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Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection
Fall 1965 Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 1 Elizabeth Clarke Kieffer
Amos Long Jr.
Synnove Haughom
Don Yoder
John A. Burrison
See next page for additional authors
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Recommended Citation Kieffer, Elizabeth Clarke; Long, Amos Jr.; Haughom, Synnove; Yoder, Don; Burrison, John A.; and Valletta, Clement, "Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 15, No. 1" (1965). Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine. 22. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/22
This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Pennsylvania Folklife Society Collection at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pennsylvania Folklife Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Elizabeth Clarke Kieffer, Amos Long Jr., Synnove Haughom, Don Yoder, John A. Burrison, and Clement Valletta
This book is available at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/22 , " / ./
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'/ .. ' ~/ ~/ ; 1 .' / ( ,/ (' Cover: Collegiate R omance, ilIars/zall College, ilIercersburg, 18-11. EDITOR: Dr. Don Yoder
DEPARTMENTAL EDITORS: AUT UMN 1965, Vol. 15, N o.1 Dr. Earl F. R obacker, Antiques Edna Eby H eller, Cookery Olive C. Zehner, CTafts LeR oy Gensler, Design Dr. J. William Frey, j\1usic
EDITOR E:-1ERITU : Dr. Alfred L. hoemaker Contents
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: 4.00 a year in the United States and Canada. Elsewhere fifty ce nts ad ditio n al for postage. Single 2 T he Year of the Rupjonjim
copies S1.00. ELIZABETH CLARKE KIEFFER
ISS AND PHOTOGRAPHS: 10 Pennsylvania Summer-Houses and The Editor will be glad to co nsider Summer-Kitchens MSS and photographs se nt with a Al\IOS L ONG, JR. view to publication. 'When unsuit able, and if accompanied by return 20 Religious and Educa tional References in pos tage, every ca re will be exer Lancas ter County Wills cised toward their return, although no responsibility for their safety is SYNNOVE HA UG HOl\I assumed. 24 Genealogy and Folk-Culture PEN YLVANIA FOLKLIFE, DON YODE R Autumn 1965, Vol. IS, No.1, pub lished quarterl y by the Pennsyl 30 Pennsylvania German Folktales: \'ania Folklife Society, Inc., Lan An Annotated Bibliography caster, Pennsy lvania. Subscriptions JOHN A . B URRI SO, ane! bu in ess corres pondence: Box 1053, Lancaster, Pennsyh·ania. Edi 39 Italian Immigrant Life in Northampton toria l corresponden ce: Dr. Don County, Pennsylvania, 1890-191 5. Part II. Yoder, Bennett Hall Box 19, Uni versi ty of Pennsyl van ia, Phi ladel CLEl\lENT VALLETTA phia 4, P e nnsylvania. Contents co pyrigh ted.
Entered as second class malleI' at Lancaster, Pennsy lvania. THE
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Tille1Jage of " The RU1Jjonjim."
Colored Tille-Plate of "The RuJJjonjim" (Mer cersburg, 1841), with lifelike POl-ITaits of the three editors: Oliver Hartley (" RuP"), Jeremiah Good ("John"), and James R eynolds ("Jim").
Illustrations from " The Rupjonjim" courtesy of Fackenthal Library, Franklin and Marshall College
Profiles from Marshall College, 1841. Note long hairdos, not really excelled by the 1Jresent collegiate generation.
A co lle.gian in the dress of the 18-IO's entertain ing his girlfrien d with a {lute solo. "Jared" (jere miah Good) drew this sketch and put in a Penn sylvania "snake fence" at the edge of the woods to the left.
2 The Year of the Rupjonjim
By ELIZABETH CLARKE KIEFFER
Two of the characteristic phenomena of the 1840 decade The prese nt a rticle will adopt the curren t student practi ce in the U nited Sta tes, were the burgeoning of small news and ca ll the la tter journal the A ide. O f the R anala a nd the pa pers and the bl ossom ing of small coll ege. It was inevit Aide onl y a few tray copies are extant; but of the R U/Jjonjim a bl e that these two movements should meet and merge, and the Frankl in and farsha ll College Archives possess a com soon every small co ll ege had at least o ne student newspaper. plete bound volume, recording a whole coll ege year as it At Ia rsha ll Coll ege, fo unded a t Merce rsburg, Pennsy l passed in the Seminary Building on the hill below !\fount vania, in 1837, chi fl y as a prepara tory in titution for the Parnell. Theologica l Seminary of the R eformed Church (which vVe owe the preserva ti on of this uniq ue volume to the sha red its o nl y building) a nd spoken of with co ntempt as historica l sense of Emanuel V. Gerh art, graduate of the cl ass " the little Dutch coll ege in the hills," the student bod y of of 1838, then a tutor in the ramshackl e building across the forty had no spare cash to support a ny printing ventures, but town, which house d th e Prepara tory School, and later to be this in no way discouraged them from joining the modern come the first Pres ident of Fra nklin and Iarshall College, in trend. Theodore Appel, of the cl ass of '42, in his R ecollec Lancaster. Probably beca use of his close connection with the tions of College L ife (1886) reports that there were fiv e stu Good family, in whose house in M ercersburg he roomed and dent pa pers in his day. These were handwritten by the with whom his future life was closely united , he preserved editors, as ma ny as ten copies of each iss ue, and were passed a nd bound the entire fil e, together with the illustrati ons ([or from room to room by the subscribers. which subscribers paid extra) signed JaTed, the pen name of Of only three of these pa pers have the names survived, the junior editor, J eremiah Good. poss ibly because of their oddity. The first, begun in 1840, The frontispiece of the volume is an allegorica l composi was the Ranala,n am ed (or Aristophanes' "Frogs" ("H e croaks tion in black a nd white entitled "H ope Dece ived ·' which de like a true R ana," says a rival editor revi ewing one of its picts a d ying Cupid, wearing a garden hat and nothing else leading articles). The second, which we shall disc uss, was except a weed which rises [rom the grass around him to serve the RujJjonjim; and the third, which began in Februar y, as a fi g- leaf. Many of the other illustrati ons are also repre ] 841, rejoiced in the title: A Id eborontilJhosciphomiosticos se nta tive of the co ntemporary cl assical revival, but of little (a title borrowed from H . Carey's Chron onhotol1th ologos) . other interest to the social historia n. The title page, which is in water color, is not only of greater artisti c merit, but far more interesting. It would seem to h ave been do ne exclu sively for the bound volume, as it would have be<:n a com p lete revela tio n o f the names of the ca refully a nonymo us editors. Instead of the title it is merely headed THE; and
