Secondary Sources

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Secondary Sources SECONDARY SOURCES PRINT Anon. n.d. “Kentucky Town Re-Examines Its Racial History.” NPR.Org. Retrieved January 14, 2018 (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7772527). Brown, Karida. Gone Home: Race and Roots Through Appalachia. 2018. Griggs, Kristy Owens. 2002. “The Removal of Blacks from Corbin in 1919: Memory, Perspective, and the Legacy of Racism.” The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 100(3):293– 310. House, Silas. “Memories From the South: Growing Up in a ‘Sundown Town.’” Time. Retrieved August 1, 2018 (http://time.com/5349524/silas-house-essay/). https://www.sceneonradio.org/episode-39-a-racial-cleansing-in-america-seeing-white-part-9/ Jaspin, Elliot. 2007. Buried in the Bitter Waters: The Hidden History of Racial Cleansing in America. New York: Basic Books. (see chapter 9 on Corbin) Jaspin, Elliot. n.d. “Leave or Die: America’s Hidden History of Racial Expulsions.” Austin American- Statesman. Retrieved February 5, 2019 (https://www.statesman.com/news/20161014/leave-or-die-americas-hidden-history-of- racial-expulsions). Kentucky African American Encyclopedia. Corbin Riot. Ky Oral History Commission - https://history.ky.gov/resources/kentucky-oral-history- commission/ Racial Cleansing in America. https://beta.prx.org/stories/18492 & https://exchange.prx.org/pieces/18492/transcripts/18492 Whitaker, Robert. On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation. 2008. Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. 2011. Wright, George C. 1996. Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865--1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule, and “Legal Lynchings.” Baton Rouge: LSU Press. DIGITAL “Elaine Massacre: The bloodiest racial conflict in U.S. history. New York Post. 2018.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jdm1LukEN7w “Why a U.S. city is searching for mass graves.” Vox. 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x- ItsPBTFO0 Henson, Robby. 1990. Trouble Behind. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXKnL3uhIdk How Southern socialites rewrote Civil War history. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOkFXPblLpU. 2017. The real story of the Green Book. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b33PN2NB2Do. 2018. Tulsa's Black Wall Street massacre. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EO3Fxe4mDP4. 2016. When white supremacists overthrew a government. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVQomlXMeek. Why African-Americans left the south in droves — and what's bringing them back. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCdTyl141bA Williams, Marco. Banished: The Ethnic Cleansing Of Blacks in America. 2007. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FayMoKwyoO4 .
Recommended publications
  • Names in Marilynne Robinson's <I>Gilead</I> and <I>Home</I>
    names, Vol. 58 No. 3, September, 2010, 139–49 Names in Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead and Home Susan Petit Emeritus, College of San Mateo, California, USA The titles of Marilynne Robinson’s complementary novels Gilead (2004) and Home (2008) and the names of their characters are rich in allusions, many of them to the Bible and American history, making this tale of two Iowa families in 1956 into an exploration of American religion with particular reference to Christianity and civil rights. The books’ titles suggest healing and comfort but also loss and defeat. Who does the naming, what the name is, and how the person who is named accepts or rejects the name reveal the sometimes difficult relationships among these characters. The names also reinforce the books’ endorsement of a humanistic Christianity and a recommitment to racial equality. keywords Bible, American history, slavery, civil rights, American literature Names are an important source of meaning in Marilynne Robinson’s prize-winning novels Gilead (2004) and Home (2008),1 which concern the lives of two families in the fictional town of Gilead, Iowa,2 in the summer of 1956. Gilead is narrated by the Reverend John Ames, at least the third Congregationalist minister of that name in his family, in the form of a letter he hopes his small son will read after he grows up, while in Home events are recounted in free indirect discourse through the eyes of Glory Boughton, the youngest child of Ames’ lifelong friend, Robert Boughton, a retired Presbyterian minister. Both Ames, who turns seventy-seven3 that summer (2004: 233), and Glory, who is thirty-eight, also reflect on the past and its influence on the present.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Importance of Sundown Towns
