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DRUG FACT SHEET Consuming energy drinks mixed with alcohol results in an increase in the number of alcohol-related injuries because the perception of impairment is diminished.

Class of :

Main active ingredient: Ethanol/Ethyl alcohol, which is made by fermenting or distilling grains, fruit and vegetables, is the main ingredient. Alcohol is found in beverages like beer, wine, coolers and hard liquor like rum and vodka.

What it looks like: Liquid, either clear or colored A standard drink is equal to .6 oz of pure alcohol, which is equal to 12 oz of beer, Street names: Booze, Juice, Spirits, Brew, Sauce 8 oz of malt liquor, 5 oz of wine and 1.5 oz or a “shot” of 80-proof liquor (e.g. gin, How it is used: Taken orally rum, vodka). Duration of high: Effects of high can last from one to four hours. The effect of alcohol on the body by volume is the same. It is the amount of ethanol consumed that affects a person most, not the type of alcoholic drink.

Withdrawal symptoms: Restlessness, sweating, tremors, , anxiety, convulsions, death

Detected in the body: With a healthy liver, an average person can eliminate one drink (.6 oz of alcohol) per hour. Detection time in urine is one to two days. Illinois information In 2007, 23.3 percent of students Effects: Physical—small amounts can produce relaxed muscles, headache, nausea; somewhat large in Illinois reported that they drank amounts can cause slurred speech, double alcohol for the first time before vision; very large amounts can cause respiratory the age of 13. Approximately 74 depression, coma and death percent of students said they Mental—small amounts can impair judgment had at least one drink of alcohol and decrease inhibitions and anxiety; large amounts can produce memory loss during their lifetime. Long-term—liver and brain damage, heart (Center for Disease Control, 2007) disease, cancer, ulcers, pancreatitis

Sources: National Household Survey–US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse Warning Network, US Department. of Health and Human Services-Center for Disease and Prevention, Illinois Drug Education Alliance

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DRUG FACT SHEET Illegal in Illinois but legal in most states, “bath salt” is one of the latest designer . It can be found at gas stations and convenience stores.

Class of drug: Synthetic Main active ingredients: MDPV (methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and (which are found in a lower dosage in legitimate bath salts and plant foods) What it looks like: White, powdery or crystallized substance packaged as bath salt Street names: Ivory Wave, Bolivian Bath, Vanilla Sky, Legal , Snow White, Hurricane Charlie, Bliss, Pure White, Purple Iris, XXX-rated plant food By marketing the designer drugs as bath salts How it is used: Inhaled, injected, eaten in food and swallowed in and labeling them “not for human consump- tion,” manufacturers and retailers have been drinks. Bath Salt can be rolled into joints with able to bypass food and drug regulations and marijuana and smoked, too (called Head sell the drug legally in most states. Bath salts Trip Potpourri). cost approximately $20 - $40 a pack. Duration of high: The initial rush peaks within 15 minutes to one hour and can last for five hours. Many users re-dose to extend the effects for a few days. Withdrawal symptoms: Fatigue, depression, anxiety, psychotic behaviors Illinois information Detected in the body: Yes, through quantitative testing for MDPV, Illinois is the 11th state to ban Mephedrone and , but it is not detected in routine drug tests “bath salts.” The new law adds chemical compounds used in Effects: Mimics the high of cocaine, ecstasy and making bath salts, such as MDPV, Physical—Chest pains, headaches, high blood to the list of the state’s Schedule I pressure, increased pulse, muscle twitching, controlled substances. The cravings, insomnia, seizures American Association of Poison Mental—Agitation, delusions, anxiety, , Control Centers reported 3,470 hallucinations, violent rages, suicidality calls about bath salt during the Long-term—Fairly new drug, no long-term first six months of 2011. effects have been recorded in humans.

(Join Together, July 26, 2011, Sources: http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/alternate-names-bath-salt-drug; http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/features/bath-salts- drug-dangers; US Department of Justice; Quick Fact Alert: Bath Salts, Chestnut Health Systems; www.sober.com/bath-salts.html www.drugfree.org/join-together)

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DRUG FACT SHEET Bromo-Dragonfly Bromo-Dragonfly is an extremely potent and long-acting psychedelic. The unscheduled research chemical is not formally controlled in the US and is available online.