c.-:- _-_ -: . benea th, three college boy editors eated a t a ro und table in order of their edi tori al p seudonym s: " Rup," "J o n" a nd "Jim"; a nd a t the bo ttom, " l'vl ercersburg, I 8'11 ." The boy at the left, a cheerful red-head with a cowli ck, is writing on a pa per labeled "Criticism." The o ne in the ce ntre, looks straight fon va rd, as if doing a se if-portrait from a mirro r, while the boy a t the right, somewha t older a nd more so phisti ca ted in a ppearance th an the o thers, distingui shed by a .~.:::..:- c __ R oman nose a nd side-burns, stares into space, as if contem pla ting· his next editoria l. It took co nsid erable resea rch to identify these gentlemen, but a fairly defini te co ncl usion was reached. "Jim," to begin at the right, ,,·as the se n ior editor, J ames Reynolds. His fa th er was the edi tor of the Lancaster J ournal, a nd a n inti mate fri end o f J ames Bucha na n. Jim, with jo urna li sm in his bl ood, had been th e origina tor of the newspa per (ever a t l\Iarshall. H e with George Staley o f the class o f '42 had started the R anala a year before. They were the o nl y ones of th e perso nnel who used their own first names instead o f pse udo nyms. In the fa ll o f 18,10, they seem to have agreed tha t a little riva lry would ma ke the adventure more (un. G eorge therefore a nno unced tha t he had fired Jim fo r drink ing, and Jim started a new pa per, beginning with a violent deni al of the " libell ous charges." H e took in to partnership his roomma te, Olive r Crom we ll H artley of Blood y Run (now Evere tt), Pennsylva nia, who was known as " Old Blood y" to (( f onny Peep/' curls and all. Another of Jared's sketches. distinguish him from his brother Rufus ("Yo ung Blood y").
3 , # .' / ..... f
The "Pensive Phiiosoj)/z er/ ' one of Jared's best portraits, 1'efl ecting Biedermeier taste in back woods PennsyivCl nia_
Marshall College students preparing for class; or are they editors working on the "Rupjonjim"?
quiet, cha rming brother "William 11. Nevin had come too, as professor of Ancien t Languages and Belles-L ettres, Why, journaiistica ll y, he chose to ca ll himself "Rup" will and his love of literature and abi lity to impart it, was never be known, but he is unmistakably the jolly red-head of soon to affect the style of his pupils. the title-page. This yea r (after the eptember commence These items o( coll ege history are a part o( the RllpjO I7- mem, a nd the six -weeks vacation which followed) it became Jim's co nce rn . 0 are the a ffa irs of the village. So are na necessary for J eremiah and R euben Good, brothers of \ ViI tional politics, for it lI'a a n ina uguration yea r. But like all liam Good who was a tutor, to mO\'e from their mother' student papers. its ch ief conce rn was the daily life of the rooming-house in the town, to the Seminary building, all students, a nd it is in the sca rce ly co nscious revelations o( upper-classmen being required to jive there. R euben be altitude, mores a nd conversati on. that it makes its chief con came the roommate of George Staley, a nd served as junior tribution to the social hi stori a n. Let those who think that editor o l th Rallala, while J eremiah became "Jon" of the coll ege life of the date was a ll plain living and high think RlIj)jol1jim and also its talemed anist "Jared." In both i ng, comid er these quota tions: "J\' ei ther collision of lips nor characters he app ars to have been well-known, because the pleasing words were ,,-aming, until about three o'c1ock in secretary of the Goethean Literary ociety, in all se riou ness . the morning when i\Iichael agai n le(t." "'Ve hear that about ca ll s him "Jonathan" Good, and records the purchase from fifty mince pies h ave joined the teetotal ociety." "Christmas him of "two portraits o( Dr. R a uch," evidently the same is co ming, i( we do not expect to receive a basket of ca kes which appeared in the RlIj)jonji17l in i\Iarch. and nut , yet we shall at least obtain a su pension of our It is a fortunate coi ncid ence th at the year o( the Rupjon studies, and that is something rare. Perhaps we may have a jim was one o( the most important in the history o( the col goose or a turkey, or more probabl ducks, (or we see a num lege. Friedrich ,\uguStus Rauch, the frai l a nd brilliant ber running about in our yard." In one ('( "Jon's" mud young scholar, who had been its first Presidem, lay dying in slinging a ttacks on h is rival editor, who \l'a also his brother, the orch Cottage, teaching his classes (rom his co uch in hi he accuses him o( being over-fond o( the lad ies, a nd says that stud y, and working to the last on a new ed ition of his Psy his conversation about gi rl "wo uld create a blush upon the chology, the first American textbook in the fi Id . Imo the cheek of everyone of yo u." Love of the ladies, however, was South Cottage, Dr. John \Villiamson Nevin had JUSt moved usua lly presen ted in the li ght o( a virtue; in describing the his family. H e had come to be president o( the Seminary, hero of a short story, it is said that " he was a symmetrical but because of Dr. Rauch's illness found himsel( forced to yo ung gentleman, with a good disposition, and of most take up the duti s of hoth presidencies. which he carried tender feelings (or the fair sex." Another gem of style, from until the removal 0 1 tile co ll ege to Lancaster In 1852. Hi a n editorial, may a pply h ere: "The various taste dispersed
4 "Shooti11g in the New Y ea1·". In this drawing .Tared combines 1Jo litics, both national and co llegiate, with the Pennsylva11 ia fo lk-custom of g1'eeting the New Year with rifl e shots.
