil also contain sterols (β-sitosterol) as well as tocopherols (alfa- tocopherol). Thanks to its content in vitamin E (alpha, gamma and delta tocopherol), apple seed oil is resistant to oxidation.

Information sourced from various bibliographical information and websites. Biocosmethic is not liable for any medical claims or traditional uses reproduced in this document.

Biocosmethic – 6, rue du grand chêne 78830 Bonnelles – tél. : (+33)1 30 88 49 18 [email protected] – www.biocosmethic.com

Page 2/4

MARKETING DOCUMENTATION

PROPERTIES

Omega-6

Omega-6 belongs to a group of "good" fats called polyunsaturated fatty acids and can actually be beneficial to human health. The most healthful of the omega-6s are those that contain linoleic acid. These convert in the body to gamma linoleic acid (GLA) and ultimately to prostaglandin, hormone like molecules that help regulate inflammation and blood pressure as well as heart, gastrointestinal, and kidney functions. The healing powers of a number of therapeutic oils rich in omega-6s can be attributed to their high concentrations of GLA.

Omega-9

Omega-9 (oleic acid) is a monosaturated fat generally believed to be good for one’s health. Omega-9 is not an 'essential fatty acid' meaning that it can be manufactured by the human body in limited quantities, unlike Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. It is used by the body to fight inflammation, to reduce atherosclerosis (fat deposits on the artery walls), blood sugar balance, and to improve functioning of the immune system.

Cosmetic properties

Oleic acid has been found to improve transportation of PUFAs into the skin as it promotes skin penetration through a mechanism including softening of the horny layer. Polyunsaturated fatty acids or physiological lipids, locally applied, may reach lower skin layers thus enhancing skin properties

The unsaponifiable fraction, mainly composed of tocopherol and phytosterols, supplies the skin with highly nutritious substances. Topic applications of vegetal unsaponifiable fractions on dermal connective tissue, improves skin tonicity and flexibility. Tocopherols (vitamin E) have antioxidant activity which protects the body tissues against the damaging effects caused by free radicals that result from many normal metabolic functions.

Oils, due to their lipophilic nature, are good emollient agents and efficiently prevent water loss through the epidermis thanks to their excellent occlusive properties. In different studies it was determined that the higher the degree of unsaturation of an oil is, the lower its viscosity is and the higher its skin penetration rate.

Linoleic acid plays a significant role in the skin. In dry skin, it strengthens the lipid barrier of epidermis, protects the skin against transpidermal loss of water and normalises the skin metabolism. Different clinical assays showed that the topical application of linoleic acid smoothes skin and considerable reduces TEWL, responsible of skin irritation. A review published in 2001 reinforce this activity and shows the beneficial effect of plant oils rich in omega-6 fatty acids in inflammatory skin disorders.

Therefore, Apple seed oil is recommendable to formulate cosmetic products with moisturizing, emollient and repairing activities, including hair care products. It helps to prevent dehydration and makes it an appropriate ingredient for the formulation of moisturising products. Thanks to its content in vitamin E, it can be used to prevent skin dryness and wrinkles.

Benefits: - Emollient - Moisturizing - Antioxidant - Antiaging

Information sourced from various bibliographical information and websites. Biocosmethic is not liable for any medical claims or traditional uses reproduced in this document.

Biocosmethic – 6, rue du grand chêne 78830 Bonnelles – tél. : (+33)1 30 88 49 18 [email protected] – www.biocosmethic.com

Page 3/4

MARKETING DOCUMENTATION

Cosmetic applications: - Lotions and creams for dry and mature skins - Nourishing balms - Lip care products - Nourishing hair care (shampoo, conditioner…)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Jeanelle Boyer and Rui Hai Liu - Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits

J.C. Badaa, M. León-Camachob, P. Copovia and L. Alonso - Characterization of apple seed oil with Denomination of Origin from Asturias, Spain

Wright S. Essential fatty acids and the skin: Cosmetic application of research. Br J Dermatol, 1991; 125(6): 503-15 (ref. 1212).

Aleksandra Zielinska, Izabela Nowak – Fatty acids in vegetable oils and their importance in cosmetic industry - 2014

Information sourced from various bibliographical information and websites. Biocosmethic is not liable for any medical claims or traditional uses reproduced in this document.

Biocosmethic – 6, rue du grand chêne 78830 Bonnelles – tél. : (+33)1 30 88 49 18 [email protected] – www.biocosmethic.com

Page 4/4