CEN·SUS OF INDIA 1961

VOL. VI PART VI NO. 2

JAMMU, & KASHMIR

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH OF MATTAN (TEHSIL AND DISTRICT ANANTNAG)

FIELD INVESTIGATION AND DRAFT BY H. U. MUG HAL Socio-economic Surveyor

'. EDITOR ABDUL GANI Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations The ViJlage Survey monograph series.of Jammu and K~shmir State have been included in. Vol. VI, Part VI, of the Ceilsus of ladia-:1961. Following is the list of vill~ges surveyed:-

Vol. VI Part VI No. 1 District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag *Village Aishmuqam Vol. VI Part VI No. 2 District Anantnag Tehsil Anantnag Village Mattan .. .. VoL VI Part VI No. S District Anantnag. Tehsil Anantnag Village :Hijbehara Vol. VI Part VI No. 4 District Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Nandpora Vol.. VI Part VI No. S . District Srinagar Tehsil Srinagar Village Hazratbal Vol. VI Part VI No. 6 District Srinagar Tehsil Badgam Village Chrarisharif Vol. VI Part VI No. 7 District Srinagar Tehsil Ganderbal *VilIage Tullamulla Vol. VI Part VI No. B District Baramulla Tehsil Sopore * Mohalla Telian Vol. VI Part VI No. 9 District Baramulla Tehsil Sonawari ... Village Kaniari Vol. VI Part VI No. 10 District Baramulla Tehsil Handwara *Village Zachaldara Vol. VI Part VI No. 11 District Baramulla Tehsil Karnah Village Gumal Vol. VI Part VI No. 12 District Baramulla Tehsil Karnah Village Gundi-Gujran Vol. VI Part VI No. 13 District Ladakh Tehsil Kargil Village Kharboo Vol. VI Part VI No. 14 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village Hanu Vol. VI Part VI No. 15 District Ladakh Tehsil Ladakh Village .Hem is Vol; VI Part VI No. 16 District Lad~kh Tehsil Ladakh Village Kharnik Vol. VI Part VI No. 17 District Doda Tehsil Kishtwar Village Matta Vol. VI Part VI No. 18 District Doda Tehsil Kishtwar *Village Agral Vol. VI Part VI No. 19 District Udhampur Tehsil Udhampur *VilIage' Sudhmhadev Vol. VI Part VI No. 20 District Udhampur Tehsil Reasi *ViJlage Katra Vol. VI Part VI No. 21 District Jammu Tehsil Samba Village Badwani Vol. VI Part VI No. 22 District Udhampur Tehsil Ramnagar Village Khanaid Vol. VI Part VI No. 23 District Kathua 'l'ehsil Bashohli Village Sukral Vol. VI Part VI No. 24 District Kathua Tehsil Kathua Village Chakdrabkhan Vol. VI Part VI No. 25 District Kathua Tehsil Kathua Village Parole Vol. VI Part VI No. 26 District Poonch Tebsil Haveli Village Rajpora-Mandi Vol. VI Part VI No. 27 District Poonch Tehsil Rajouri Village Shahdra Vol. VI Part VI No. 28 District Poonch Tehsil Mendhar Village Ramkund •

'Reports already published. Notional map of Village M A T TAN DISTRICT & TEHSIL ANANTNAG FAKIR PORA

FORESTS t t AKHURA t

t f \• OAK BUtGALOW t POULTRY FARM ~. 0, dANCHAYAT ~WATER RESERVOIR } ' . :;;.... ASHRAM t t I&J .8URNING ) ~ G~T t SHAMAS 1 PORA ~ . C) t. • FORESTSt I f t t I t t .I PAl BUG.

CO NTENTS PilI" FOREWORD i-iii

PREFACE

CHAPTER I-The Village. 1-8 Introducing the village in terms of its most significant characteristics and why it' has been selected; area and population; climate; number of households, resi~ential pattern; transport and communication; important public places; crematorium; monuments; sources of water; welfare and administrative institutions; history of the village.

CHAPTER II-The People and their Material Traits 9-25 A. Ethnic composition and brief note on each group B. House type; foot-wear; ornaments; household goods; foods and drinks; beliefs and practices; marriages common in different sectiqns of people; customs pertaining to deaths; other beliefs.

CHAPTER III-Economy 26-35 Economic resources-land; livestock; factors affecting economic life; im­ provement of communication etc; livelihood classes;· statistical data regar­ ding primary and subsidiary occupations; occupational mobility; agriculture; animal husbandry; fishing and forestry; village industry; commerce; other occupations; indebtedness.

CHAPTER IV -Social and Cultural' Life 36-46 Age and sex; births and deaths; marriages; diseases; education; immigra­ tion and emigration; family structure; liesure and recreation; religious insti­ tutions; village organisation; reform measures

CHAPTER V-Folk Lore: 47-48

CHAPTER VI-'-Conclusion 49

Local weights and meas~res and their equivalents 50 Local kinship terminology 51-52

SCHEDULES:

Village Schedules, Part II 5S~7 ii Pal" Village Census and Occupation Schedule 58-61

Village Leaders Sc~edule 62-63

, Members of M.P, Co-operative Society, 64-65

Cultural Life Schedule 66-67t

TABLES-SET (A) :

Table I, Area, Households and Population ~8 Table II, Population by Age-groups 68-69 Table III, Size and Composition of Households 70-71

Table IV, Households Classified by Religions. Communities, Castes and Sulrcastes , 72

Table V, Age and Marital Status , 73

Table VI, Education . " 74-75 Table VII, Workers and Non-workers by Sex arid Broad Age--groups 76-77 '\ Table VIII, Workers Classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Occupations . 76 --77

Table IX, Workers Classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Industry, Business and, Cultivation blonging to the Household 78-79

Table X, Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-groups 'and Nature of Activity 78-79

Table XI, Households by Number of Rooms and by Number of Persops . Occupying . 80-81

Table XII, Households engaged in Cultivation, Industry or Business belonging to the Household 80-81

Table XIII, Types of Industry run by Households 82

Tal;>le XIV, Types of Business run by Households 82

Table XV, Traditional Industries by number of Households in each 82

Table XVI, Diet 83

. Table XVII, Staple Diet and Food Habits of Communities 83 iii

iTable XVIlf;,Distribution . of Households by 'Occupation, . Income and nliui­ . ber of members 84

Table XIX, Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation . 85~90

Table XX, A-Indebtedness. 91

Table XXI, B-Indebtedness by Causes. 91

Table XXII, Households and Development Activities 92-93

Table XXIII, Agriculture Produce of Cultivation run by the Households and their disposal 94

Table XXIV, General 94

TABLES-SET'(B) : Table I Caste/Tribe or Community and nature of family 95

Table 2 Settlement history of Households 95

Table 3 (A) Religion and Sect. 95

Table 3 (B) Sect and Caste 96-97

Table 3 (C) Association of Deity/Special object of worship by caste/tribe 98-99

Table 4 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act. 100

Table 5 (A) Permissibility of inter-caste marriage 101

Table 5 (B) Desirability of inter-caste marriage 102-105

Table 5 (C) Attitude towards marriage with persons of different commu- nities but of the same Socio-economic Status 106-107

Table 6 (A) Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption. 108

Table 6 (A)-l Inheritance of property as in practice • 108

Table 6 (B) Share of property for different categories of relations-Sons 109

Table 6 (B)-1 Share of property for different categories of relatives- Daughters 109 Table 6 (B)-2 Share of property for different categories of relatives-Wife 110 iv Pages Table 6 (0) Attitude about inheritance of property by daughters eqUally with sons 110

Table 7 Change in ownership of land during one generation 111

:Table 8 Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices 111

Table 9 Livestock statistics including fishery 112"":_113

Table 10 (A)-l Village Industries-Products . 114

Table 10 (A)-2 Village Industries-Disposal of products 114

Table II' (A)' Occupational mobility-Nature of change from father's gene- ration to present generation . 115

Table II (B) Occupational mobility-Nature of Aspiration 116

.Table 12 Trade or Business 117

Table 13 Range of Information lIB

Table 14 Land reforms etc. . 118

Table 15 Share croppers and preparation of the records of righty 118

Table 16 (A) C. D. Blocks-Nature of benefits only in respect of villages covered by N.E.S. Blocks 119

Table 16 (B) National Extention Services Blocks-Nature of benefit (Awareness about the functions of Gram Sewak) 119 Table 17 (A) Information about main functions of Panchayats . 120

Table 17 (B) Opinion about improvement through Panchayats . 120 Table 18 Co-operative Society 121

Table 19 (A) Attitude towards family planning with reference to age of the head of the household . 122

Table 19 (B) Attitude towards family planning with reference to duration of marriage 122 Table 19. (0). Attitude towards family planning with reference to monthly income 123 v P.,

Table 20 (A) Habit of taking sugar as correlated to income 123

Table 20 (B) Habit of taking tea as correlated to income 123

Table 21 Prohibited Foods and Drinks 124'/

Table 22 (A) Material Culture-Possession of furniture 124

Table 22 (B) I Material Culture-Possession of consumer goods 125

Table 22 (B) 2 Material Culture-Consumer's goods acquired in last five years 125

,_ .. Table 22 (C) Material: Culture-Habits 126-127 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

I. Notional Map of Village. Mattan 2. Sketches:- (i) Average dwelling with a separate wooden godown in front (ii) Wooden godown in which paddy etc. is stored. I (iii) Dress 3 (iv) Utensils (v) A bride in ornaments (vi) Agricultural implements 1 (vii) Winnowing I

3. Photographs:- (i) Village View (ii) Residential pattern . 1 (iii) Combing hair while basking in the sun I (iv) Foot-wear. 1 (v) The famous shrine of Hindus in Mattan I (vi) The holy spring of Martanda -the Sun-god 1 (vii) Martanda ruins 3 (viii) The Gurdwara situated within the premises of the holy shrine

4. Graphs:- (i) Workers classified by ,livelihood classes I (ii) Workers and Non-workers classified by sex and broad age groups • I (iii) Production and disposal of Agricultural produce . I (iv) Households by income groups and indebtedness by causes • 1 (v) Population by sex and broad age groups 1 (vi) Marital Status by sex and broad age groups I (vii) Education by sex and broad age groups 1 5. Title Page:- A view of the holy spring of Martanda -The Sun-god

FOREWORD

Apart from laying the foundations of changing and how fast the winds of change demography in this subcontinent, a hundred were blowing and from where. years of the Indian Census has also produced elaborate and scholarly accounts Randomness of selection was, therefore, of the variegated phenomena of Indian eschewed. There was no intention to life-sometimes with no statistics attached, build up a picture fOT the whole State in quantitative terms on the basis of but usually with just enough statistics to give empirical under-pinning to their villages selected statistically at random. conclusions. In a country, largely illiterate, The selection was avowedly purposive: where statistical or numerical comprehen­ the object being as much to find out sion of even such a simple thing as age what was happening and how fast to was liable to be inaccurate, an under­ those villages which had fewer reasons standing of the social structure was to choose change and more to remain essential. It was more necessary to attain lodged in the past as to discover how a broad understanding of what was the more 'normal' types of villages were happening around oneself than to wrap changing. They were to be primarily oneself up in 'statistical ingenuity' or type studies which, by virtue of their 'mathematical manipulation'. This explains number and distribution, would also give why the Indian Census came to be in­ the reader a 'feel' of what was going on terested in 'many by-paths' and 'nearly and some kind of a map of the country. every branch of scholarship, from anthro­ A brief aCLount of the tests of selec­ pology and sociology to geography and tion will help Lo explain. A minimum of religion'. thirty-five villages was to be chosen with In the last few decades the Census great care to represent adequately geogra­ has increasingly turned its efforts to the phical, occupational and even ethnic presentation of village statistics. This suits diversity. Of this minimum of thirty-five, the temper of the times as well as our the distribution was to be as follows:- political and economic structure. For even (a) At least eight villages were to be as we have a great deal of centralization so selected that each of them on the one hand and decentralization on would contain one dominant com­ the other, my colleagues thought it would munity with one predominating be a welcome continuation of the Census occupation, e. g. fishermen, forest tradition to try to invest the dry bones workers, jhum cultivators, potters, of village statistics with flesh-and-blood weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers accounts of social structure and social etc. A village should have a mini­ change. It was accordingly decided to mum population of 400, the optimum select a few villages in every State for being between 500 and 700. special study, where personal observation would be brought to bear on the inter­ (b) At least seven villages were to be pretation of statIstICS to find out how of numerically prominent Scheduled much of a village was static and yet Tribes of the State. Each village ii

could represent a particular tribe. uneveness in the quality and coverage 01 The minimum population should be the monographs, it served to compensate 400, the optimum being between the purely honorary and extra-mural rigours 500 and 700. of the task. For, the Survey, alongwith its many ancillaries like the survey of ( c) The third group of villages should fairs and festivals, of small and rural each be of fair size, of an old and industry and others, was an extra, over settled character and contain varie­ and above the crushing load of the 1961 gated occupations and be, if possi­ Census. ble, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant a popula­ It might be of interest to recount tion of 500-700 persons or more. briefly the stages by which the Survey The village should mainly depend enlarged its scope. At the first Census on agriculture and be sufficiently Conference in September 1959, the Survey away from the major sources of set itself the task of what might be modern communication such as the called a record in situ of material traits, district administrative head-quarters like settlement patterns of the village; and business centres. It should be house types; diet; dress;. ornaments and roughly a day's journey from the footwear; furniture and storing vessels; above places. The villages were common means of transport of goods and to be selected with an eye to passengers; domestication of animals and variation in terms of size, proxi­ birds; markets attended; worship of mity . to city and other means of deities; festivals and fairs. There were modern communication, nearness to to be recordings, of course, of cultural hills, jungles and major rivers. and social traits and occupational mobility. Thus there was to be a regional This was followed up in March 1960 by distribution throughout the State of two specimen schedules, one for each this category of villages. If, how­ household, the other for the village as a ever, a particular district contained whole, which, apart from spelling out the significant ecological variations mode of inquiry suggested in the Septem­ within its area. more than one ber 1959 Conference, introduced groups village in the district might be of questions aimed at sensing changes in selected to study the special adjust­ attitude and behaviour in such fields as ments to them. marriage, inheritance, movable and im­ movable property, industry, indebtedness, I t is a unique feature of these village education, community life and collective surveys that they rapidly outgrew their activity, social disabilities, forums of appeal original terms of reference, as my colleagues over disputes, village leadership, and warmed up to their work. This proved organisation of cultural life. It was now for them an absorbing voyage of discovery plainly the intention to provide adequate and their infectious enthusiasm compelled statistical support to empirical 'feel' to me to enlarge the inquiry's scope again approach qualitative change through and again. It was just as well cautiously statistical quantities. It had been difficult to feel one's way about at first and then to give thought to the importance of venture further afield, and although it 'just enough statistics to give empirical accounts to some extent for a certain underpinning to conclusions'. at a time iii when my colleagues were straining them­ programme worked out closely knitting selves to the utmost for the success of the various aims of the Survey together. the main Census Operations, but once The Social Studies Section of the Census the Census count itself was left behind Commissioner rendered assistance to State in March, 1961, a series of three regional Superintendents by way of scrutiny and Seminars in Trivandrum (May 1961), technical comment on the frame of Survey Darjeeling and Srinagar (June 1961) and presentation of results. restored theic attention to this field and the importance of tracing social change This gradual unfolding of the aims of through a number of well-divised statistical the Survey prevented my colleagues from tables was once again recognised. This adopting as many villages as they had itself presupposed a fresh survey of villages originally intended to. But I believe that already done; but it was worth the trouble what may have been lost in quantity has in view of the possibilities that a close been moce than made up for in quality. analysis of statistics offeced, and also This is, perhaps, for the first time that because the 'consanguinity' schedule such a Survey has been conducted in any remained to be canvassed. By November country. and that purely as a labour of 1961, however, more was expected of love. It has succeeded in attaining what these surveys than ever before. There it set out to achieve: to construct a map was dissatisfaction on the one hand with of village India's social structure. One too many general statements and a growing hopes that the volumes of this Survey ~esire on the other to draw conclusions will help to retain for the Indian Census tiom statistics, to regard social and economic its title to 'the most fruitful single source of data as interrelated processes, and finally information about the country'. Apart from to examine the social and economic other features, it will perhaps be conceded processes set in motion through that the survey has set up a new Census land reforms and other laws, legislative standard in pictorial and graphic docu­ and administrative measures, technological mentation. The schedules finally adopted and cultural change. Finally, a study camp was organised in the last week of Decem­ for this monograph have been printed in ber 1961 when the whole field was care­ an appendix, attached with the monograph fully gone through over again and a on village Aishmuqam.

NEW DELHI ASOK. MITRA, July 30, 1964 Registrar General, India.

PREFACE

The general preface to the published block of the village where this impact village survey series of the 1961 Census, is much more closely felt. The scope of highlights the local considerations and cir­ the survey, has therefore, been restricted cumstances which brought themselves to to the Batapora block only. bear upon the strategy followed in the Batapora is the abode of Pandas-a choice of villages for the survey, consis­ sub-caste of Brahmins-whose mainstay is tent with the overall objectives, scope and the offerings at the shrine and providing criteria of selection set out by the Regis­ board and lodging to the pilgrims within trar General in the foreword to the village their own houses. The report brings out, studies all over the country. that the shrine is the principal source of Among the 28 villages selected for income for the majority of the households, the survey, Mattan is also one representing . cultivation being only of secondary impor­ the diversity of village Kashmir. Situated tance. The tourist and pilgrim traffic, three miles east of Anantnag, it is a which the shrine attracts, stimulates diverse village which has the distinctive privilege commercial activities for many people of of holding in its bosson'l Martanda-the the village which would otherwise be Temple of the Sun, which is the grandest, having limited scope. Aboveall the shrine most impressive and the earliest of the commands immense respect from. non­ ruins of Kashmir, originally built during Hindus as well which has an abiding the period of 370 to 500 B.C. in honour harmonising influence on the socio-cultural of Visnu Suraya, added to by more than living of the inhabitants, in keeping with one ruler, principally Lalitaditya-Muktapida the valley'~ traditional heritage. who ruled in the 8th century B. C. Mr. Habib Ullah Mughal, since rever­ It is a ruin which, because of its stri­ ted to the State, was responsible for con­ king situation and distinct architectural ducting the survey and drafting the report. style, consisting in its noble fluted pillars, The pencil sketches, maps and graphs vast colonnades, lofty pediments and eloquent were prepared by the Head Cartographer trefoiled arches, deserves, according to of this office, Mr. Masood Ahmed Chak. Vigne, to be ranked not only as the first The tables were compiled and scrutinised ruin of the kind in Kashmil', but one of by Mr. Kamal-ud-Din, Assistant Compiler the noblest among the architectural relics and Abdul Ahad, Proof Reader and the of antiquity that are to be seen in any report typed out by Mr. Ghulam Qadir, country. U.D.C.-no longer on the rolls of this office and Mr. Virender Kumar, Steno­ This apart, it is one of the most prominent and popular shrines of pilgri­ typist. Proofs were read by MIs Syed mage for Hindus from in and outside Kamal-ud Din and Mohammed Ashraf Kashmir. It is almost invariably usual Wani. Pir Bashir Ahmed, Socio-economic Investigator of this office saw the report for the Hindu tourists from outside the State to include a pilgrimage of the temple through the press. I place on record my in their itinerary in order to satisfy both appreciation of the work done by them all. their aesthetic tastes as well as their reli­ I am particularly grateful to Dr. B.K. gious interests. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General of India, (Social St.udies), New Delhi who All this has naturally a significant impact was kind enough to go through the ori­ on the socio-economic life of the village ginal manuscript and suggest improvements, in general. It is, however, the Batapora where necessary.

Srinagar, ABDUL GANI Dated, the 11th March, 1969

CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE INTRODUCTION

General for a study of the socia-economic aspects The valley of Kashmir is not only of the village. a place of great natural beauty but is Mattan lies 37 miles to the south-east also regarded as a land of sacred Tirthas of Srinagar and three miles to the north­ and Shrines, some of which are as old east of Anantnag, the tehsil and district as the history of the valley itself. One headquarter. such Tirtha is the spring at Mattan which is believed to be connected with the Aishmuqam, the famous village of birth of Sun-god, Martanda. It is visited pilgrimage and Pahalgam, the famous by the pilgrims from all over the valley tourist resort of the valley, are towards as also from the rest of the country the north of the village at a distance of throughout the year in large numbers. 9 and 22 miles respectively. Its geogra­ The following description has been given phical location is 75°.15' longitude and in Kalhana's chronicle 'Rajatarangini' about 33°.45' latitude. It is bordered by villages this Tirtha:- Faqir Pora and Anzulla in the north and south respectively. In the east it is bounded cc About one mile south of Bumzua we by hills and to the west lie villages reach the Tirtha sacred to Martands Akhura and Shamaspora. Villages Bona­ which has from early times to the nambal and Chatti Paibug form its present day enjoyed a prominent posi­ boundary in the north-west and south-east tion among the sacred sites of Kashmir. respectively. It is marked by a magnificent spring (traditionally representing as two Vimla Batapora, the block under survey, is and Kamala) which an ancient legend situated in the south of the village and connects with the birth of the Sun­ is at a distance of about one furlong god, Martanda. The Tirtha is visited from the shrine. The Srinagar-Anantnag­ at frequent intervals by crowds of Pahalgam road runs through the block pilgrims and is well-known also in and divides it into two portions one each India proper." on the two sides of the road. The bus stand is at a distance of about Since the location of the Tirtha in one furlong from the block and as the the village plays an important role in the passenger gets down from the bus he has economic structure of the village, a census to r~treat and cover the above distance block namely Batapora, which is mostly on foot upto the block. inhabited by Pandas, a sub-sect of Brahmans, who earn their livelihood from offerings The block has a market of its own and by providing board and lodging to where there are some shops of grocers, the visiting pilgrims, has been selected tailors, bakers and vegetable sellers. For 2

The Village requirements as are not met by the local Fauna market, the advantage of the main market, Animals: which lies at a distance of about 200 i) Felis pardus yards, is availed ot There are in ~I ii) Otter 147 shops in the village which are ClaSSI­ iii) Stray dogs fied hereunder:- iv) Sheep & Goats I. General-cum-cloth merchants 15 v) Fowls 2. Grocers 38 vi) Mangoose 3. Tailors 13 vii) Mice & Rats 4. Bakers-cum-confectioners 14 viii) Monkey 5. Barbers 2 ix) Cows & Bullocks 6. Milk-sellers 6 x) Horses 7. Copper-smiths 5 xi) Donkeys 8. Black-smiths 2 xii) Cats 9. Book-sellers 3 Birds- 10. Butchers 5 i) Blue Heron II. Cobblers 4 ii) Chakor 12. Chemists 3 iii) Pigeon 13. Unani medicine dealers 3 iv) Turtle dove 14. Drydeaner 1 v) Tachybaptes albipennis 15. Cycle repairer 1 vi) Wood-cock 16. Watch dealer and repairer I vii) Crows 17. Flour seller I viii) Owl 18. Silversmiths 6 ix) Sparrows 19. Vegetable sellers 6 x) Mina 20. Wooden toys sellers 2 xi) Kite 21. Pan-cum-cigarette sellers 2 xii) Knightyoer . 22. Co-operative society shop 1 23. Fruit sellers 7 Area 24. Tea 'shops 6 The block has an area of 199 acres with a population of 693 persons. The Shopkeepers generally purchase goods density of population works out to 3.5 from Anantnag which is at a distance per acre. The corresponding figures for of about three miles. the whole village are as under:- Flora and Fauna Area 1,555 acres Following are the broad details of Population 4,364 persons Flora and Fauna found in the village :- Density 2.8 per acre Flora Climate 1. Chinar 5. Rose The climate of the village is pleasant 2. Walnut 6. Peach during summer. In winter the tempera­ 3. Poplar 7. Willow ture sometimes goes down below the 4. Apple freezing point. Vi lIage View Res ident ial Pattern 3 MattGn

Households xii) Razdan The block consists of 108 households. xiii) Sidha As will be seen from Table III (Set A) xiv) Bhan about 41.9% of households representing xv) Patwari 32.7% of the total population consist of xvi) Sharma 4-6 member families. The corresponding xvii) Kaul proportional figures of households of other xviii) Khah sizes are given below:- xix) Reshi xx) Jyotshi 2-3 member households 12.8% total house­ xxi) Dangay holds & 5.2% xxii) Kachroo population Muslims 7-9 35.2% total house­ i) Ganai " " holds & 42.1 % total population ii) Dar iii) Tantray 10 persons & over 10.1 % total house­ iv) Khanday holds and 20.0% v) Teli total population. vi) Raina vii) Rather The block is inhabited both by viii) Guru Muslims and Hindus. Muslims represent 14.43% and Hindus 85.57% of the total As will be seen that two of the population of 693. Hindus belong to the 'Krams'-Raina and Bhat are common Brahman Sect and Muslims are all Sunnis. among Hindus and Muslims. Among Hindus Tikus are in majority and The population of 693 persons . is represent 25.5% of Hindu population and composed of 388 males and 305 females 22% of the total popu~ation. Bhats form which works out to 79 females for every majority among Muslims and represent 100 males. In every age-group males 19% of the Muslim population. The exceed the number of females and the remaining people are divided into the most significant variation in the sex com­ following 'Krams'. position is found in the age-group 60 Hindus and over where there are only 38 females i) ,Pandita for every 100 males. No reasons are. however, available for this difference in ii) Sher iii) Yogi the sex-composition. iv) Bawnu Residential Pattern v) Mukhi vi) Mussa Residential pattern of the block is vii) Khar not in any way different from what one viii) Kichloo finds in most of the villages of the valley. ix) Bhat Except in the case of a few modem x) Raina buildings, the houses are built without xi) Matoo any plan. They vary in design and size. The Village

