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100 Amazing Facts About the Negro
The USCA4Truth Behind Appeal: '40 Acres 18-4794and a Mule' | African Doc: American 50-1 History Blog Filed: | The African03/23/2020 Americans: Many Pg: Rivers 1 of to 13 Cross This website is no longer actively maintained Some material and features may be unavailable HOME VIDEO HISTORY YOUR STORIES CLASSROOM PARTNER CONTENT ABOUT SHOP CONNECT WITH PROF. GATES! 100 Amazing Facts About the Negro The Truth Behind ’40 Acres and a Mule’ by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. | Originally posted on The Root We’ve all heard the story of the “40 acres and a mule” promise to former slaves. It’s a staple of black history lessons, and it’s the name of Spike Lee’s film company. The promise was the first systematic attempt to provide a form of reparations to newly freed slaves, and it wasNo. astonishingly 18-4794, radical viewedfor its time, 3/04/2020 proto-socialist in its implications. In fact, such a policy would be radical in any country today: the federal government’s massive confiscation of private property — some 400,000 acres — formerly owned by Confederate land owners, and its methodical redistribution to former black slaves. What most of us haven’t heard is that the idea really was generated by black leaders themselves. It is difficult to stress adequately how revolutionary this idea was: As the historian Eric Foner puts it in his book, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863- 1877, “Here in coastal South Carolina and Georgia, the prospect beckoned of a transformation of Southern society more radical even than the end of slavery.” Try -
Special Field Orders No
National Park Service Fort Pulaski U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Pulaski National Monument Resources Resource #1- Enslaved Escape to Union Lines Resource #2- Statistics Resource #3- Slave Auction Resource #4- Introduction to Savannah, Georgia Resource #5- Escaping Slaves Coming into Union Lines Resource #6- The Enslaved Try to Get Information Resource #7- Property of the Enslaved Resource #8- General David Hunter’s Orders Resource #9- The Emancipation Proclamation Resource #10- What do the Newly Free People Want? Resource #11- Slave Quarters Resource #12- Special Field Orders No. 15 Resource #13- Susie King Taylor Resource #14- Memoirs of Susie King Taylor Resource #15- The Battle of Fort Pulaski National Park Service Fort Pulaski U.S. Department of the Interior Fort Pulaski National Monument Resource #1 Enslaved Escape to Union Lines Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a white abolitionist from Massachusetts who commanded a regiment of former slaves from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, recorded in his journal some f the stories of his men’s lives in slavery and their escape to freedom. [Port Royal Island, S.C. February 15, 1863] “...There is a pretty laundress here, a soldier’s wife, Fanny Wright, who had a baby shot in her arms, escap- ing from the main land in a boat. There is a family of Millers, whose mother a grand old woman was here New Year’s Day; she attempted to escape near Savannah but failed and while her husband was receiving 500 lashes, collected 22 of her children and grandchildren and tried again - hid them in a marsh till night, then found a flat boat which had been rejected by the rebels as unseaworthy, put them on board and came forty miles to our lines. -
The Reconstruction Era And
Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they confront in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2015 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. The photograph used in the background of our front cover depicts the African American and Radical Republican members of the South Carolina legislature in the 1870s. South Carolina had the first state legislature with a black majority. This photo was created by opponents of Radical Reconstruction, and intended to scare the white population. See Lesson 8, “Interracial Democracy” for suggestions about how to use this image in the classroom. Photo credit: Library of Congress (1876). ISBN: 978-1-940457-10-9 Acknowledgments Primary writer: Daniel Sigward This publication was made possible by the support of the Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation. Developing this guide was a collaborative effort that required the input and expertise of a variety of people. Many Facing History and Ourselves staff members made invaluable contributions. The guidance of Adam Strom was essential from start to finish. Jeremy Nesoff played a critical role through his partnership with Dan Sigward and, along with Denny Conklin and Jocelyn Stanton, helped to shape the curriculum by providing feedback on numerous drafts. -
Names in Marilynne Robinson's <I>Gilead</I> and <I>Home</I>