    1 The Importance of Sundown Towns “Is it true that ‘Anna’stands for ‘Ain’t No Niggers Allowed’?”I asked at the con- venience store in Anna, Illinois, where I had stopped to buy coffee. “Yes,” the clerk replied. “That’s sad, isn’t it,” she added, distancing her- self from the policy. And she went on to assure me, “That all happened a long time ago.” “I understand [racial exclusion] is still going on?” I asked. “Yes,” she replied. “That’s sad.” —conversation with clerk, Anna, Illinois, October 2001 ANNA IS A TOWN of about 7,000 people, including adjoining Jonesboro. The twin towns lie about 35 miles north of Cairo, in southern Illinois. In 1909, in the aftermath of a horrific nearby “spectacle lynching,” Anna and Jonesboro expelled their African Americans. Both cities have been all-white ever since.1 Nearly a century later, “Anna” is still considered by its residents and by citizens of nearby towns to mean “Ain’t No Niggers Allowed,” the acronym the convenience store clerk confirmed in 2001. It is common knowledge that African Americans are not allowed to live in Anna,except for residents of the state mental hospital and transients at its two motels. African Americans who find themselves in Anna and Jonesboro after dark—the majority-black basketball team from Cairo, for example—have sometimes been treated badly by residents of the towns, and by fans and stu- dents of Anna-Jonesboro High School. Towns such as Anna and Jonesboro are often called “sundown towns,” owing to the signs that many of them for- merly sported at their corporate limits—signs that usually said “Nigger,Don’t Let the Sun Go Down on You in __.” Anna-Jonesboro had such signs on Highway 127 as recently as the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • 47 Free Films Dealing with Racism That Are Just a Click Away (With Links)
    47 Free Films Dealing with Racism that Are Just a Click Away (with links) Ida B. Wells : a Passion For Justice [1989] [San Francisco, California, USA] : Kanopy Streaming, 2015. Video — 1 online resource (1 video file, approximately 53 min.) : digital, .flv file, sound Sound: digital. Digital: video file; MPEG-4; Flash. Summary Documents the dramatic life and turbulent times of the pioneering African American journalist, activist, suffragist and anti-lynching crusader of the post-Reconstruction period. Though virtually forgotten today, Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a household name in Black America during much of her lifetime (1863-1931) and was considered the equal of her well-known African American contemporaries such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice documents the dramatic life and turbulent times of the pioneering African American journalist, activist, suffragist and anti-lynching crusader of the post-Reconstruction period. Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison reads selections from Wells' memoirs and other writings in this winner of more than 20 film festival awards. "One had better die fighting against injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap." - Ida B. Wells "Tells of the brave life and works of the 19th century journalist, known among Black reporters as 'the princess of the press, ' who led the nation's first anti-lynching campaign." - New York Times "A powerful account of the life of one of the earliest heroes in the Civil Rights Movement...The historical record of her achievements remains relatively modest. This documentary goes a long way towards rectifying that egregious oversight." - Chicago Sun-Times "A keenly realized profile of Ida B.