The houses are generally built with an distance of about a furlong from the intervening distance of about 3 feet on block under survey is the most important an average. On the whole there is public place in whole of the village. The congestion. Every house has a compound local Hindu and Sikh population visit it of about 20 x 15 feet which in most every morning and evening. It also cases is fenced. attracts thousands of pilgrims alround the year and especially in the tourist season Transport and Communications i.e. from May to September. A com­ There is no Government or Private munity listening centre has also been set transport service operating only upto up in the village and people listen Mattan and back. The village being to the radio programmes. The villagers located on the either sides of the Srinagar­ also meet in the park opposite to the Anantnag-Pahalgam road, the buses ope­ sacred spring where they gossip and hold rating between Srinagar-Pahalgam, Anant­ discussions on various problems. . nag-Pahalgam and Anantnag-Aishmuqam cater to the needs of the inhabitants. Tongas Crematorium are, however, available from Anantnag to There are three cremation grounds, Mattan and back. two for Hindus and one for Sikhs besides The traditional mode of transport by the two graveyards for Muslims. Two horses and mules is now extinct to a cremation grounds' one each for Hindus great extent. Labour is, however, employ­ and Sikhs lie towards the extreme north ed frequently for carriage of goods from of the village. Another cremation ground one place to another. for Hindus is situated in the east at the foot of the hill. One of the graveyards In case of Hindus both the bride and is located in the north-east and another bridegroom are carried on a tonga while just near the block under survey. Muslims use horse for the bridegroom and palanquin for the bride. Sometimes Monuments Hindus also use horse for carrying the bridegroom. The most impressive and the grandest Dead bodies are carried to the grave­ of all old monuments of Kashmir which yard and to the cremation ground in a has been much admired and often des­ wooden pier which is transported by four cribed by the foreign travellers are the or six persons on their shoulders. ruins of Martand temple commonly known The village has a regular post office as Pandav Lareh or the houses of Pandavs. and is situated on the right hand side These earliest ruins are situated about 2 of Srinagar-Anantnag-Pahalgam road. It miles from the village on the northern has a telegraph section and is also edge of the plateau (under) Mattan. The equipped with a telephone which is temple was erected in honour of the linked with Anantnag and Pahalgam. presiding deity, i.e., sun-god, of the sacred Important Public Places spring which gushes out at the foot of . The sacred spring which is at a this plateau. 5

Mattan

Kalhana the famous historian of Kashmir G.T. Vigne, the traveller has remarked speaks of it as 'The wonderful shrine of about this magnificent temple as under :- Martanda with its massive walls of stones "As an isolated ruin this deserves an within a lofty enclosure and the town account of its solitary and massive smelling with grapes which king Lalitaditya grandeour to be ranked not only as (725-753 A .C.) founded near his temple'. But the first ruins of the king in Kashmir the authors of Tarikh-i-Hassan and but of the noblest among the archi­ Tarikhi Kashmir namely Pir Hassan Shah tectural relics of antiquity that are to and M. D. Fauq respectively have unequi­ be seen in any country". vocally stated that the temple was erected by Raja Ram Dev (3006 B.C.-2937 B.C.), Sir Francis Younghusband in writing the second king of Pandev dynasty. They about the Martanda temple in his book further state that the king built a vast 'Kashmir' remarks:- city around the temple and named it "There is something on the rigidity Babul which comprised of 1,100,000 and strength of the Egyptian temples houses. According to them king Lalitaditya and something of the grace of Greece. only carried out repairs to the existing struc­ Though Hindu, it differs from the ture as also of the city which was burnt usual Hindu types; and is known dis­ in the reign of Raja Harnam Dev tinctivelyas Kashmirian, and owes much (2379-2340 B.C.). They base their informa­ to the influence of 'Gandhara'. It is tion on the Rajatarangini of 'Tathagar' however, decidedly Hindu and not which is an older chronicle than that of either 'Buddhist' or 'Jain', while the Kalhana but is untraceable now. The sculptures according to Marshall, show assertion of these nistorians seems correct a close connexion with the typical for that the structure as stated above Hindu work of the late Gupta Period", are to this date known by the name of J.P. Ferguson in his book 'Kashmir' 'Pandev Lareh'. Further support is lent (published 1961) gives the following archi­ to it by the fact that Kalhana's ··chronicle tectural details of these ruins:- is silent about the history of 35 earlier kings which include the kings of Pandev "The temple itself is enclosed by a dynasty also. colonnade or peristyle 220 feet long and 142 broad. The number No traces, either of the town swelling of pillars in the peristyle was 84, which with grapes mentioned by Kalhana or was a sacred number with Hindus, that of the Babul city as stated by Pir being according to one explanation, Hassan Shah and M.D. Fauq are, however, the product of the number of days traceable at present. in the week and the number of signs in the Zodiac. Each pair of pillars en­ Whosoever the builder of the temple, closed a cell, those at the centre of its massiveness, loftiness and architecture the two longer sides being more impo­ has received considerable attention and sing than the others. Inside the large has been mentioned to be noble and court-yard enclosed by the peristyle was most striking both in size and position the temple itself. This had three of all the existing ruins of Kashmir. divisions, a porch, a middle temple 6 the Village

both decorated, and an innermost penalling and sculptured niches. As temple which was entirely plain and the main building is at present entirely enclosed on three of its sides. A special covered, the original form of the roof feature of the temple was the construc­ can only be determined by reference tion of two wings on either sides of to other temples and to the general the porch, with opening facing east form and character of the various' parts and west. The main gateway to the of the Martand temple itsel£ It has temple was in the western side of the been conjectured that the roof was of peristyle and was an elaborate struc­ pyramidal form, and that the entrance ture with three divisions, elegantly car­ chamber and wings were similarly ved repeating the pattern of the temple. covered. There would thus have been The roofs of the temple and gateway four distinct pyramids, of which that were probably pyramidal in shapes but over the inner chamber must have been both have disappeared, perhaps because the loftiest, the height of its pinnacle they were made of wood". above the ground being 75"'. . At present it is difficult .to realise the "The temple itself is not now more architectural magnificence ofthis great work than 40' in height, but its solid walls as the stone carving have been mutiliated. and bold outlines towering over the Enough, does exist to testify the discription fluted pillars of the sUlTounding colo· given by Bates and various other writers. nnade, give it a most imposing appearance. There are no petty confused details, Source of water but all the distinct and massive, an.d The people of the village use tap water. most admirably suited to the general 'Water of a spring, located on the hill . character of the building. The mass of which borders the village in the east, is building now known by the name of stored in a reservoir and after disinfecting Martand, consists of one central edifice, is ~upplied to the village through pipes. with a small detached wing on each Water of nallahs is exclusively used . for side of the entrance, the whole standing animals and washing purposes. on a large quadrangle, surrounded by colonnade of fluted pillars with Welfare and aduUnistrative Institutions intervening trefoil headed recesses. The main body responsible for the The length of the outer side of the general welfare of the people is the wall which is blank is about 90 yards, village panchayat which is located outside that of the front is about 56 yards. The the block near the Post Office. The central building is 63 feet in length by block under survey also elects a member 36' in width, and alone of all the to it. Under the Panchayat Act, the temples of Kashmir possesses, in addi­ panchayat is empowered to dispose of tion to the cells or sanctuary a choir disputes relating to recovery of moveable and nave, termed in Sanskrit the property, inheritance and even some non· 'autarala' and 'ardha-mandapa'. The cognizable cases. nave is 18' square. The sanctuary alone is left entirely bare, the two other The Dehat Sudhar Organisation is compartments being lined with rich represented by a Block Development Officer 7 Mattan whose office is also located in the village. is found in the reign of Rana Ram Dev He is responsible to see that the develop­ (3006 B.C.-2937 B.C.) who built a city, mental works are executed and that the namely Babul and the Martand Temple on village-level-worker functioning under the arid plateau of Mattan. him persuades the inhabitants to use Kalhana distinctly mentions the 'town modern tools, better seeds, better manure swelling with grapes' which the king as also demonstrates practices in improved Lalitaditya (725-753 A.C.) founded near the methods of cultivation. Martand temple. But no traces of either Patwari who maintains records pertain­ of the two sites. are available at present. ing to the distribution of land of villagers Most probably a canal then supplied represents the Revenue Department after water from the river Lider to the natu­ the village Numberdar. rally arid plateau on which the temple stands. This canal was later repaired by The only organisation functioning in . king Zain-ul-Abdin (1420-1470 A.D.) whose the block is the Government Primary irrigation works on 'Mattan uder' are well School for boys. I t is, however, served known. The plateau is at present again by the following institutions also func­ an arid waste though the course of the tioning in other parts of the . village :- old canal is still traceable near the village 1. Government High School for boys Hutmar. Mattan at present constitutes 2. Government High School for girls the arid plateau on which the temple 3. Government Basic School stands as also the village situated further 4. Co-operative Society east along the foot of this hill. 5. Police Post Kalhana in his 'Rajatarangini' refers 6. . Post Office to a Martanda temple built by king 7. Government Allopathic Dispensary Ranaditya (223 A.D.) at the village of 8. Forest Range Office. 'Simharat-sika' the position of which according to Stein is, however, unknown History of the Village so far. But in case the assertion of The village is as old as the sacred Ferguson that the present temple was spring itself which came into existence built by king' Lalitaditya, on the foun­ at the time of vacuation of the valley from dations of an older temple built by king the floods by Kashayapa Rishi. To Hindu Ranaditya, be correct it can safely be kings it has been of great religious im­ concluded that this too must have existed portance and has, therefore, received on the same arid plateau on which Ram considerable attention. Dev's Babul and Lalitaditya's 'Town swelling with grapes' were founded. The village is commonly known as Mattan which apparently seems to have In the record of rights maintained by been derived from 'Martanda' the temple the State Government the name of the built on the arid plateau which is about village is recorded as Maccha-bavan. A 2 miles away from the location of the more significant designation according to present village. As stated under 'monu­ Stein is 'Matsa-bavan'· which has been ments' the first reference to the village derived from Sanskrit word, 'Matsya- 8

Th.e Village

bhavana'. This is due to the abundance As already stated the block is inhabi­ of sacred fish which swarm in the large ted both by Muslims and Hindus in the basins filled by the spring. ratio of 1: 6. Entire Hindu population belongs to Brahman caste and people of Mattan is recorded to have also Tiku 'kram' who represent 25.5% of the received the attention of Mughal king Hindu popUlation and 22% of the total Jehangir. Asaf Jah is stated to have laid population predominate. Word Tiku seems out a garden of fine chinars opposite the to have been derived from 'Truk' which sacred spring under the orders of the is the derivation of'Tarik'. 'Tarik' means emperor. The chinars which stand there 'Tantrakmat' a branch of 'Saktakmat', the even today, bear the testimony. followers of which worship Baghwati. CHAPTER II

THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL TRAITS

A. 9hnic CompositioD certainly as I have said, there are real As stated in the previous chapter the Biblical types to be seen everywhere in block is predominantly inhabited by Kash­ Kashmir and especially among the upland miri Hindus of Brahman caste. Since, villages. Here the Israelitish shepherd barring some immigrants from various tending his flocks and herds may any day countries, most of the Muslims are local be seen". converts, it seems necessary to throw some Another writer Bernier was also defi­ light as to the origin of Kashmiris about nite about this fact when he says that which there are different verdicts. Since' "on entering the kingdom after crossing the ethnic composition and physical features the Pir-Panjal mountains, inhabitants in sharply distinguish Kashmiris from the the frontier villages struck me as resembling people inhabiting the surrounding areas Jews. Their countenance and manner and of Kashmir it has struck to the observers that indescribable peculiarity which enables and led them to various conclusions. a traveller to distinguish the inhabitants Some observers have viewed that the of the different nations all seemed to original settlers in the valley were the belong to the ancient people. You are not people known as Aborigines who intermixed to ascribe what I say to mere fancy, the with the Aryans after the advent of the Jewish appearance of these villagers have latter. been remarked by own Jesuit fathers and by several other Europeans long before I Some of the European writers have visited Kashmir". traced their origin from Jews. The jewish features of many of the inhabitants have From Al-Biruni's work who has written been observed by some leading authorities it about a century earlier than Kalhana, on Kashmir, namely Sir ~!llte!" Lawrence we come to the conclusion that in older and Sir Francis Younghusband who have times the people of Kashmir trusted Jews stated that faces an'lo~g men and women more when they were keeping strong hold resemble to --those of Jews. Sir Walter upon the enterances to the valley and Lawrence says that 'the-hooked nose is did not allow anyone to enter it except a promiJ;l~.£eature and the·· pr;vailing one or two foreigners particularly Jews. type is distinctly Hebrew'. Sir Francis G.M.D. Sofi in his book 'Kashir' has Younghusband in his b~ok entitled 'Jammoo stated that Shah-i-Hamdan, the saint of and Kashmir' goes as far as to say that Hamdan who converted locals to Islam in "here (in Kashmir) may be seen fine old large numbers also seems to support the . patriarchal type, just as we picture to settlement of Israelities in Kashmir by ourselves the Israelitish heroes of old. naming the valley 'Baghi Sulaiman' or Some, indeed, say, though I must admit 'the garden of Solomon'. without much authority that these Kash­ miris are of the lost tribes of Israel and Some writers are of the opinion that 10

The People cf Their Material Traits

Kashmiris are the progenies of Kashyapa This is also 'supported by Rajatarangini. - the saviour of the valley from the havocs Their number is insignificant being 7 in created by the floods and his decendants a total Hindu population of 593. are today known as Malamas Hindus. Raina-Fauq in his book Tarikh-i­ When the valley got rid of the water, cer­ Aqwami-i-Kashmir contends that like tain Hindus from outside the valley also Razdan, Raina is also a degenerated form came to settle here and their descendants of 'Rajanaka'. Another version speaks are now called Banamas Hindus. With that the inhabitants of Rainawari which was the exception of a few cases the entire the capital of king Ranaditya (436-497 A.C.) Hindu population of Kashmir belongs to were called Raina when they migrated Brahman caste and are broken up in to other parts of the valley. In the block numerous 'Gotras' which number 133. The under survey they number only 7. members of each claim to be the descen­ dants of the Rishi (saint) after whom the Bhat-The word Bhat seems to be a 'Gotra' has been named. These 'Gotras' distorted form of Sanskrit word 'Bath' include various 'krams' or tribal sub-divisions which is said to be an abbreviation of such as, Koul, Kichloo, Khar, etc. Descrip­ Batharak. This is also supported by the tion of some of these 'krams' or tribal Census Report of 1891. The people of sub-divisions of Hindus inhabiting the this 'kram' have played an" important role block are given hereunder:- in the political history of Kashmir since earliest times. Hindu Bhats number 29 Tiku-There are two versions as to how in the block. they carne to be called so. One is that a Brahman who had no issue adopted a Koul-This is an old 'kram' of Kashmiri Rajput child who had applied 'Tika' to Pandits and among them have sprung his forehead saying that he was not origi­ great families. Koul in Sanskrit means a nally a Brahman. The descendants of person who conquers the worldly desires. this Rajput Brahman were known as Tika They also number only 7 in the entire which degenerated into Tiku. Another Hindu population. version which seems more accurate is that the word 'Tiku' has been derived from Mattoo-There are various sayings as 'Truck' which in turn is the derivation to how the word Mattoo came into being. of 'Tarik'. 'Tarik' is Tantrakmat, a branch The believeable one, says Fauq, in his of Saktamat, the followers of which wor­ book Tarikh-i-Aqwarn-i-Kashmir, is that ship Baghwati. the study-schools of Sanskrit, religious and other educational institutions, were in the Tikus are predominant in the block Hindu period called by the name of Mat numbering lSI and represent 25.5% of the or Math which has now degenerated into Hindu population. Mattoo. He contends that some member of the present Mattoo 'kram' must have Razdau-It seems that 'Razdan' is the been either founder or manager of any degenerated form of 'Rajanaka' meaning such institution. They number 9 in the literally almost a king. The title was block under survey. given by the Hindu kings for meritorious services rendered to them by individuals. So far as other ~ 'krams' of Hindus are 11 Mattan

concerned these are said to be nick­ B. House-types names, sur-names, professional names, etc., The houses are generally three storeyed. such as, Rishi means a saint, Bawnu-a The plinths al'e raised of stones and the resident of Bawan (Mattan)., Pandita­ material employed in walls consists of learned ·Brahman, Jyotshi-an astrologer, burnt and unburnt bricks and timber. Kichloo-a long beard person, Khar-a The roofs are in most cases shingled. donkey, Patwari"-simply a patwari of the There are some three, storeyed modern . Revenmi~epartment and so on. houses also which are built of timber, The Muslim Bhats and Rainas in­ stones and kiln bricks. The roofs of these habiting the block have no different houses are covered with G.C.1. sheets. origin than those of Hindus of the same Huts built of exclusively unburnt bricks 'kram' which have been described above. plastered with a thick layer of. brown Inspite of the fact that they have em­ clay and thatched roofs are also seen braced Islam, they still retain thes~ here and there. Doors and windows are 'krams'. They respectively number 19 and wooden in all these houses. Excepting in 3 in the entire Muslim population of 100 the case of huts almost every house has of the block. a varendah projecting on the front side. Ganai-in· Kashmiri means a scribe The ground floor usually consists of or clerk and their ancestors are said to two rooms and one of them is used as be of the Brahman caste which was cow-shed. The remaining one room is regarded a s a class of pious and learned used during winter only. This room people. They number 13 and represent besides accommodating kitchen is used 13% of the total Muslim population of for sitting and dinning purposes also. the block. Both these rooms have separate doors Dars, Rathers and Tantries are opening in a corridor. In the centre of believed to be the descendants of Khatries ; this floor a stair-case is built which leads the bearers of these names in Hindu upto the top most storey. times were a military and war-like people. Dar is the distorded form of 'Damar' a The first floor consists of 4 rooms each class of people frequently mentioned in with a door opening in the corridor. Two Kalhana's Rajatarangini. Rather is the of these rooms are reserved for accommo­ distorded form of 'Rathor' mention of dating pilgrims who frequently visit the whom is also to be found in the ancient shrine and stay in the village. One more histories. Tantries have played an im­ room is used for sleeping purposes and the remaining one is meant for storing portan t role in the internal trouble of the country which too is supported by Kalhana. goods. Their respective number in the block is The second floor consists of a big hall 9, 12 and 7. and two rooms on the either side of the Guru and Teli are the professional stair-case. This storey is exc1usively used names meaning milk-seller and oilmen during summer. One of the rooms is respectively. They number 9 and 10 in used as kitchen and the other is meant the entire Muslim population of 100. for sitting and dining. 12

The People &- Their Material Traits ." rare cases. As will be seen from Table This storey is, however> used for storage XII (Set A) over 41% of the total popu­ of firewood and dung-cakes during winter lation or 285 persons belonging to 37 which in summer is ,.shifted to ground households reside in houses with an floor. accommodation of 5 or more rooms. The Huts have considerably lesser accommo­ total number of rooms in these houses dation than the common house described comes to 333 which works out to more above. These are generally double storeyed than 1 room for 1 person. Over 23% and have hardly two or three rooms. Of or 163 persons belonging to 24 house­ these one is exclusively reserved for housing holds reside in 4 roomed houses giving cattle and the remaining two are used an average of I r~oJl1 fat about 2 persons. for all other purposes. In th.e same way about 17% or 114 members belonging to 22 households live Modern houses have no greater accom­ in 3 roomed houses giving again an modation, excepting a separate cow-shed, average. of one room for two persons. than that of a common house. These There are 53 persons belonging to II are distinguishable from them in design households who reside in 2 roomed and construction onlY: Rooms in this houses thus providing one room for more type of a house have high ceiling. The than 2 persons. 11 households residing doors. and windows unlike a common in two roomed houses have a population house or doubLe leaved and fitted with of 53 persons. This works out to 1 room glass panes. Roofs are more than two - for more than 1 person. There are four sloped against the general rule of double households with single room accommoda­ sloped houses. tion and have a population of 16 persons The average dimensions of a residen~ giving an average of one room for 4 tial house are 30' x 25'. Excepting two persons. big rooms in the ground floor and hall As is evident from the above details in the top-most storey J the rooms are of over 41 % of the lotal population though medium size. The ventilation though not· having sufficient accommodation are yet good cannot also be regarded poor. unable to enjoy privacy or provide separate Almost every room has one or two win­ dormitories for unmarried children simply dows. because they are required to reserve Huts are, however, small in size with certain portion of it for pilgrims who an average dimension of 20' x 15' and frequently visit the shrine and stay in the have very poor ventilation. Generally a village. big hole in the wall or a very small In most cases baths and latrines are wiridow is the only sou!'ce of ventilation. built within houses. lfhe inhabitants take Inspite of the larger available accom­ bath regularly. Such households as have modation in most of the houses in tom­ no baths attached to their houses take parison to what we find in other villages bath in the nallah where separate bath­ no separate dormitories are provided for rooms are built for each sex. There are unmarried boys and girls and even public latrines also where people relieve married couples enjoy ,privacy in very themselves.

Wooden godown in which paddy etc. fS stored 13

Mattan

In the case of old houses no plan of time of the construction of stair-case called construction seems to have been followed. I.aer kharen and another at the time of In the construction of new houses, how­ fixing the ridges of the roof called yekil ever, a proper plan ,is drawn before execu­ kharen. On the latter occasion they are ting the work. also provided with a shirt and trousers. At the time of entering the new house As already stated in chapter I almost called Parvish a feast is served to rela­ every household has a compound attached tives, friends and neighbours. Besides some to it for stocking cowdung, fodder, rice priests are also invited to perform some pounding etc. A small wooden godown religious rites such as recitation of mantras is built in a corner for storage of rice, in the case of Hindus and recitation of wheat, maize, and other cereals. The verses of holy Quran in the case of Mus­ compound in most of the cases is fenced. lims. A portion of it is also used for growing vegetables. Most of the building material is availa­ ble within the village. Timber is obtained' Houses are usually built during spring from the nearby forest and the stones are and summer months. In case of Hindus obtained from the quarries within the the day and date for laying the founda­ village. Some kilns exist in the village but tion is fixed after consulting the priest who there is no regular production. The owner works it out after examining the combina­ may lay a number of bricks at a time and tion of various stars. Muslims do not con­ then supply on demand or else he may sult any priest for fixing the date. They, agree to lay the required number of bricks however, think it inauspicious to execute to order. Nails, bolts etc., are purchased the work during the months of Muharram from Anantnag or Srinagar. and Safar of the lunar year as also on There are a number of masons and 3rd, 13th, 23rd, and 28th of all lunar carpenters in the village but none in the months. block under survey. They are, however, The foundation stone is laid by eldest trained in constructing old type houses only. person of the family. Services of an expert carpenter and mason from Anantnag are utilized for constructing Hindus are particular that their houses a modern type house. Unskilled labour is should face either east or south but Mus­ available in the village. lims do not attach any significance as to the direction of their houses. Following are the wages paid to skilled and unskilled labour:- A number of social functions are held at various stages of the construction. 1. Mason '" Rs. 5.00 plus one time On the foundation laying day breads are meals and two teas. distributed, both by Muslims and Hindus, 2. Carpenter•.. Rs. 5.00 plus one time among their friends, relatives and neigh­ meal and two teas. bours. The chief mason and carpenter are 3. Imported car­ each presented with cash ranging from penter or ma- Rs. 11/- to Rs. 21/-. They are also provided son ... Rs. 7.00 plus board and with a feast on two occasions (Jne at the lodging. 14

The People cf Their Material Traits

4. Unskilled into two tale-like pieces called poch. labour Rs. 2.50 plus one meal and Muslim females put on a small skull cap two teas. on which a piece of cotton cloth about 2 yards in length is fixed with pins. Dress Inner garments consisting of shirts are There is not much of a difference in worn by all males or young females. Hindu the dress worn by the inhabitants when males use pyjama and Muslims shalwar. compared with other villages of the valley. Hindu women using pheran go with~ut Pheran and poch are common to Hindus a pyjama. and Muslims,. males and females. Pheran which is a sort of gown is about 4-5 Most of the educated youngmen have inches longer in the case of Hindus than taken to the use of coat and pant and that worn by Muslims. Hindu males fold prefer to go bare-headed. School going the sleeves of pheran while Muslim children use shirts and shorts during males do not. Both communities fold it school hours while at home they put on near the calf of the leg by a raw stitching shirts and trousers in summer, which is called laad (Hem). The pheran of Mus­ supplemented in winter by pherans. Some lim women is brocaded on the portion Hindu ladies use sari also and unmarried round the chest while it is simple in girls go about in frocks and shalwars. the. case of Hindu females. Poch which Pardah is not in vogue among Hindus. is made of white latha or khadder is worn A few Muslim females, however, use it beneath the pheran and serves the purpose and that too on some rare occasions such of living to it. Unlike pheran it is not as at the time of going outside the village. sewn near the calf. Pherans made of cotton cloth are used· in summer and are There are regular cloth merchants in replaced by woollen ones in winter. Hindu the village who meet the day-ta-day require­ women stitch a piece of chint round the ments of the villagers. Most of the gar­ cuffs called narivar which is· an indication ments are tailored in village. Coats and that the husband of the wearer is alive. pants are sewn from Anantnag as the They also use a girdle, of coloured woollen local tailors are untrained in tailoring the or cotton cloth, round the waists over same. Transactions are made in cash. the pheran which is called lungi. Footwear Hindu males put on a turban while Most of the Hindu males use modern Muslims wear a skull cap of wool or shoes and chappals. Muslims and other cotton. Such Hindu women who wear poor folk generally wear paizars pheran use kalposh a woollen or a and ordinary chappals. Paizar is a kind pashmina cap, the top of which is brocaded. of footwear made of coarse leather, the A long piece of startched latha is tied upper of which is rubbed with oil to keep over it. In addition a muslin piece covering it soft and is used in winter. the body from head to back is fixed by pins over it. All this is covered by a Hindu females use fancy chappals as long muslin cloth peculiarly twisted near also sandals while Muslims use ordinary the hips and culminating near the ankles chappals only.

