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Iwi Interests in the Marlborough Sounds David A. Armstrong Historyworks July, 2011

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Iwi Interests in the Marlborough Sounds David A. Armstrong Historyworks July, 2011 Iwi Interests in the Marlborough Sounds David A. Armstrong HistoryWorks July, 2011 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2. Location Maps .......................................................................................................... 2 3. Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 4 4. The Kurahaupo Iwi - Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia and Rangitane .............................. 6 5. Kawhia/Taranaki Iwi Migrations and Conflict with the Kurahaupo Tribes ..... 8 6. The Tuku and its Boundaries ................................................................................. 9 7. The Kawhia/Taranaki Tribes Invade the South Island ..................................... 14 8. The Impact of Kawhia/Taranaki Invasions on the Kurahaupo Iwi .................. 17 9. Relative Iwi Interests in Proposed Salmon Farm Sites ...................................... 23 References ................................................................................................................... 24 1. Introduction 1. My name is David Anderson Armstrong. I hold a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in history and a Bachelor of Laws degree from Victoria University of Wellington. I am currently a Director of HistoryWorks Ltd, a Wellington-based research company. 2. Since 1989 I have worked as a professional historian, specialising in historical Treaty of Waitangi claim research. I have carried out research on behalf of two iwi in the top of the South Island, Rangitane and Ngati Apa, and presented evidence on behalf of these iwi to the Waitangi Tribunal in 2003. More recently I have assisted Ngati Apa and Rangitane in their Treaty claim settlement negotiations. I have also presented evidence to the Environment Court (in August 2010) in respect of the King Salmon White Horse Rock resource consent application. 3. This report was commissioned by New Zealand King Salmon. King Salmon is seeking a private plan change in respect of a number of specific sites in the Marlborough Sounds, located at Waitata Reach (Waitata, Kaitira, Tapipi, Richmond), Port Gore (Papatua), Queen Charlotte Sound (Kaitapeha, Ruaomoko), and Tory Channel (Ngamahau), in order to develop new salmon farms. 4. In my capacity as a professional historian, I have been asked by King Salmon to provide an independent report that: i) identifies the iwi who claim or possess customary rights in areas associated with the proposed salmon farms ii) explains the nature and extent of those customary rights. 5. I do not speak Maori, and have no expertise in Maori oral traditions of the northern South Island. My area of expertise is the analysis of documentary records. I have relied in particular on volume I of the Waitangi Tribunal's 2008 Te 1 Tau Ihu o te Waka a Maui Report on Northern South Island Claims (which deals extensively with customary interests), volume I of the Mitchells' Te Tau Ihu o te Waka, A History of Maori of Nelson and Marlborough, evidence presented to the Tribunal by various iwi during the hearing process and Native Land Court minutes. While I have no expertise in Maori oral tradition, I note that these sources all record and discuss oral traditions. A full list of my sources can be found in the reference section below. 2. Location Maps Source: Te Ara - Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 2 Source: Te Ara - Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 3 3. Executive Summary 6. There are eight iwi who may claim customary interests in the proposed salmon farm sites in Waitata Reach, Port Gore, Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel. Three of these iwi - Rangitane, Ngati Kuia and Ngati Apa - trace their descent from the Kurahaupo waka, and can be termed 'Kurahaupo iwi'. They have been in occupation of the Marlborough Sounds since the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. 7. The main Ngati Apa areas of interest are in the west (Golden Bay and the northern West Coast), but they also occupied Tarakaipa Island (Tennyson Inlet) and Anamahanga (Port Gore). Ngati Kuia occupied Pelorus Sound, Tawhitinui Reach and Waitata Reach. Rangitane occupied Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel. There was some overlap of Rangitane and Ngati Kuia interests in Queen Charlotte Sound. Ngati Kuia and Rangitane were also linked to Port Gore through the Kupe traditions associated with that place. Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia and Rangitane can all trace whakapapa (genealogical) connections to Kupe. 8. The five other iwi invaded the northern South Island under the leadership of Te Rauparaha in the 1820s and 1830s. These tribes may be termed 'Kawhia/Taranaki' iwi. They are Ngati Toa, Ngati Koata, Ngati Rarua, Ngati Tama and Te Atiawa. They defeated the Kurahaupo tribes and occupied the northern South Island, including the Marlborough Sounds. 