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The Ecology of the Mesquite Twig Girdler, Oncideres

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The Ecology of the Mesquite Twig Girdler, Oncideres THE ECOLOGY OF THE MESQUITE TWIG GIRDLER, ONCIDERES RHODOSTRICTA BATES, AND ITS EVALUATION AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT by KENITH LEE POLK, B.S. A THESIS IN ENTOMOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillmient of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved Accepted May, 1971 AC. Sor rs ?07,1 no. 7e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ">0/r ^ I ara deeply indebted to Dr. D. N. Ueckert for his guidance, encourageinent, and help in collecting data for my thesis. I would also like to express my appreciation to the other members of my committee. Dr. C. R, Ward, Dr. D. Ashdown, and Dr. J. E. George, for their helpful criticisra. I also thank the raany land­ owners whose cooperation made this project possible, I am thankful to Drs. B. D, Burks and P. M. Marsh of the U.S.D.A, Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch for specific determinations of parasites of the mcsquite twig girdler. I would also like to acknowledge the State of Texas and Texas Tech University for their financial assistance and support in the completion of this project. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW. 1 Literature Review ............. 2 Description , . 4 II. , METHODS AND PROCEDURES 6 Study Areas 6 Mesquite Twig Girdler 7 Life History and Behavior , 7 Number of Eggs/Branch, Percent Egg Hatch, and Diameter of Girdled P ranch 8 Elytra, Egg and Head Capsule Measure­ ments , . 9 Volume of Wood Consuraed by Larvae .... 10 Population Densities 10 Damage to Mesquite by Girdlers 11 Field Cage Studies 12 Parasitism, Predation, and Competition ... 14 Laboratory Rearing 15 iii Page Biological Check Method 16 Effects of Temperature on Twig Girdler Larvae 17 Branch Method of Girdler Colonization . 19 Adult Method of Girdler Colonization ... 20 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23 Life History 2 3 Adult 23 Larvae 27 Pupae , , 28 Description 28 Adult 28 • Egg 30 Larvae 30 Pupae 31 Population Densities 34 Damage to Mesquite by Girdlers 37 Field Cage Studies , , 38 Parasitism, Predation, and Competition. 41 Biological Check Method 51 Effects of Temperature on Twig Girdler Larvae 52 iv Page Branch Method of Girdler Colonization ... 54 Adult Method of Girdler Colonization. ... 57 IV. SUMMARY ^^ LITERATURE CITED ^"^ LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. A comparison of sex ratios of O. rhodosticta Bates collected by hand and in light traps. Texas. Autumn, 1970 24 2. Population densities of adults of _0^ rhodosticta Bates on two 50-tree transects in Winkler- Ward and Garza Counties, Texas. Autumn, 1970 35 3. Mean numbers of mesquite branches girdled prior to 1969, in 1969, in 1970, and the mean numbers of adults of ^_^ rhodosticta Bates, on two 50-tree transects in both Garza and Winkler-Ward Counties, Texas. Autumn, 1970 36 4. Effects of population density of 0^_ rhodosticta Bates on damage to mesquite and egg laying habits in cage studies. Dickens Co. , Texas. Autumn, 1970 39 5. Parasites and predators of ^_^ rhodosticta Bates larvae dissected from mesquite branches col­ lected in Garza and Ward Counties, Texas, between March and September, 1970 45 6. Numbers of larvae of ^^ rhodosticta Bates and their parasites and predators dissected from mesquite branches collected in 1970 and 1971 in Ward and Garza Counties, Texas 47 7. Mean no. of larvae of jO_^ rhodosticta Bates per branch under five temperature regimes in Ward and Garza Counties, Texas. June 26 to August 28, 1970 53 8. Results of colonization attempts using branches in­ fested with larvae of O. rhodosticta Bates in 6 uninfested Texas sites using two methods of shading branches. Autumn, 1970 55 vi Table Page 9. Results and evaluation of adult releases of O. rhodosticta Bates collected in Winkler Co. , Texas, and introduced into 3 uninfested Texas sites in early October, 1970 58 10. A comparison of adult and larval methods of colonization of ^^ rhodosticta Bates in Texas. 1970 59 VLl LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Adult mesquite twig girdler O^ rhodosticta Bates. Ward Co. , Texas. Autumn, 1970 29 2. Egg of mesquite twig girdler O. rhodosticta Bates. Ward Co. , Texas. Autumn, 1970 29 3. Last larval instar of mesquite twig girdler, O. rhodosticta Bates. Ward Co., Texas. Autumn, 1970 32 4. Frequency graph of head capsule measurements of 250 larvae of ^^ rhodosticta Bates. Measurements were made periodically during 1970. Ward Co. , Texas 32 5. Pupae of mesquite twig girdler O^ rhodosticta Bates. Ward Co. , Texas. Autumn, 1970, . 