Typical apparel of Kashmiri Hindu married females

Combing hair while basking in the sun

root-wear 15

Mattan

Those who are unable to afford to Local names Weight purchase even a paizQr wear a footwear 1. Necklace Dular 8 tolas made of grass called pulhoru. A good number of agriculturists being themselves 2. Bangles 1. BavetBenger 12 " trained in its manufacturing, these are not 2. Korr 10 " available for sale at any shop. 3. Ear-rings 1. Jumka 3" 2. Kanawaej 1" During winter and rainy days when 4. Ring Wauj t " the lanes are full of mud, people generally 5. Ornaments used Wankeh pan use khrQw a type of wooden footwear in hair plate for covering short distances. This has a 5-8 " smooth surface and is about 3-4 inches Except for rings all ornaments worn high. by Hindu and Muslim females vary both in design and weight. Excepting modern shoes and chappals which are purchased from Anantnag all Silver ornaments are made from the other footwear are made locally. village silversmiths. There being no gold­ smiths in the village gold ornaments are Ornaments purchased from either Anantnag or Sri­ nagar. Ornaments are used by females only Hoasehold Goods which in the case of Hindu ladies are made of gold and of silver in the case Earthenware is common among Hindus of Muslims. and Muslims. So far as metal utensils are concerned, in the case of Hindus these The local names and weights of the are made of brass and that of copper ornaments used by Hindu females are in the case of Muslims. The design of given below:- such utensils as are common among both communities is more or less the same. Local names Weight It, however, differs in other things. Follow­ ing is the broad detail of the various 1. A pair oforna- utensils found in an average household. ments falling from the ears on Metal uteDsils the shoulders. Dejhorr 4 tolas I. Degchi-or cauldron for cooking 2. Ear-rings Door 1-2 rice. " 2. Patela-for preparing tea. 3. Bangles Korr 3-4 " 3. Samawar-for preparing tea. 4. Necklace 1. Mattermal 1 tola 4. CJw.i choncJw.-a spoon for pouring 2. Trehmug 3-4tolas tea or taking ~ater. 5. Ring Waej i-I 5. Tila waer-a pot for storing country " oil. The details of the ornaments used by 6. Toor-a vessel used by Muslim Muslim women are as under:- males for taking meals. 16 The People « Their Material Traits

7. Thaul-a plate used for taking of a mattress, quilt, bed sheet and a meals by Hindus. pillow. 8. Kenz-a vessel used by Muslim Tin and wooden boxes are provided females for taking meals. for clothes. 9. Bohgan-a vessel used by Hindus As will be seen from Table 24-A for cooking vegetables. (Set B) articles of furniture are possessed 10. Traem-a big plate in which meals by Hindu households only. Over 68% are taken by more than of them possess khatias, 37% chairs and one person at a time. about 1610 tables. Other articles of fur­ niture such as benches, stools and wall­ 11. Naer-a pot used by Muslims for shelves are also owned by a few house­ pouring water. holds of the same community. Mats made 12. Gadda-a pot used by Hindus for of grass are, however, to be found in pouring water. every household. These measures 7' -9' Earthen pots by 3' and cost Rs. 2.50 per piece. Grass which is the only raw material employed 1. Nott-or pitcher used for carrying for the manufacture of mats is obtained or storing water. from paddy plants after husking. There 2. Lej-used for preparing vegetables. are some agriculturist households in the 3. Khos--used by Muslim males for village, but none in the block under taking meals. survey, who are trained in its weaving. 4. Matt-used for storing rice, maize Copper and brass utensils, bed require­ or wheat for day-to-day ments and other articles of furniture are use. obtained from Anantnag or Srinagar as none of them is manufactured within the Other articles of domestic use consist village. Earthen vessels are, however. of:- available from the village potters. The Tav-an iron pan- this is sometimes jajmani or traditional barter system is earthen also. unknown and payments are made in cash everytime when any earthen pot. is pur­ Wolchu1« Kajwath-Pestle and mortor chased. made of stone and used for grinding Food and drinks spices etc. The staple food of the inhabitants is Piala-cup made of china or ordinary rice which is taken both at lunch and clay for taking tea by Muslims. dinner. Maize and wheat aUa is used Khos-Brass cup used by Hindus for in the form of breads. These breads are taking tea. baked in the house. Guests are, however, served with finer breads such as baker­ Salt, spices and other condiments are Ichanis, kulchas which are purchased stored in small earthen pots or tin boxes. from the local bakers. Bed of an average household consists As already s~ted earlier, almost every --~-_._-:=?-~-=~-- "'" - -~~_-

- J

~-.--

~ fj . ~ I! -- - ~--.

i, ~.~~-=--. I ~~~- P2 '1

- --_ A bride in ornaments 17 Mattan household employs a portion of its com­ Muslims and Hindus adhere to some be­ pound for growing vegetables. These vege­ liefs and practices. For instance a preg­ tables are potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, nant woman is not allowed to carry heavy carrot, turnip and pumpkin. Other vege­ loads for fear of abortion. No visitor who tables like Gobi (cauli flower) Nadru arrives late in the night from a journey is (Lotus stalk) etc., are imported· by the allowed to see the pregnant woman imme­ vegetable sellers either from Anantnag or diately. She is required to confine herself Srinagar and are carried by buses which indoors during the moonlit nights and is ply regularly on the Srinagar-Anantnag­ not permitted to get up before dawn. Pahalgam road. Among Hindus the delivery of first child takes place at the house of husband All the households are non-vegetarian. of the woman where she starts living Mutton is available in the local market. from seventh or eighth month. On this Fishing is not done in any part of the occasion she brings along some dresses, village with the result fish is to be pur­ cash and curds presented to her by her chased from Anantnag by the inhabitants parents and some close relatives in honour themselves as there is no fish-dealer in of the celebration of the coming event. whole of the village. On her arrival her in-laws also present Tea is taken twice, one in the mor­ her a set of dress. The delivery takes ning and another in the afternoon. Mus­ place at the hands of a trained midwife lims take sheer chai which is prepared who belongs to another block of the village. with tea leaves, milk, salt, and a small She is paid a cash remuneration of quantity of soda-bicarb to give it a rosy Rs. 8/- to Rs. 11 ,- in addition to about 11 colour. Hindus generally take sweet tea, seers of· rice, one seer of country oil, called qahwah with or without milk. one seer of sugar and some quantity of salt and condiments. Immediately after birth Milk and curd are used in limited the child is given a hot water bath and quantity. Country oil is used as a matter dressed in black clothes. On the third day of general choice dictated perhaps by cli­ her in-laws send some nuts and baked matic conditions Ghee is used on festive sesame to her father's house who distributes occasions and that too by Hindus only. the same among his relatives thereby All sort of spices especially chillies are giving them the information about the used. Onions and garlic are not, however, birth of the child. On the 10th day the taken by Hindus. child as also the mother are given bath Tobacoo is smoked by most of the in hot water boiled in some indigenous adults. Snuff is also rubbed to the teeth medicines. They are then dressed in new by a large number of people. clothes brought for them by the parents of the woman. On the 11 th day some Belier. & Practices neighbours, relatives and friends are invi­ Beliefs and practices connected with ted to lunch. On this occasion preparation birth, death and marriage differ among of a dish of fish is necessary. After finish­ Hindus and Muslims. ing the lunch some elderly women of the household take some pieces of burning During the period of pregnancy both birch-bark in hand and show the same 18

The People eX Their Material Traits over the heads of all those present there. is paid both in cash and kind. He receives This is burnt to kill the germs developed about Rs. 5/- besides some rice, maize, as a result of maternity case in the house­ wheat and old clothes of the child. hold. This function of 11 th day is called Sreneh Sunder. On this day name is It seems worthwhile to mention here also given to the baby. that previously the barber had some per­ manent clients in the block who would In the case of Muslims the delivery pay him both in cash and kind on some of first child takes place at the parental special occasions only such as Idd festivals, house where the woman starts living after Shivratri, Nauratra, marriages, circumcision seventh month. When the child is born ceremony, Zarakasai etc., and no payment he is given a hot water bath and is was being made to him for his day-to­ baptised with the recitation of Azan into day services. This practice is, however, no his ears by some adult male of the house­ more prevalent now and he is paid in hold or preferably by a priest. Imme­ cash everytime by his customers. diately a messenger is sent to the house A male Muslim child is subjected to of his son-in-law to convey the news of circumcision at the age of 3 or 4 years birth. On the next day the mother-in-law and the cermony is called Khatanhal. with some of her female relatives come The operation is conducted by the village to see her daughter-in-law and bring along barber with the help of the razor. The about 3 pairs of clothes for the baby and an child is seated on a basket base under amount ranging from Rs. 11/- to Rs. 51/- for which a fowl is kept which becomes the the mother. This ceremony is called Piaw. property of the barber after performing On the seventh day the woman takes bath the operation on the male organ of the in luke hot water boiled with some indige­ child. The operation is conducted imme­ nous medicines. On this occasion neigh­ diately before dawn. The barber in addition bours are invited to tea and relatives are to a cash of Rs. 11,- receives some sugar, served a dinner. Priests are also invited cereals, and old clothing of the child. who recite verses from the holy Quran and give name to the child. This func­ On this occasion neighbours and close tion is called Sunder. On the 40th day relatives are entertained to a dinner. They the woman again takes hot water bath. present some cash called Dastbos to When the child attains the age of a year the parents of the c~ild. Women folk sing or so his head is shaven for the first throughout the night. time. This function is called ZaraJcasai and is important both among Hindus and The most important religious function Muslims. The ceremony is attended to by to be performed by the Hindus in respect only females from neighbourhood and of their male children is the thread cer­ relations who are entertained to a dinner. mony (Yogneopavit) called Mekhal. This The shaving of the head by the village is preceded by lunches and dinners known barber is accompanied by singing in chorus as Dapan Battas given to the child and of women and showering of dates, almonds its parents beginning from his maternal etc., on the baby. The poor, however, side. The ceremony is performed in three serve tea and breads only. The barber days. On the first day called Mehandi 19 Mattan

Raat the hands and feet of the child are father. At the time fixed by the kul-prohit dyed in henna by his father's sister who after consulting the almanac the child is receives an amount ranging from Rs. 1/- to made to wear a three fold thread by Rs. 5/- and called Zang from her brother for him. ~ He also whispers Gaitri Mantar performance of this function. The maternal into his ears which is an indication of side of the child is also required to pay his becoming a Brahman. The child is the amount of Zang to her. then given a stock equal to his height, in his hand and made to beg for alms On the second day called Devagun the called Bakhshaw which he starts from child is given a hot water bath called his mother's sister. He continues the Kani Shran by his mother's sister and begging till late in the night when priests dressed in new clothes brought for him also conclude recitation. The money collec­ by his maternal side. On this occasion the ted by the child is appropriated by the child is called Mekhal Mahraas or the priests. Next the child is dressed in new groom for thread ceremony. A few priests clothes and brought, by the maternal are also invited who perform some religious uncle in his lap, to a circular place in rites in a separate room alongwith the the compound marked with dry lime and male head of the household who on such various colours called Vyug where women occasions is called YezmaIZ. After taking sing around him and his mother makes bath the child also enters this room and him to taste some sugar. Therefrom he is applied tika by the kul-prohit, or the is brought back, again, by his maternal head priest. The child pays him some uncle in his lap. On reaching home priests, money called Dakhrw.. After performing child, and relatives who observe complete the religious rites the priest as also neigh­ fast throughout the day are served with bours and relatives are entertained to Naveed followed by a vegetarian dinner. dinner which contains the dishes of vege­ On the next day a non-vegetarian lunch tables, pulses and cheese only. called Koshalhum, is served as an indi­ The last day called Yogneopavit is cation of the conclusion of the ceremony. regarded as the most important and Havan After a few days when the holy thread in which ghee, rice, barley, dry appricot, is changed, Khir is prepared and •dis­ almonds, coconuts, gur etc. are consumed tributed among relatives, friends and neigh­ in the sacrificial fire is performed. The bours. 1cul-prohit alongwith the learned Brahman called Chendreh TaruJc begins recitation Marriages at mid-night. At dawn all couples present in the household come to mandaph, Marriages except those solemnised by the place of recitation, where kul-prohit religious rites are unknown in this part presents to all the males a thread Narivan of the valley. Neither the males nor the which they are required to tie either to females have the freedom of selecting the Tarranga or to the hair plate of their partners and this right is solely reser­ their females. In the morning some more ved by the parents. There is no pro­ priests join the kul-prohit at the mandaph. fessional intermediary who brings the two The child is made to put on a yogi parties to an agreement for entering into dress and comes to mandaph with his matrimonial alliance. A common friend or 20

The People a Their Material Traits

an acquaintance takes the initiative at the are performed by the priests in the houses request of either· pat·ties and he is not of bride and bridegroom. Both are given paid anything for his services. Among bath with hot water and are dressed Hindus the parents of the girl in the hitter in new clothes brought for them by their instance demand the horoscope of the maternal grandfather, or in his absence by boy from his parents and in case the com­ some other close relatives ofmother's side. bination of the stars, of the would be At this time all ornaments presented to her couple, is found suitable further negotiations by her parents are also decorated on the are conducted. When the parties come bride and piya water, sprinkled on them. to an agreement for entering into the alliance Maternal relations and friends who bring a day is fixed when about 4 persons from gifts for th~ ,bride and the bridegroom the side of bridegroom accompanied by and her or hils mother are entertained to the priest visit the house of the bride and lunch. The ceremony is called Dur-batta. take along a gold ring and some money In the evening all female relatives and ranging from Rs. 5/- to Rs. 17/-. There they neighbours are entertained to dinner. Women served are with sugar and salt tea. The continue singing throughout the day and priest calculates the day for performance of night. the marriage after consulting the almanac and informs both the parties. At the time The third day called Lagan is the of departure, the bride's people retain the actual day of marriage. The groom is ring only and return the money to dressed in sheerwani, chooridar-pyjama, the bridegroom's party after adding some with a turban on his head and made to more to it. The function is called Gandun. sit in a big room where all male relatives required to accompany the· barat sit by Some days before the marriage, the house his side. They present him with some is coated with yellow clay and cO'Wdung cash called Dast Bosa. The bridegroom which is followed by the loosening of the proceeds to the house of his in-Ia ws in hair plates of the bride called Mass-much­ a procession which is taken out in mor­ Tavun. During the intervening days the ning or after dusk depending upon the members of the household are invited by instructions of the family priest who deter­ their friends and relatives to lunches and mines the auspicious time. The number of dinners known as _Dapan Batas. invitees accompanying the groom is not settled in advance as in the. case of Mus­ On the first day of marriage called lims. They do not, however, on an ave­ Mehandi Root, all members of the house­ rage exceed 100 in number. Before leaving hold as also the relatives present there the premises of his house the groom is take bath. Relatives and neighbours mostly required to stand . on a circular coloured females are entertained to dinner. At about place marked in the compound called midnight henna is applied to both bride Vyug where his mother waves a plate and bridegroom at their respective places containing lamps made of atta, rice and by their father's sister. Women folk sing some coins over his head, to ward off in chorus throughout the night and are the impending misfortune, if any. She served with tea twice or thrice. On the also kisses the forehead of the bridegroom second day called Devagoon religious rites as also showers flowers on him. The 21

Mattan

Vyug ceremony is repeated on the arrival performed during the night younger bro­ of the bridegroom at the house of the thers and sisters of the bridegroom accom­ bride and on his returning home with pany the couple to participate in a his wife with the modification that on feast given by the bride's father. The these occasions both the bride and bride­ groom is presented some cash and clothes groom are made to stand side by side while the bride receives a new dress. on the Vyug. Before entering the house, The function is called Sat-raat and is bride's mother makes the groom to taste not performed on Tuesdays, Thursdays a solid piece of Sligar (nabad) which is and Saturdays. The party returns on then tasted by the bride. This process the same evening. is repeated thrice. At the same time both A few days later, the bridegroom is the bride and bridegroom are required once again invited by his in-laws to to perform some religious rites stay with them for two or three days and is called Dara Puja. After taking meals presented with a dress of clothes. This the ceremony takes place. On· Lagan is called Phirsaal. this occasion, besides other religious func­ tions, the priest makes the groom to wear In the month of Poh (December), a three fold thread in addition to his the Shushar ceremony is performed. On own. Thereby meaning shouldering of this occasion friends, neighbours and rela­ additional responsibilities of his wife. tives are entertained to a non-vegetarian after concluding the Lagan ceremony lunch at the bridegroom's house. The the groom returns to his home with the bride once again receives presents on this bride. occasion. On all important Hindu festivals such The marriage party travels by bus if as Shivratri, Janam Ashtami, Navratra etc. the destination ·is far off. Otherwise the as also on the birthdays of the bride and groom and bride are carried on a tonga bridegroom, her parents send presents and the party cover the distance on foot. which, however, vary according to, the The value of the dowry given by a economic standard of the household and family of average economic sources amounts goes on diminishing from year to year. to about Rs. 1,500/- and comprises the But if the parents are still survlvmg, following :- presents of nominal value are offered to the couple even when they are of advanced 1. Deji Horr a pair of ~rnaments age. fa;l1ing from the ears on the shoulders Muslims 2. Trehmug Necklace After preliminary exchange of views a 3. Korr Bangles day is fixed when the boy's father along 4. Wauj Ring with some close relatives proceed to the girl's house where they are in the first 5. Dresses About 5 sets instance served with tea. A sum of money 6. Household goods. ranging from Rs. 5/- to Rs. 11/- is placed by On the evening of the same day, or the boy's father in the cup in which he had the next day . if the Lagan has been taken tea which is removed from it by 22 The Peo1!}_e_!!.!heir Material Traits the girl's father or any other relative the same meaning thereby that the date glvmg thereby the consent of formal is acceptable to him. acceptance of the relationship. The guests With the date of marriage ensuing are also served with dinner on this various ceremonies are held begining with occasion and the function is known as Gandun. what is called Malas-behun. About three days earlier the bride is made to About a month later, the bride's sit idle, remain dirty and take only dry father and some close relatives are invited food till the opening date of the marriage. to dinner by the bridegroom's father. On This is followed by Mas-1TI1lChravUII or this .occasion they bring alongwith an loosening of hair plates amidst singing of earthen kettle full of nuts and an amount women in chorus. ranging from Rs. 5/- to Rs. 111- and not exceeding the amount placed in the cup by On the first day of marriage called the groom's father on the day of Gandun. Mala-menz both the parties invite female After taking meals with some specially neighbours at their respective houses· late prepared meat dishes the party leaves. in the evening. They dye the hands and But before they leave, the host returns the feet of the bride and the bridegroom the money to the guests after adding in henna. The invitees stay there for the some more to it thus retaining the kettle whole night and sing songs. They are of walnuts only. The function is called served with salt tea twice or thrice Doon-leig. during the night. In case there may be an interval of The second day is known as Menzi­ a year or so between the Gandun and Taat. On the eve of this day besides the actual marriage the bridegroom's neighbours relatives are also invited. For father sends some money in addition to the whole day and night they attend to some gift in the form of ornaments to the the household work and go on singing bride on four important religious occasions. side by side. During the night the bride These occasions are:- is given a bath, her hair dressed and henna i) Id-ul-Fitr once more applied to her hands and feet. Right from the time when . henna is ii) Id-uz-Zuha applied to her, she is not allowed to take iii) Shabi Barat any kind of heavy diet till she reaches iv) Miraj-ul-Alam her husband's house, the next evening. The ceremony is called Baed-doh. On this day ladies are served with dinner. The date for the performance of Early in the morning on the third day marriage is fixed directly by the parties called Yeni-WQul the bridegroom's father concerned after mutual agreement. After sends to the bride three sets of clothes, a couple of days of this verbal agreement, made of either sarge, silk or rattal, in regarding the date, the bridegroom's addition to footwear, and silver ornaments father now formally communicates it on viz., necklace, halqaband, ear-rings (Jumka) a prescribed printed form called Saat and bangles (Bavet Benger) depending on Namah to the bride's father who retains the economic status of the family. She 23

Mattan puts on one of the sets of clothes and coin-now untraceable). The value of Than the ornaments. is also calculated in terms of rupees and varies according to the economic status At his house after mid-day the bride­ of the family from Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1,000/-. groom takes a bath and dresses himself in new clothes with a turban on his head. The Islamic law provides that the In the evening he sits in a big room Nikkah be performed in presence of the where all male relatives and friends sit bride and bridegroom if they are majors. by his side. They present him with According to social custom, however, some money caJled Dast-bos. Women though the bridegroom is present, neither also come and shower dates, sweets, appears before the priest and each is almonds on him. The bridegroom' rides represented by a close relative such as on a horse and proceeds to the house uncle or brother who obtains the consent of his in-laws accompanied by a fixed from him or her in presence of two number of male guests only. The pro­ witnesses. The names of all the six per­ cession is led by a local band and sons are entered in the document. If, followed by women singing in chorus. however, either the bride or the bride­ Women return half way irrespective of the groom be minor, the guardians represent fact that distance to the destination is them before the priest. long or short. After performing the Nikkah ceremony, On reaching his in-laws the bridegroom dinner consisting of a variety of mutton preparations, vegetables and curds is served. is received by a senior member of the When the dinner is over, all excepting a household or some elderly relation who few close relatives leave. They are requir­ helps him to come down from the horse. ed to sit for two or three hours until He is then escorted to dining hall while the bride gets ready to proceed to her .dates and sweets are showered on him husband's house. The groom leaves for and the procession. The bridegroom is his house again on horse back alongwith seated on a carpet specially decorated the bride who is carried in a palanquin, and supported by pillows on either side. sent by her father-in-law. Females from When all the invitees sit they are served bride's side accompany them singing in with sweet tea called Qahwa after which chorus and return half way. Close male marriage bond is stablized by performing relatives of the bride also accompany her Nikkah or exchange of written documents. who are entertained to tea before return­ The terms of the marriage as usually ing. The bride on reaching her husband's embodied in the Nikkah provide that the house is seated on a cushion and is bridegroom has paid or would pay a unveiled by her mother-in-law or in her certain amount ranging between Rs. 300/- to absence by some other close female rela­ Rs. 900/- as Mahar. Normally one third of tive of the groom, for which she is paid this amount is remitted by the bride leaving an amount ranging between Rs. 5/- to the balance alone payable by the groom. Rs. 11/- which is called Hash-kanth, other In addition the hand of the bride is women also offer some money to the given for ornaments called Than which is bride for having seen her face. It is calculated in terms of _Ashrafis (a gold called Buth-wachvaneh. 24 The People a Their Material Traits