"r-' -- -'- /
among individuals is what few are ca pabl e of sa ti sfying." co ffee devotee. as he sits at the table inclinirlg over a cup 0 1 There are many passages which refl ect the social history this deli ghtful beverage, whose steam, as it fli es upward en of the day. When we recall that the line of the B&O railroad velopes his face, he alread y feels its effects, as the drunkard had only just been completed as far as Greencastl e, and does with his nose to the bunghole o f a cask of liquor." would not reach Cumberl and until 1842, the following de An article entitled "A modern pedl ar," is illustrated by sc ription of ra ilroad travel is not so naive as it appears: "The one of J ared's most lively pictures. The se tting is the cor first thing that strikes the modern travell er particularl y is ridor of the upper fl oor of the Seminary building. T his in the rapidity o f travelling. This is perhaps the greatest ad dividual, says J ared, stopped at his room, and des pite his vantage of railroads. '" There is something admirable in insistence that he wanted nothing, insisted on display ing the appearance of a locomotive as it rolls along in all its his wa res: " tabl e cloth , handkerchief , merino veil s, ' th ey full power. " will not cos t you anything!' His term of li ce nse being nearl y A great deal is sa id about the vulgarity of using slang, al out, he will se ll at first cost . Aft er half an hour he leE t, hav though a grea t deal of it is unconsciously used in the text. ing sold nothing. But before he left he sa id 'Thank you.' The editors of Ranala are lampooned as saying to each other: For wh at, I do not know, but I suppose for his trouble." " H aven't we \vritten a sight of them?" "I'll be sw itched !" The Christmas number announces the forth-coming publi "The Dickens!" " Let their paper go to grass!" Upon which ca ti on of a town newspaper, the i\fercersburg Spy. Says Jim : Jim comments, "Si sella ast era aigner tailer aus finda, eb (I S "We do not fea r that they will in the least injure the Rll/J si andera beschemba." jonji711." A brief article headed "Modern H ye roglyphics" is a pro There is also a news item: "A small 'wi se-s peck ill' cow left test against the vulgar modern habit of saying "O .K. !" A town about a week ago. vVh ere she is neither fear nor hun space fill er on the next page is: " 'Thunder and blazes! ' a ~ ger ca n bring her from . It is beli eved that she is kept on the keg of powder said when it blowed up! " the fourth flo or of the Seminary by several ill-intentioned There is a discourse on Coffee : "Coffee is a delightful drink studen ts." which exhilirates the whole sys tem of man and breathes into The New Year opened with an eight-inch snowfall. J ared it a feeling of cheerfulness and vivacity. Look at the perfect predicted that it would go on snowing forever, and the hu-
5 man race would perish. A touching item headed "The Little supportable heat, defying a ny to face it, but the perse rver H eroine," describes the adventures of a small se rvant maid a nce of ma n checked the raging element a nd limited its fury who was sent to carry something to Dr. Nevin's house, a nd only to the Prepara tory ... which was soon leveled to the could find no other path through the drifts, than the foot gro und ... with it many books shared the same fa te, the prints made by the president himself on his way to church. principle of which I will mentio n, which is the Roll Book, Since the e were adjusted to his own tremendous tride, a nd which is a pleasure to many of the students, particularly those not to the capacity of a child's short legs, she was almost dead who had a large number of marks for de fi ciencies. They with exhaustion leaping from one print to another, when have passed to oblivion and are void of all recognition." the students rescued her. The minutes of the Coethea n Literary Society inform us In J anuary, still deep in snow, the o ld frame preparatory that "J onathan" Good spoke for the Affirmative(!) on the building burned down.. The townspeople blamed the stu ques tion " Which have the grea ter reason to complain of dents. " Nothing like this ever happened before they ca me the trea tment of the Ameri cans the Indians or the Africans?" to town ." Jim gives a vivid report of the fire- fi ghting meth Jim reported the ora ti on in his own gentle style of foolery: ods of the village. W akened in the night by the cries a nd " He mounted the stage with a graceful alacrity and after a the light, he dressed sketchily, a nd bucket in h and dashed polite boll', commenced a speech which astonished every be to the sce ne. "Soon the people were gathered together, a nd holder. Ther was a bea uty a nd ublim ity in his a ppearance commenced the accustomed bawling out: 'Fire! Fire! W ater! wh ich we could not help but noti ce, his face, flu shed with W a ter! Buckets! Buckets!' The worthless engine could effect the big id eas tha t pressed upon his mind and ornamented by but little, being incapable to cast forth all the wa ter it was the black curls which dangled about his face. H e com fed with, ha lf of which was wasted in the street .. . (The menced with the adm irable a nd pathetic idea . 'Poor In crowd) which was compo ed of all ranks of individuals Pro d ia ns!' a nd continued with a n occasional se ntence as: 'Civil fessors, student , male and female, black and white, all lent ization is praised by every man.' . . . " 'e indulge the hope their aid to stop the raging elements which se nt forth its in- that we may o ne day see his n ame emblazoned upon the pages of immortality." Among the no tes headed Squibs in the next few numbers, we find: "A fat man, the o ther day, was thrown out of a sleigh. When he got up, he left such an awful impression
r I I, I i I I I i J I { I ,II' ,I ; } · 1 I , .1 I \ I II
I'- .:. ~~--- : 1' ,-' ----- ~ ':¥~~-::~= .. - ---:. ~:--'-'-- :. - ·"'~~="'""~~~:.~-~~i~'.~~::' -- · =~=~ " The Peddler." -Once a familiar sight on the ~~~ . -----:::::. -~ . -. -. ------roads of Pennsylvania, the peddler here is shown -~ --- 7"~-= ___ -~~~~ ~_~ __----=-:- canvassing the upper dormitory hall of the Semi _ ~~~;:i :~~~~~~ -=; ~O;~?'~~ ' ___~ g-::~ nary Building at M ercersburg. T elling Ghost Stories at what appears to be an apple butter-boiling. Mercersburg, 1841 .