Class of drug: Synthetic Main active ingredients: 1-(8-bromobenzo (1,2 – b; 4,5- b) difuran-4-yl)- 2-aminopropane. Its name is derived from the dragonfly-like appearance of its chemical structure. What it looks like: In its purest form, this is a white powder, but it can be colored or mixed with other ingredients that may change its appearance. It also may be dissolved and made into a liquid. Given the drug’s extreme potency and narrow Street names: Bromo-Dragonfly, DOB-Dragonfly, Fly, BDF safety window, accurate measurement of doses is critical. Even a dose a few milligrams off How it is used: Oral ingestion by blotter paper, powder or liquid can be life-threatening. Also, the slow onset of the high may lead some users to re-dose, Duration of high: Dragonfly is a drug similar to LSD in potency. which can result in death. Mislabeling However, it differs from LSD in that it has a much of Bromo-Dragonfly as its far-less-potent 2C-B-FLY has led to fatalities and longer duration of action. Some reports state that hospitalizations. the effects can last several days, yet it may take several hours before the action is noted. U.S. information Detected in the body: It can be detected using sophisticated serum In 2011, two young adults died techniques, but it currently can not be detected with simple urine tests. after overdosing on Bromo- Dragonfly, which they thought Effects: Physical—agitation, tonic-clonic seizures, was a similar drug. Several others vasoconstriction, necrosis, death Mental—severe, vivid and often frightening were hospitalized during the hallucinations same incident. Both deaths were Long-term—This drug is fairly new; the preceded by massive seizures, DEA is still studying the long-term effects. vomiting blood and terrifying hallucinations. Several survivors suffered from its effects days Sources: Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RI, Schumacher B, Johannsen M. A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. after using the drug. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jan 10;183(1-3):91-6; Wood DM, Looker JJ, Shaikh L, Button J, Puchnarewicz M, Davies S, Lidder S, Ramsey J, Holt DW, Dargan PI. Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity associated with recreational use of Bromo-dragonFLY. J Med (Oklahoma NewsOn6.com, May 13, 2011 Toxicol. 2009 Dec 5(4):226-9;Corazza O, Schifano F, Farre M, Deluca P, Davey Z, Torrens M, Demetrovics Z, Di Furia L, Second victim dies after taking designer Flesland L, Siemann H, Skutle A, Van Der Kreeft P, Scherbaum N. Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon out-of-control? the emergence of hallucinogenic drug Bromo-Dragonfly. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2011 May 6(2):125-9; http://www.drugs- drug in Konawa) forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Bromo-Dragonfly

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DRUG FACT SHEET Club Drugs Club drugs like GHB and Rohypnol are used in date rapes, because they are sedatives and can make one unconscious and immobile.

Class of drug: MDMA (Stimulant), GHB (Depressant), Rohypnol (Benzodiazepines), (), LSD (Hallucinogen)

Main active ingredient: Varies as drug varies. Since club drugs are often manufactured in makeshift labs, it is impossible to know what chemicals are used to produce them and the conse- quences of each drug.

What it looks like: Most liquid club drugs are odorless, colorless and taste- less, which makes it easy to slip into a drink. Many of the powdered forms are easily dissolved in liquids. Club drugs are also available in pill/capsule form as well Many of these “club drugs” are used recre- as blotter paper. ationally, by choice, at all-night dance parties () bars and concerts. Street names: MDMA—Ecstasy, E, X; GHB—Liquid Ecstasy, Grievous Bodily Harm; Ketamine—K, Special K, Kit Kat; Rohypnol—Roofies, R-2; LSD—Acid, Blotter, Microdot