The dowry received by the bride from by his sons and relatives and wrapped· her parents consist of:- in white latha or muslin and then carried i) One dress (consisting of pheran, on a bier to the cremation ground poeM, shalwar, shirt, amidst the chanting of hymns. dupatta and a pair of The eldest son carrying a basket con­ footwear) taining an earthen lamp etc. with his ii) Necklace Khailmal - One right arm, projecting from the collar of his pheran, leads the procession to the iii) Ear-rings Ten Kanwaij - cremation ground. He also sets the bier iv) Bangles Korr - One pair on fire after. some religious rites are per­ v) Rings Waij - Three or formed. The processionists then take bath four. and return. For the next -nine days his sons, daughters and other close relatives On the fourth day called a feast Wathal neither change clothes nor take. meat. is served at the house of the bridegroom During these days his sons and the kul­ to which relatives and neighbours are prohit perform some religious rites Kirya invited. Some members of the bride's on the river side. On the 10th day, side are also invited on this day. however, all the relatives, friends and The bride stays at her husband's neighbours are required to perform Kirya. house for seven days during which some In case of a young person it is, however, of her close relatives come to see her confined to 10th day only. On this day and bring along some nuts and sweets. his sons shave their heads and put on It is called Khabar. On the seventh new clothes brought for them by in-laws. day the groom's father invites 4-6 persons On the 3rd day of the death or there­ of the relations of bride to dinner who after ashes are collected and immersed at carry her back to her parental house. Shadipora which is the junction of river The bride's people are on the occasion Jhelum and Sindh Nallah. The bones are accompanied with some cooked meat and kept in an urn in the house and immer­ about 50 breads. About a week later sed in the conflux of rivers at Shadipora the bridegroom is invited by his in-laws or carried to Harmakot Ganga and some to stay with them for three days. This times to Ganges. is called Phir-saal. He is treated there with honour and receives special attention. At the end of every month during On the third day he returns to his home the course of first year a religious rite and is presented with a blanket or a called Massawar is performed. Those, new dress of clothes. however, held at the end of 6th and 12th :month are known as Shed-mos and Death Vohra-vur. On these two occasions priests The Hindus place the dead body on are sent for and served a non-vegetarian a kind of grass (Durab) considered to be dinner. The members of the household, holy which is laid over a spot already however, are required to observe a fast washed and verses from holy Gita are on all these occasions. The priests are recited into his ears. The dead is given bath paid in cash and kind and also given 25 Mattan clothes in the name of the deceased. In scratching of dog near the foundation of the case of an old person, a religious the house, sneezing at the time of starting rite is performed in the month of Kartik, any work or passing by the right hand Magh or Phagun (Oct., Nov., or December), side of a widow, a person carrying a when fried fish is distributed among bundle of wood, a weeping person and priests, neighbours and some close rela­ a corpse while leaving for some assign­ tives. This is repeated twice every year ment are thought inauspicious. Sneezing once on the death anniversary and again at the time of going to sleep, or passing during the fortnight of Shradas in the by the right-hand side of a pretty girl, month of Assuj. Throughout the year cow, child or milk while leaving for any cooked rice with vegetables is kept either work are thought auspicious. on the roof of the house or at a place constructed for the purpose in the premises The inhabitants believe in evil eye. of the compound. A person of brown complexion with spotted face is considered to be possessing such The dead body of a Muslim is given an eye and to ward-off his influence a hot water bath by a professional man people obtain amulets from the priest called Sraneh Gor before it is wrapped which they are either required to bum in white coffin. He is then placed in a in the fire or hang round the neck. wooden box called Taboot which is Hindus also hang an old earthenware carried by four of his close· relatives on outside their house to keep off such their shoulders to the compound of mosque. influence. The body is then carried to the grave­ yard for being burried in the grave dug Vision of clean water, food-grains, by a professional grave digger called gold and witnessing of riding a horse are Mala khesh. After the burial, prayers considered to bring good luck while are once again offered and the party dreaming of money, grave-yard, and disperses. .On 4th and 40th day some crematorium are thought to be the indi­ priests are invited to recite some verses cation of misfortune. of holy Quran at the grave as also at the house to console the soul of the . Hair is cut on all days excepting deceased. The bathman and grave-digger Tuesdays and Thursdays as these are receive remunerations in cash and kind. considered inauspicious for this purpose. Ih addition to a sum of Rs. 6/- each, tea and breads are provided on lst, 4th Dawn is considered good . during day and 40th day. The bath-man is also and night. given the clothes worn by deceased at the time of the death. Basanti, Rose, Crimson, white and green colours are thought lucky while Other Beliefs Lajwardi, Black and Red are considered Oozing of water from boiled rice, unlucky. CHAPTER III

ECONOMY

A. Ecoaomle Reao1ll'ceil canals are subject to a Water Tax (Abiana) Laad over and above the land Revenue (Malia) charged by the Government like all other Out of a total cultivable land of 1,363 lands. kanals 4 marlas, which includes 178 kanals 6 marlas under orchards, over 57% Out of the total cultivable land, 205 is employed for growing paddy, 15% for kanals and 17 marlas are employed for cultivation of maize and a little over producing two crops during a year while 13% produces oilseed. The rest is used the remaining yields one crop only. The for growing vegetables, pulses and wheat total yield of the principal crop namely which together yield an insignificant paddy is 3,515 maunds or 4.5 maunds produce. There is no cultivable waste in per kanal or 36 maunds per acre.· Since the block. The classification of cultivable most of the Hindu households give land land is given as under:- to others for cultivation, about 1,291 Kind of land Area maunds of the produce has been given to K M cultivators thus leaving only 1,953 maunds 1. Abi Awal 498 - 7 for the consumption of the block out of 2. Abi Soum 4- 3 which 271 maunds are available for sale. 3. Abi Wadi 51 - 13 4. Nehri Awal 247 - 14 The total produce of maize and oil­ seed stands at 599 and 335 maunds out 5. Nehri Duwam 19 - 11 of which 131 and 96 maunds respectively 6. Nehri Soum 138 - 9 are surplus and the rest is consumed both 7. Nehri Wadi 13 - 4 by the landlords and cultivators. Local 8. 171 - 0 sales except in the case of oil-seeds which 9. Labru 11 - 18 is sold to grocers, are, however, conducted 10. Baghi Sabzi 50 - 11 within the block by the households 11. Baghi Khushki 129 - 14 possessing the surplus produce to others who 1,363 - 4 might not be in possession of sufficient grains or those who have no land. The quantity of Of the above categories of land first vegetables and pulses produced for self­ two viz., Abi Awal and Abi Soum are consumption is 363 maunds 6 seers. As perennially irrigated by nature and are for wheat only 5 maunds have been used for cultivation of paddy. Besides produced in the whole block for self­ about 92% and 20% of 4th and 6th consumption by the producing house­ categories viz., Nehri Awal and Nehri holds. Soum are also employed for cultivation of this crop. These are irrigated by Fruits obtained from the orchards canals harnessed by the Government for consist of three varieties viz., almonds, this purpose. Lands irrigated by these walnuts and apples which have been sold 27

for Rs. 7,482/- to the fruit" contractors of 182 kanals. Four tillers, however, of Anantnag. benefitted by receiving 19 kanals of land owned by a landlord, belonging to some Livestocll other village, in excess of the above There "is not much of the livestock prescribed ceiling. This area of land was wealth in the village. About 46% of the situated within the village and the bene­ households possess 140 cows giving an ficiaries were the tenants of the absentee average of more than one cow per house­ landlord. None of the household was, hold. The other species include 25 bullocks however, landless. and 21 fowls owned by 13 and 8 house­ The statistics showing produce for the holds respectively. That goat and sheep year 1961-62 indicate that the yield per are not reared is paradoxical in view of kanal of these households has been 4 the fact that there is no dearth of fodder maunds against an average of 4.6 mauilds to maintain these animals. The reasons for the village as a whole. that can, however, presumably be ascribed to little interest taken in rearing the For the last ten years no agriculturist animals is that only 20 households prac­ household has received better irrigational tise agriculture. Preference for cows is facilities, better type of cattle, better because it yields milk for self consumption. implements or taken to the use of pesticides. Certain households as produce milk in But 20 households out of 42 who culti­ excess sell the same to such households vate land themselves out of 84 land owners who do not own any cows. Bullocks are have received demonstrations in improved not borrowed from the adjacent blocks methods of cultivation and ll5 of these as the number of bullocks suffices the have also taken to the use of better type needs of the 20 households who practise of manure. 15 households have managed agriculture. to secure better seeds and the same number cultivate China paddy. There is no veterinary hospital in the village and the villagers still continue to No extra land has been reclaimed during treat their animals with orthodox methods the past 10 years though the same is such as administration of country-oil to available on the Mattan Uder. The same cure indigestion and constipation, appli­ can be reclaimed only after providing cation of hot iron rods to boils and irrigational facilities in that area." fractures etc. In serious cases, the animals The heads of 106 households out of are taken to the nearest hospital at a total of 108 have participated in the Anantnag which is at a distance of three activities of community development which miles. mainly consisted of the construction of Factors a8"ecting economic life public latrines, baths and some village roads. Land reforms like the Abolition of Big Landed Estates had no significant The villagers take full advantage of the impact over the economic life of the Ipcation of the shrine and majority of them village as there was no landlord possessing get their earnings by prov iding board land in excess of the prescribed ceiling and lodging facilities to the visiting pilgrims. 28 Economy

Improvement of communicatioD etc. the working population consist of males As already stated in Chapter I, no bus only and comprises 7 grocers, 6 Govt. plys upto Mattan only. The location of servants, 3 labourers, 2 tailors, 2 dry clean­ the village as also of the block being on ers, 2 herdsmen, one vegetable seller, a the Anantnag-Pahalgam road, the inhabi­ medicine dealer, an oil-seed crusher and tants enjoy ideal transport facilities. Both a cook. Srinagar-Pahalgam and Anantnag-Pahalgam It is not, however, possible to review Bus services which operate at short intervals the change in the size of the workers in cater to the needs of the inhabitants. The different livelihood classes with reference number of Tongas which operate between to previous Censuses as the village wise Mattan, Anantnag and other adjacent figures of livelihood were not being collect­ villages has fairly increased during the past ed in the past. few years. Non-workers constitute 69% of the The block itself has no Post Office. total population. Of these 54% and more One such office, h<;>wever, exists in the than 28% fall respectively in age-group village and stands at a distance of about 0-14 and 15-34 and those in the age­ one furlong from the block under survey. group 35-59 constitute a little less than Previously it was not having a telegraph 11 %. Non-workers above the age of 60 section or a telephone installation but both number only 19. these facilities are now being provided to the inhabitants by this Post Office. Barring seven persons who seek employ­ Live~ood Classes ment for the first time and one retired person, male non-workers consist of full There are 215 workers in all represen t­ time students and other dependants. Female ing 31 % of the total population of 693. non-workers besides full-time students and Of those 39.50% fall. in the age group other dependants also include those engag­ 15-34, 45.50% belong to the group 35-59 ed in household duties. A good number and those above the age of 60 represent of non-workers consist of infants, children 13%. There are, only 4 workers under not attending school, persons permanently the age 14. The number of female workers disabled, and other dependants together is extremely)ow being 13 against 202 males. constituting over 31 % and representing males The workers fall in 13 livelihood dass­ and females almost in equal proportion. es viz., Priesthood, Zamindari, Government Students constitute over 34% of the total service, Private service, Tailoring, Vegeta­ non-worker. population and consist of ble selling, Labour, Dry cleaning, Oil seed males and females in the ratio of 7: 4. crushing, Medicine selling, Cooking, Dry Persons engaged in household duties consist cleaning and Tending of cattle. Priesthood of only females of all age' groups and which include three women also represent constitute over 32% of the total non-work­ over 51 % of the total workers. 21 % and ers and 53% of the female non-workers. about 16% consist respectively of cultiva­ tors and Government servants. The former Out of the 7 persons seeking employ­ includes 7 women and the latter 3. The ment, 5 are matriculates, one primary remaining 26 persons representing 12% of pass and the remaining one is illitrate. WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY LIVELIHOOD, CLASSES

40 I. PRIESTHOOD 2. CULTIVATION 3. GOVT. S.ERVICE 4. GROCERY VI a:- s. PRIVATE SERVICE Ii.! 6 - LABOUR :IIC a: 7. TAILORING 0 8. DRY CLEANI NG :t: 9. CATTLE HEP.DING ..J 30 10. VEGE TABLE SELLING oj( l- II . MEDICINE SELLING 0 12 _01L SEED CRUSHING t- 13. COOKING ~ 0 '" '"..: I- z w 20 u a:

Q.'"

10 .., ~ .... ' ui" l- V a: I- 6 !:!! , II.! l- I-~ 0 Z on" ..J 11.1 I- W ." 0 Z ... a: ~ ... Z :E: ~ 11.1 z: 0 ... :;:) lit ..J lit - :E: a: V) t'- lit" ° a: °Qc ,a: .... 11.1 :i LL ! -~ I '" !: Q. 1M w Z I l.LI ::E .... W , 0 OJ 0 CI X :.:: ~ '" W z t'- ,t? z \!) 'II: 1-.'"N a: ...J IU -0 LL • t- Il. ---- 0 .0- "'f - UJ w::;, ... U'\ f"I ~ Z fJ) . "'0 0; I J I 4(11: 01'1fI'I ...._ 0 a: a: 'el '" 0 .... W::. fI) ~I- LlJ_. u '-v 0:« c( ~ I Q:. OZ ~ , '" , co w !!:olf , I Q. ., ZV> I-,::!! OQ.. Z ·::> 0 z ;, -~ ,... -0 a: a: ." t'- oD t- III ! I C/) :3 l- 0 - oJ :;:) ::I a: ~ ~ '"cO v I.JJ . 0 0 OJ 0 -~ I W ...J oJ ..J ~ I.!I 0 0 0 Z J: ill· f.I) ... z ,a: .., ... IU 1&1 a: III III :> :> J: 0 W, I.W 0 0 0 ... ~ :E: X J: 0 3: a: r--~,., 0 iI: -:0M I 0 1m]

11 '-~ J 29 Mauan

Except the illiterate one whose age is 50, Government service which is the primary all others belong to age group 15-29. occupation of 7 households comes next. Of these, 6 households have got agriculture As already mentioned above there is only and the remaining one priesthood as one retired person and no beggars, vagrants subsidiary occupation. or independent woman without apparent source of income are to be found in the Government service is not, however, block. persued as subsidiary occupation by any of the household. Priesthood being the traditional occupa- • tion of majority of the inhabitants, the Then follows the private service which above statistics indicate that there has been is the main source of income to 5 house­ no significant change in the population holds. 4 of them persue agriculture as of different livelihood classes. The only subsidiary occupation. The remaining one deviation from the traditional occupation in addition to agriculture is simultaneously appears from the increase in the number engaged in priesthood. of Government servants and taking up of medicine selling and dry cleaning by three Private service does not provide any persons against none in the past. head of the household a subsidiary source of income. Statistical data regarding Primary and Subsidiary occupations Grocery is the primary occupation of 4 households. Of these 3 have got agri­ Priesthood in which 67 or 62% of the culture and the remaining one priesthood total households are engaged is the princi­ as subsidiary occupation. pal occupation of the block. Of these 67 households, agriculture provides subsidiary Grocery provtaes subsidiary source of source· of income to 46 households. income to I head of the household. Besides, one household persues grocery in Vegetable selling, oil-seed crushing, addition to agriculture as subsidiary road labour, tailoring and herding of occupation. cattle are the other main occupations Priesthood provides subsidiary sou,rce followed by the remaining 5 households. of income to more households. Of these excepting road labour, none other Then comes the agriculture which is provides subsidiary source of income to persued by 20 or 18% of the total house­ allY head of the household. holds as primary occupation. Out of The oil-seed crusher and the shepherd, these 20 households, 2 households have however, practise agriculture as subsidiary priesthood and 12 more road labour as occupation. subsidiary occupations. 28 or 26% of the total households fall Agriculture, however, is the subsidiary in the income-group Rs. 26/- to Rs. 50/-. occupation of 64 households out of which 27 and 24 households representing 25% 22 till the land themselves and the rest and 22% of the total households faU have given out the land to tillers who respectively in the income-group Rs. 51/­ share half of the produce for cultivating to Rs. 75/- and Rs. 76/- to Rs. 100/-. the same. There are only 3 households having a 32 Economy iv) expenditure on offerings at various were entitled to supply of timber for stages of agricultural operations. construction of their houses at concession rates from the Government. The con­ Over 55% of the total product of paddy cession has now been withdrawn, the is consumed locally. Of the remaining reason, as given by the Range Officer, 45% about 37% is taken by the tillers being that while cutting the trees the for cultivating the land of various house­ villagers would not take adequate care to holds and there is only less than 8% protect smaller trees and would generally available for sale. The surplus is sold try to extract timber much in excess of within the block to such household who the sanction. The people, however, continue may be deficit. Same is the position in to obtain firewood from these forests. the case of maize where there are only 131 maunds in surplus which is marketted Village Industries within the block. The surplus of oil seeds There are . three types of industries weighing 96 maunds is, however, sold to such as tailoring, oilseed crushing and the local grocers. dry cleaning run in the village. Ploughing of the fields starts early in The tailors are equipped with sewing April and the seed are sown early in machines, needles and scissors of the same May. Maize is, however, sown both in type as found in other developed rural May and June, weeding and transplan­ areas. Enquiries made on spot revealed tation takes place during July and August. that they now tailor modern garments Crops are harvested towards the end of also such as coats, pants, waist-coats, September or begining of October. Thra­ shorts, etc., in addition to the traditional shing is done at the premises of each clothes. They are the local inhabitants. household and is completed by the end So far as transmission of skill is concerned of October. the persons engaged in tailoring have in the beginning been working as apprentice Aaimal Husbandry, Fishing and and later when trained started their own Forestry etc. establishments. Employment of persons as Animal husbandry is neither persued hired apprentices is also practised in· this as an occupation by any household nor kind of industry. has there been any change in its activi­ ties. The cows are husbanded by bullocks The method of extraction of oil from spared by other local inhabitants within the seeds is traditional and does not or outside the block. No special facilities differ in anyway from that found in or concessions have been provided to the other rural areas of the valley. The inhabitants to extend their activities in seeds are placed in a wooden mortar, this field. Same is the caSe with fishing. about It ft. in diameter. One end of a No household in the block persues fishing 5' long and 7" diameter wooden pestle as an occupation. is fixed with the mouth of the mortar and the loose space, if any, is filled in Forest as already stated is in close with grass to prevent oilseed from vicinity of the village. The products are sinking down to the bottom of the mortar. kail and deodar. Till recently. the people The pestle is kept in a vertical position » C1tl ""I () C .-+ c: ""I OJ Winnowing 4000- PRODUCTION & DISPOSAL OF AGR (CULTURAL PRODUCE

3000-

~ D ANNUAL QUANTITY CONSUMED 600- o ANNUAL QUANTITY AVAILABLE FOR SALE &/) 0 z - ~ -4: 500- ~ -z &U U ;::) C 400- 0. a: a..

....I -c a: ::J 300- I- ....I ::l U -a: , C) « 200-

100-

0 l) "'0 ~ < 0 l- ,.. IT! C 0 G'\ r r 0 N IT! CfJ CfJ -< m -4 IT! rn l- IT! CfJ aI r 0 IT! CfJ CfJ

33 Mattan and its other end is connected by a remaining one IS engaged in vegetable curved wooden rod. This rod is at the selling. other end, linked with a long beam, as indicated in the sketch. The beam has The nature of establishment with regard a compass which holds the mortar firmly. to grocers, is the same as found in other At the end of the beam several stones developed rural areas of the valley. Goods containing holes are placed one upon the are stored in sman tin or wooden boxes other so as to exert pressure on the mortar and arranged 011 shelves to give a better through the pestle. A rope is passed through look. Most of the tin boxes are fitted with these holes and tied round the neck of glass panes on one side through which the the bull which is made to rotate resulting commodities inside the box can be seen. in the rotation of the beam, the rod and The grocer unlike past deals in a number the pestle. The seeds are thus crushed and of goods. For instance, socks,. handkerchiefs, the oil flows down from the bottom of hair-oils, creams, etc. which were unknown the mortar through and is collected. to the villagers in the past are now visible on these shops along with a number of The residue accumulates at the top of commodities. The grocer manages every­ the wooden mortar in the shape of cakes. thing himself and does not employ anyone Transmi.ssion of skill in this case has to assist him. Almost all the goods are taken place from father to son. No hired purchased from Anantnag. apprentices are, however, employed. Unlike the past the vegetable-seller does The dry-cleaning is a recent industty not now wander about 1h:e village, with set-up in the village. The owner of the his basket full of vegetables, weights and establishment was at first working as an a balance to sell the vegetables to the apprentice at Anantnag and after having persons who would respond to his call. been fully trained in the art, started his He has got a regular shop on which own shop in the village. He is equipped baskets full of vegetables are arranged on with a modern machine and the presses two or three shelves. Almost every kind etc required for cleaning the clothes etc., of vegetable is to be seen on his shop purchased from Anantnag. The owner has and the saleable articles are not now limit­ also employed a person to assist him in ed to the indigenous produce viz., cabbage, his work. pumpkin etc., but other products such as Nadru (Lotus-stalk) grown on the lakes of COlDlDerce Anchar and Dal are also sold. Most of In comparison to the village as a whole the vegetables are purchased from where there are a number of general-cum­ Anantnag. Transactions are made m cloth merchants, grocers, butchers, book­ cash in all cases. sellers, chemists, fruit-sellers, cigarette dealers etc., the commercial activities in Transport service being regularly avail­ the block under survey - are insignificant. able, all kinds of commodities are avail­ There are only 5 heads of households able throughout the year. Tongas also who are engaged in business. Of these 4 operate at short distances between persue the business of grocery and the Anantnag and Mattan which further 34

Economy

facilitate passanger and good s traffic between to them their ancestral history and prompt these two places. them to perform the sharad ceremony.

Other occupations Priesthood appears to be quite remunera­ Priesthood is the oldest and principal tive profession in as much as the Pandas occupation of the inhabitants. As already keep a better home, have a better li~ing and can better educate their children than mentioned the village is an important other inhabitants of the village. Over 83% pilgrimage centre 011 account of the of the households in this hereditary location of the tirtha. Only two heads of households whose traditional occupation occupation have a monthly income of more was priesthood have abondoned it and than Rs. 50/- per month. There is, however, joined Government service. a growing tendency among the young educated folk of this sect to take up The priest of the village is known as Government service in preference to Panda a sub-sect of Brahmans. The most priesthood. important feature about the Panda is that he maintains a big register in which There are seven heads of households the names of the ancestors of his living who are engaged in Government service. clients are most efficiently recorded. When Of these one is working as investigator, a visitor comes to the Tirtha who may 3 teachers, 3 clerks and the remammg be ignorant abOut his ancestory, he is one as a peon. Four of them have a told all about his anticidents and asked monthly income of more than Rs. 101.00 to perform sharad in the name of the per month, two fall in the income-group deceased. His name also gets enlisted in Rs. 51/- to Rs. 75/- and the other one the register which lends access to the has an income somewhere between Rs. 26/­ Panda to reach his son. to Rs. 50/-

A Panda has in away, a painless job. Private service is persued by 5 heads He has of course to recite mantras while of households. The jobs include accoun­ performing the sharad at the shrine but tancy teaching and management. Three has nothing to invest. He receives dakhshina of them fall in the income-group Rs. 76/­ for other services besides some clothes an"d to Rs. 100/- and one each in Rs. 51/­ utensils in the name of deceased for to Rs. 75/- and Rs. 26/- to Rs. 50/- whom the sharad is performed. Sometimes a piligrim stays in the village for a few Heads of two households are engaged days to perform the sharad ceremony. The in cattle rearing and manual labour. The arrangements for his board and lodging shepherd leaves with his herd early in are made by the Panda in lieu of the morning for adjacent jungle with a substantial remuneration. During winter stick in his hand and returns in the the Pandas go to visit their clients through­ evening. The labourer either functions as out the country and return with a good a porter or works at some construction sum of money in addition to clothes etc. as an un-skilled labourer. Both of them In tourist season a number of Pandas are fall in the income-group of Rs. 26/- to observed hanging around tourists to reveal Rs. 50/- per month. NO.OF HOUSEHOLDS I ~ tv 0 o o »0 0 Zc I- PI,) O(/'J U'I rn ' IV 0- J Z:r: VI 0 00 U'I Z - rTlr (') I :r:: 0 -..J I o CDO VI c ~ U'I -i'ft ,I ", V· m 0- m "• :J: 0 o r o ,CD - o ,Z -< 0 en m + z (J'l_ o 1"'1' UlZ III -I n Ill 0 -( s: () m '

tv C ~G) (,/I (J);D -z IT! I/) 'm 0 V> (J)C "U (Jl

D m "'D l> D VI I'

.0o

35

Mattan

Indebtedness raised by 3 households for house cons­ As will be seen from Table XXIV (A) truction or repairs to existing structures. of Set A, 26 households or about 24% 23.50% of the debt has been incurred of the total households are in debt with by 8 families in connection with the an average indebtedness of Rs. 423.00. marriages, 31 % has been raised by 13 The incidence of indebtedness is high in households to meet their ordinary wants. the income-group Rs. 26/- to Rs. 50/­ Only 2 households have raised about where about 28% households are in debt. II % of the loans to run household Households in income brackets Rs. 51/­ business. to Rs. 75/- and Rs. 76/- to Rs. 100/­ On the whole it appears 45.50% of are in debt to the extent of 26%. Even the total loan has been raised for pro­ among the households falling in the income­ ductive purposes like house construction group Rs. 101 and over 20% are in debt. and household business and the rest for 34.50% of the total loans has been non-productive purposes. CHAPTER IV SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

The village as a whole is inhabited against 22 deaths (12 males and 10 by three communities viz., Hindus, females) in the block under survey during Muslims and Sikhs. They are generally the year 1961-62. all good natured, humbJe and sweet and live in cordial relationship with each Marriages other. The shrines of all the three com­ The proportion of never-married, munities lie si.de by side near the sacred widowed and divorced persons to the spring where fairs are held in peace and total population is given below:- mutual good-will. Each community de­ l. Never married 49.50% lightfully participates in the festivals of other communities. Instances are not 2. Married 43.30% lacking where members of one community 3. Divorced Nil manage the affairs of members of another 4. Widowed 7.20% cummunity on such important occasions 5. Unspecified status Nil as marriages, etc. which speak of healthy traditions of mutual love and confidence. Over 76% of never-married persons are minors below the age of 15 and the Age aDd Ses remaining 24% belong to the age-group The overall sex-ratio in the block is above 15. Of the latter, 28 males and 79 females for every 100 males. As will 13 females fall in the age-group 15-19 also be seen from Table II (Set A) there and 25 males belong to the age-group is. however, divergence in the sex-ratio 20-29. There are 14 males above the age in the age-groups 50-54 and over where of 29 who are un-married. No explana­ there are only 47 and 38 females respec­ tion, has been' given by the persons above tively for every 100 males. There is no the age of 29 for having remained un­ age-group where females exceed males. married so far. That a significant num­ ber of persons who are un-married fall Reference to the table will also show in 15-29 age-group, does not necessarily that infants, children, boys and girls below indicate that they are not intending to the age of 15 represent 38% of .the marry even though in their advanced age. total population. Persons belonging to age­ group 15-44 constitute 44% and those The largest number of married persons above the age of 44 comprise only 18% belong to the age-group 15-44 and cons­ of the total popUlation. titute 75% of the total married population. Births aad Deaths There is only one instance where a female below the age of 15 is married. It indi­ According to the records maintained cates that the traditional system of early by the village chowkidar, there have been marriages is not in vogue. Preference for 31 births (14 males and 17 females) late marriages is gradually becoming r-- ~-

r-- "'0 rv- » 0 z "'0 I , , 0 C r o- ....._ » » _r-- , - G) --I rn - m- - I I 0 G) Z r-- - 0 m 0.- r-- -< - " to--f= c: to-- 1J 1== (/) Ul ~ rn ,.c.- » x r ." I'll N- (n '" , ;u

I 0 o· G'l .... OIl ..... ,'" ...... ~ .... 0 0 0 U! ~ 0 U!