6 OPE RA-N/ID. frJ .~ - -1b! r-!;- '-' j .. , v vll{(tfr!l.wn , u .' '7M ' Ia"I- "".• v;A.~.",, ; , t>A;t """"./A' ,0; 1! ...c- ?1 r",,- - ~ /~ • • ~ ~ ~ vi 1"- 1>11. ""~ . 7k ./~ ,~ - t'wi aAL tlt:altt~,Ii /t ~~ Y -; (l' ,1 ./'/ . ,;r.,.,e 'j.t'!r../~! L.e ~r"'r- d;~ •. ..;t·t,,1 ,;·( ,,hc u 4!:-UL tA/;Jt. tfA,!':~ _~ d tJ-'14U 1/,.(: ,4' ''' .': ..~' 'H...(eI l/t' {:otl ( ~ , ( {~ " ,.".v, / ,;ckj..£ j r iJ ~' Vignette of Negro Phil and his lew's Harp. B eneath it: " Old Tip is the bo'Y , to fl ing tne flail, and make the loa/en all turn pale . . . This is his fa vourite. Come hear him." in the snow, that some ladies coming by had to blush to look brutality, as "The Cork." Like Byrun, and others in the at it." same predicament, the effect of his deformity on hi ~ charac "We were in hopes that we could announce to the public ter, seems to have been a malicious, mischief·making desire the death of the Ranala ... but it is only deranged on ac· to pry into other people's less savory affairs. The reviews count of one if its editors continuall y squeeling French in of the first few numbers, and the few copies of the paper its ears." which survive, show clearl y that the paper was conceived as "Several new members have joined the choir and a flute." a scandal-sheet, and that someone, possibly the editor him W e do not know who the flute was, but the ch oir had been se lf, as is clearly shown in one of J ared's pictures, where he is recently organized by a campus personality, several times observing a fell ow-student's love-affair from behind a cur mentioned in various items in the Rupjon jim as "A certain tain. or, as possibly, his co-editor, T heodore Appel, was learn red-haired Seminarian," who was almost certainly H enry ing and expos ing the inmost secrets of the student heart. H arbaugh, who had entered coll ege a year before, at the age The first action taken was in the form of a p oem, entitled of twenty·three, with so irregular a preparation, such over j onny Peep. whelming ambitions, and such overfl owing energies that he "No one hates him, only such was taking co urses in the Preparatory, College, and Sem inary, As think that j onny knows too much, all at the same time, reading Goethe in the original on vaca And oft he maketh consternations tion, studying As tronomy and H ebrew which were not in the By publishing his cogitations." curriculum, teaching a Sunday School in the mountain s, and The p0em is unsigned, and if a copy of it, with the cover directing the choir, and a young ladies' singing cl ass for letter to the editor, did not exist in the unmistakable hand recreation. writing of H enry H arbaugh, we would not know its origin. T he humorous feud between the two papers seems to h ave Neither does the poem identify its subject, but the accom become a bit more real, for awhile. if one is to judge by a pan ying portrait by J ared, while ca refull y avoiding the de rather sa vage article, entitled Curiosus in which George fonnity, is said to have been an unmi takable likeness. The Staley. the frail editor of the R anala, is described as a sort poem was followed by others in the ucceeding numbers, in of monster who "when he walks thrusts his long neck so far which the attacks grew more and more savage, with results forward that his head hangs down so far that there is a horri which have been so often described that they n eed only b e ble apprehension lest he tramp on his lower lip." summarized here. egley demanded to know the author This feud, however, was quickly extinguished 111 a com of the lampoons. The editor, true to tradition, refused to mon antagonislll to the new paper the Aide. The editor of reveal his n ame. Goaded beyond any common sense, the boy this was a freshman named Daniel Negley, who wore a cork formally chall enged his rival editor to a duel. This seems to soled shoe, and was hence referred to, with typical student have provoked considerable consultation. Most of those in- 7 ~~ . /1/1 . I ' 1 - ..-- 11 , 1. U ~ ~f I.,_ ~ - ~ they must have been done some days earlier, he has felt justi fi ed in making his picture, also, from earlier pictures of the ca pitol and portraits of the central fi gures, also justifi ed in The Student Liteml'y Society in the German showing himse lf and his coll eagues as present in the fore R eformed Church, Mercersburg, 1841. ground, Daniel's cork boot being, this time, greatl y in evi dence. " It is possible," says J ared, " that he is seeking the offi ce of Editor-General of the United States." T he other, (ar more ca refull y drawn, is of an urn, se t volved were fa r too iJ1lelligent to allow anything so serious among trees and bushes, (the type of funerary art known to to even tuate from a mere piece of foo lish ness, yet Jim, ap aJ1liqu ari ans as "a gloom") and, on the pedestal, the only parently, d id not wa nt the humiliation of refu sing the chal known portra it of the brilliant youth who h ad just ended lenge. Som eone at last devised a m ethod of turning the his career as first Pres ident o ( the College. The news item thing into a joke, while, at the sa me time, teaching " the says: "As the Fourth o E March is distingui shed by the in Cork" a deserved lesso n. T he challenge was accepted, the augurati on o f the Pres ident oE the U nited States, it is also date set, the seconds appoin ted, but, o f those involved , onl y remembered by the students of Marshall College as the burial Negley was left in ignorance o f the fact that the pistols were o f their esteemed President, Dr. F. A. R auch." to be loaded not wi th bullets, b ut with pokeberries. Both T he fin al number, which conta ins the poem on the Duel, ve rsions, that of T heodore Appel, and that ve rsifi ed in epic co nta ins an announcement that, as the two senior editors style as the last of the Peep poems, agree that Negley broke are leaving (or the vacation, the Junior editor will publish down at the last min ute and tried to rescind his challenge, a tri-weekl y paper ca ll ed The POTto R ozar. There is a very which was not allowed; b ut they d isagree as to what hap handsome apology to Cmiosus (or h av ing hurt his feelings, pened when the shots were fi red. Appel says that Jim (ell end ing "vVe doub t not . . . that he will shine in the firm ament to the ground apparently covered with blood, and the terri o( the literary worl d wi th the brilliancy of the noonday sun." fi ed Negley took to the h ill s, and had to be sought out and T he rest of the iss ue i devoted to a detail ed review o ( the in fo rmed of the truth. The poem insists that it was Negley Junior oratori ca l contes t, which took place in the R efonned who, feeli ng h imself hit, and seeing the red flui d stream from Church. It is illustrated with one of the bes t of J ared's de his chest, fa inted. On wh ich: tail ed p ictures. T his is the end oE the R upjonji111. "Cordial is now applied, Daniell'evives "Vhat became o E the boys who laughed and quarrelled Quite glad to find he's not dead, but alive." through its pages? ' '\Ie know something o ( them all. " Old T he n umber (or the firs t week of l\ farch incl udes two in Blood y" H artley (the " Rup" o f the t itle) studied law and teres ti ng p ictures. O ne is o( the inaugu ration of ·W illiam moved with his brother to Texas, just in time to serve in the H enry H arrison as President of the United States. Jared l\I exican ' Var. H e became an authority on T exan law, on explai ns, in the text, that he observes that the illustrated wh ich he wrote several books. H artley County in Texas is weeklies come ou t with wood-engravings o( such historic named [or h im. events on the day after their occurrence, and knowing that J im Reynolds, like his roommate, stud ied law, b ut did not 8 i ! ' ~ I ' . . \., ,I /". _ _ _ , J;:! ! " t I I i, . 