How it is used: Taken orally in pill form (MDMA, GHB, LSD), liquid form (GHB, LSD), powdered form (GHB) and blotter paper (LSD). Ketamine can be smoked, injected or snorted. Illinois information Duration of high: Most club drugs effects are felt within 10 to 20 minutes and last from three to six hours. Rohypnol is felt within The use of club drugs and more 30 to 90 minutes and can impair a user for eight to 12 hours. specifically designer drugs has Withdrawal symptoms: Sleep problems, depression, anxiety increased sharply in the greater Chicagoland area as well as Effects: Different club drugs have different effects: Physical—loss of muscle and motor control, blurred throughout the . vision, dehydration, drowsiness, breathing problems, Regionally, Chicago serves as a unconsciousness, increased heart rate, blood pressure and secondary source area for club body temperature Mental—hallucinations, aterograde amnesia, , drugs distributed throughout impaired senses, memory and judgment the Midwest. Long-term—sleep problems, heart and kidney failure, brain damage, paranoia, coma, death (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration)

Sources: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), US and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) University of Illinois, The Illinois Department of Human Services

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DRUG FACT SHEET Cocaine and Crack Cocaine and alcohol is the most common two-drug combination that results in drug-related deaths.

Class of drug: Stimulant

Main active ingredient: Cocaine hydrochloride is extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon bush. Crack is processed from powdered cocaine (hydrochloride is removed).

What it looks like: Cocaine: fine crystalline powder Crack: light brown or beige pellets or crystalline rocks (often packaged in small vials)

Street names: Cocaine: Coke, Snow, Blow Crack: Freebase Rocks, Rocks Approximately 100 years after cocaine entered into use, a new variation of the How it is used: Cocaine: sniffed or injected substance emerged. This substance, crack Crack: smoked (above), become enormously popular in the mid-1980s due in part to its almost imme- Duration of High: Cocaine effects appear almost immediately and diate high and the fact that it is inexpensive disappear within a few minutes or hours (depends to produce and buy. on ). Crack effects are felt within 10 seconds and disap- pear within five to 10 minutes (very intense high). It is not uncommon for users to binge on crack to try to sustain the short, but intense high.

Withdrawal symptoms: Mood swings/changes, depression, anxiety— unpleasant but not life threatening Illinois information

Detection in the body: Three to five days During FY 2006, 41 percent of the Effects: Physical—increased energy, dilated pupils, federally-sentenced defendants increased pulse rate, elevated blood pressure, insomnia, in Illinois had committed a drug loss of appetite, sudden death offense. Approximately two-third Mental—euphoria, tactile hallucinations, large of the drug cases involved powder amounts can cause bizarre and violent behavior Long-term—mood disturbances, paranoia, heart cocaine or crack cocaine. attacks, respiratory failure, heart disease, strokes, (U.S. Sentencing Commission, FY 2006 seizures, death Federal Sentencing Statistics, Illinois)

Sources: American Medical Association, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse Warning Network, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of National

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DRUG FACT SHEET DXM: Cough Medicine One out of 11 teens has abused cough medicine to get high. Often, these teens are finding information about cough medicine abuse on the Internet.

Class of drug: DXM is a synthetically produced chemically related to codeine, but does not directly stimulate opiate receptors in the brain. It acts as a hallucinogen/dissociative drug at high doses.

Main active ingredient: DXM ()

What it looks like: It is available in liquid, tablet, capsule, gel cap and lozenge cough preparations. It is also available in powdered form. In 2006, 3.6 percent of 8th graders, 5.3 percent of 10th graders and 5.5 percent Street names: Robo, Dex, Tussin, Skittles, Triple C, Velvet of 12th graders reported using cough/cold medicine to get high. How it is used: Orally in cough medicines; inhaled in powdered form

Duration of high: The effects can last up to six hours.