names, Vol. 58 No. 3, September, 2010, 139–49 Names in Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead and Home Susan Petit Emeritus, College of San Mateo, California, USA The titles of Marilynne Robinson’s complementary novels Gilead (2004) and Home (2008) and the names of their characters are rich in allusions, many of them to the Bible and American history, making this tale of two Iowa families in 1956 into an exploration of American religion with particular reference to Christianity and civil rights. The books’ titles suggest healing and comfort but also loss and defeat. Who does the naming, what the name is, and how the person who is named accepts or rejects the name reveal the sometimes difficult relationships among these characters. The names also reinforce the books’ endorsement of a humanistic Christianity and a recommitment to racial equality. keywords Bible, American history, slavery, civil rights, American literature Names are an important source of meaning in Marilynne Robinson’s prize-winning novels Gilead (2004) and Home (2008),1 which concern the lives of two families in the fictional town of Gilead, Iowa,2 in the summer of 1956. Gilead is narrated by the Reverend John Ames, at least the third Congregationalist minister of that name in his family, in the form of a letter he hopes his small son will read after he grows up, while in Home events are recounted in free indirect discourse through the eyes of Glory Boughton, the youngest child of Ames’ lifelong friend, Robert Boughton, a retired Presbyterian minister. Both Ames, who turns seventy-seven3 that summer (2004: 233), and Glory, who is thirty-eight, also reflect on the past and its influence on the present. -
ISRAEL: Faith, Friction and firm Foundations
>> This is the January 2015 issue containing the February Bible Study Lessons BETHLEHEM: Not so little town of great challenges 30 baptiststoday.org ISRAEL: Faith, friction and firm foundations SEE ROCK CITIES: Indeed, these stones can talk 5 WHERE WAS JESUS? Historical evidence vs. holy hype 28 NARRATIVES: Voices from both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian divide 34 MODERN ISRAEL: Politics, peoples and prophesies 36 PILGRIMAGE: Images and reflections from Israel and the West Bank 38 FA TH™ BIBLE STUDIES for adults and youth 17 John D. Pierce Executive Editor [email protected] Julie Steele Chief Operations Officer [email protected] Jackie B. Riley Managing Editor [email protected] PILGRIMAGE: Tony W. Cartledge Contributing Editor IMAGES AND [email protected] REFLECTIONS Bruce T. Gourley Online Editor FROM ISRAEL [email protected] AND THE WEST David Cassady Church Resources Editor BANK [email protected] Terri Byrd Contributing Writer Vickie Frayne Art Director 38 Jannie Lister Customer Service Manager [email protected] Kimberly L. Hovis PERSPECTIVES Marketing Associate [email protected] For good or bad: the witnessing dilemma 9 Gifts to Baptists Today Lex Horton John Pierce Nurturing Faith Resources Manager [email protected] Remembering Isaac Backus and the IN HONOR OF Walker Knight, Publisher Emeritus importance of religious liberty 16 BETTIE CHITTY CHAPPELL Jack U. Harwell, Editor Emeritus Leroy Seat From Catherine Chitty DIRECTORS EMERITI Thomas E. Boland IN HONOR OF R. Kirby Godsey IN THE NEWS Mary Etta Sanders CHARLES AND TONI Nearly one-fourth of American families Winnie V. Williams CLEVENGER turn to church food pantries 10 BOARD OF DIRECTORS From Barry and Amanda Howard Donald L. -
1 the Importance of Sundown Towns
1 The Importance of Sundown Towns “Is it true that ‘Anna’stands for ‘Ain’t No Niggers Allowed’?”I asked at the con- venience store in Anna, Illinois, where I had stopped to buy coffee. “Yes,” the clerk replied. “That’s sad, isn’t it,” she added, distancing her- self from the policy. And she went on to assure me, “That all happened a long time ago.” “I understand [racial exclusion] is still going on?” I asked. “Yes,” she replied. “That’s sad.” —conversation with clerk, Anna, Illinois, October 2001 ANNA IS A TOWN of about 7,000 people, including adjoining Jonesboro. The twin towns lie about 35 miles north of Cairo, in southern Illinois. In 1909, in the aftermath of a horrific nearby “spectacle lynching,” Anna and Jonesboro expelled their African Americans. Both cities have been all-white ever since.1 Nearly a century later, “Anna” is still considered by its residents and by citizens of nearby towns to mean “Ain’t No Niggers Allowed,” the acronym the convenience store clerk confirmed in 2001. It is common knowledge that African Americans are not allowed to live in Anna,except for residents of the state mental hospital and transients at its two motels. African Americans who find themselves in Anna and Jonesboro after dark—the majority-black basketball team from Cairo, for example—have sometimes been treated badly by residents of the towns, and by fans and stu- dents of Anna-Jonesboro High School. Towns such as Anna and Jonesboro are often called “sundown towns,” owing to the signs that many of them for- merly sported at their corporate limits—signs that usually said “Nigger,Don’t Let the Sun Go Down on You in __.” Anna-Jonesboro had such signs on Highway 127 as recently as the 1970s. -
47 Free Films Dealing with Racism That Are Just a Click Away (With Links)