'J' • The H an-ison Inauguration at Washington) 184 1 . . :.' practice it actively. H e succeeded his father as J ames mar school in Baltimore, and spent the rest of his life in the Buchanan's man of business, and made the nominating service of the egro race, by whom his name is still revered. speech for him as President; but did not accept office in his Henry H arbaugh needs no explanation. H e served his administration. In the Civil \lVar, in which his brother 'Wil ch urch well, as minister, ed itor, and Seminary Professor. He, liam was an admiral, and his brother John, a general, was too, founded a co ll ege, l\Iercersburg College, u ing the old killed at Gettysburg, Jim served as Quartermaster General buildings abandoned when l\farshall College moved away. under Governor Curtin. He died yo ung, in 1867 . The " Deitsch" world sti ll love Jeremiah and R euben Good, and their friend George his poems, and the church still sings his "J e us, I live to Staley stayed on at the Seminary, and were ordained in 1845. Thee." The Goods went to Ohio, where they founded a college at Theodore Appel became professor of Mathematics at his Tiffin (now H eidelberg University), and J eremiah, having Alma Mater, and went with the coll ege to Lancaster. His tasted journalism, established a successful periodical, The grandson is at present the President of the American l\Iedi Western Missionary. George Staley (the frail and scholarly ca l Association. Curiosus) was forced to leave the ministry because of his Dan egley, "The Cork," remained in college [or another health. H e founded the " Mt. Washington Female Semi year, but did not graduate. Dr. ppel says of him : "The nary" just outside of Baltimore, and when it failed during the duel was a salutary lesson [or him. A[ter this, he improved War because of the loss of its large Southern enroll ment, in all respects . .. lived as an humble Christian, and adorned founded another girl's school in Frederick County, Mary his profess ion." If it produced no other res u lt, the Rupjon land. After the war he became principal of a colored gram- jim had served its purpose. 9 A Uach ed Fmme Sum mer-House n ear R ein holds on B erks-Lancastel County bOl-deL ec:----_ ~I ..... Photographs by Amos L ong) Jr. Early L og Structure on B enjamin H ower Fann) near H CI1-pel-S in L ebanon County. Once the dwelling house on the farm, de moted to summer-h ouse and now used for stol-age. Side Allacl, ed Summer-H ollse 01/ Hal-o ld C. H etrick Fann, B erks County, with lal-ge stone spl-ing /lOuse in foregTOun d. Actually th e main dwelling //(/ s two at tached summel--houses, at side and reaT. 10 Detached Log Summer-House on James Monteith Fm-mnear Kauffman's Church, Lebanon County, with springhouse at left . Note two front doors, for entrance to separate rooms. Pennsylvania Summer-Houses and Summer-I(itchens By AMOS LONG, JR. If our elders co uld have replaced their summer house or basement kitchen with one of our modern kitchens, they would have proba bly felt as uncomfortable and out of place as most of our mothers and house wives of today would feel if they had to be content with the ummer house of yesterday. Like many o f the smaller structures and outbuildings found on the earl y 19th Century Pennsy lv an ia homestead, little has been written or recorded conce rning the summer house. Although they are found in practica ll y .all areas of rural Pennsy lva nia, they are far more numerous in the Dutch Country and in recent years have proven to be of unusual interest to traveler and student alike. In mos t pioneer log cabins, the ki tchen comprised the en tire lower portion or the major part of it. In the later log, stone and brick houses, the kitchen was usuall y located in one corner of the dwelling. As the size o f the fam il y in creased and as the dwellings of the ea rl y pioneers or the facilities of the kitchen became in .a dequate to perform the increased domesti c chores associ ated with farm and home, succeeding ge nerations, during the latter part of the 18th and 19th Centuries erected a se parate or attached building; or, a completely new and larger m ain dwelling was erected se parate from or agta inst the original structure. The original struclure was then frequently used Attached summer-house at rear of Harold as the summer house or work kitchen. C. Hetrick farmhouse, Berks County. It has been stated that the era of the summer house belongs 11 LO the 18th a nd 19th CenlUries when most of the home in tIu strie were relega ted to the summer house . Although the structure was used for many functions, the preparation of food beoame the most important. Since most ol the lood [or winter consumption was preserved during the summer months when the yields from th e family ga rden and orchard were harvested, and the cooking and eating were done here during the summer LO eliminate the heat from the kitchen in the big house, the stru lUre became known as the " ummer ho use" or " um.mer kitchen." CO lwenience and economy in most instances determined the loca ti on of the summer house. Easy access LO the kitchen of the big house, sunlight, winds, and nearness to other out buildings helped to determine its location . The wmmer hou e is found in a number of practi ca l ar rangements. If the kitchen was attached, it was usuall y ex tended, one o r two stori es, either from the middle of the rear sid e bey.ond the corner of the house; or one end of the house was simil arl y ex tended with a roof arrangement similar to the main ho use. Frequently with this type of a rrangement, the summer house was extended from the main house by a common connecting door. Loca ti on and type were al 0 determined by the domestic chores wi thin the home. It the summer house was used to Cellar Kitchen on 18th Centwy Faml!touse, built perform the many rigorous domestic la bors associated with 1761, on farm of Frank Dunkle, Blandon, B erks the carly homes tead and farm in addition to cooking a nd County. ea ting, different considerations were given. Frequently a semi-detached truclUre to be used as a sum mer house was similarl y constructed adjacent to the big many rougher house hold chores. In addition to eliminating house with a connecting porch and usuall y a partition with a fire, heat, fli es, and odors from the big kitchen, the separate door, built between the two buildings. summer house frequentl y eliminated much confusion and ,\ number of mid-19th Century farmhouses had the sum disorder, it provided [or better ventil ation, and often more mer kitchen on the lower or base ment level. This arrange a ppropriate accommodations for the farm hands or maid. ment did not prese nt the most pleas in g a ppearance but it rhe functi on of the summer house was geared to the prov ided a very economical, practical, a nd comforta ble sum needs of the farm famil y. From sometime in early spring mer kitchen. It was sim il ar to the bank barn which is built until late fall , usua ll y from April to October, de pending on on the sid e of a hill. This made the kitchen much cooler the wea ther, the various daily activities of the household during the summer months, warmer in winter, a nd provided from dawn until d usk were performed h ere. In this one a readily