9. The Kawhia/Taranaki tribes who settled in the Marlborough Sounds and established customary rights (based on conquest and subsequent occupation) were Ngati Toa and Te Atiawa. Ngati Toa were strongly associated with the Pelorus/Tawhitinui Reach/Waitata Reach area. Te Atiawa were strongly associated with Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel. Ngati Toa and Te Atiawa both occupied the Tory Channel area. 10. Ngati Koata occupation was confined to D'Urville Island, the adjacent coastline and areas to the west. Ngati Rarua are principally associated with the Wairau 4 district (not including the Marlborough Sounds), Motueka and the West Coast. Ngati Tama settled in Tasman Bay, Golden Bay and the West Coast. 11. The Waitangi Tribunal has found that despite their defeat and subjugation, the Kurahaupo tribes remained on the land and retained a range of customary rights. Later they were able to reassert and strengthen their interests, and two iwi (Ngati Kuia and Rangitane) achieved recognition in two Crown purchase deeds in 1856. The Crown has recently acknowledged that Ngati Apa were wrongly omitted from these transactions. Ngati Apa did, however, achieve some recognition of their interests in Port Gore at an 1889 Native Land Court hearing. 12. Kurahaupo iwi areas of interest, as they relate to the sites of proposed salmon farms, are as follows: Area of Proposed Salmon Farm Sites Kurahaupo Iwi Interests Waitata Reach Ngati Kuia Port Gore (Anamahanga) Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia, Rangitane Queen Charlotte Sound Ngati Kuia, Rangitane Tory Channel (Totaranui) Rangitane 13. Kawhia/Taranaki iwi areas of interest, as they relate to the sites of proposed salmon farms, are as follows: Area of Proposed Salmon Farm Sites Kawhia/Taranaki Iwi Interests Waitata Reach Ngati Toa Port Gore (Anamahanga) Te Atiawa Queen Charlotte Sound Te Atiawa, Tory Channel (Totaranui) Te Atiawa, Ngati Toa 14. The Kurahaupo and Kawhia/Taranaki tribes with interests in the proposed salmon farm sites are (in no particular order): 5 Area of Proposed Salmon Farm Sites Iwi Interests Waitata Reach Ngati Toa, Ngati Kuia Port Gore (Anamahanga) Te Atiawa, Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia, Rangitane Queen Charlotte Sound Te Atiawa, Ngati Kuia, Rangitane Tory Channel (Totaranui) Te Atiawa, Ngati Toa, Rangitane 15. It is difficult to identify a 'hierarchy' of interests or otherwise prioritise customary rights. In addition, all customary interests and associations, whatever their basis and however large or small, are important. Nevertheless, the evidence permits a conclusion that from the 1830s Ngati Kuia and Ngati Toa were associated with Waitata Reach. Ngati Apa and Te Atiawa were associated with Port Gore, while Te Atiawa and Rangitane were associated with Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel. It should be emphasised that no single iwi has exclusive interests in any of the proposed salmon farm site areas. 16. One matter of contention concerns a possible Ngati Koata claim to have interests in Waitata Reach. A number of historians, and the Waitangi Tribunal, have stated that Ngati Koata interests extended into Waitata Reach and the Pelorus Sound as a result of the tuku (a gift of use and occupation rights) of the Kurahaupo chief Tutepourangi. This is based on a misreading of the evidence. The tuku extended from Clay Point (the eastern entrance to Admiralty Bay, to the north of Port Ligar) to the west. It did not include Waitata Reach or Pelorus Sound. Ngati Koata customary rights, associations and interests established through the tuku did not extend east of Clay Point, and they have no interests in the Waitata Reach.1 4. The Kurahaupo Iwi - Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia and Rangitane 17. Ngati Apa, Ngati Kuia and Rangitane all trace their descent from the crew of the Kurahaupo waka. They began to occupy the Marlborough Sounds and the wider 1 Ngati Koata interests in Waitata Reach was fully explored in a brief of evidence which I presented to the Environment Court in August 2010 in connection with New Zealand King Salmon's White Horse Rock resource consent application. Some of the matters traversed in that brief are repeated below. 6 northern South Island region in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, gradually conquering and assimilating the people they found there (including Ngati Tumatakokiri, Ngati Wairangi and Ngati Tara).2 By the end of the eighteenth century the Kurahaupo iwi controlled a vast area stretching from the Wairau (the Marlborough district) and the Marlborough Sounds to the northern West Coast of the South Island. 18. Shared Kurahaupo origins and whakapapa connections resulted in a range of overlapping and intersecting customary associations, rights and interests. While Ngati Apa resided
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