Withdrawal symptoms: Restlessness, muscle/bone aches, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes

Effects: Recommended doses (.17 - .33 oz of med. contain- ing 15 mg to 30 mg DXM)—cough suppression DXM abusers describe different “plateau” effects Small doses (under 2 oz of med., first plateau)— mimic depressant effects: mild drunkenness Medium doses (2 oz - 4 oz of med., second Illinois information plateau) mimic stimulant effects with distorted visual perceptions In Illinois, legislation passed in Large doses (4 oz - 10 oz or more of med., third 2006 that banned the sale of and fourth plateaus)—mimic dissociative drugs: DXM in its pure form. Although distorted perception of sight, time, body and sound, not mandated, some pharmacists feelings of detachment, hallucinations, violence Physical—Flushing, sweating, increased body have chosen to keep DXM- temperature, nausea, seizures, high blood pressure, containing preparations behind blurred vision, irregular heartbeat, numbness the counter. Long-term—Liver damage (from medicines also containing acetaminophen) brain damage, coma, death (Drug Abuse Handbook, Steven B. Karch, MD, FFFLM, 2007)

Sources: NIDA Research Report Series, National Drug Intelligence Center. U.S. Department of Justice, The Partnership for a Drug- Free America, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Monitoring the Future Survey, Drug Abuse Handbook

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DRUG FACT SHEET & Dissociative Drugs Some effects of PCP—depression and memory loss—may last six months to a year following prolonged daily use.

Class of drug: Hallucinogens (most common form is LSD) Dissociative drugs (most commonly form is PCP)

Main active ingredient: Hallucinogens: Lysergic acid diethylamide, mesca- line, psilocybin, ibogaine Dissociative: What it looks like: LSD: Clear, odorless liquid, brightly colored tablets, impregnated blotter paper, thin squares of gelatin Forms of LSD and PCP PCP: liquid, capsules, white crystalline powder, gum Street names: Lysergic acid diethylamide: LSD, Acid, Blotter, Phencyclidine: PCP, Angel Dust, Loveboat, Wack How it is used: Both hallucinogens and dissociative drugs can be swallowed, injected or smoked. LSD liquid and gelatin forms can be put in the eyes. PCP is often sprinkled or sprayed on cigarettes, parsley and marijuana. Duration of high: Hallucinogens: effects begin within 30 to 90 minutes and last from six to twelve hours PCP: effects begin within minutes and last for hours Withdrawal symptoms: Depression, memory loss Effects: Physical (both)—increased heart rate and blood pressure, elevated body temperature, loss of Illinois information appetite, loss of muscle coordination, slurred speech LSD, most commonly used in the Hallucinogens middle- and upper income areas Mental—hallucinations; intensified senses; distortion of time, reality and environment; confusion; mood of Chicago, has been declining swings; panic; suicidal thoughts in use since 1997. The conse- Long-term—heart and lung failure, flashbacks, coma quences of PCP use are increasing Dissociative despite relatively stable or Mental—detachment/disconnection of environment and self, distorted perceptions of sight and sound, declining rates of use. violence (IL Drug Threat Assessment 2005, Long-term—memory loss, speech difficulties, National Drug Intelligence Center) paranoia, convulsions, coma Sources: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Report Series, American Medical Association, Illinois Drug Threat Assessment—National Drug Intelligence Center, NIDA Community Epidemiology Work Group

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DRUG FACT SHEET Heroin overdose is a particular risk because the amount and purity of the drug cannot be accurately known.

Class of drug: /Opiate

Main active ingredient: Morphine, which is processed and extracted from the seed pod of certain poppy plants

What it looks like: Powder (white to dark brown), tar-like substance

Street names: Smack, Horse, Brown Sugar, Junk, Mud, Big H, Black Tar, White Boy Clockwise from top: Black tar heroin, How it is used: Injected, inhaled or smoked brown powdered heroin and white powdered heroin Duration of high: Euphoria sets in within seven seconds (intravenous ), two to five minutes (intramuscular injection) or 10 to 15 minutes (sniffed or smoked). The high lasts from 10 to 30 minutes. Euphoria is followed by lethargy, sleepiness and apathy.