accessible entrance to the lower basement level from room, with the a id of the cook-sLOve or range which had re the o utside. pl aced the fir epl ace for hea ting and cooking by the middle of The writer spent some time as a yo uth with relatives th e 19th Century, a ll the meals were prepa red a nd served. whose summer kitchen was located in the basement of the ,\fter the members of th e famil y and hired help had rise n house. Although the area was no longer used fOl- cooking at a n earl y ho ur, some went to the barn to take ca re o [ the a nd eating, th e massive fir epl ace still se rved LO heat large feeding a nd milking, while others attended LO preparing a amounts of water in huge iron kettles for use in laundering nourishing a nd who lesome breakfas t. \Vhen the chores at and butchering. the barn were com pl eted a nd the breakfast prepared, hands A number of the basement kitchens contained a strong a nti faces ,,·ere washed in the bas ins of water provided for flowin g spring, and although part o [ the floor area m ay th is purpose. There may be some readers who can reca ll or have been inlaid with brick, SLO ne, or later concreted, m a ny have been to ld how certain members of the famil y, particu had a portion with ground Aoor exposed wh ich was used for larly the children, would have to go to the n ea rby stream LO storage. The basement kitchen provided the faci li ti es neces prepare themselves [or mea ltime. sa ry during this era to perform the more difficult tasks with The routin e of dail y living went on pretty much the sa me sl igh tl y less effort. as it did in the big ho use. H ere the da il y, weekly, and sea Frequently the summer h ouse was an entirely se para te w nal tasks were performed. Only occasionall y was the big structure which was built later than th e main dwelling to ho use used during the summer months. In most instances provide more a nd better [aci lities. ometimes when the gues ts were enterta in ed and [ed in the summer ho use unless origina l house wa replaced with a larger stone, brick, or it proved LOO small ; then the adults were served in the big frame dwelling, the original structure subsequently was used kitchen a nd th e children in the ummel' house. It was used as a summer house. [or storage, as a la undry a rea, or butcher house during the l\Iany of the original dwellings were built on the side of a winter months. hill with a n entra nce a t both upper a ndl ~wer levels a nd near The summer house consisted of a large square or recta ngu or directl y over a spring. The spring provided a good Aow lar room on the first fl oor. i\[a ny of the struclUres co ntain ed of water for domes ti c use a nd served to refrigerate milk a nd a loft or second fl oor, which was used as a storage area or for other perishable food s. The structure served well as a sum sleeping quarters for the maid or hired ha nds, and a base mer house and provided an excell ent place to perfonn the ment beneath the first fl oor, which was used for food storage. 12 Til is B e1"lu C oun ty Farmhouse, near B en1- ville, has the unusual feature of jJossessing both a summer-h ouse (left) and ce llar-kitchen (belo w). "'ann weather. The lower part was kept closed in order to keep out the dogs, cats, fo\\"l, and hogs when they wandered clo e to the kitchen. In later years, a large pane or sash with glass was fitted into the upper portion to all ow li ght to el1ler and in pan to help to prevent acciciel1ls. A sli d ing shutter was frequel1ll y used to keep out Ih e light or cover the area when so desired sin ce people were accustomed to less light before the days of electrici ty. Fewer of the ummer houses had two fu ll -length doors. This was a more common practice when the first floor was divided in to two small er rooms and an outside entry and exit " 'as des ired for each room. The front of the summer house and porch were usuall y built to face outh or ea t. This was done to provide as much sunlight and warmth as possible inside the kitchen and be neath the large porch. I t was on the porch that mu<;:h of the D etail of B asement SUm111e1 '- Kitchen on William Siegfried Fann, neG?- Bemville, }3 erks Count)l. domes ti c work was performed during th e earl y spring and This is a common pattern of brick farmhouse in late fall months. Pennsylvania in the 19th Century. . When the weather was too hot to retire early, it was on the porch or in the adjacent ya rd that the family and hired help would sit for a while to talk. l\Iore frequently, however, after the even ing meal and fin al evening tasks were com -1 he average dimensions vary from lourteen to eighteen pleted, dusk had arrived and it was time to retire so that it feet wide and eigh teen to twel1ly-[our feet long with ceilings was possible to rise earl y aga in the next morning to begin eight to nine feet high. In add ition to being spacious, many the daily work. had large windows and porches, walks, and roofed-over pas Everyone was expected to move directly to his sleeping sages to the big house. quarters in the main hou e without disturbing or molesting Fewer windows are to be found on th e origin al dwellings anything on the way. The sleeping quarters were generall y which were later used as a summer house than those struc comfortable because of the thick wall structure and because tures which were built during the 19th Century for summer the windows and shutters were kept closed and the shades occupancy. In these later structures we find more and larger drawn during the hea t of the day. windows because of the desi re for a greater amount of li ght Although the pordles were rather large they were kept well in order to perform the many domestic chores. Usually the cleaned by frequent scrubbing. Near the porch were to be kitchen because of its thick walls of logs or masonry had deep found one or more covered drains. Beneath many of the window sills which found many uses. porches, cisterns were constructed to ca tch and hold the rain The doors to the earli er summer houses were frequently wa ter for domesti c use when the water supply was low or if divided horizontally in two equal ponions. On some tht; there was no spring or well water available. top portion was slightly small er than the lower one. The On or ncar the porch there were also to be found one or upper portion was opened for light and ventilation during more shoe scrapers used to scrape off the lumps of mud and 13 during the winter months. In addition to the .p1ilk and foods such as cabbage, turnips, pota LO es, pumpkins, squa h, artichokes, apples, and barrels or jugs of vin egar and wine were stored here. vVithin a close d istance LO the summer house one could usuall y find a wh ite-was hed picket fence or stone fence which surrounded the chicken-ya rd or pig- pen. It was in this area that th e garbage was thrown and quickly disposed of by the chi ckens or hogs. In a ll of the earl y summer houses and summer kitchens a fireplace, des igned to meet the cooking and heating needs of th e (arm fam il y, was a necessity. In man y of the summer house structures, particul arl y the pioneer cabins which were used in later yea rs as the summer house, the fireplace and chimney were located in the center, when the area was divided inLO two rooms. Many times there was a fiv e- plate SLOve set up against an opening LO the rear of the fir eplace on the other side o ( the wa ll to aid in heating the adjacent room. It was in front of the fireplace, when the structure was used as a yea r round