    [Show full text]
  • American Pogrom: the East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics
    Lumpkins.1-108 6/13/08 4:35 PM Page 1 Introduction ON JULY and , , rampaging white men and women looted and torched black homes and businesses and assaulted African Americans in the small industrial city of East St. Louis, Illinois. The mob, which included police officers and National Guardsmen, wounded or killed many black residents and terrorized others into fleeing the city. The rampagers acted upon a virulent form of racism that made “black skin . a death warrant,” in the words of white newspaper reporter Jack Lait of the St. Louis Repub- lic. According to one African American eyewitness, “When there was a big fire, the rioters . stop[ped] to amuse themselves, and [threw black] children . into the fire.” The riots disrupted interstate commerce and in- dustrial production, prompting Illinois authorities to mobilize additional National Guard units to suppress the mass violence. When the terror ended, white attackers had destroyed property worth three million dollars, razed several neighborhoods, injured hundreds, and forced at least seven thousand black townspeople to seek refuge across the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri. By the official account, nine white men and thirty- nine black men, women, and children lost their lives. Some thought that Introduction p 1 Lumpkins.1-108 6/13/08 4:35 PM Page 2 more white than black people had been killed. And others said that more than nine white people and many more—perhaps up to five hundred— black citizens had perished.1 Scholars generally think of East St. Louis, Illinois, as the site of the first of the major World War I–era urban race riots.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning About White Supremacy: Resources for All Ages
    P a g e | 1 of 6 Learning About White Supremacy and How to Talk about It Compiled by Marilyn Saxon-Simurro Learning about White Supremacy and How to Talk About it Resources for All Ages Wondering how to talk with your children, students and/or adult peers about race, racism, and white supremacy? Start here with these resources for children, teens, and adults. Items 1-9 offer resources to help adults communicate with children and teens about race, racism, and white supremacy. They are meant for parents, teachers, and mentors. Items 10-20 include information for adults about the lives of Black people that may not have been known or considered. It is hoped that this list will be used to increase knowledge about, empathy for, and effective allyship with Black people. This list with its many links is not meant for people to read in one sitting. Think of it as a menu from which you can choose one issue at a time. These issues together reveal the definition and subtle perniciousness of systemic racism. 1. Into America with Trymaine Lee Podcast: “Into an American Uprising: Talking to Kids about Racism. June 4, 2020. This 27-minute interview of Dr. Beverly Daniel Tatum gives great word-for-word scripts parents, teachers and mentors can use in discussing race. You can listen here https://www.nbcnews.com/podcast/into-america/american- uprising-talking-kids-about-racism-n1225316 or on other podcast platforms such as Stitcher, Spotify, or iTunes. The full transcript is here: https://www.nbcnews.com/podcast/into-america/transcript-talking-kids-about-racism- n1226281.
    [Show full text]
  • From 'Sundown Town'
    Goshen, Indiana: From ‘Sundown Town’ in 20th Century to ‘Resolution’ in 21st Century PowerPoint presentation by Dan Shenk at Goshen Art House for Goshen Resilience Guild—October 11, 2018 [Begin PowerPoint video; transcript below by Dan Shenk] Dan Shenk It’s great to be here. And thanks for coming out on this chilly evening. Fall has arrived, after summer just a couple days ago. Lee Roy Berry and I very much appreciate the opportunity to make this joint presentation regarding “sundown towns,” which would be a lamentable legacy of Goshen and thousands of communities across the United States the past 100-plus years—especially the first two-thirds of the 20th century, but still persisting today in some places. Thank you, Phil, for inviting us, and we’re grateful for your creative work with the Resilience Guild. As the program indicates, I’ve titled the PowerPoint presentation “Goshen, Indiana: From ‘Sundown Town’ in 20th Century to ‘Resolution’ in 21st Century.” I put the word “resolution” in quotes, because even though the Goshen City Council took a very significant step 3½ years ago to unanimously pass a resolution acknowledging this aspect of Goshen’s history, we as a community and as individuals are still a work in progress as we seek resolution regarding racial issues. By no means have we arrived. There’s a lot that could be said about sundown towns, so I decided to write out most of my comments in order to focus on the most pertinent. After an interview, Lee Roy and I look forward to questions, discussion and your own stories that you might share with us a bit later.