-I ,. "I'1'l rv- ~ a I » If! Ir 1"1 ~- I (/l DDD~I DI -< ~ 0 z ,0 0 - r It--- ... c 0 0 00- -< 0 •Z (II 2 r ~ . ... a ,PI ~ (II rn I-- .. ,.. 2 I i: t-- ... ' G'l Z 1"'1 .. -;u Q'"' 0)- r .. ~ !It :: 0 r- 1"'1' J:: I 0=- Z 1"'1 "- ~ i: z 1"'1 .. - z ~ 0- - 0 , i: 1"'1 Z ;v-

,

I ..,:- to-- ,

I

l.- I

0- --'

"" r- I--

;v- 3: 5- > 1-- > :0 Z 1--""'" 0 -...-t CD- > r r- » G') 1= m (/) 0- I-- 1= I -4 G1 » 1= r- -4 I-- ~ ::0 I=-I-- C "" 0 CI» ... C I-- "0 ~ en CD on N I-- » -< I-- r ITI (/1 :II - '--- f-- - en ITI .~ I-- 0 X n 0 .. III I ;n f ! I ~ o~~,. on Do ., .. -+- ern ~ ...... III 0 ~ ~ 1.~ ... I- 1--"'11 z I-- 1"1 t- ~ ... N- » ,. r--- r I-- m n "",_ t-- .__(/) ... t-- f--

0-- I-- ODD '--- ~ I-- ,. o "., '":IE 0)- PI'" I---' '"g a 1----1 I-- 1.--....1 I--~ 0-

j\j-

~- I--

L-- Q

;j; r-- p:I - rTI '" » 0 z c 0 0 0- - )I. » G) -I ~ CTI 0- Q) .. ~ill I Z (i) ::c aJ - 0 -( DO f- C (/I - . :II -TI -f-- ,...... - CTI f- ~ )( ... .e-- ~ I i ~ J:[ '" j .. - f- ~ :D I r N trr fTI - f- (/I n I--rr-- - JII-- - - r-- '" 0 ., ... w ... iii .. III UI 0 0 0 0 t:; lIJ I I '"I I 9I I I '" :D" I I I I I !'i 0"" .. ... ;;: .. .. w .. ... VI Z 0 ~ ...... !II ...... ~ + "III:II

~ IT1 rv " .. ~ ,__'--r- »- - r " m - ,--111 "" r-- (/I '" r- r-- - r- ID[illD~D[illD ,. :z: I: .... r- ;:. Z i ::j 0 fl ~ .. ! r- I-- r- ~ '" -< ,. III I: .. a :D lilt ~ tD: 0 "III c: lilt n ...... :D II> I: :D ~ :D III III -< '" - :z: 0 ...... ~ :D 0 .. ; 0 ! QI '" " lilt .. ~ :z:" '" r-- 0 i - ,.c 0 '" :z: ..c: j ! ! .. - !: I'll :D ." Z '" 0 f-1II :D (I.. n III 0 ,. ,...... c: .. r- n'" ,. n 0 0 III .. Z Z ;; ~ (I 0 ,. :II N- !'l ~ III of II> Z

.._ .."lilt • (I - -D'

37

Mattan

· order of the day. Majority of the people favour the The married population is represented modern methods· of treatment and gene­ equal1y by the two sexes. There is, rally avail of Ayurvedic or Allopathic advice. however, disparity in the n umber of Certain people, however, prefer to be cured married males and females within almost by a local Hakim. The people are losing all the age-groups. This may be ascri­ faith in quacks and in amulets of a priest bed to the fact that females are usually which the diseased person was required of lesser age than the males at the time to either burn in live coals and inhale of marriage as a result whereof the for­ its smoke or hang the same round his neck. mer swell in lower age-groups and have The Government Allopathic Dispensary very small number in the higher age­ functioning in the village is in the charge groups. Against this males are in majority of a trained and experienced compounder. in the higher age-groups in comparison Two attendants one male and one female to females. and a sweeper are also borne on its esta­ blishment. The dispensary has attended The number of widowers exceeds total to as many as 11,762 patients during the widows being in the proportion of 100:85. year 1961-62 with an average of over 32 The large majority of the widowed persons patients per day. There are adequate are to be found above the age of 50. arrangements for conducting minor ope­ There is not a single case of divorce. rations such as abscess, fractures, extrac­ Divorce, widow re-marraige, polygamy tion of tooth, wax-in-ear of which 11, 55, 54 and consanguineous marriages are permi­ and 13 patients, have respectively been ssible and in vogue among Muslims. A treated during the said period. The dis­ Hindu woman is also entitled to divorce pensary, however, lacks in adequate supply but the village provides no instance of of medicines. any Hindu woman having been divorced. EducatioD Nor is widow re-marriage in practice among Hindus even though made per­ The percentage of literate persons, is missible in 1989 through an Act by the 55 %. As between the two sexes the literacy State Government. Marriages among blood percentage is over 73% in case of males relations is neither permissible not prac­ and about 33% in respect of females. The tised among them. Though there is no literacy in this block is remarkably high bar on polygamy such marriages are also when compared with the literacy percen­ not in practice among Hindus. tage of the state as a whole. Diseases The majority of literates are above the Diseases from which the inhabitants age of 14 who constitute about 66% of generally suffer are diarrhoea, bronchitis, the literate population. Of these, 20% congestion of chest, fevers and worms. have either passed matriculation, inter­ The unhygienic condition of the village mediate or graduation and about 18%' and uncivic habits of the people are are holders of oriental title. This indicates generally responsible for the incidence of that though a good number of literates diseases. The general health of the villa­ switch over to other occupations after gers is all the same good. receiving basic or primary education, yet :18

Social. cf Cultural Life there is encouraging trend among the gration during the past 30 years. The people to go in far higher education, the heads of both the households have performed desire for which may in due course of marriages in this village and later settled time increase to a considerable extent. permanently here. Since the village does It is appreciable to note that the popu­ not provide any better economic prospects lation of children to their total in the no instance of immigration in connection age groups 5-9 and 10-14 who claim to with the search of livelihood is to be be literates is 70 and 88. The reasons found. advanced by the parents in respect of So far as migration is concerned, except such male children who do not attend for temporary absence in connection with school in these age-groups were either receiving higher education or service there that they could not afford their educational are no trends indicative that inhabitants expenses or that they were required to help would like to emigrate from the village. them in their work in fields or elsewhere. So There are, however, trends that the cases far as female children are concerned, of temporary absence may increase with performing of ·household duties debar them the emergence of educated persons ·who, from going to schools. Certain parents, as per the aspiration of their parents, however, were of the view that their would like to join Government service. children had not yet attained the school B. Family Structure going age. There are in all 2 High Schools, 1 Most of the families, in the block are Basic School and 1 Primary School in 'Intermediate' consisting of married couple, whole of the village, the latter being situa­ un-married brothers and sisters and one ted in the block under survey. Except of the parents. They number 39 and one High School for girls, all others are represent over 36% of the total families meant for boys. The Girls High School inhabiting the block. Second in order of and Boys High School have a teaching their number are those classified under staff of 15 and 20 persons respectively. 'Others' who constitute over 31 %. 'Simple' That in the Primary School and Basic families consisting of husband, wife and School consists of 1 and 5 persons res­ un-married children rank third and represent pectively. about 29%, their number being 31 in a total of 108. There 'Joint' families are Out of a total number of 792 students only 4 in number, three Hindus and one reading in these schools, 172 come from Muslim, in the entire block. the block under survey. 172 students out of a total population of 693, which the Though the villagers would like to block has, speaks of a growing educational respect the sanctity of joint family system a wareness among people of the block. and feel that such a family is something There are in addition 11 students from dignified yet in practice the families break. the block studying in various colleges at Thus we find that there are only 4 joint Anantnag and Srinagar persuing higher faimilies against 31 simple and 39 inter­ education. mediate. The reasons for this small num­ Immigration and Emigration ber of joint families is that households There have been two cases of immi- split up, as soon as married person, who 39 Mattan is either an earning hand or fit to earn male child becomes co-sharer with his his livelihood independently, gets one or father in his ancestral property right from more children. It is assumed that even the time of his birth. Property acquired the 39 intermediate families may also by the father independantly is not, how­ split up in due course when the unmarried ever, inherited by the children during sisters and brothers get married. his life time. Female children are deprived in both the cases from inheriting any The inter-caste marriages among Mus­ share of the property. Here again the lims are both permissible as also in prac­ female can inherit property both landed tice. Hindus, however, avoid such marriages. and other in case she and her husband Muslims of the block are governed by reside in the house of her parents right the Mohammadan law in the matter of from the time of marriage. An adopted inheritance of property which states that child is also entitled to the same share no son or daughter can inherit any pro­ as admissible to the bonafide children. perty of his or her parents until their The Hindu Inheritance (Removal of death. After the death of the parents, the Disabilities) Act ( 1940 A.D.) provides property with the exception of land is that no person governed by Hindu law inherited by the son and the daughter other than a person who is and has been in the ratio of 2:1. In accordance with from birth a lunatic or idiot shall be ex­ the provisions of Jammu and Kashmir cluded from the inheritance or from any Land Revenue Act a daughter is not en­ right or share in joint family property titled to any share of the land unless by reasons only of any disease, deformity, she and her husband are put together in her physical or mental defects. parents house permanently from the begin­ Leisure and Recreation ning of the marriage. In the latter case c. she can share landed property also in There is a small park just opposite the the same ratio as is admissible to her tirtha where both young and old spend with regard to the other property. their leisurely hours under the shades of magnificiant chinar trees, said to· have The children of a person who dies been planted by Asaf Jah a courtier of during the life time of his parents are emperor Jahangir. The park, however, has deprived of the property inherited by his no recreational equipment for enjoyment parents. The acquired property is, however, and amusement of the children. They shared by the father and family (wife simply take enjoyment by running and and children) in the ratio of 1:3. jumping inside it. Elderly people held A widow without any issue is entitled discussions on various problems varying to lth of the property of her husband from worldly affairs to their personal and that having an issue to ith. The for­ problems. mer is also entitled to the unpaid balance People take amusement from radio of Mahr if any, while the latter is not. programmes also. There are, however, only Both cannot however, share any landed 5 households who own radios and the property. rest listen to the programme from the So far- as Hindus are concerned the community listening centre. 40 Social a Cultural Life

The villagers, however, seem to have one of them whose eyes are closed by taken quite a good deal of interest in another boy, sitting at his back, wi th his staging plays as a result whereof one hands. He is required to spread his legs finds 2 such clubs in the village. The on the ground and the remaining boys Krishna Dramatic Club established in 1920 are required to cross over them. Every by one Pt. Amar Nath Rishi who has staged boy who crosses, touches the leg thereby a number of plays with the themes varying giving an indication that some one has from religious, historical and cultural to crossed. The boy is required to name the community developments. <;>f the dramas boy who has crossed over his legs. In staged by this club may be mentioned, case he quotes the incorrect name the Haba Khatoon, Heemal Naigrai, Raja practice is repeated and is continued on Harishchandra, Nayie Panchayat and Purani the same boy till he quotes the names Panchayat etc. The National Dramatic correctly. Club established in 1950 by one Mr. Ghulam Qadir Zargar has also staged a The game of guti is played by any number of plays such as Akanandun, number of children with nuts or pice. In Laila Majnoon etc. While admission to this game.a hole of about 3" diameter the plays staged by the Krishna Dramatic and 2" depth is sunk in the soil which Club is without ticket, the National Dra­ is called gun. A place known as m.unda matic Club charges something between is marked at a distance of9-12 feet from 12 nP to 25 nP per head for entry t6 it where from the participants are required witness the dramas. to through the nuts or pice info the guti. To enable the children to decide as to There are two musical clubs a Iso. One who may start first, each player is required Prem Sangeet Club and the other National to throw a nut or pice from munda in Bharat Sangeet Club. The former was an effort to put the same in the guti established in 1945 by one Pt. Krishan and the one who succeeds in it starts La! Mussa and the latter in 1950 by the game. Then boys contribute an equal Pt. Jagar Nath. Both these clubs organise number of nuts or pice and the player musical performances for the purpose of throws all of them from the mUllda in recreation and pleasure. the effort to deposit them in the guti. The Of the games, volley-ball is the most number of pices thus deposited become popular o.ne. There is a National Volleyball his property. Some of them are also scattered Club in the village which organises matches on the ground around the guti and the within the village only. There is, how­ player strikes a particular walnut or pice, ever, no regular play-ground in the village marked by other players, with another for the game. The players fix poles and pice in his hand and in case he succeeds net at a place they consider fit. in this too he becomes the owner of the School-going children also play games whole lot. In case the striker goes into ,like Hockey, Foot-ball, Tug-of-war etc. guti or touches some pice other than the target he is required to pay one more During summer teen-aged boys play some local games such as Zang Taar and pice as fine in addition to those deposi­ Guti. Zang Taar is played by about a ted in the guti. During the months of dozen of children, who by majority select March, April, September and October 41

Matta,n simple square kites are also flown by Kashmiri Hindus. visit the shrine to the children. perform sharads for their deceased rela­ tives and those functions continue for about In the month of Ramzan of Hijri era a month. Arrangements for the visiting as also on the occasion of Id, the Mus­ pilgrims are on this occasion as at other lim women sing Kashmiri songs locally times, made by the local Pandas who are known as rouf. In this folk song women paid for their services handsomely. There of some neighbouring houses assemble in is, however, no restriction for the perfor­ a central place after dusk. They form two rows and in each row the women extend mance of sharads by any person at any time during the course of the year and their arms over the shoulders of other women standing by their right and left these do take place especially in the Case of pilgrims outside the State. side. The women in one row sing a song verse by verse while those in the opposite The shrine occupies an area of about one repeat the first verse every time. While 4 kanals and contains several structures singing the women move their bodies for­ which include three Dharmsalas and five ward and backward. The song is not, temples. One Dharmsala and the Bara­ however, ac;companied by any musical ins­ dari now transformed into a temple and trument. situated in the middle of one tank is The village is occasionally entettained said to have been built by Akbar the to a film show by the State Publicity Great. One more Dharmsala located on Department also and large crowds assem­ the right side of the tanks was built by one Sardar Harising Nalwa between. ble to witness the same. 1820-21 who was at first a (khidmatgar) and ReHgious Institutions later a General of Raja Ranjit Singh. The most important religious institution Half of this Dharmsala is under the in the village is the holy spring of Mar­ occupation of Sikhs and houses Gurdwara. tanda - the sun-god. A legend connects The remaining one Dharmsala has been the spring with the story of the production built by the Dharmarath Department of the sun from the goddess Egg (Martanda) Trust. The Government has, however, which Aditi, the wile of Kashyapa Reshi, recently constructed a sarai just near brought forth as her thirteenth child. the shrine _for the pilgrims. From this it can be assessed that the The shrine is under the overall control spring is as old as the history of the vale of Yok-Sabha but is, however, managed itself which actually begins from the time by a Prohit Sabha, of the local Pandas, of habitation, in this part of the world, which consists of 32 members. Of these when Kashyapa Reshi's penance resulted nine members constitute the working commi­ in the evacuation of overflowing water ttee which consists of:- from it. As already stated, the pilgrims both • Malamas-Banamas is the month which Itarts at the expiry of every two and a half within and outside the State, visit the year's period. This is calculated according to .shrine in large numbers throughout the solar system and the date and month accordingly year. At the time of Malamas-Banamas·, changes. 42 Social a Cultural Life

1) President 2) Vice President from the 60 kanals of land owned in 3) Secretary 4) Joint Secretary tehsil Anantnag, dedicated to the Gurd­ wara by the Government. The shali is 5) Cashier 6) Accountant not, however, sold but is reserved for 7) Cheri Navis or 8) Naqal Napis or the pilgrims to whom food is served by copyist copyist the Gurdwara. 9) Record-keeper The expenditure is involved on the pay of a sewadar who is paid at the rate According to the information made avai- - of Rs.25/- per month and the purchase lal>le by the working committee the revenue of dhoop etc. to be consumed in the and expenditure of the shrine for the year Gurdwara. _ 1960-61 stood at Rs. 239/- and Rs. 1,760/­ respectively. On the left side of the Anantnag­ Pahalgam road and just opposite to the The principal sources of income are :- holy spring there is a holy place said 1) Offerings made by the pilgrims at the to have been occupied for some time by shrine, a renowned Muslim saint namely Sayyid Mir Ali Hamadani who came to Kashmir 2) lrd of the offerings made at Amar­ for the first time in September 1372 from nath cave. Hamadan and stayed here for about 4 Expenditure is incurred on repairs to months. He made his second visit in 1379 the existing structures of the .shrine and and remained in the ,valley for two and a payment of salaries to 3 pujaris and 1 half years. His last visit in 1383 was caused chowkidar who are paid an axpount of by the invasion of Persia by Timur in Rs. 35/- per month. 1383 when he conquered Persia and de­ cided to exterminate 'Alavi Sayyids' of It may here be note-worthy that the Hamadan who until his time had played offerings made at the cave of Amarnath an important role in the local affairs. are divided into three shares. One is taken The Sayyid left Hamadan with 700 other by the Sadhus, another by the Pandas of Sayyids for Kashmir and was received Mattan and the remaining one share by with great warmth . by the then Sultan the Muslims of Malik caste of village Qutub-ud-Din. The saint is responsible for Batkote who are believed to have ex­ mass conversion of the Hindus of Kashmir plored the way to the said cave. to Islam. He was a great scholar and is said to have been the author of more Within the premises of the shrine there than one hundred books on logic, phi­ is a Gurdwara. On the occasion of losophy, ethics, Jurisprudance, Political Baisakhi and birth days of Guru Nanak science, Sufism commentries, science of and Guru Hargobind Singh Ji ~fairs are physiogomy. He has played an important held where about 500 Sikhs assemble. role in Persia and Central Asia also but The Gurdwara has approximately an he achieved his great triumphs in the income of Rs. 1,000/- which includes the valley of Kashmir where even today after offerings made by the pilgrims at the the lapse of more than 460 years his Gurd wara and the cost of shali obtained influence continues to be all pervading. The famous shrine of H indus in Mattan

Th e holy spring of Mananda-the Sun-god ..

Martanda ruins

.. ' The famous shrine of H indus in Mattan

The holy spring of Martanda-the Sun-god -

Martanda ru ins 43

Mattan

On every 6th Zilhaj of Muslim era got 11 members of whom one functions a fair is held where Muslims of the as Sarpanch. Of the total members 10 village as also of surrounding villages including the Sarpanch are elected by the assemble in large number. There is people and the remaining one is nomi­ nothing of a kind of shrine or tomb nated by thE' Development Commissioner which is thought to be sacred. A small fro:n the pannel of names recommended fenced place where the saint had medi­ by the out-going Panchayat. At present, tated, is regarded holy. however, only nine members including that of the Sarpanch have returned on There are a number of other mosques election. One more seat is to be filled and temples in the village where villagers up by the election and the Government offer their prayers or worship but none have not nominated any member so far. of them has any historical importance. No particular caste at present is domi­ The change noticeable both among nating the Panchayat. All the nine mem­ Muslims and Hindus with regard to the bers belong to various castes. adherence to religious dogmas is that the poor and illiterate are more conservative The Panchayat has confined its acti­ than the rich and educated. The former vities to the settlement of petty disputes class generally perform prayers punctually and execution of minor developmental while the latter generally go without it. works though under the Panchayat Act Individual discussions held with various it is vested with wide powers. The vested classes indicated that the younger gene­ powers among other things, authorises the rations view with disfavour certain tradi­ Panchayat to take cognizance or try cases tional observances which are still being pertaining to recovery of moveable pro­ performed by the older people. Sons of perty, compensation for wrongfully taking certain Pandas also disfavour continuing or injuring moveable property and damages of their traditional occupation viz., priest­ caused by cattle trespass, but the amount hood as they do not think it much or value claim should not, however, honourable. exceed Rs. 150/- in all such cases. The E. Village Organisation 'Panchayat Adalat' is authorised to take cognizance of some of the cases such as The block has no separate organisation spreading of any disease, negligent con­ responsible for looking after the interests duct with respect to fire, obscene acts, of its inhabitants. There are, however, fouling water of public reservoirs, theft certain organizations such as Panchayat, where the value of property does not Co-operative Society etc. functioning for exceed Rs. 75/- etc. The Panchayat is the village as a whole. All these also empowered to try cases under some­ organizations are described in details sections of Cattle Trespass Act, Public hereunder ;- Gambling Act, Juvenile Smoking Act and The Panchayat functioning in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. village has been setup under the pro­ Panchayat also settles some other petty VIsIons of the . Jammu and Kashmir disputes not falling within their juris­ Village Panchayat Act of 1958. It has diction such as reconciliation or separation 44 Social « Cultural Life

between husband and wife, disputes re­ 1961-62 it has, through the village level lating to inheritance etc. The develop­ worker, given demonstration to the villagers ment works relate to the construction, for cultivation of China paddy on 14 plots maintenance and improvements of village in the Mattan Halqa. The plots are supplied roads, bunds and embankments of nallahs, by the villagers while seeds and fertilizers streams,· digging of exit channels, cutting are supplied free of cost by the organiza­ of trees or branches of trees, projecting tion. The cultivation in respect of these . on public streets or obstructing free flow plots is carried out by the owners but of water etc. under the supervision of the V. L. W. During the year 1962-63 it has been The interviews held in the village responsible for distributing a total of 442 revealed that 48 heads of households maunds of chemical fertilizer as against think that the Panchayat was responsible 50 maunds in the year 1961-62. It has for settling petty. disputes of the villagers. also setup a poultry farm in the village. 58 heads of the households, however, The building constructed for the purpose stated that the Panchayat was setup has cost the organization about Rs. 44,0001-. for the welfare of the village which As the farm has been started very recently includes, social and developmental works it has at present only cocks and hens of and settlement of disputes. 4 heads, improved breed such as red-rod, white­ showed· their ignorance about the functions leg-horn etc. besides 15 chickens. The of the Panchayat. number is expected to increase in due The works executed by the Panchayat course. The farm supplies the villagers consist of construction of panchayat ghar, eggs of these species at 37nP a piece. public latrines and baths and village roads In addition to these activities it has about which all the heads of households executed certain developmental works inhabiting the block are aware. which include laying out of a park at a cost of Rs. 20,000.00 (Rs. 4,000.00 being The above statistics indicate that the public contribution) at Bumzua, 4 village inhabitants ate to a great extent aware of roads, 15 culverts, 9 baths,' 14 latrines all the functions of the panchayat as also costing Rs. 1,00,000.00 and fencing of three about the developmental works executed springs. by it. There are no caste panchayats or tribal Next comes the Multipurpose Co-ope­ councils and the question of inter-relation­ rative Society which being the voluntary ship of the panchayat with any of these organization deserves to be described in does not arise. details. It has at present a total membership . of 844 of whom 101 belong to the block The Block Development Organization under survey. It is significant that in headquartered at Mattan has been responsi­ whole of the block only seven households ble to a great extent for promoting the have not enrolled themselves as members welfare of the people. In collaboration with the local panchayat it has been respon­ otherwise the inhabitants seem to be much sible for laying out a nursery spreading interested in it. The reasons put forth over an area of 12 kanals of land. In by these seven households for not having 45 Mattan enrolled themselves as members of the after adding about 6% to the landed price. society were that they are unaware of Here again transactions are conducted in its benefits about which they are yet to cash. be educated. The total profit ending 31-3-1962 has The value of share is fixed at Rs. 5.00 been estimated at Rs. 10,567.12. The divi­ and one cannot purchase more than 5 dent has been included in the share money shares. It has given an amount of of the members at the. rate of 6%. Rs. 10,423.86 to its· members as loan, The society has in addition constructed recoverable within three years, at an a shop and a godown at a cost of interest of 61%. It is engaged in several Rs. 7,000/- and Rs. 60,000/- respectively. other commercial activities also as detailed This amount has not, however, been added below:- in the total profit cited above. 1. Sale of Ammonium sulphate-The The latest election of the board ofmanage­ society has sold as many as 1800 maunds ment which consists of seven members since 1954. Of these 300 maunds have was held on 11-11-1961. Upto the end of been disposed of during 1961-62 and 500 September 1962 it has met seven times. from April 1962 to 26th September 1962. There was, however, only one general The selling .price is fixed at Rs. 12.92. meeting held during the same period. 25% of the total cost is recovered at the time of delivery and the remainder hnme­ There are no libraries, reading rooms diately after the harvest either in cash etc. either in the block or in any other part or in kind. of the village. 2. Agricultural financing-The society All these organizations are functioning has advanced an amount of Rs. 31,000/­ as a unified body and are not divided into during the year 1961-62 to its members for fractions. Besides shrine also plays an im­ agricultural financing and charge to interest portant role for the integration of various at 61%. The amount together with the communities and castes. Villagers are by interest is realised in kind every year in nature simple, humble and peace-loving the shape of shali, which is calculated at and are always anxious to maintain a heal­ Rs. 16/- per khirwar. thy atmosphere. 3. Consumer goods-(i) The society E. Reform measures runs a !air price shop in the village where The inhabitants are unaware about the salt~ tea, sugar, country-oil and kerosine benefits of the family planning and do not oil is sold. The selling price of these items seem interested in it. The reasons that is fixed after adding to the landed price may be ascribed to this orthodox behaviour a commission charged at 3%. Transactions of the inhabitants is that there i~ no orga­ are made in cash in respect of all these nization functioning in the village which consumer goods. would bring the merits of this measure, (ii) It runs one more fair price shop home to them. in the village where medicines are .sold. As will be seen from Table No. 21-E The selling price of the medicines is fixed of Set 'B' there are only 17 heads of 46