li ving quarters, that the famil y clustered before its light and warmth on cold, windy, winter evenings. Stone Summer-H ouse 0 11 I aac Lantz Farm n ear L ebanon . In later structures, the fir eplace was located at one end or LO one side of the kitchen. The fir eplace co nsisted of a rea r wall and a jamb on each dirt. In front of the door entrance a rug or burl ap bag was side about thirty-s ix to (orty- two inches high. T he sturdily placed. This was used for the fin al cleaning of any dirty constructed jambs and foundation supported the enormous boots or shoes. chimney which was built vertica lly to the ce iling or near the R oof structures varied to fit the arch itecture of the main ceiling o( the kitchen and then sloped on the second Roor or house but most were of a gable or combinatIon type. The lo(t toward the roof again taking a vertical position above original roofs were covered with oak shingles, some with side th e roof. There are many variations to be found among fire and end-lapping; still others were covered with nativ e Penn places. Some of the openings were wider and lower, othen sy lvania red tile. In most instances these have been replaced were narrow and high. Some were square. The outside, WIth other more recent and conventional roofin g materials. overa ll width of most fireplaces measured from ten to four On the peak o l the roof, usuall y near the front or center of teen (eet although some measure more. The openings m eas many summer houses, was a large dinner bell protected by a ured from eight LO twelve (eet a nd four to fiv e fe et high with small ca nopy. This was used to summon the family and hired a depth o f four or five feet. help in from the fi elds. To the rear or on one side of the roof, the chimney to the fireplace projected beyond the peak of the roof. Attached LO many summer houses was the bakeoven. This was a practi ca l arrangement if the oven door was located on the back wal l .or bes ide the firepl ace. Many o f the a ttached bakeovens have been destroye d or h ave been left LO deteri orate through the yea rs sin ce most of them are no longer used . ' '''ithin this small a ttached structure was a hearth built of stone or brick masonry with an ash pit beneath and an open· ing from which the ashes were removed. The hea rth fl oor was located three or (our feet from the fl oor and had a brick .arched roof built over it which was plastered on the outside. The base o( th e average ove n was a bout five feet long, [our leet wide, and one and one·half [eet high at the ce m er in side. The oven door measured about fifteen inches long and twe lv e in ches wide. It was usuall y constructed of wrought iro n a nd hung with ornate hinges. It was in the bakeoven th at the weekly requirements of bread, pies, and ca kes were baked and the many fr uits and vegetables were dried . For conve nience many of the summer houses h ad a simple frame shed a ttached which was used for storage and pro tecti on o f the fire-wood which was p laced there for use in the fireplace or kitchen stove. Beneath some of the summer houses are still to be found a deep root·cell ar some of which had as many as fi[teen to twemy steps for entry. Th.ese deep cell ars were used to h elp Surl71l1e'rh ouse-Sprin crl101lSe on Paul Blatt farm preserve the vege tables and fruits which were gathered from lI ear B erl171illf', B erhs County, with entrance 011 the family garden and orchard until they were consumed up/Jer fi nd lower levels; n ow used for storage. 14 Some of the earlier fireplaces had a masonry or brick arched opening. The front of most of them was supported by a horizontally placed balk (lintel beam) which measured from eight to twelve inches in thickness. A plain, wide shelf or mantel, sometimes of tone but more frequently of timber that wo uld not warp or dry out, projected above the fireplace. H ere such items as a clock, some pottery, dishes, a lamp and other utensils were to be found. H ere and there were hooks and nails upon wh ich the fireplace hardware was hung. Only occasionall y were there a ny inscriptions to be found on the face of the balk. The fireplace was constructed of stone or brick masonry or a combination of both. Frequently an opening was built into the rear or beside the fireplace wall which led into the bakeoven. Some fireplaces had niches built into the jambs or in the wall adjacent to the fireplace where older members of the fam il y or children could sit near the warm fire and out of drafts. Smaller niches for storage of equipment or place ment of lamps were also found. Many of the fireplaces had folding wooden doors which were used to cl ose the opening when there was no fire. The doors were constructed to fit into the opening of the firc Eal-ly 19th Century Summel--house and Spring place. Some fireplaces had an arrangement of close-fitting house Combined, neal' Quentin, L ebanon County. iron plates, with iron rings, on to p, which could be lifted out Photogl-aphed 1959,' be/moe l'eeen t renovation. to receive the globular bottoms of. the kettles. The fix ed equipment found in or near the fireplace located within the summer house was generall y a bakeoven, a swing ing crane, and occasionally a fi ve-plate stove. The iron mately eight or ten fe et from the floor and far enough up the cranes were installed within to support the large, heavy, iron chimney to preve nt ignition. kettles, and to allow the housewife or attendant to swi ng The ends of the pot-hangers were hooked on the 1ug-pol e. them ·out of the fireplace to add to or withdraw from the ' Vhen the hangers were too short, a short length of large link contents. Many times there were smaller cranes, trammels, cha in was attached to the poles and the kettle-hangers were and potracks conveniently placed to support small er kettles, hung from the chain. The fires were usuall y no larger than pots, or lamps. required because of the conservatism of the Pennsylvania Some of the fireplaces had a lug-pole from which the large Dutch a nd because of the danger of destroying wooden equip kettles were suspended . It was usuall y made of green tim ment found near the fireplace. ber, pro perly sized; or metal, supported at the sides or rested I n addition to the large, heavy, round iron kettle which on cross- pieces which had their ends in the wa ll s approxi- hung from a cra ne and u ed to boil w'ater for washing clothes, Summel--House on ArlhuT Kunkle Fann near J ones town, L ebanon County . This stone and fmme slTue ture is 30 feet long and 20 feet wide and has under neath it a stone arched eel- 1m' 6Y2 feet hirrh uaehed by 12 steps. 