    [Show full text]
  • California's Former Sundown Towns Face up to Racist Legacies
    Humboldt Geographic Volume 2 Article 23 2021 California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Michael Christmas [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/humboldtgeographic Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, and the Spatial Science Commons Recommended Citation Christmas, Michael (2021) "California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies," Humboldt Geographic: Vol. 2 , Article 23. Available at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/humboldtgeographic/vol2/iss1/23 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Humboldt Geographic by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Christmas: California's Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Feature Stories California’s Former Sundown Towns Face Up to Racist Legacies Michael Christmas any towns in California and the United States their schools. For instance, Glendale, California, was a Mhave a deep history of racism, segregation, and sundown town with an active Ku Klux Klan and a neo- violence. Sundown towns are majority-white places Nazi group from the 1960s into the 1990s. The California that attempt to keep their towns minority-free through Real Estate Association used to boast that Glendale violence, harassment, or discriminatory legislation. was a “100 percent Caucasian Race Community.” “Sundown towns” refers to the practice of town officials Recently, however, the Glendale City Council voted posting notices that minorities could work and travel unanimously in favor of a resolution that not only in their towns during the day, but must leave by sunset.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Benton, Illinois, As Sundown Town James W. Loewen
    Case 3:10-cv-00995-GPM-DGW Document 60-2 Filed 09/12/12 Page 1 of 12 Page ID #447 Report on Benton, Illinois, as Sundown Town James W. Loewen September 9, 2012 re Harry Huddleston v. City of Alton, et al. Qualifications I hold an M.A. and Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard University, with specialization in race relations. Since graduate school, I have appeared as an expert witness (testifying in court, giving depositions, writing reports, etc.) in fifty to a hundred cases. Many of these were in federal court; many involved civil rights, voting rights, etc. My first two cases, in Wilkinson and Yazoo counties, Mississippi, for the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law back in 1968 and 1969, treated overwhelmingly white juries that sat in judgement of African American defendants. My c.v., which I append, lists and describes most of the cases in which I appeared since then, as well as other aspects of my professional life and qualifications. My website, http://sundown.afro.illinois.edu/sundowntowns.php, maintained by the Department of African American Studies at the University of Illinois, is the "go-to" website for researchers of sundown towns across the United States. I would also note that last month the American Sociological Association gave me the Cox-Johnson-Frazier Award "for research, teaching, and service in the tradition" of these three distinguished African American sociologists. Also, kindly note that Sundown Towns was named Outstanding Book for 2005 by the Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Tolerance. Background on Sundown Towns Many people do not realize that after 1890, race relations worsened across the United States, not just in the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Legal History in Oklahoma
    ALSO INSIDE: OBA & Diversity Awards • New Members Admitted • JNC Elections Legislative Update • New Member Benefit • Solo & Small Firm Conference Volume 92 — No. 5 — May 2021 Black Legal History in Oklahoma contents May 2021 • Vol. 92 • No. 5 THEME: BLACK LEGAL HISTORY IN OKLAHOMA Editor: Melissa DeLacerda Cover Art: Ada Lois Sipuel Fisher by Mitsuno Reedy from the Oklahoma State Capitol Art Collection, used with permission, courtesy of the Oklahoma Arts Council FEATURES PLUS 6 Blazing the Trail: Oklahoma Pioneer African 36 OBA Awards: Leading is a Choice, American Attorneys Let Us Honor It BY JOHN G. BROWNING BY KARA I. SMITH 12 ‘As Soon As’ Three Simple Words That Crumbled 39 New Member Benefit: OBA Newsstand Graduate School Segregation: ADA LOis SipUEL V. 40 Celebrate Diversity With an Award BOARD OF REGENTS Nomination BY CHERYL BROWN WATTLEY 42 New Lawyers Take Oath in Admissions 18 GUINN V. U.S.: States’ Rights and the 15th Amendment Ceremony BY ANTHONY HENDRicks 44 Legislative Monitoring Committee Report: 24 The Tulsa Race Massacre: Echoes of 1921 Felt a Session Winding Down Century Later BY MILES PRINGLE BY JOHN G. BROWNING 45 Solo & Small Firm Conference 30 Oklahoma’s Embrace of the White Racial Identity BY DANNE L. JOHNSON AND PAMELA JUAREZ 46 Judicial Nominating Commission Elections DEPARTMENTS 4 From the President 50 From the Executive Director 52 Law Practice Tips 58 Ethics & Professional Responsibility 60 Board of Governors Actions 64 Oklahoma Bar Foundation News 68 Young Lawyers Division 73 For Your Information 74 Bench and Bar Briefs 80 In Memoriam 82 Editorial Calendar 88 The Back Page PAGES 36 and 40 – PAGE 42 – OBA & Diversity Awards New Lawyers Take Oath FROM THE PRESIDENT Words, Life of Frederick Douglass Are Inspiring By Mike Mordy HE THEME OF THIS BAR JOURNAL, “BLACK who was known as a “slave breaker,” and I TLegal History,” reminded me of Frederick Douglass, have read he beat Douglass so regularly that who was not an attorney but had all the attributes his wounds did not heal between beatings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Road to Civil Rights Table of Contents