Socitil ~ Cultural Life households representing about 16% of marriage of son or daughter, yet the the total households who do not want more villagers are ignorant about the same. children while the rest still crave for more and more issues. No organization is functioning in the village which would persuade the Though the State Government has since inbabitants to reduce the expenses enacted an Act prescribing the limits of on marriages, deaths and other related the dowry to be given and taken at the social or religious functions. CHAPTER V FOLKLORE

Kashmiri or the Kashur as it is locally and of Arabic and Persian in the case known is the mother-tongue of all the in­ of a Muslim. Far example, Sri and haL.tants of the block as also of those Poen employed for Sun and water by Hindus are pronounced as and by living in other parts of the village. Accor­ Altab Aab Muslims respectively. One can also find ding to certain scholars Kashmiri is one some difference in pronunciation of the of the languages descended from the original ·two communities while they speak Kash­ Sanskrit or rather from one of the dialects out mid. Kashur is rich in proverbs, witty 01 w!.ich the classical Sanskrit was formed. sayings and riddles. It is at the same Some are of the opinion that this language time composed of such expressions as are difficult to pronounce. Some sentences are was in older times being written in Sharada quoted below which one, ordinarily finds scriF-t, Sharada being a brother form of difficult to pronounce:- De"anagri. But Abul Fazal, the Chief Courtier of emperor Akbar while discussing 1. Meh teh maseh tacheh kenzeh chock it in his ·book 'Ayin-i-Akbari' has stated Dodeh bat,h khew that Kashmiris have a language of their own and that out of every 100 words 25 are 2. Boren neuw boreh tosoz tsorah baj,h Sanskrit, 40 Persian, 15 Hindustani and Some proverbs and riddles are also 10 Arabic. The remaining 10 he describes mentioned hereunder :- to be of Tibetan, Turki, Dogri and Punjabi. This composition has been analysed as (a) Bon,h tallrun muhal old as 350 years which does not hold good (To bore a chinar with a wooden today as with the passage of time the pestle-refers to attempt the impossible) Kashmiris have subjected their language to the influx of a large number of foreign (b) Ab teh toth bah teh toth words especially that of the English language. (Means-a person who has to choose In this connexion among other words, tele­ one between loveable and likeable would phone, post-card, school, bench, football, like to have both) hockey, coat, time, pass, fail etc., may be (c) Kalum gaav raevmech quoted which are used freely by all classes (Loss of a cow to eleven-means how of people. In writing the Kasluniri language things go wrong when there is not Persian letters are employed today to which union) certain sibilants not known in the Persian (d) Arney zeveh kalmeh alphabet are added. Teh amey zep,A ram ram While, as stated above, Kashmiri is the (To recite KalmeA, holy verse of Quran, the mother-tongue of all the inhabitants, and Ram Ram from the same one finds influnce of more Sanskrit and tongue-refers to a man who has no Hindi words in the speach of a Hindu firm faith). 48

Folk-lore

(e) Batta· yaar be Tozgaar to keep the weight of the ram constant. (The Pandit is your friend when he Birbal on the other hand fed the ram as is jobless). usual but kept a wolf gazing constantly at him with the result that he did not (f) Batta gaheg Tohan gain or lose weight during this period (A garlic upon the hearth of a Pandit­ with the fear of the wolf. At the expiry meaning an sacrilegious act). of the fixed period all but the ram of (g) Daaras phaatvan panunny pon Birbal had either lost or gained their (Diamond cuts d.iamond) weight. (h) Khewr choun trokun teh ga" keath The words 'Birbal's ram' is quoted khorak when any person favours anyone but keeps (Eatable, drinkable, crushable and the such strings that the favour does not help food for cow-means a water melon). him in any way. Among the favourite folk songs may (i) Haereh woath pandit soarakh jameh be mentioned the lyrics of Mahjoor, waleth Habba Khatoon and Rasul Mir of whom (A Pandit came downstairs wearing the translation of some of the verses are mentioned below:~ red coloured cothes-means 'Red Pepper'). Mahjoor: flaming torch of the sky, Among the folk·tales may be men­ o tioned Bir Balun Kath (Bir Bal's ram). Whom are you looking for? Are you playing hide and seek, It is said that some of the courtiers you accuser of the people of emperor Akbar were jealous.. of the Resplendent and lightening let you show position and the esteem in which the whole of you. emperor held his famous courtier Birbal. One day when the courtiers were slander­ Habba Khatoon: ing Birbal, Akbar replied that he was Come! my dear, come! holding the present position due to his Let us go to collect flowers, wisdom and that he was wiser than all My beloved is sulking, of them. To prove his assertion the And keeping himself away in remote emperor gave every courtier a lamb and regions, told them that they should feed the lamb for two months and that after the expiry Come! my lover of flowers. of this period the weight of the lamb Rasul Mir: should be the same as at the time of Shake thy idle body with courage delivery. So all rams were weighed and If you do like an ignorant, you are given to each courtier including Birbal. infidel During the period some of these fed the ram only once during a day and some Best is thyself to loop down the while feeding them in both evening and cypress of obstruction morning decreased the quantity of the Make garlands of tulips, make wreaths fodder as also tried various other ways of pearls. CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION

Mattan is an ancient and famous a ware of any changes in the Hindu village both on account of the pilgrimage Adoption and Succession Acts. The block value which is attached to it since earliest requires a proper drainage system. The times as also because of its rich and inhabitants need to be persuaded not to significant cultural heritage. It has also fill their lanes with dirt and rubbish etc. been of much monumental interest and has, therefore, attracted the attention of The fact that more than 62% heads even foreigners who have described the of the households are engaged fully in village at length. The constant flow of priesthood, which is their principal occu­ pilgrims provides the main source pation, makes it obligatory on their part of income to the inhabitants of the block to give out their cultivable land holdings under survey. It has also been subjected to others for tilling, thus surrendering to a great extent to the outside influence. 50% of the land produce to the tillers High literacy percentage as a result as their wages. The economic condition whereof gambling, vagrancy, aleohal of the inhabitants can still improve pro­ drinks etc. are unknown, use of furniture vided Pandas (Priests) work part-time at like charpai, chair, table etc. with which their fields and take adequate interest in people in other rural areas are unfamiliar, cultivating the land. This way 50% of use of washing and toilet soaps and pre­ the produce which is other-wise shared sence of dramatic and musical clubs in by the tillers who come from outside the the village are the significant features of block would be saved and result in im­ the developing conscience of the inhabitants. proving the economic conditions. So far The adherence of the people to the old as the households who cultivate land method of treatment for their ailments themselves are concerned no doubt some cannot in any case be ascribed to their of them have witnessed demonstrations in orthodox behaviour as in the absence of improved agricul tural practices as also a qualified doctor they have less faith in taken to the use of improved seeds but the a compounder who has been kept in­ present rate of output would stilI increase charge of the Government Allopathic provided better implements, pesticides and Dispensary. But with all this awareness fertilizers are also popularised which re­ people still follow the traditions in respect quire encouragement by the Governmental of social customs like marriages etc. and agencies like Community Development. No religious functions on which they incur major avenues of income other than the unnecessary expenditure. Social reforms priesthood and cultivation is available to like family planning is unknown to the the inhabitants. With general awareness inhabitants as there is no organization to growing all round, however, it is expected educate the people about. its benefits. that the social and economic conditions Hindu population stilI look with dis­ of the village will improve considerably regard the widow remarriage. They are not further. 50 LOCAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND THEIR EQ.UIV ALENTS

WEIGHTS

Local Equivalents

1. Khirwar 77.48 Kilograms 37.324 2. Maund " 4.724 3. Trak " 2.362 4. Panzu " I.l81 5. Manut " 0.9331 6. Seer " 0.584 7. Ohatang " LENGTH 1. Girah 5.72 Om. 22.86 2. Paw " 91.44- 3. Gaz " AREA 1. Marla 25.29 Sq. Metres 72.26 2. Puran " 505.85 3. Kanal " 4. Padaw 24.140 Kilometres 3.218 5. Krooh " 51

LOCAL KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY

Relationship Local Term Father Mol Mother Moj Elder brother Zeuth Buoy Elder sister Zeth Beneh Younger brother Kouns Buoy Younger sister Kens Beneh Father's father Mauli Bedbab Father's mother Mauli Naaen Father's brother Petter Father's brother's wife Pechen Father's brother's son Pittor Buoy Father's brother's daughter Pitter Beneh Father's ·sister Puph Father's sister's husband Puphu Father's sister's son Puphtor Buoy Father's sister's daughter Puphter Beneh Mother's father Maajeh Budbab Mother's mother Maajeh Nani Mother's brother Maam Mother's brother's wife Maamen Mother's brother's son Maamtur Buoy Mother's brother's daughter .... Maamter Beneh Mother's sister Maass Mother's sister's husband Maasoou Mother's sister's son Maastur Buoy Mother's sister's daughter Maaster Beneh Brother's wife Baikaken Brother's son Baabther Brother's daughter Baavzeh Sister's husband Beimeh Sister's son Benther 52

Relationship Local Term Sister's daughter Benzeh Husband Roon Wife Aashen or Kolai Son Nechou or Pothur Daughter Koor Husband's father Heouhur Husband's mother Hash Husband's brother Druy Husband's brother's wife Der1cakani Husband's brother's son/daughter Druy sund nechov/ senz koor (as the case may be) Husband's sister Zaam Husband's sister's husband Zaami Husband's sister's son/daughter Zaam hund nechov/ henz kOOT (as the case may be) Wife's father Hehour Wife's mother Hash Wife's brother Hahar Wife's brother's wife HahaT Bai Wife's sister Saal Wife's sister's husband Sajev Wife's sister's son/daughter Saij hund nechov/ henz kOOT (as the case may be) Son's wife's father or daughter's husband's father Soen Son's wife's mother or daughter's husband's mother Sonen Son's wife Nowh Daughter's husband Zaamtur Son's or daughter's child Zur 53 SOCIO·ECONOMIC SURVEY, 1960·61 CENSUS 1961 Name of District-Anantnag PART II VILLAGE SCHEDULE Name of Police Station-Mattan Name of Block--· :Machi Bhavan Area of the Block-199 acres Number of Households-l 08 What is the religion which majority of the villagers profess-Hinduism

I. Topography of the village:- (a) Is the village situated on a plain/or On a plain. an undulating surface/on a plateau/ on a hillock/or at the bottom of a depression ? (b) The system of grouping of houses­ Ordinary-2S yards--:-social custom. average distance between two clus­ ters of houses - reasons for such grouping, e.g., whether on account of the nature of the surface of land or on accoun t of social custom. (c) Internal roads-Tanks-Village com­ There are lanes and streams of water mon-any stream or other extensive inside the village. The No. of the trees source of water-proximity or other­ is more than 100. wise of any jungle - Approximate number of shade-bearing trees and how they are arranged. 2. What is the local legend about the It was established by Raja Lalitaditya. village? 3. Detailed description of average house The average houses are thatch-roofed of the members of each caste/tribe, and dingy. religious group, occupational group in the village. 4. Name and distance of Hat or The Village Market. Hats to which surplus produce of the village is taken for sale. 5. Name and distance of the nearest Mattan, the village itself. Railway station and Bus route. 6. Distance by road from Thana and Zero mile. Sub-division Headquarters. 54

7. (a) Distance of the Post Office from Zero mile. the village. (b) Distance of the Telegraph Office Zero mile. from the village. (c) Can money be sent through that Yes. Post Office ? 8. Religious practice followed by mem­ The Muslims worship the Almighty bers of each caste, tribe and religious "Allah" according to the principles of group in the village. The description Islam. Hindus worship "Martand" and of the religious practice in each case the Sikhs worship God in their Gurdwara. should begin with the name or names under which the Supreme Being is known and then proceed from cere­ monies that might be observed in respect of a person from sometime before he is born and end with the funeral rites after his death. 9. Give details of places of common There is no such place. religious worship, if any: 10. Describe community festivals if held The village is noted as a tirtha all in the village. over Kashmir and there is a shrine just outside the tank which is visited by the Hindus.

II. Dress commonly worn by the villa­ Hindus and Muslims put on pherans gers with special reference to pecu­ while the Sikhs do not. Sikhs put on liarities on account of caste, tribe or coats, shirts and trousers. religious sanction or economic status. 12. Number and types of schools in the (i) Two High Schools-one for girls and village. one for boys. (ii) One Basic Activity School (iii) One Boys Primary School

13. Describe social recreation centres, The Garden which surrounds the tank. if any. 14. State of co-operative movement in There is one M.P. Co-operative Society the village (Number and names of in the village. co-opera tives) 55 ADDITIONAL Q.UESTIONS FOR VILLAGE SCHEDULE

I. GENERAL (I) Total population (1941-Census) 3487 persons. (2) Are there toddy and liquor No. shops? II. VITAL STATISTICS (I) How are births, deaths and Births and deaths are recorded by marriages recorded. Village chowkidar. (2) Is there any possibility of omis­ Yes. sion of these events in the Mayor's Office? (3) Describe the modus operandi of Separate Registers are maintained by the recording of these events. the Village Chowkidar.

III. HOUSING (I) Are the house types suited to Yes. the needs of the population? (2) Are there house-less persons also No. in the village? If so, where do they generally rest at night? IV. HEALTH AND SANITATION (I) Give a list of common diseases Refer Survey Report. of the village. (2) Are there public latrines in the Yes. village? (3) If there is no latrine where do the villagers generally answer to their calls of nature? (4) What are the sources of drinking Tap and River water. water? (5) Is the water supply adequate in Yes. all seasons of the year? (6) Is there a primary health centre No. in the village ? (7) Where do deliveries generally At home. take place, at home or in hospital? (8) Are there any midwives in the Refer Survey Report. village? If so, do they attend to the deliveries ? 56

· (9) )s native or indigenous medicine Native as also indigenous. practIced' ? (Ib) Do the villagers frequent toddy No. or liquor shops? If so, what percentage?

V. LITERACY AND EDUCATION (I) Give the number of teachers and Refer Survey Report. 'students in each school and average atten­ dance. (Give sex-wise information). (2) How many children cannot attend -do- school just because they are required by their parents to help them in their work?

VI. RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ( 1) Do the villagers ever join in' com­ No. mon worship? VII. SOCIAL LIFE ( 1) Is widow remarriage allowed' ? Yes. (2) Does the village respect the sanc­ No. tity of joint family system? If so, how many joint families are there in the village? VIII. MARRIAGE (I) Is divorce granted? If so, by whom Refer Survey Report. and for what reasons ?

IX. AGRICULTURE (I) Give the total cultivable area of Refer Survey Report. the village and the area actually culti­ vated during the past 5 years. (2) What are the usual rates at which Rs. 45/- P.M. agricultural labourers are paid? (3) Is there any rice or flour mill in Yes, rice mill. the village? (4) State whether the toddy tapped in No toddy is tapped in the village. the village is locally consumed or marketed elsewhere.

x. LIVESTOCK (I) Total number of livestock in the Refer Chapter III of the Report. village as per the livestock Census; give category-wise information. 57

(2) Give the average milk yield of Refer Chapter III of the Report. cow/buffalo in the village. If possible, maximum and minimum may also be given. (3) Which is the nearest veterinary Anantnag. hospital. (4) Is adequate fodder available for Yes. the cattle in the village. t5) Is animal transport used? Yes.

XI. FISHERIES (1) Is fish rearing done in the village? No. If so, do they get improved seedlings for the purpose at subsidised rates? 58 ANNEXURE I

VILLAGE MATTAN POLICE STATION: MATTAN INVESTIGATOR: H. U. Mughal DISTRICT ANANTNAG STATE _JAMMU AND KASHMIR

VILLAGE CENSUS & OCCUPATIONS

Occupation ,--_____..A. _____, Head of the Size of Main Subsidiary Remarks S. No. Household family I 2 3 4 5 6

1. Shri Lal Chand II Priesthood Zamindari Shri Shamboo Nath 2. S Grocery " 3. Shri Shivji 7 Priesthood " 4. Shri Gobind Ram 4 Govt. Service Disabled. De- " pendent on his son who is a Govt. Servant. S. Shri Prem Nath 9 Priesthood " 6. Shri Dina Nath 6 " " 7. Shri Ram Chand Nil 2 " B. Shri Gopi Nath B Zamindari " 9. Shri Narain Joo 7 Zamindari Nil Dependent on his son. 10. Shri Roop Lal 7 Priesthood Zamindari 11. Shri Vish Nath 4 " " 12. Shri Shamboo Nath 7 " " 13. Shri Lamboodar B " " 14. Shri Prithvi Nath S " " IS. Shri Shivji 7 " " 16. Shri Tara Chand 6 Nil " 17. Shri Ram Chand 9 Zamindari " lB. Shri Jagan Nath 6 Zamindari Priesthood 19. Shri Madaw Nath S Priesthood Zamindari 20. Shri Prithvi Nath 7 Private Service Priesthood and Zamindari 59

Occupation ,------'------.. Head of the Size of Main Subsidiary Remarks S. No. Household family I 2 3 4 5 6 21. Shri Dwarka Nath 10 Priesthood Zamindari 22. Shri Niranjan Nath 5 Nil " 23. Shri Dwarka Nath' 3 Zamindari " 24. Shri Ram Nath Tiku 8 Govt. Service " 25. Shri Shamboo Nath 8 Priesthood " 26. Shri Shamboo Nath 12 " Nil 27. Shri Nila Kanth 14 Nil " 28. Shri Amar Nath 2 Zamindari Nil 29. Shri Dwarka Nath 7 Priesthood Zamindari 30. Shri Rada Krishen 12 " " 31. Shri Kishaw Nath 4 " " 32. Shri :R,ada Krishen 7 Grocery Zamindari and Orchards 33. Shri Sham Lal 12 Govt. Service Zamindari 34. Shri Rada Krishen 7 Private Service " 35. Shri Gopi Nath 3 Priesthood .. 36. Shri Hira Lal 4 Govt. Service Priesthood and Zamindari 37. Shri Sarwanand 6 Priesthood Zamindari 38. Shri Bishen Dass 8 " " 39. Shrimati Pushpa Vati 2 Nil " 40. Shrimati Pushpa Vati 3 Zamindari " 41. Shrimati Sheela Vati 5 .. Nil 42. Shri Sarwanand 9 ., Nil 43. Shri Gopi Nath 4 Nil " 44. Shri Amar Nath 5 Nil " 45. Shri Amar Nath 9 Zamindari .. and Husking Machine 46. Shri Sudham Pandit 9 " Zamindari 60

, ______Occupation .J-_____ -.. Head of the Size of Main Subsidiary Remarks S_No. Household family 1 2 3 4 5 6

47. Shri Haldev Ram 7 Govt. Service Zamindari 48. Shri Nand Lal 11 Priesthood 7 " 49. Shri Tara Chand " " 50. Shri Jia Lal 5 .. 51. Shri Lakshmi Nath 6 Labour" Nil 52. Shri Kanth Ram 15 Priesthood Nil Nil 53. Shri Janki Ram 5 " 54. Shri Maheshwar Nath 4 Nil 55. Shri Samsar Chand 11 " Zamindari 56. Shri Anand Prasad 15 " " " 57. Shri Omkar Nath 4 Nil 58. Shri Ram Chand 7 " Nil 59. Shri Pushpa Nath 2 Zamindari" Nil 60. Shri Brij Lal 6 Priesthood Zamindari 61. Shri Sham Lal 6 62. Shri Arjan Nath 6 " " 63. Pt. Jagan Nath 16 " " 64. Shri Kanth Lal 4 Private" Service " 65. Shri Maheshwar Nath 2 Grocery " 7 Priesthood " 66. Shri Tara Chand " 67. Shri Thakur Dass 7 68. Shri Nanak Chand 8 " " 69. Shri Dina Nath 6 " Nil" 70. Shri Govind Joo 7 " Zamindari 71. Shri Rada Krishen 8 Private" Service 72. Shri Gopi Nath 4 " 6 Priesthood" " 73. Shri Kesho Nath " Dina 6 74. Shri Nath " " 75. Shri Dina Nath 9 " " 76. Shri Manohar Lal 4 " " 77. Shri Lakshmi Nath 6 " " 78. Shri Janki Nath 3 " " 79. Shri Shamboo Nath 6 Grocery Priesthood 80. Shri Ruga Nath 6 Priesthood Nil 81. Shri Tara Chand 9 Govt. Service Zamindari Head of the household is disabled and dependent on his son who is a teacher. 61

Occupation r------..A..-----, Head of the Size of Main Subsidiary Remarks S.No. Household family 1 2 3 4 .5 6

82. Shri Ram Chand 8 Priesthood Nil 83. Shri Nanak Chand 6 Nil " 84. Shri Sham Lal 6 .. Zamindari 85. Shri Jia Lal 6 Govt. Service " 86. Shri Amar Nath 8 Zamindari Priesthood 87. Shri Soom Nath 4 Priesthood Zamindari 88. Shri Pitamber Nath 4 Grocery and " Zamindari 89. Shri Kenth Ram 4 .. Nil 90. Shri Gani Guru 7 Shepherd Zamindari 91. Shri Habib Guru 3 Zamindari Road Labour 92. Shri Mahdeh Bhat 3 Vegetable Seller Nil 93. Shri Habib Raina 3 Zamindari Road Labour 94. Shri Habib Joo 3 Tailoring Nil He is depen- dent on his son who is a tailor. 95. Shri Ramzan Rather 5 Zamindari Road Labour 96. Shri Gh. Ahmed 8 Nil " 97. Shri Abdulla Ganai 5 Road Labour " 98. 5 Shri J uma Dar " Nil 99. Shri Karim Dar 4 .. Road Labour 100. Shi:i Mohd. Yousuf 5 Nil " 101. Shri Khazir Bhat 7 Road Labour " 102. Shri Mumah 7 " " 103. Shri Mumah Khandey 5 " " 104. Shri Nabir Bhat 4 " " 105. Shri Hassan Bhat 2 " " lOG. Shri Gulam Mohd. 8 " " 107. Shri Abdul Ahad 7 .. Nil 108. Shri Rasool Teli 9 Oil Seed Crushing Zamindari 62 Village Leaders, Members of Panchayat,

S. No. Name Designation Cute Occupation

2 3 4 5 1. Mr. Salam-ud-Din Ganai Sarpanch MUllim Agriculturiat

2. Pt. Jia La! Vic:e-Sarpanch Hindu Agriculturist and Secretary cum Shopkeeper

3. S. Isher Singh MeJ1lber Sikh Carpenter cum Muoll

4. Mr. Rabim Malik -do- Mualim Agriculturist

5. Mr. Gulam Qadir -do- -do- Silvenmith

6. Mr. Abdullah Joo Sofi -do- -do- Baker

7. Mr. Gulam Ahmed Bhat -do- -do- Agriculturist

8. Mr. Prem Nath Jogi -do- Hindu Priest

9. Pt. Amar Nath Reshi -do- -do- -do-

lO. Mr. Ab. Gani Shah Halqa President Mualim Gabba Dealer National Conference 63

Priests and other Office Bearers

Age in Since when How gained Remunera- Othf'J' offices held inside or . Remarks years holding the the position tion if any outside the village oflice 6 7 8 9 10 11 46 for 6 yt'ars Elcckd Honorary He il allo tbe Numberdar of the village

50 -do- -do- -do-

43 -do- -do- -do-

39 -do- -do- -do-

34 -do- -do- -do- Director National Dramatic Club

56 -do- -do- -do-

42 -do- -do- -do-

50 -do- -do- -do-

53 -do- -do- -do- Director of Krishna Dramatic Club

47 for 3 years -do- -do- 64

Statemeat showing IDembers of

S.No. Name Deaig"ation Caste Occupation

2 3 4 5 1. Sardar bher Sin,h President Sikh Priesthood

2. Gb. Qadir Zargar Secretary Muslim Silwrsmitby

3. Pt. Janki Nath Kachru Joint Secretary Hindu Priesthood

4. Kh. Yahya Sheikh Member Muslim Agriculturist

5. Kh. Ruul Shah Member Muslim Gabba-maker

6. n. Sana-ullah Wani Member Muslim Commission Agent of bust'l

7. Pt. Shiva Ji Kbar Treasurer Hindu Trader 65 Multipurpose Co-operative Sodety-Mattaa

Age Since when How gained Remuner&- Otber offices boldin, inside holding the the poeition tion if aDY or outside the yjuaae office 6 7 8 9 10 45 years Since Elected Honorary He is allO a worker of 18-11-1958 National Conference

35 15-4-1960 Selected He is alao a member of " Panch.,st

18-11-1958 Elected No 49 "

50 18-11.1958 -do- li No tiO 18-11·1958 -do- .. No 55 18-11-1958 -do- .. No

No 54 . 18-11-1958 -do- " -Cultti'al LU"e of

(I) (II) -­ (III) (IV) Name of clubs, libraries, When Rough proportion or ,... ______'Office __....Jo,., bearers ______"""1 drama parties or other cul­ establi­ members belonging to tural organ isationl in the shed ,_-----Jo.------"""I Name Caste Occupa- Age Educa- village Dim'rent Different Age tion tion castes occu pa- tion groups

I 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

I. The Krishna Dramatic 1920 45 members. Brahmins The I. Pt. Brahmin Agricul- S3 years Matri- Club All are who are Manager Amar turist culate Hindus agricul- i.53; Nath cum a turisls while Reshi, National and most of Founder, Conre- pandits the other Manager rence and Guyt. members Leader. employees are or He is also a middle Kashmiri _aged and poet. the others are young

2. The National Dramatic 1950 35 mem- Silver­ The I. Mr. Muslim Sil~r­ 35 years Middle Club bers. Hin- smiths, Founder Gh. smith dus, Sikhs GOyt. Manager Qadir and Mus- emplo­ is 35 Zargar, lima. 75% yees, year. or Founder, Muslims barbers, age MaDager and 25% pandits Non-Mus- and Iims agricul. turists

9. Prem Sangit Club 1945 30 GOyt. The I. Mr. Brahmin, Book- 43 years Matri- members. emplo- Founder Krishen Hindu seller culate All are yees, Director Lal Hindus pandits is 43 Musa, and years Director othen

4. The National Bharat 1950 30 Brah- The J. Pt. Brahmin Pandit About Under Sangit S8ngh memben. mins, Founder Ja~ar 45 ye.rs Matric 90% GOyt. Director Nath Hindus em plo- is 45 yees 67 The Vlliage

(V) (VI) (VII) Brief note on basis of membenhip Brief note on objective of the Brief note on activitie. of the (subscription, signing of pledge organisation organisation etc.)