33 6. Effect of O. rhodosticta Bates on mesquite at a population density of 50/tree: A, Tree be­ fore caging; B, Tree after all girdling had stopped; C, Tree with girdled branches re­ moved. Dickens Co. , Texas. Autumn, 1970 40 7. Trend in density fluctuations in interacting popu­ lations of larvae of ^^ rhodosticta Bates and their parasites and predators dissected from galleries in mesquite branches collected in 1970, 12 miles northeast of Post, Garza County, Texas 43 8. Trend in density fluctuations in interacting popu­ lations of larvae of O. rhodosticta Bates and their parasites and predators dissected from galleries in mesquite branches collected in 1970, 12 miles south of Wink, Ward County, Texas 44 viii Figure Page 9. Total numbers of insects reared from^ four laboratory cages, each containing 200 rpesquite branches girdled by ^_^ rhodo­ sticta Bates. Branches v/erc collectevi on April 8, May 28, July 2, and Au^.aist 13, 1970, 12 miles northeast of Post, Garza County, Texas 49 10. Total numbers of insects reared frorr:! four laboratory cages, each containing 200 mesquite branches girdled by O. rhodo­ sticta Bates. Branches were collecicd on March 25, May 27, July 29, and y'^ugust 17, 1970, 12 miles south of Wink, vV?. rd County, Texas. , 50 IX CHAPTER I INTROJ3UCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW About 56 ])iillion acres of Texas rangeland are infested with mesquite, Prosopls glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa, one-fourth of which has greater than 20% canopy cover (Smith and Rechenthin, 1964). Mesquite is a noxious plant on rangeland because it reduces herbage production! by competition for sunlight, moisture, and nutri­ ents. Thick stands of mesquite make it almost impossible for ranchers to gatiu.j- their livestock. Many present day chemical and mechanical control methods are often infeasible due to cost or ineffectiveness. The inesquite twig girdler, Oncideres rhodosticta Bates, attacks the crowns of mesquite trees. Preliminary observations on the life history and description of this insect have been presented by Ueckert, Polk, and Ward (1971). This insect chews through the bark and living xylem layers of limbs 0. 5 to 2. 0 cm in diaraeter, killing the branch above the girdle. In several areas of Texas, mesquite twig girdlers have reduced the canopy cover of mesquite considerably, and the need for more detailed studies concerning its ecology, life history, and parasite and predator complex and its evalu­ ation as a biological control agent has been suggested. (Ueckert et al. , 1971). This study was begun in I969 to study the mesquite twig girdler as a possible biological control agent for mesquite. The purpose of this study was to determine the biology and ecology of the mesquite twig girdler and its effect on mesquite in Texas. The use of insects in biological control has proven highly successful with other noxious perennial plants, including Klamath weed, Hypericum perforatum, and pricklypear, Opuntia spp. (Hollo- way, 1964). Literature Review Bates (1885) first described the mesquite twig girdler, Ci. rhodosticta Bates, in 1885 from Lerdo, Mexico, however, there is much confusion in the literature due to misidentification of this insect. Linsley (1940) reported the taxonomy of this insect and distinguished it by the presence of three callsoities in a transverse row on the pronotum, the pale anti-median fascia of the elytra, and the yellowish or tawny spots throughout the elytral pubescences. High (1915) reported the habits of the huisache girdler, Oncideres putator Thomson, but most of the published records to which he refers pertain to ^ rhodosticta Bates according to Linsley (I94O). Swenson (1969) reported that the mesquite twig girdler inflicted an average damage of about 10% to mesquite trees during the autumn of I968 on the Spining Ranch in Garza County, Texas. Ueckert et al. (1971) estimated that about 90% of the mesquite trees in infested areas in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas had been attacked by this insect, and that about 40% of all limbs from 0.5 to 2,0 cm in diameter had been girdled. Closely related species and their distril.ution and host records were reported by Linsley (1940), Tliey inclado: (1) O^ pus tula ta Lee. , which is abundant in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas where it girdles branches of Acacia farnesi-ma, Pithecolobium flexicaulis, Prosopis glandulosa, A cacia be rUaidieri, Parkinsonia aculeata and Mimosa lindheimeri; [2) 0_^ cin^'ulata (Say), which girdles hickory, pecan, persimmon, elm, poplar, sour-gum, bass-wood, honey locust, dogwood, apple, pear, peach, plum, citrus, eucalyptus and probably other trees; (3) O, texana Horn, which occurs in southern Texas where it girdles the twigs of Acacia and probably also Prosopis and Pithecolobium; and (4) O^ que reus Skinner, which is found in southern Arizona where it attacks oaks, Quercus spp. Linsley (1940) reported that _CL rhodosticta Bates occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico where it occurs on mesquite (Prosopis). Howard (1900) was the first to report this beetle's damage to naesquite; however, he misidentified the beetle as O. putator Horn according to Linsley (1940). Howard's report 4 was documented from specimens and information sent to him by Mr. M, R. Wise, who speculated that the mesquite in Calabasas, Arizona, would ultimately be exterminated due to excessive pruning which eliminated seed production.
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