    The Road to Civil Rights Table of Contents Introduction Dred Scott vs. Sandford Underground Railroad Introducing Jim Crow The League of American Wheelmen Marshall “Major” Taylor Plessy v. Ferguson William A. Grant Woodrow Wilson The Black Migration Pullman Porters The International Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters The Davis-Bacon Act Adapting Transportation to Jim Crow The 1941 March on Washington World War II – The Alaska Highway World War II – The Red Ball Express The Family Vacation Journey of Reconciliation President Harry S. Truman and Civil Rights South of Freedom Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Too Tired to Move When Rulings Don’t Count Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Freedom Riders Completing the Freedom Ride A Night of Fear Justice in Jackson Waiting for the ICC The ICC Ruling End of a Transition Year Getting to the March on Washington The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Voting Rights March The Pettus Bridge Across the Bridge The Voting Rights Act of 1965 March Against Fear The Poor People’s Campaign Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Completing the Poor People’s Campaign Bureau of Public Roads – Transition Disadvantaged Business Enterprises Rodney E. Slater – Beyond the Dreams References 1 The Road to Civil Rights By Richard F. Weingroff Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, "Wait." But when . you take a cross country drive and find it necessary to sleep night after night in the uncomfortable corners of your automobile because no motel will accept you . then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.
    [Show full text]
  • From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2016 From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence Hesley R. Keenan Jr. How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/650 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] From Tulsa to Ferguson: Redefining Race Riots and Racialized Violence Hesley R. Keenan Jr. Adviser: Martin Woessner September 1, 2016 The purpose of this thesis is to reclassify many so-called race riots at the turn of the twentieth century as racial cleansings. Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION: FROM RACE RIOTS TO RACIAL CLEANSINGS ...................... 3 II. FEAR OF SMALL NUMBERS ......................................................................................... 26 III. A THREAT MORE IMAGINED THAN REAL ............................................................. 48 IV. STATE OF LYNCHERDOM ............................................................................................ 86 V. HOW MUCH IS THAT FOOTSTOOL WORTH? ....................................................... 108 VI. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 127 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Automobility, Hospitality, African American Tourism, and Mapping Victor H
    Automobility, Hospitality, African American Tourism, and Mapping Victor H. Green’s Negro Motorist Green Book by Richard A. Kennedy June, 2013 Director of Thesis: Dr. Derek H. Alderman Major Department: Geography Victor Green’s travel guide stands as one illustration of tools used by African Americans to survive in the contested and disputed landscape of Jim Crow segregation. The Green Book as a symbol of the civil rights movement further represents the discourses and politics of automobility that both limit and empower resistance. The Green Book is an under-utilized source available to historical geographers for researching the numerous barriers to tourism. Racial discrimination is one that is especially under-analyzed. This research advances the field of digital humanities and historical GIS as well as pushing close the epistemological qualitative-quantitative discord over using geographic information systems to support geo-analytic approaches in human geography. Automobility, Hospitality, African American Tourism, and Mapping Victor H. Green’s Negro Motorist Green Book A Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the Geography Department East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Geography by Richard A. Kennedy June 2013 © Richard A. Kennedy, 2013 Automobility, Hospitality, African American Tourism, and Mapping Victor H. Green’s Negro Motorist Green Book by Richard A. Kennedy APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: _____________________________________________________________ Derek H. Alderman, PhD ADVISOR and COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________ Jennifer F. Brewer, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________ Thomas W. Crawford COMMITTEE MEMBER: _________________________________________________ Holly M. Hapke, PhD CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY: ______________________________________________________ Burrell Montz, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: ___________________________________________________ Paul J.
    [Show full text]