11 12 13

Signing of pledge as well a. the The objective i. not any monetary This i. the mOlt popular dramatic club selection on the part of manager gain. Its objective. are social and of the village and everybody in the i. the basia of selection. cultural recreation. Sometimes it village appreciates. The club has staged serves the religious rites of the many dramas in Kashmiri, leading amon­ Hindus. gst them being:- (i) Habba Khatun, (ii) Heemal Naigray; (iii) Raja Hatilh Candra; (iv) Rama Banbas; (v) Krishen Ji (vi) Naya Pan­ chayat and old Panchayat. The number of itl members is 45.

No lubscription. The manager Recreation, pleasure and This club allo hal Btaged many dramas. who ia allO the director of the education. Admission is always by tickets which club, stlect. the memben. are sold @ 12 nP. or 25 nP. each. The club is also sponlOred by the National Conference Committee of the village. The following dramas allo have been staged by the c1ub:- (i) Akanandun; (ii) Gopal Kanaya; (iii) Habba Khatun; (iv) Laila Majnun

No subscription. The signing of Recreation and religious The Sangit Club has only a few musical pledge ia the basis of member­ education. instruments of its own which are used ship. for classical music. However, it borrows the instruments from the Krishna Dramatic Club.

Only the signing of pledge is Pleasure and recreation. The club ia not 10 popular in the sufficient. village and many villagen do not even know it. name as it ia non·existant. 68

SET A

Table I Area, Households and Population

Name of village: Mattan

,-______Population--J... ______Area in Acres Densily No. of Persons Males Females houSC'holds

2 3 4 5 G

·199 3.5 penons per acre 108 693 388 305

Table II Population by

Tolal of all ages 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 .-A ,...._ ...... __ ,-__...... _..., ,--...... ___" r-J>..- ,--...... ___, Persons Males Femalea-- M F M F M F M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

:693 388 305 51 43 55 47 38 29 34 30 35 26 69

Age-groups

2S·29 30.34 ,..._.A.3S·39 __ 40-44 4S·49 50·54 55-59 60 & over .,...--J-.--., r--Jt..-~ r---J-.-~ r-.A.-, , ~ ,...._.A._-.. r--.A.--.. M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

23 21 26 28 U 22 20 16 18 12 19 9 II 9 34- 13 70

Table III Size and Composition

Size of Total No. of ,...------Single Member 2-3 Members HoUJebolds ,_---- A ,...... ------"------, Householda Males Females Households Males Females 2 3 5 6 7

108 14 24 12 71

of Households

Household

-.------~ 4-6 Members 7-9 Members 10 Members & over r------.A.------~ ,-______A __:.. __ ----, ,-----___-'-- ___~ Households Males Females Households Males Females Households Males Females 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

45 130 96 38 164 128 11 70 69 72

Table IV Households classified by ReligioDs, CommuDities, Castes aDd Sub-castes

Number of Households Religion Community Caste Sub·caste ._--_ Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7

Hinduism Kashmiri Hindus Brahmin Tiku 151 79 72 Pandita 86 52 " " 34 Sidha 47 27 20 .. " .. Sher 44 26 .. " 18 " Khah 36 21 15 " Bawnu 30 " o. " 14- 16 .. Bhat 29 22 7 Mukhi 25 13 " 12 Kachroo 21 12 9 ,. Sharma 14- 9 5 " Kichloo 12 6 " 6 .. Patwari 12 5 7 ,. Khar 11 6 " " 5 Mussa 10 .t " 3 7 Matoa 9 .. " .. 6 3 Jotahi 9 " " 4- 5 Reahi 8 n .. " 5 3 Bhan rr .. " 8 4 4 .. t' .. Razdan 7 2 5 Raina •• " " 7 4- 3 Kaul 7 .. .. " 4- 3 to .. .. Dangey 6 5 ·Yougi 4 .. " " 3 ldam Kashmiri Muslims Sunoi Bhat 19 9 10

00 Khanday 18 .. " 10 8 Ganai 13 .. .. " 7 6 .. .. " Rather 12 7 5 ...... Guru 10 7 3 .. " .. Taili 9 4- 5 Dar 9 '0 .. " 5 4- Tantray 7 to .. " 5 2 Raina .. .. " :5 2 73

.. ('ll = I "iii ! Cf.)!IB u 1lif<.. ~~ HI", ~I~ .., C I OJ ::> l ~ .. .. (~ e-r 0"'0 I B 11 ~ i ~ ~ :a-( go. r .. ._~ I ~ c::l l~

f~ "'Ole 0 Ct'I e-r ~ at) 0 .. I .. Cool - - == . f<.. o~ rIJ :21 1:1 ~1.!1 Cl .... Ct'I ~ c-I -- ~ ...,~ L~ - - ~ co ,.._ (~ 0 It) 0 10 at) ~ .., go 00 ~ c-I c::f C'I c-I - ~ - - -..., "BIB._ I r:! -'"k t::{

~I(j 0 10 .... c-I .... 10 10 It') 1- .... It') ~ .... c-I :!: ~ l~ - ." c:I as "'0 (.!! N 10 Ct'I Ct'I .... co .., .!:! I OJ ~ ~ IN 01t:: I Su ro ~~f<.. -< tiC :> I "iii It) It') co co co .... ~ c-I .., .., It) It') .., N ~ L~ c::f - - - f;:: I "iii It') .., ... 0 ... c:n 0 10 co .... 10 N c:n c:n .., c:15 .., ~ ~ IN .., .... eN .... N .2 If<.. .!I ::l I .. (Xl 01') at) It) .., ~ go ~ ~ (Xl It) co ... 10 0 .., It') ...... , .... N .... eN N ~ !:.! .., 11.. 1:=il - "'" ~I ~I .. I C .... N .... 10 10 0 (Xl 0 .... eN Cl a; 0 10 <.-::> <0 .., .., .., C'I C'I I~ 10 "'" - "'" "'" ~ L~ - "'" "'0 :> s~ ..u . 0. > .. CII 0 ! c:n ~ c:n ~ c:n ~ c:n C'I 0 ~5 01 :!: ...... Ct'I ~ ~ ot'l at) c: ..c ~ c:n "'" - <0 I I I I I I I I I ~ I I 0 at) 0 .., 0 00 0 at) 0 ~ ~ :( It') ~ .., Ct'I .., at) 10 0 ~ ...... "'" "'" -< 74

Table VI Educa-

Literate without Primary Or Age Group Total Population Illiterate educational standard Junior Basic ,.-______.A __ . ___ ._ ...... ,.... __.A._ .. _ ...... ,....--_..... -----...... ,.... ._ ...... _-...... Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All ages 693 g88 305 103 205 51 49 142 48 0-4 94 51 43 50 43 5-9 102 55 47 16 14 36 32 3 10-14 67 38 2IJ 2 6 14 16 22 7 15-19 64 34 30 2 II 23 17 20-24 61 35 26 4 19 13 7 25-29 44- 23 21 4 16 9 4 30-34 54 26 28 5 ' 26 14 2 35-39 46 24 22 6 16 14 6 40--44 36 20 16 3 14 IS 45-49 30 18 12 6 10 .5 2 50-54 28 19 9 9 6 55-59 20 11 9 8 2 60 and over 47 34 IS 3 13 18

Age not stated 75

tiOD

Matriculation or Higher Holden of Any other Secondary Int~rmediates Graduates Diploma Holders Oriental titles Qualifications ,...--..... --~ ,...-_ ...... "'--_~ ,..._--"------. ,..._-.- ...... _--~ ,--__...... --~ .--~-~ Males Femalea Males Females Males Femalea Male. Females Males Females Males· Females 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

2 4 7

8 11 2 5 7 4 2 3 .. 6 3 9 7 .. 12 76

Table VII Workers and Non-workers by

,... ______Total---1>-- Population Age Group -.. Persons Males Female. 2 3 4

All Aiel 693 388 305 0-14 263 144 119 15-34 223 118 105 35-59 160 92 68 60 and over 47 34 13

Table VIII Workers classified by

Occupation 1 Occupation 2 Occupation 3 OccupatioD 4 Occupation 5 Ace Group Prie'lltbood Cultivation Govt. Service Grocery Private Service ,--.A._-. ,...--A---.. ,--.A.--.. ,...-""---.. t .. , P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16

All ap 110 107 3 45 sa 7 34 31 3 7 7 6 6 " 0-14 ...... 4 4 .. Is-M 25 25 21 16 5 29 28 I 3 3 .. 2 2 '35-59 60 !J7 3 18 16 2 5 3 2 3 3 .. 4 4 80 aad over 25 25 2 2 ...... 77

Sell: uid Broad Age-groups

Worker. NOD-worken ,..------___...._------. ~ --.. Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 5 6 7 8 9 10

215 202 13 478 186 292 4- 4- 259 140 119 85 79 6 138 39 99 98 91 7 62 61 28 28 19 6 13

Sex, Broad age-groups and Occupations

Occupation 6 Occupation 7 Occupatioll 8 Occupation 9 Occupation 10 Occupation 11 Occupation 12 OI;CUplttjop 13 Dry Cattle Vegetable Medicine Oil seed Labour Tailoring Cleaning herding selling selling erushinl Cookinl ,__J.._..,. .-_.A.~ ,..-__.o..-"-"I ,..--A-"""I"_"-"---" ,-""--"""1 ,--""--..,. P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F 'P M F P M F P M F 17 18 19 20 21 22 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 51 32 55 54 55 36 37 38 39 40

3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

I.. 2 2

2 2 I " 2 2 78

Tabte IX . Workers Classified by Sex, Broad age-groups' and Industry,

Total Workers Workers -----, ,.------.---- Household Industry ,-----""'------. Age Group PenoPl Males Females Males Females I 2 , 4 5 6 All ases 215 202 13 5 0-14 4 4 15-34 85 79 6 !I 35-59 98 91 7 2 50 and over 28 28

Table X Non-workers by Sex, Broad Age-

NON-WORKERS Age Group r- Total NQn-worken Full time Itudents _,,___------,Persons engaged DCpeJldentl, infanm or children attending only in :household and children not school. duties attending .chool and persons permanently disabled

r-- 4 ,-----"'-----"'1 r----..A. , ...... ,. PenoDs Malea Females Males Females Males Females Malea Females 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Ages 478 186 292 105 60 155 73 76 0-14- 259 140 119 73 55 3 67 61 15-34- 138 39 99 32 5 94-

35-59 62 61 58 2 60 and over 19 6 13 5 IS 79

Business and Cultivation belonging to the Household

.,A.engaged ______in . ______~

,---_.Household____ .A. ______Busindls .... ,...--_____Household.1>. Cultivation _____ ---., ,---____Others.A. ______-, Males Females Males Females Males Females 7 8 9 10 II 12 9 38 7 150 6 4

4 16 5 56, .I 4 16 2 69 5 2 25

groups and Nature of Activity

,---______NON-WORKERS--J..., ______~ Retired persona Beggan, vagrants Inmates of penal, Persons seeking Person. employed not employed independent women mental and chari- employment for before but now out again, rentien, without indication table in.titutions the 1st. time of employment and penon. living of source of income seeking work on agricultural and othen of unspe- or non-agricultural cified source of royalty, rent of existence dividend or other persons of dependent means ,-___.A. ___ -, ,-___.A._---, ,----.A.___ -. ,---_-.A.--_---., ,-~----, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Female. Males Females 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7

... 7 80

Table XI Households by Number of Rooms and

Total No. of TOlal No. of Total No. of Households with no Households with one Household. rooms family regular room room memben ~-____Jo.. _____.., r------.A.------, No. of Total No. No. of Total No. households of family households of family members members 2 3 4 5 6 7

108 500 693 4 16

Table XII Households engaged m. Cultivation, Industry

Total No. Households Households Households Households of engagt

108 20 81

by Number of l"ersoDs Occupying

Household. with Houlehold. with Household. with Households with Households with two· room. three rooms four rooms five rooms 5 rooma & more r-----"------. ,.-__--A. ___ ...... ,.-___.A. __--. ,-----"----- ...-___.,.r...l..._-...... No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. No. of Total No. house- of family house- of family house- of family house- of family house- of family holds members hold. members holds members holds members holds members 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17

11 53 22 114 24 163 10 62 37 285

or BusiDess beloDging to the Household'

Households Householdii Householdl Others engaged in engal(edin engaged in Cultivation Cultivation In~stry and &; Businelll and Industry Buainell 6 7 8 9

4 81 82

Table XIII Types· of Industry run by Households

S. No. Name of Industry Number of Households 2 3

I. Dry-Cleaning I 2. Tailoring 2 3. Oilseed Crushing I

Table XIV Types of Business run by Households

S. No. Name of Businell No. of HoUieholda 2 !I

I. Grocery 8 2. Medicine Selling 3. Vegetable Selling

Table XV Traditional Industries by number of Households in each

S. No. Name of Traditional Industry No. of Households in each Traditional Industry 2 !I

I. Oil-seed Crushing 83

Table X\,I DIET

Community Total No. or Household~ taking households in each r------A------~ community One meal Two meals Thr~e meals Mor~ than a day a day a day three meals a day 2 3 4 5 6

Kashmiri Hindu. 89 89

Kashmiri Muslims 19 19

Table XVII Staple Diet and Food Habits of Co:m.munity

Community ~o. of households Households taking ill community r-·------..J..------· ~ Rice Wheat Grains Roots Vegetarian Non- other than including vegetarian rice or topica wheat or maize 2 4 5 6 7 8

Kashmiri Hindus 89 89 89 89 89

Kashmiri Muslims 19 19 19 19 19 84

Table XVIII

Distribution of Households by OccupatioD, Income and number of members

Monthly Income of Household Total No. of ',------...... ------, membel'1l in Occupation No. of RI. 25 Rs.26-50 Rs.51-75 RI.76-IOO RI. 101 & households households over mentioned in Col. 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I. Priesthood 67 2 10 20 17 18 465 2. Zamindari 20 11 3 3 2 103 3. Govt. Service 7 2 4 50 4. Private Service 5 3 27 5. Grocery 4- 2 20 . 6. Cattle herding to 7 7. Vegetable sellinE 3 8. Tailoring 3 9. Labour 6

10. au seed crushing I 9 85

Table XIX Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation

Monthly income per household in the range of r------____,._------., Remarks SI. No. Occupation Source of RI.25 Rs.26-50 Re.51.75 Rs.76-100 Rs. 101 income at over

2 3 -I- 5 6 7 8 9

I. Priesthood Priesthood at Zamindari

2. Grocery Grocery at Zamindari

3. Priesthood Priesthood, Govt. service, Medicine Selling at Zamindari

4. Govt. service Govt. service and Zamindari

5. Priesthood Priesthood at Zamindari

6. -do- -do. 7. ·do- Priesthood 8. -do- Priesthood, Zamindari at Cooking

9. Zamindari Zamindari 10. Priesthood Priesthood, Govt.' service at Zamindari 11. -do- Priesthood at Zamindari 12. -do- -do. 13. ·do- Priesthood, Govt. Service and Zamindari 14. ·do- Priesthood at Zamindari 15. ·do- -do- 16. -do- Priesthood 17. -do- Priesthood at Zamindari 18. Zamindari Zamindari St 1 Priesthood 19. Priesthood Priesthood, 1 Zamindari at Goyt. service 86

Tahlt' XIX--contd. Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation-contd.

Monthly income pcr household in the range of r------"------"""\ Remarks SI. No. Occupation Sonrceof Rs.25 Rs.26-50 Rs.51-75 Rs.76-lon Rs.IOI income & over

2 4 5 7 8 9

20. Private service Private service, Priesthood and Zamindari

21. Priesthood Priesthood, Zamindari & Govt. service

22. -do- Priesthood

23. -do- Printhood & Zamindari

24. Govt. service Govt. service & Zamindari

25. Prit"sthood Priesthood & Zamindari

26. -do- Priesthood & Govt. service

27. -do- Priesthood & Private service

28. Zamindari Zamindari & Govt. service

29. Priesthood Priesthood, Zamindari & Military service

30. Priesthood Priesthood, Grocery, Govt. service and Zamindari

31. Priesthood Priesthood and Zamindari

32. Grocery Grocery & Zamindari

33. Govt. service Govt. sen·ice, Military service & Zamiudari

34. Private service Private service & Zamindari

35. Priesthood Priesthood &Zamindari 87

Table XIX-contd. Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation-contd.

Monthly income per household in the range of ,...______.A. .., Remarka SI. No. Occupation Source of RH.25 Rs.26-50 RH.51-75 RH.76-1oo RH. 101 income & over 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

36. Govt. service Govt. service, Priesthood & Zamindari

37. Priesthood Priesthood & Zamindari 38. -do- ·do· 39. -do- Prielthood 40. .do- Priesthood & Zamindari 41. ·do- Priesthood 42. -do. Priesthood & Govt. service 43. .do· Priesthood 44. -do- -do- 45. -do- Priesthood, Grocery, Zamindari and Military Service 46. ·do. Priesthood, Grocery & Zamindari 47. Govt. service Govt. service & Zamindari 48. Priesthood Priesthood and Zamindari 49. -do- -do- 50. ·do. -do- 5!. Labour Labour 52. Priesthood Priesthood & Govt service 53. -do- -do- M. -do- Priesthood 55. -do- Priesthood, Dry Cleaning at Zamindari 88

Table XIX-contd. Monthly Income per Household by Source and OccupatioD--contd.

Monthly income per household in the range of ,...------.A.------""'I RemarD S)' No. Occupation Source of RI. 25 Rs. 26-50 RI. 51-75 RI. 76-100 Rs. 101 income &: over 2 3 .. 6 7 8 9

56. Priesthood Priesthood & Zamindari 57. -do- Priesthood & Military service 58. Priesthood 59. Zamindari Zamindari

60. Priesthood Priesthood & Zamindari 61. -do- -do- 62. -do- 63. -do- Priesthood, Zamindari, Govt. service &: Grocery 64. Private service Private service, Govt. service &: Zamindari 65. Grocery Grocery & Zamindari 66. Priesthood Priesthood, Zamindari & Private service 67. .do- Zamindari & Priesthood 68. -do- Priesthood, Private service & Zamindari 69. -da. Priesthood 70. -do- Priesthood & Zamindari 71. Private service Private service, Zamindari & Govt. service 72. -do- Private scrvice &: Zamindari 73. Priesthood Priesthood &: Zamindari ... 89

Table XIX-contd. Monthly Income per Household by Source and Occupation-contd.

Monthly income per household in the range of r------J...------~ .Remarks SI. No. Occupation Source of Rs.25 Rs.26-50 Rs.51-75 Rs. 76-100 Rs. 101 income lit over 2 :3 4 5 6 7 8 9

74. Priesthood Prielthood lit Zamindari 75. -do- -do- 76. -do- -do- 77. -do- -do- 78. -do- -do- 79. Grocery Grocery lit Priesthood 80. Priesthood Priesthood 81. Go:vt. service Govt. service lit Zamindari 82. Priesthood Priesthood & Govt. service 83. -do- Priesthood M. -do- Priesthood, Govt. serviee and Zamindari 85. Govt. service Govt. service & Zamindari 86. Zamindari Zamindari, Govt. service & Prieathood 87. Priesthood Priesthood & Zamindari 88. -do- Priesthood lit Grocery 89. Priesthood Priesthood, Zamindari& Govt. service 90. Shepherd Shepherd & Zamindari 91. Zamindat'i Zamindari & Road Labour 92. Vegetable Vegetable selling selling' 93. Zamindari Zamindari& Road Labour 90

Table XIX-coneld. Monthly Inco.m.e per Household by Source and Occupation--concld.

Monthly income per household in the range of r------~------~ Remarks SI. No. Occupation Source of Rs.25 Rs.26-50 Rs. 51-75 Rs.76-100 Rs.101 income & over 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

94. Tailoring Tailoring

95. Zamindari Zamindari & Road Labour

96. -do- Zamindari& .Tailoring

97. ·dQ- Zamindari & Road Labour

98. -do- Zamindari & Labour

99. ·do- Zamindari & Road Labour

100. -do- Zamindari

101. -do- Zamindati & Road Labour

102. ·do- -do-

103. -do- -do- 104. -do. -do-

105. -dO- -do. 106. -

108. Oil Seed Oil Seed Crushing Crushing & Zamindari Total !I 28 27 24 26 91-

Table XX A-Indebtedness

,-______Indebtedness by Jo.. Income ___ Group_ Income Group Total No. or No. or Households Percentage of Averllge indebtedneu for Households in debt Col. 3 to Col. 2 Housebold in debt 2 3 4 5

RI. 25 3 Rs. 26-50 29 8 27.58% RI. 350.00 Ra. 51-75 28 7 25.00010, RI. 285.71 R •• 76-100 23 6 26.(19% RI. 650.00 Ra. 101 and over 25 5 20.00010 RI. 460.00

Table xxi B-Indebtedness by Causes

Indebtedness by Cause of Debt r------J...------. -.... Cause Amount of Number of Proportion 0( debt families in debt debt due to cause to the total amount of debt 2 3 4

(a) Purchase or land (b) House construction or repairs to ~isting building Rs. 3,800.00 3 3f.55%

(C) Marriages Refer itept (e) (d) Funerals (e) To give dowry and meet marriage expenses RI. 2,600.00 8 23.64% (f) To clear outltanding debts

(g) Sickness (h) Ordinary wantl Ra. 3,400.00 13 30.91% (i) Household Cultivation

(j) Industry run by the household (k) Business run by the household Ra. 1,200.00 2 10.90% 92

Table XXII

Households and Development

,--______Number of Households which have.A. Total No. Better Better· Better Better Better More land Use of of Irrigation types Seeds Implementl Manure . for pesticides Households facilities of Cultivation Cattle. 2 4 5 6 7 8

108 15 11 93

Activities during the lalt ten years adopted/secured Participated ..... _----, Improved methods Land improvement National Extension Recd. Demonstration In activities of Works of of cultivation like measures like reelama­ Service or in improved agricul­ Community .~.Project by Japanese cultivation tion, soil conservation Community tural practices contributinj! of Land, and consolidation Project Labaur, Casb or Material 9 10 II 12 IS

15 106 20 106 94

Table XXlII

Agricultural Produce of Cultivation run by Households and their disposal

(I) Name of Products Paddy Maize Oilseeds Vegetables Pulses Fruit. Worth (2) Annual Quantity Pmducm 3,515 Md~. 599 Md•. 335 Md•. 362 Md •• I Md. 6 Srs. RI. 7,482/- (3) Total annual quantity can- 3,244- .. 46B 239 362. " 1 6 sumed by the producing " " " " Households Worth (4) Total annual quantity avail- 271 131 96 RI. 7,482/- able for _Ie " " "

Table XXIV General

Number of Households r------"- -. Total No. of Reading daily Member or Member. of Member or Members Member or Members Households News-paper which work for Social of which take active of which have joined or listening news uplift part in Politics co-operative societies broadcast through the Community radios ·2 4 5

lOB .99 Not available Not available 101 95

Table 1 SET-·B Caste/Tribe or Community and nature of family (Based on item 3 of model schedule)

,-______Type of families____ living _____J.._ in ______the households -'"\ Community Total No. of households Simple Intermediate Joint Others 2 3 4- 5 6

Kashmiri 89 24 34 3 28 Hindus (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslims (Sunni) I~ 7 5 6

Simple Family-Consists of hu.band, wife and unmarried children. Intermediate -Married couple and unmarried brothers, sisters and one -of the parents. Joint -Married couple with married sons/daughters or with married brothers/sisters.