47 Free Films Dealing with Racism that Are Just a Click Away (with links) Ida B. Wells : a Passion For Justice [1989] [San Francisco, California, USA] : Kanopy Streaming, 2015. Video — 1 online resource (1 video file, approximately 53 min.) : digital, .flv file, sound Sound: digital. Digital: video file; MPEG-4; Flash. Summary Documents the dramatic life and turbulent times of the pioneering African American journalist, activist, suffragist and anti-lynching crusader of the post-Reconstruction period. Though virtually forgotten today, Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a household name in Black America during much of her lifetime (1863-1931) and was considered the equal of her well-known African American contemporaries such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice documents the dramatic life and turbulent times of the pioneering African American journalist, activist, suffragist and anti-lynching crusader of the post-Reconstruction period. Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison reads selections from Wells' memoirs and other writings in this winner of more than 20 film festival awards. "One had better die fighting against injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap." - Ida B. Wells "Tells of the brave life and works of the 19th century journalist, known among Black reporters as 'the princess of the press, ' who led the nation's first anti-lynching campaign." - New York Times "A powerful account of the life of one of the earliest heroes in the Civil Rights Movement...The historical record of her achievements remains relatively modest. This documentary goes a long way towards rectifying that egregious oversight." - Chicago Sun-Times "A keenly realized profile of Ida B. -
American Pogrom: the East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics
Lumpkins.1-108 6/13/08 4:35 PM Page 1 Introduction ON JULY and , , rampaging white men and women looted and torched black homes and businesses and assaulted African Americans in the small industrial city of East St. Louis, Illinois. The mob, which included police officers and National Guardsmen, wounded or killed many black residents and terrorized others into fleeing the city. The rampagers acted upon a virulent form of racism that made “black skin . a death warrant,” in the words of white newspaper reporter Jack Lait of the St. Louis Repub- lic. According to one African American eyewitness, “When there was a big fire, the rioters . stop[ped] to amuse themselves, and [threw black] children . into the fire.” The riots disrupted interstate commerce and in- dustrial production, prompting Illinois authorities to mobilize additional National Guard units to suppress the mass violence. When the terror ended, white attackers had destroyed property worth three million dollars, razed several neighborhoods, injured hundreds, and forced at least seven thousand black townspeople to seek refuge across the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri. By the official account, nine white men and thirty- nine black men, women, and children lost their lives. Some thought that Introduction p 1 Lumpkins.1-108 6/13/08 4:35 PM Page 2 more white than black people had been killed. And others said that more than nine white people and many more—perhaps up to five hundred— black citizens had perished.1 Scholars generally think of East St. Louis, Illinois, as the site of the first of the major World War I–era urban race riots. -
Learning About White Supremacy: Resources for All Ages
P a g e | 1 of 6 Learning About White Supremacy and How to Talk about It Compiled by Marilyn Saxon-Simurro Learning about White Supremacy and How to Talk About it Resources for All Ages Wondering how to talk with your children, students and/or adult peers about race, racism, and white supremacy? Start here with these resources for children, teens, and adults. Items 1-9 offer resources to help adults communicate with children and teens about race, racism, and white supremacy. They are meant for parents, teachers, and mentors. Items 10-20 include information for adults about the lives of Black people that may not have been known or considered. It is hoped that this list will be used to increase knowledge about, empathy for, and effective allyship with Black people. This list with its many links is not meant for people to read in one sitting. Think of it as a menu from which you can choose one issue at a time. These issues together reveal the definition and subtle perniciousness of systemic racism. 1. Into America with Trymaine Lee Podcast: “Into an American Uprising: Talking to Kids about Racism. June 4, 2020. This 27-minute interview of Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum gives great word-for-word scripts parents, teachers and mentors can use in discussing race. You can listen here https://www.nbcnews.com/podcast/into-america/american- uprising-talking-kids-about-racism-n1225316 or on other podcast platforms such as Stitcher, Spotify, or iTunes. The full transcript is here: https://www.nbcnews.com/podcast/into-america/transcript-talking-kids-about-racism- n1226281. -