Withdrawal symptoms: Restlessness, yawning, muscle and bone pain, cold flashes with goose bumps, diarrhea, vomiting Illinois information and insomnia. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 24 to 48 hours after the last dose With Chicago’s status as one of and subside after a week. Heroin withdrawal is the nation’s heroin capitals and a never fatal in otherwise healthy adults. distribution point for cities across Detected in the body: One to three days the U.S., the heroin sold in the collar counties is often purer, Effects: Immediate—a rush, accompanied by a warm more addictive and dangerous flushing of the skin, dry mouth and heavy feeling in the extremities, slowed breathing, than drugs sold elsewhere. In the slowed cardiac function, suppression of pain, first four months of 2009 more clouded mental functioning than 100 people in the Chicago- Long-term—contaminated injection equipment area died of heroin-related may transmit diseases such as HIV and overdoses. The majority of hepatitis, collapsed veins, infection of heart lining and valves, tuberculosis them lived in the suburbs. (Chicago Tribune, 2009)

Sources: American Medical Association, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse Warning Network, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration

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DRUG FACT SHEET The primary users of household inhalants are pre-teenagers and young teenagers because the products are readily available, cheap and legal.

Class of drug: Psychoactive

Main active ingredient: There are more than 1,000 common household products that can be misused as inhalants. Active ingredients vary, but most common ones are , amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite, chlorohydrocarbons (aerosol sprays) and hydrocarbon (solvents). Most are volatile chemicals.

What it looks like: Varies; common household products include glue, Experimentation with inhalants should not be paint, lighter fluid and whipping cream cans taken lightly. Even a single session of repeated abuse can disrupt heart rhythms and Street names: Bolt, Bullet, Laughing Gas, Poppers, Snappers, cause death from or lower oxygen Locker Room, Huffing, Sniffing levels enough to cause suffocation. How it is used: Breathed into the lungs through the mouth or nose by sniffing, spraying, bagging, huffing (a soaked rag) or inhaling (from a balloon)

Duration of high: Inhalants reach the brain almost instantly, producing an immediate high (euphoria). It usually lasts a few minutes; however, sometimes users extend this effect for several hours by breathing in inhalants repeatedly. Illinois information

Withdrawal symptoms: Irritability, agitation, increased heart rate, chills, The Illinois Department of Health hallucinations and Human Services statistics Effects: Physical—slurred speech, seizures, nosebleeds, indicate that 8th grade and 12th nausea, loss of appetite, decreased heart rate, death grade students in Illinois reported Mental—feelings of euphoria, impaired judgment, inhalant use levels at least twice violent behavior, hallucinations the national average while 10th Long-term—paranoid psychosis, brain, liver and kidney damage, hepatitis, brain hemorrhage, cancer, grade students’ monthly use of bone marrow damage inhalants was one and a half times the national rate.

(Alliance for Consumer Education, 2007 )

Sources: NIDA Research Report Series, Drug-Free Resources Net, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse, National Conference on State Legislatures, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Monitoring the Future Study

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DRUG FACT SHEET K2 Herb K2 is illegal in Illinois, but it’s still legal in many other states throughout the country. K2 is sold as an herbal incense in stores and over the internet.

Class of drug: Synthetic Main active ingredients: Cannabicyclohexanol, HU-210 and JWH-018, similar to THC () but more potent than THC What it looks like: In its pure state, these synthetic chemical compounds are solids or oil; but are usually sprayed on a mixture of dried herbs and spices K2/Spice has been sold since 2006 as a Street names: K2, K2 Herb, Spice, K2 Incense, K2 Summit, potpourri or incense for about $30 to $40 K2 Standard, K2 Blond, Fake Weed, Black Mamba per three gram bag. K2/Spice and similar drugs are illegal to sell and purchase in How it is used: Smoked, inhaled, ingested Illinois. Duration of high: Smoked—effects begin immediately after the drug enters the brain and last from one to three hours

Withdrawal symptoms: Irritability, headaches, nausea, anxiety, depression Illinois information

Detected in the body: K2 does not show up in a typical urinalysis test; A law effective on January 1, 2012, there are some complicated and expensive blood made possession of K2 and any tests for these compounds, but they are not useful in a daily clinical setting. chemical like K2 illegal to sell, purchase or use in Illinois. A Effects: Physical—sleepiness, relaxation, reduced or previous law banned only three elevated blood pressure, heart palpitations Mental—hallucinations, delusions, paranoia chemicals that were used to make Long-term—This drug is fairly new; the K-2, but soon similar synthetic DEA is still studying its long-term effects. No drugs were created that did not long-term effects have been recorded in humans. fall under the act. The new law (Public Act 97-0193) includes a long list of chemical combinations that create synthetic marijuana in