Table 2 Settlement history of Households (Based on item 4 (a) of model schedule)

Number of households settled in the village r------.A. --- -.. - Uommunity Total No. of Before Between Between In houlC'holds 5 . 4-5 2--4 I Present Generations Generations Generations - Generation ago Generation 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kashmiri Hindus (Brahmin) 89 88

Kashmiri Muslims (Sunni) 19 18

Table 3 (A) Religion and Sect (Based on item. 5 (a) and (b) of model schedule) Number of households the )leads of which belong to Religion Total No. r- -.. Number of households of Sect I Sect II .the heads of which do households (Brahmin) (Sunni) not belong to any sect 2 3 4 5 Hinduism 89 89 nil

Islam 19 19 ntl 96

Table 3 (B) Sect and Caste/Tribe (Based on

Community! Total No. Calte Caste Caste Caste Cute Caste Sect or I II II[ IV V VI households Tiku Pandita Sidha Sher Khah Bawnu 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Kashmiri Hindul 89 20 12 7 6 6 4 (Brahmin) Kashmiri Muslims 19 (Sunni)

Table 3 (B) -concld.

Sect ~Dd Caste/Tribe (Based on

Community! Total No. Caste Caste Caste Caste Calte Caste Sect or XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI household. . Jotshi Reahi Bhan Razdan Raina Kaul 2 18 19 20 21 22 23

Kashmiri Hindus 89 (Brahmin) Kashmiri Muslims 19 (Sunni) 91 itelDs 5 (b) & (c) of model schedule)

Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Cas~e Caste Calte VII VIII IX X XI XII XlJI XIV XV Bhat Mukhi Kachroo Sharma Kichloo Patwari Khar Muu. Matoo 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

6 3 4 2 '1. :3 2 2

5 ..

items 5(b) & (c) of model schedule)-concld.

Caste, Calte Caste Caste Caste Calte Calte Caste Caste . XXII ,XXIII XXIV XXV· XXVI XXVII XXVlII XXIX XXX Dlngay Yougi Khanday Ganai Rather Guru Taill Dar Tantray 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

2

3 2 2 2 2 98

Table 3 (0) Association of Deity/Special object of worship and caste/tribe

Number of households that wonhip ,....------_.------.. _------Diety/Special objects Caste Calte ('.ute Caste Casrc Cast" Casle Caste Caste of I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX wonhip Tiku Pandita Sidha Shcr Khah Bawnu Bhat Mukhi Kachroo I 2 :-1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Shiv Panch.aa JfJ :3 4 3 4 2 2 Vishnu PanchlclI 5 5 3 3 2 2 Shamboo

Lord Shiva Shanker

Krilhen KrisheD Hunuman 2 Shiv Ganga Vishnu Baghwati

NOTE :- The Deities mentioned in this table are wonhipped at name while Vishnu in hi. incarnation al Martanda-the Sun-god i. worshipped by all ramili~ at the tirtha almost every morning. or the 89 Hindu households inhabiting the block show, however, no deity or lpecial object of worship at thdr homes. 99

(Based on item 6 or model schedule)

the deity and belong to ..A. CaBle Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste CaBte Caste Caste Caste X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI Sharma Kichloo Patwari Khar MuSIB Jotlhi Reshi Matoo Razdan Kaul Dangay Yougi 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

2 2 2 2 100

Table No.4

Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act (Based on item 7 of model schedule)

Caste/Community Number of persons Number ofpenons aware of Remarka interviewed prohibition of untouchability under law 2

I. Kashmiri HindlU (Brahmin) 89 89

2. Kashmiri Muslims (Sunni) 19 Not applicable 101

Table 5-(A) Permissibility of Inter-caste marriage (Based on item 8 ( c) of model schedule)

Caste/Community Number of Number of p~rsons who con~ider it permissible to form persons interviewed ,-______marital J.. da ______with -. Caste I Caste II Caste III Caste IV (Nam~) (Name) (Name) (Name) Hindu Sunni Brahmin Muslims 2 3 5 6

I. Kasbmiri HindlQ 89 89 (Brahmin)

2. Kaahmiri Muslims 19 19 (SunOl) 102

Table 5-(Bj Desirability or inter-caste marrIage•

Number of persons who consider it de.irable ,---._------Community/ Numbl'f of Caste Casle Caste Caste C'.aste Caste Castl' Castel persons I H IIi IV V VI VII Sect interviewed Tiku Pandita Sidha Sher Khah Bhat Bawnu 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kashmiri Hindus (Brahmin) Tiku 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Pandita 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Sidha 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Sher 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Khah 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Bhat 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Bawnu 4- 4- 4 4- 4 4- 4- 4- Kachroo 4- 1 4 4- 4 4 4 4- Mllkhi 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Khar 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Sharma 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Kichloo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Muua 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Matoo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dangay 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Patwari I I I I I 1 1 I Jotshi I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Reshi I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bhan 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 Razdan I I I I I 1 I I Raina I I I 1 1 1 1 1 Kaul 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I Yougi I 1 I I I I 1 I Kashmiri Muslim. (Sunni) Bhat 5 Khandey 3 Ganai 2 Rather 2 Guru 2 Dar 2 Raina I Taili 1 Tan tray I 103

(Based on item 8 (d) of model schedule)

.J+".to ______form marital tie with.____ ... _ ... ______w ______Caste CAste Caste c..ste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste V 111 IX X XI XII ~XIII xrv XV XVI Kllchron Mukhi Khar" Sharma Kich\tm M\ma Mattm Danp'Y Patwari

10 11 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6" 6 6 6 4

Table 5-(B)--concld. \ Desirability of inter-caste IIlarriage

Number of persons who consider' it d~sirable r------""'"""'"----...... ------.- ---_';"_--'-"_ Community( Number of' . Caste Caste ('.aste Caste" Caste Caste Caste ': caneI . persons XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII .. ·Sect . interviewed Jouhi Rl'sbi Bilao Razdan Raina Kaul Yougi 2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Kasbmiri Hindus (Br&hmin) Tiku 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Paildita 12 12 12 .2 12 12 12 12 Sidha 7 7 7 7 7 7 "Z 7 .Sher 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 <[(bah 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Dbat 6 f; 6 6 6 6 6 6 Bawnu 4 4 4- 4 4 4 4- 4 .K'a ch roo 4 4 4 4 4 4- .4- Mukbi 3 3• 3 3 3 3 g 3 J(:har 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 '8barma 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 'lCichloo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Mussa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ,Matoo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 'Dangay 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 '2 P;ltwar; J 1 1 J J 1 I I ,lcitshi I 1 1 1 I 1 1 .Rtlhi I 1 1 I 1 I 1 Bban 1 1 1 1 I 1 Razdan I I 1 1 1 ) I -Raina I I 1 J I I 1 Koul 1 I I 1 1 1 1 .xougi 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 Kashmiri Muslims (Sunni) Dhat 5 Khandey 3 Ganai 2 Rather 2 Guru 2 Dllr 2 Rllina 1 Taili I Tan tray I 105

(Based on item 8 (d) of Dlodel schedule) to form marital tie with .A. _._._-, Caste Caste Ca.te Caste Caste Caste Caste Caste Caltf' XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVUI XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII Bhat Khandey Ganai Rather Guru Dar Raina Taili Tantray 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 I 106

Table 5(0) Attitude towards marriage with persons of different (Based on item 10 of

Number having no objection to marry with community Number of ,....---.------_,._------~""'" Castel persons Baidya Mehilya Doom Brahmin Dhoba Bauri Bhutia Napil Community (head. of households) interviewed

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kasbmiri 89 89 Hindus tHrahmin)

Kubmiri 19 Muslims (SUDDi) 107

communities but of the same Socio-ecoDomic status model schedule)

Number baving no objection to marry with community Remarks r------~ ~ Santhal Muslim Chamar European Karmar- Kayastha Pod Rajbanshi Nama- Bagali Chinese kar ludra

II 12 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

19 108:

Table 6(A) AwareDess of changes in Hiudu Laws of Succession aDd Adoption (Based on item 11 and 12 of model schedule)

Community Number of Number aware Number that Number aware Number that Remarks perlons (heads that there have could not describe that there could describe of houaeholds) been changea chang~1 in have been the changes in interviewed >n Hindu Hindu Adoption change! in Hindu Succl.'ssion Adoption Act Act correctly Hindu Act correctly Succession Act 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kashmiri Hindus 89 53 Nil 48 Nil (Brahmin)

I-..ashmiri Muslims 19 N 0 A p P c a b e (SuDni)

Table 6(1\)-1 Inheritance of property as in practice (Based on item 13(a) of model schedule)

Number indicating that relations or the following categories are entitled to inherit Community Number of property in their respective caste/tribe persons (heads,------A. --., of houaeholds) Son Daughter Wife Mother Brother Sister'. Brother's Others interviewed SOD son 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kashmiri 89 89 Hindus (Brahmin)

Kasbmiri 19 19 19 19 Muslims (SuDni) 109

Table 6(B) Share of property for different categories of relations-SoD (Based on item 13(2) of model schedule)

Community Number of Number indicating that sons inhedt property in the If there are Any ReIl"arks persons following manner children by other interviewed r------A------~ more than one manner . All sonl Only eldest Only Large Larger wife, property get equal son inherits youngest share is share is first divided share son inherits given to given to per stripe eldest younger among sons son, son, of differtnt other other wives and sons Ions then per inherit inherit capita among equally equally sons of the same wife 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kashmiri Hindus 89 89 (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslims 19 19 19 (Sunni)

Table 6 (B)-I

Share of property for different categories of relatives-Daughters (Based OD item 13 (b) of model schedule)

Number indicating that daughters inherit property in the following mannerl Community Numbet" of r------...... ------~ Others perlons Daughters Daughters Eldest Younge\! Daughter Daughter Only Daughter interviewed only in- inherit daughter daughter inherits acquires that gets berit to equally only only only if only daughter main- the exclu- with IOnl inherits inherits there is life inherits tenance sian of no Ion interest whose only till lona if there husband marriage ia no is son adopted 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

Kashmiri 89 89 89 Hiudul (Brahmin) Kashmiri 19 Muslims (Sunni) 110

Table 6(B)-2 Share of property for dift"erent categories of relatives-Wife (Based on item 13(b) of model schedule)

Number of ,...-______Number indicating that wife inherits.A. ______the property in the following. _____ manner --, ("~mmunity persons Wife inherits Wife gets a Wife gets Wife ar.quir~s Others interview~d equally with smaller share maintenance life interest (Specify) sons only ifBhe if there is DO does not child provided re-marry that she does not re-marry 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kashmiri 'Hindus 89 89 89 (Brahmin) Kashmiri Muslims 19 19 (Sunni)

Table 6(C) Attitude about iaheritance of property by daughters equally with sons (Based on item 14 of model schedule)

Number of persons who agree that daughters should inherit equally with sons r------.---.A.------, Community Number of Aged above Aged Aged Ag~d Aged persons 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 interviewed and below 2 3 4 5 6 7

Kashmiri Hindus 89 39 19 22 4 (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslims 19 Not applicable (Sunni) 111

Table 7 Change in ownership of land during one generatioD (Based on items 15 (a-c) and 16 of model schedule)

Community Number of Number of households that Number of households that Remark. households suffc:-red lOIS of larld affer have gained land after the the lime of dc:'alh of the father time of death or the father or the head of the household or the head of the household 3 4 5

Kashmiri Hindus 89 6 14 (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslim. 19 14 (Sunni)

Table 8

Reciprocal aid in agricultural practices (Based on items 15 (h-j) of model schedule)

Castel Number of house- :'I:umber of house- Number of house- N umber of house- Remarks Community holds practising holds that borrow holds that take holds that a"ilt agriculture agricultural help of neighbours and implements from neighbours at the receive help at others at the time time of sowing or the time of of harvesting cuhivation in the cultivation shape of manual labour 2 3 4- 5 6

Kashmiri Hindus 5 4 5 5 (Brahmin)

Ka.hmiri Muslim. 18 16 16 (Sunni) 112

Table 9 Livestock statistics iacludiag fishery

Milch/cattle Draught bullock Goat.,Shrep ,---__.A. __---. r---__.A. ____ ...... r------.....__---...... Community Number or Total Number or Total Number or Total households number households number households number owning owning owning 2 • 5 6 7

Kubmiri Hindus .2 JI9 (Brahmin)

Kuhmiri Mualims 8 21 13 25 (SunDi) 113

(Based on items 17 and 18 of model schedule)

Pig Duck/Geese Fowl Horses Dogs ,--___..4.. ___-.. ~---.A.--_:_-, r----J.-----. r-----Jo..----, r---__J...---- -. Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total Number of Total hou.eholds Dumber hlmseholds Dumber households number households number households Dumber owning owning owning owning owning 8 9 10 II 12 13 14- 15 16 17

8 21 114

Table 100A 1-Village Industries -Products (Based OD item 19(a) of model schedule)

Industry [ Industry II Indultry III ,....----..A.Dry Ch~aninlE____ --, ~:ring Oil Seed Crushing ,--­ -, ...__ --A. __ ----, Community Number of Name of Number of Natneof Number of Name of households product. household. products bouseholds products 2 5 6 7

Kashmiri Hindus Dry Cleaned (Brahmin) Clothes

Kaaluniri Muslims 2 Clothes Oil

Table 1().. (A) 2-Viilage Industries-Disposal of Products (Based on items 19(b) of model schedule)

Nlime of product Particulars of houlcholds that sell Particulars ofhouseholds that sell to neighboun only in market ,---__.A. ____--, r--._-_ ...... -----, Cute Number of Caste Number of Remark. hou.ehold. households 2 5 6

I. Cleaned Clothea fTikU 2. Sewn Clothe. Khandey lDbat 3. Oil Tam 115

--

- - -

s -• - to 116

Table 11 (B) Occupational mobility-Nature of Aspiration (Based on item 24 of model schedule)

No. of persons who want Iheir sons to be in r--- "_-- ._-.. ------.., Occupation Number of The same Occupation Occupation Occupation Occupation households occupation No. I No.2 No.3 So. 4 as in col. I (i. e. his own) Tanoring Business Zamindari Govt. Issuel~ Service

2 3 4 5 6 6 7

Priesthood 67 6 2 50 9

Zamindari 20 9 7 3 Govt. Service 7 4

Private Service 5 3 Grocery 4 2 2 Labour Cattle herding

Vegetable Selling Tailoring

Oil Seed Crushing 117

Table 12 Trade or Business (Based on item 25 of model schedule)

,--______BusinellS I-Grocery.A, ___ , -, Community Number of Community Source of Average households finance profit 2 3 4 5

Kashmiri Hindus (Brahmin) 8 Kashmiri Hindus Self RI.58/­ (Brahmin) P.M.

Kashmiri Muslims (Sunni)

Table 12- concld. Trade or Business-concld.

Community BUlinellS 2-Medicine Selling Jilusiness 3-Vegetable Selling r------____..A.------~ r------'------~ Number of Community Source of Average Number of Community Source of Average households finance profit households finance profit 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

Kashmiri Hindus Kashmiri Hindus Self Rs.60/­ (Brahmin) (Brahmin) P.M.

Kashmiri Mu~lilDll Kashmiri Muslims Self Rs.30/­ tsunni) (Sunni) P.M. 118

Table 13 Range of information (Based on item 29 of model schedule)

Community Total No. ,-______~ ______Number of householdsJo,. of ______which know the name of ..... of households Union Board Anchal Thana Tehail Taluk District Name of H. Q. Panchayat H Q. H. Q. H. Q. H. Q. principal H. Q. rivers of the district 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kalhmiri Hindus 89 82 82 82 82 82 85 (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslims 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 (Sunni)

Table 14 Land reforms etc. (Based on item 30 of m.odel schedule)

Community No. of households Brief indication No. of households No. of households benefitted by of the manner of harmed by neither benefitted abolition of benefit abolition of nor harmed Zamindari Zamindari 2 4 5

Kaahmiri Hindus (Brahmin) 89

Kaahmiri Muslims (Sunni) 4 These 4 households received 15 19 kanals·of land of which they were previously tillers.

Table 15 Share croppers and preparation of the records of righty (Based on item. 31 ot model schedule)

Community No.ofahare No. that could get No. that could not get Eviction in the wake of croppers themselves recorded themselves recorded ,____ land-.A legislation___ -, as share croppers as share croppers during settlement during settlement Number Quantitv of land 2 4 5 6 Kashmiri Hindus (Brahmin) nil Kallhmiri MusJima (Sunni) 14 14 119

Table 16 (A) C. D. Blocks-Nature of benefits only in respect of villages covered by N. E. S. Blocks (Based on items Nos. 34(a) aDd 35 or mt;»del schedule)

Caste No. of No. aware Number No. benefitted in tbe manner as below Remarks Community households of existence benefitted r------A------~ of C. D. by C.D. Describe Describe Delicribe Describe Blocks Blocks (I) (2) (3) (4) 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9

Kashmiri Hindus 89 89 No head of the (Brahmins) household ad­ Kashmiri Muslims 19 19 mitted that he (Sunni) wu benefitted by the C. D. Block in one way or the other.

N. E. S. Blocks-Nature of benefit (Awareness about the functions of Gram Sewak) (Based on item 34 or model schedule)

Community No. of No. aWare of No. tbat could describe the functionl of Gram Sewak Remark. households the functions r------A of Fully Satisfactorily Umatisfactorily Incorrectly Gram Sewak satisfactory 2 S 4- 5 6 7 8

Kashmiri Hindus 89 4 4- Five h9dJ (Brahmins) of house- Kuhmiri Muslim 19 16 16 holds prac- (Sunni) tile agricul- ture them- selves. 120

Table 17(A) Information about main functions of Panchayat (Based on item 36(a-e) of model schedule)

Caate/Community No. of No. that could Number according to whom main functions of the Remarks inc1u- panchayat are ding note on the households tell the period ,-______.A. ______~ of ~xisttnce functions of the of Panchayat Function (I) Funclion (2) Function (3) panchayats set correctly To settle village Welfare of Not known up according disputes the village to stalute '1. 3 4 5 6 7

Kashmiri Hindus 89 Nil 43 42 4 Refer Survey (Brahmins) Report

Kashmiri Muslims 19 Nil 5 14 -do- (Sunni)

Table 17(B) Opinion about improvement through Panchayats (Based on item 36(e-f) of model schedule}

Community Number of No. according to whom afrer ntablishment No. according to No. according households of statutory Panchayat there has been whom after to whom ,------___...------~ establishment of after establish- Improvement Improvement Improvement Statutory ment of (a) (b) (c) Panchayat statutory Construction Construction Construction there has been Panchayat of Panchayat of Public of village roads,----.A. there has been Ghar latrines and public Harm Harm Harm neither baths (a) (b) (c) improvement nor harm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kashmiri Hindus 89 87 87 87 2 (Brahmins)

Kaabmiri Muslims 19 19 19 19 tSunni) 121

Table 13 Co-operative Society (Based on item 33 of model. schedule)

Community No. of members belonging to Number that have not become members because of r------"------. r------~------_, Sub- No. of Sub- No. of Sub- No. of Unaware about the benefits castes house- castes house- castes house- accruing from the membership holds holds holds of a Co-operative Society 2 3 4 !i 6 7 8

KaRbmiri Hindus (Brahmin I) Tiku 20 Bawnu 4 Patwari Pandita 12 Khan 3 ReRbi Sidha 7 Kichloo 2 Raina Bhat 6 Mussa 2 Kaul Khah 6 Matoo 2 Ra7.dan Sher 6 Sbarma 2 Yougi Kacbroo 4 Mukbi 2 JOIRhi

Kas!lmiri Muslims (Sunni) Bhat 5 Ganai 2 Tantrav Khandey 3 Dar 2

Rath~r 2 Raina 122

Table 19(A) Attitude towards family plauDing with reference to age of the head of the household (Based OD item 3 and 38(c) of model schedule)

Community No. wanting more children the age of the No. wanting no more children the age of the head of household (male) being head of household (male) being ,....--~ ____.A ,....-----~------...... "'""\ Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or less Above 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 20 or less 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Kashmiri Hindus 32 19 18 4 3 6 4 3 (Brahmins)

Kashmiri Muslims 4 4 5 2 2 (Sunni)

Table _ 19(B) Attitude towards family plamUDg with reference to duratioD of marriage (Based OD item. 3 and 38(c) of model schedule)

Community No. wanting more children duration of No. wanting no more children duration of marriage being marriage----.J.. ______being "'""\ r------.J..-___----. r- Over 20 16-20 11-15 6-10 50rIess Over 20 16-20 11-15 6-10 5 or lesl yean year. yean yean years yean yean yean yean yean 2 , 4 5 6 7 8 0 10 11

Kashmiri Hindus 51 8 11 5 9 3 (Brahmin)

Kashmiri Muslims 7 2 S 2 4 (Sunni) 123 124

Table 21 Prohibited Food and Drinks (Based on itelD 39(d) of lDodel schedule)

Community No. of households reporting as prohibited No. that did not No. that did not report any food to report any drink r------.A.------Food Food Food Drinks Drinks Drinks..... be prohibited to be prohibited (I) (2) (3) (I) (2) (3)

2 3 4 .'\ 6 7 8 9

Both Hindus and Muslims abstain from taking all such foods and drinks as have been prohibited by religion.

Table 22(A) Material Culture-Possession of furniture (Based on iteJD 42(a) of lDodel schedule)

Community No. of households pOBS~sing r------.A.------,Bed-stead Khatia Chair Table Mirror Bench Stool Jolchowki Wall-shelf

2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Kuhmiri Hindus (Brahmins) 61 33 23 4 2 12

Kaabmiri Muslims (Sunni) 125

Table 22 (B) 1 Material Culture-Possession of consumer goods (Based on item 45(a) of model 'schedule)

Caste/Community No. of hOURholds possessing ,.,...------"- -.. Remarks Hurricane Petromax or Battery Kerosene Bicycle Radio Set ' Lantern Hazak torch-lights stove 2 4 5 6 7 8

Kaahmiri Hindus (Brahmins) 13 28 5

Kaahmiri Muslims (Sunni)

Table 22 (B)2

Material Culture-consumer goods acquired in last five years (Based on item 45(b) of model schedule)

Caste/Community Number of households which--Jo.- have______acquired in last five years "-I ,---- Remarks Consumer goods ConlUmer goods Consumer goods Consumer goodl (1 ) (2) (3) (4) Petromax Radio Set Kerolene Stove Bicycle 2 4 5 6

Kashmiri Hindus (Brahmin.) 5 5 13 15

Kaabmiri Muslims (Sunni) 126

Table 22 (0) Material Culture-habits (Based on items 41 (c) and

Cutel No. of households that use No. of households that do not No. of households that use Community mosquito curtain having uae mosquito curtain baving toile! soap/washing soap monthly income of monthly income of having monthly income of ,-______A ____~ ,------'------. ,------""'------. RI. Rs. RI. RI. lb. Rs. lb. lb. RI. RI. Rs. Rs. ISO &: 101- 51- SO or ISO &: 101- 51- 50 or ISO &: 101- 51- SO or above ISO 100 less above 150 100 less above ISO 100 less 2 ! .. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Kashmiri 14 12 45 18 14 12 45 18 Hindus fBrahmin) Kashmiri 6 13 6 IS Muslims (Suani) 121

45 (c) and (d) of model schedule)

No. of households tbat do not No. of households that send clothes No. of households that do not Remark. use toilet soap/washing soap to washerman having monthly scnd clothes to washerman having monthly income of income of having monthly income of ,--.---.1<- ..... ,-----""------1 ,------.1<..------., R8. R8. RI. R8. Rs. R8. RI. R •• RI. RI. Rs. R •• 150 & 101- 51- 50 or 150& 101· 51- 50 or 150 & 101- 51· 50 or above 150 100 1~ above 150 100 less above 150 100' lea 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24- 25 26

14 10 39 7 2 6 11

5 2 11

ERRATA (The following printing mistakes are regretted)

Page No. Particulars of entry For Read 5 Right hand side para 1 line 1 deserves an deserves on 11 """ para 1 line 16 Varendah Verandah 11 "" "para 2 line 6 dinning dining 12 Left hand side para 3 line 8 house or house are 12 Right hand side from top line 2 Table XII Table XI 14 Left hand side para 2 line 6 startched starched 16 Right hand side para 2 line Table 24-A Table 22-A 18 para 2 line 3 & para 4 cermony ceremony " " " line 3 20 Left hand side from top line 16 served are are served 21 from top line 21 after After " " " 22 Right hr,nd side para 1 line 2 begining beginning 32 Left hand si~e para 2 line 7 } 28 Right hand side last line illitrate illiterate 31 Left hand side para 1 line 8 absolute obsolete 32 ,. " " para 1 line I product produce 34 , ' " " from top line 1 passanger passenger 34 ,. para 2 line 9 anticidents antecedents " " 34 para 3 line 8 piligrim pilgrim " " " 35 from top line 1 Table XXIV (A) Table XX " " " 36 " " " para line 14 cummunity community 39 Right hand side para 2 line 4 magnificiant magnificent 45 para 1 line 3 divident dividend " " " 45 para 2 line 3 Rs. 60,000/­ Rs. 6,000/­ " " 48 Left hand side lrOlll top line 16 cothes clothes 98 Table 3 (C) Heading worship and caste worship by caste 103 Line 11, Column No. 10 3 2 121 Heading Table 13 Table 18