From 'Sundown Town'
Goshen, Indiana: From ‘Sundown Town’ in 20th Century to ‘Resolution’ in 21st Century PowerPoint presentation by Dan Shenk at Goshen Art House for Goshen Resilience Guild—October 11, 2018 [Begin PowerPoint video; transcript below by Dan Shenk] Dan Shenk It’s great to be here. And thanks for coming out on this chilly evening. Fall has arrived, after summer just a couple days ago. Lee Roy Berry and I very much appreciate the opportunity to make this joint presentation regarding “sundown towns,” which would be a lamentable legacy of Goshen and thousands of communities across the United States the past 100-plus years—especially the first two-thirds of the 20th century, but still persisting today in some places. Thank you, Phil, for inviting us, and we’re grateful for your creative work with the Resilience Guild. As the program indicates, I’ve titled the PowerPoint presentation “Goshen, Indiana: From ‘Sundown Town’ in 20th Century to ‘Resolution’ in 21st Century.” I put the word “resolution” in quotes, because even though the Goshen City Council took a very significant step 3½ years ago to unanimously pass a resolution acknowledging this aspect of Goshen’s history, we as a community and as individuals are still a work in progress as we seek resolution regarding racial issues. By no means have we arrived. There’s a lot that could be said about sundown towns, so I decided to write out most of my comments in order to focus on the most pertinent. After an interview, Lee Roy and I look forward to questions, discussion and your own stories that you might share with us a bit later. -
California's Former Sundown Towns Face up to Racist Legacies
Humboldt Geographic Volume 2 Article 23 2021 California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Michael Christmas [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/humboldtgeographic Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Spatial Science Commons Recommended Citation Christmas, Michael (2021) "California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies," Humboldt Geographic: Vol. 2 , Article 23. Available at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/humboldtgeographic/vol2/iss1/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Humboldt Geographic by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Christmas: California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Feature Stories California’s Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Michael Christmas any towns in California and the United States their schools. For instance, Glendale, California, was a Mhave a deep history of racism, segregation, and sundown town with an active Ku Klux Klan and a neo- violence. Sundown towns are majority-white places Nazi group from the 1960s into the 1990s. The California that attempt to keep their towns minority-free through Real Estate Association used to boast that Glendale violence, harassment, or discriminatory legislation. was a “100 percent Caucasian Race Community.” “Sundown towns” refers to the practice of town officials Recently, however, the Glendale City Council voted posting notices that minorities could work and travel unanimously in favor of a resolution that not only in their towns during the day, but must leave by sunset. -
Report on Benton, Illinois, As Sundown Town James W. Loewen
Case 3:10-cv-00995-GPM-DGW Document 60-2 Filed 09/12/12 Page 1 of 12 Page ID #447 Report on Benton, Illinois, as Sundown Town James W. Loewen September 9, 2012 re Harry Huddleston v. City of Alton, et al. Qualifications I hold an M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard University, with specialization in race relations. Since graduate school, I have appeared as an expert witness (testifying in court, giving depositions, writing reports, etc.) in fifty to a hundred cases. Many of these were in federal court; many involved civil rights, voting rights, etc. My first two cases, in Wilkinson and Yazoo counties, Mississippi, for the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law back in 1968 and 1969, treated overwhelmingly white juries that sat in judgement of African American defendants. My c.v., which I append, lists and describes most of the cases in which I appeared since then, as well as other aspects of my professional life and qualifications. My website, http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntowns.php, maintained by the Department of African American Studies at the University of Illinois, is the "go-to" website for researchers of sundown towns across the United States. I would also note that last month the American Sociological Association gave me the Cox-Johnson-Frazier Award "for research, teaching, and service in the tradition" of these three distinguished African American sociologists. Also, kindly note that Sundown Towns was named Outstanding Book for 2005 by the Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Tolerance. Background on Sundown Towns Many people do not realize that after 1890, race relations worsened across the United States, not just in the South.