Sources: Drug profile: Synthetic cannabinoids and 'Spice'". EMCDDA Drug Profiles. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and an effort to ban all substances. Drug Addiction. 2009, Sobolevsky, T, Prasolof I, Rodchenkov G, Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in mixture post-admin- istration urine. Forensic Science International, 2010, Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Ogata J, Goda Y. Chemical analysis of syn- (CarmiTimes.com “New laws that ban bath thetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Science International, 198 (2010) 31-38. (LiveScience, Fake Weed, salts and K2 synthetic marijuana set to take Real Drug: K2 Causing Hallucinations in Teens, March 3, 2010) effect,” December 30, 2011)

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DRUG FACT SHEET Marijuana Marijuana is the most widely available and used illegal drug in the U.S.

Class of drug: Cannabis Main active ingredient: THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), which causes the mind-altering effects What it looks like: Greenish-gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds and flowers of Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant Street names: Pot, Grass, Weed, Reefer, Dope, Mary Jane, Sinsemilla, Acapulo Gold, Thai Sticks, Ganga

How it is used: Smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints), water Marijuana, or the hemp plant, is one of pipes (bongs) or cigars (blunts), eaten in foods or the oldest psychoactive plants known to used to brew tea humanity. The first direct reference to cannabis as a psychoactive agent dates Duration of high: Smoked—effects begin immediately after the drug back to 2700 B.C. enters the brain and last from one to three hours Ingested—effects begin one-half to one hour after ingested and last as long as four hours Withdrawal symptoms: Irritability, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, depression Detected in the body: Occasional use—one to seven days Chronic use—one to four weeks Illinois information Effects: Physical—increased heart rate, bloodshot eyes, In 2007, 38.6 percent of Illinois dry mouth and throat, increased appetite students reported using marijuana Mental—pleasant sensations and colors, intensi- at least once during their lifetime. fied perception of sounds, impaired or reduced Of students 13 years of age, 8.7 short-term memory and comprehension, altered percent have tried marijuana. sense of time, reduced ability to perform tasks requiring concentration and coordination Approximately 4 percent of Long-term—damage to the tissue of the lungs students used marijuana on and pulmonary system, cancer, negative effect on school property during the 30 the development of adolescents, impaired days before the survey. immune system (Center for Disease Control, 2007)

Sources: American Medical Association, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2002 and 2003 National Survey on Drug Use, The Office of National Drug Policy-Drug Policy Clearinghouse, American Counsel for Drug Education

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DRUG FACT SHEET High doses of methamphetamines can elevate body temperature to dangerous and sometimes lethal levels, as well as cause convulsions.

Class of drug: Psychostimulant

Main active ingredient: It is a derivative of . Over-the-counter drugs containing or and other materials are cooked in clandestine labo- ratories inexpensively to produce the drug.

What it looks like: White powder, pills or a rock which resembles a block. The white powder is odorless, bitter-tasting and dissolves in water or alcohol.

Street names: There are more than 300 street names including Methamphetamines are most often used Crank, Crystal Meth, Crystal, Ice, Speed in a “binge and crash” pattern where users repeatedly take more to try to maintain How it is used: Orally, injected, inhaled or smoked. It is also a the high. Dependence occurs swiftly. Schedule II stimulant. There are few accepted medical reasons for its use.

Duration of high: An initial, intense rush lasts from five to 30 minutes for most methamphetamines smoked or injected. Oral ingestion or snorting produces effects in three to 15 minutes. The effects of methamphetamines can last up to 12 hours or more.

Withdrawal symptoms: Depression, fatigue, aggression and paranoia Illinois information Detection in the body: Up to five days According to the U.S. Department Effects: Immediate—increased activity, decreased appetite, of Justice, is euphoria, increased respiration, elevated body the primary drug threat to Central temperature Long-term—addiction, violent behavior, anxiety, and Southern Illinois and is insomnia, stroke, weight loss, paranoia, hallucina- increasing in prevalence in the tions, delusions, toxic effects on the brain Chicago area. Long-term—sleep problems, heart and kidney failure, brain damage, paranoia, coma, death (U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, 2008) Sources: American Medical Association, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse Warning Network, National Drug Intelligence Center, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of National Drug Policy

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DRUG FACT SHEET Prescription Drugs More teens abuse prescription drugs than any illicit drug except marijuana.

Classes of drug: Painkillers: Vicodin, Tylenol with Codeine, OxyContin, Percocet : Klonopin, Nembutal, Soma, Valium, Xanax : Adderall, Concerta, Dexedrine, Ritalin

What it looks like: They come in tablet and capsule form (some depressants are also available in liquid and In 2006, more than 2.1 million teens suppositories). They are taken orally or crushed, ages 12 to 17 reported abusing prescription drugs. Among 12- and 13 years-olds, dissolved in water and injected. prescription drugs are their drug of choice. Sources of drug for Of people who abuse prescription painkillers, 56 nonmedical use: percent say they get them free from relatives and friends; 19 percent from one doctor; 9 percent bought them from friends or relatives; 5 percent bought from drug dealer; 4 percent stole from friends or relatives and 7 percent from other sources. Illinois information Withdrawal symptoms: Painkillers: Restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia When considering the drug Depressants: Anxiety, irritability, insomnia, problem in Illinois, the impact of nausea, tremors, seizures prescription drugs of abuse must Stimulants: Mood changes, sleep and appetite disturbances be addressed. In 2005, 387,000 individuals in Illinois used pain- Effects: Painkillers: Decrease motor skills and judg- killers nonmedically, 178,000 ment, difficulty breathing, death used depressants nonmedically Depressants: Depressed heart rate, difficulty breathing, death and 80,000 used stimulants Stimulants: Irregular heart beat, high body nonmedically. temperature, hostility, paranoia, (United States Department of Health and heart failure, fatal seizures Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, 2006) Sources: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Office of Applied Studies, NIDA Info Facts, Office of National Drug Control Policy

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DRUG FACT SHEET Tobacco contains 4,000 chemicals and byproducts that make it harmful. The most dangerous byproducts are , tar and carbon monoxide.

Class of drug: Stimulant (but also acts as a sedative)

Main active ingredient: Nicotine

What it looks like: It is a brownish mixture of dried, cured and processed leaves. Nicotine is a naturally occurring colorless liquid that turns brown when burned and acquires the odor of tobacco when exposed Tobacco use is the single largest preventable to air. cause of death and disease in the United States today. Street names: Smokes, Cigs, Butts, Chew, Snuff

How it is used: Tobacco is smoked in the form of cigarettes and cigars and through pipes; chewed, dipped or sniffed in the form of chewing or spit tobacco or snuff.

Duration of high: Tobacco effects are felt within 10 seconds of inhalation (cigarette smokers). Cigar, pipe and users absorb the nicotine more slowly. The acute effects of nicotine dissipate in a few minutes. Nicotine stays in your system three to four days.

Withdrawal symptoms: Headaches, dizziness, anxiety, irritability, coughing, Illinois information dry throat, hunger (weight gain) In Illinois, tobacco use claims Effects: Physical—rush of , drop in skin tem- 16,600 lives and costs the state perature, suppressed appetite and increased blood $4.1 billion in health care bills a pressure, respiration and heart rate year. The number of high school Mental—reduced anxiety and increased relaxation students who smoke is 19.9 Long-term—diseases and conditions, such as: percent which closely compares cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic lung disease, stroke, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, to the adult rate of 21.3 percent. gastric ulcers, premature wrinkling. (Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 2009)

Sources: Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, American Lung Association, American Cancer Society, American Heart Association & Illinois Tobacco-Free Communities, www.igniteil.org/stats, NIDA Research Report Series

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