15 Attached Summer-House and Auxiliary Shed on RobeTt H ewitt FaTm neal' Kutztown, Baits County. Note thickness of walls and central chimney. equipment, fl oors, etc., or wh en butchering, to fr y out lard and for boiling large pieces o f mea t and the pudding; there were small er cas t-iron or co pper pots, kettles, and pans which were used for boiling, teaming, tewing, and deep fat fr ying. There we re long- legged trivets [or holding th e kettles over or nea r the fire; sma ll er \'esse ls uch as the tea kettle and coffee pot, and long- handled utensil such a th e \I-arn e iron and co ffee roaster. A Dutch oven used [or bra ising may h ave been found in the area. There were long- handled forks u ed for cooking and toast ing, pokers used for stirring the fire, a shovel for removing ashes and an iron rake or scra p l' u ed to form a cooking bed o f glowing coa ls. There were usuall y fire-tongs used [or li ght in g ca ndles and lamps. Among fewer families there m ay have been a bell ows used to fan the fire and a fire-screen which was used between the atte ndant and the fire if it was large and gave 0 ([ a grea t amount of h ea t. \Vith the pass ing o[ tim e and the introducti on o[ the iron cook-stove, the use o f the fir epl ace and related utensils and tool was abandoned. Cooking and baking were done on a Hove or range which \I'as se t between the jamb o[ th e fire pl ace or immediately in fr on t. This progress ive step m eant Jess effort and time involved in caring for the fir e, in cooking, a nd much less dirt for the h ousewife. The furniture and equipment found in the summer house va ri ed, depending on wh ether the kitchen was used onl y for cooking and eating or i[ it was u ed also to perform the other domes ti c chores of the farm household. The mo t important p iece of furniture was a large table which was used for ea ting a nd as a work-tabl e As a dining tabl e it had to be large enough to accommodate the family Fram e S Il7li/ll ('}'- }-follse with Dillner-B ell. Located on the and o th (' r ~ who may h ave been present at meal time. It was Pal'k E. h ees/cy Farm East of J-ia1'1'isb'llrg in Dauphin Count 16 Of the many chores performed in the summer house, cook ing was probably the most frequent and important. Aside from cooking there were weekly or semi-weekl y chores such as baking, washing, sewing, etc. There was al 0 sea onal work such as the drying and canning of fruits and vegetables, the butchering and smoking of meats, and the boiling of oap. If there wa no wa h house or it was too cold on the porch, the washing of clothes wa done in the summer house. Be [ore the day of the washing-machine, the clothes were boiled' and stirred with a stick in one of the large iron kettles or in a wash boiler to remO\'e grease and stain. On wash day which was usuall y Londay such items as wooden tubs and stand , and a wash board which was used to rub out the stains on the clothing were among the pieces of equipment to be found in the summer house. The clothes were hung outside, on a line provided for that purpo e, over the pi cket fence, or laid on the grass to dry. ' '''hen the weather was inclement during the winter months and the summer house was not used for living quarters, the clothes may have been hung in there Detached Brick Summer-House on Carl Heffel to dry. finger Farm, between Myel"stown and Frystown, The introduction ot the glass jar brought about another in Berks County. Constructed of TOughly hewn hou ehold industry into the summer house. Up until this timber and pegged thTOughout, this summer time most of the fruits and vegetables were I reserved by a house cont(lil1S (In arrherl ce llar (lnd an attached slow drying process in an oven or stove. woodshed. 'Vhen butchering, after the hogs were slaughtered, bled, sca lded, and halved and the bee f slaughtered, skinned, and quartered; they were ca rried to the summer house which was used to cut the mea t into sections if there was no butcher customary for anyone visiting a Penn sy l~ an i a Dutch home at house or other suitable place. On the chopping bench the meal time to be asked to eat with the family. The table was pork sections were cut into h ams, shoulder, chops, or for usually made of walnut or cherry wood and could be ex use in preparing the pudding, sa usage, and lard. tended by use of additional boards which could be inserted. It was in the summer house that much of the pork was Many of these tables could accommodate twelve to fourteen fri ed out to remove the water and fat, placed in large crocks persons at one Sltt1l1g. Some tables had overhanging tops and covered with hot lard. This preserved some of the meat, which could be lifted and were supported by a swinging arm. particularly sausage, for many months. Within the large iron Most of the tables had a drawer on one or both ends with kettles in the fireplace, cornmeal was added and stirred into wooden or porcelain' knobs or brass handles. For use at the the meat broth to make scrapple (POl1 haws). table there were always one or more ann-chairs, an ample The beef was cut in to proper-size portions, including supply of plank-bottom chairs, and long benches for the some for dried beef and bologna. ''''hen butchering such children. items a a sa usage stuffer, lard press, numerous knives and Many times there was a smaller table which was sturdily choppers were among the needed equipment and utensils built and used as a utility or work-table. It was made of found in the summer house. Many times the same area was wood that would not easily warp or crack becau e it was used for sca lding and pi ucking chickens and other fowl. continually being washed or scrubbed. The dishes were The fresh meat which was not fried and packed in lard usually washed on the table with the use of a dishpan and was either brine or dry-cured to remove the blood and water tray, unless there was a sink or wash-bench available. The from the meat and some smoked. If there was no smoke earliest of these benches were small. They had a raised back hou e, the hams, shoulders, bacon, sausage, cuts of beef, and sides with long legs or enclosed stand beneath. Some of bologna, and tongues were frequently hung by lalge iron the later types had a cupboard above the sink to provide hooks on thin sa plings which had been la id. across the beams space for the dishes. or [rom nail s driven into the beams in the upper portion of On the water-bench a bucket of water with dipper, one or the summer house just beneath the roof. M any times, be more wash basins, and perhaps a soap dish were kept. It was side the ch imney, a ma ll room or area was boarded off in here the farmer and his helpers washed their hands unless which the smoking was done. One or two bricks removed they did so outside by the rain-barrel, the pump or in the from the chimney all owed the smoke from the fireplace be stream. There may have been a bucket-bench with several neath, to enter. shelves on which the water and milk buckets and crocks With the scraps o[ fa t wh ich were saved from the butcher rested. ing and the fats [rom fr ying which were saved and accumu There were one or more cupboards of various kinds for lated through the months, soap for the family was frequently keeping the glassware and china used on the table and other boiled in the summer house fir eplace. items of pewter, copper, and brass which found use in the In the fall of the year if there were no provisions made kitchen. Some of the cupboards were open, others h ad outdoors, applebutter was boiled in a large copper kettle wooden or a combination of wood and glass doors on front. which hung in the fireplace. When there was more than one cupboard, the second one was The writer vividly recalls as a youth while visiting with a usually built in the corner for the better items of china and great aunt and uncl e: on the farm, that each morning before glass. breakfast everyone present would kneel at a chair, bench, 17 R ear View showing attached smokehouse. Semi-Detached Brick Summer-House on Levi Mast Farm in Oley Valley, Berlis County, uuilt 1897. Nnte arched windows. bouse. A cream se parator was used for this purpose. The cream was used for making butter and cheese. one of their m ilk was sold to the creamer y. In winter the same area was used for butchering because o f the large fireplace which made it convenient for heating water and cooking and frying the meat, lard, etc. H arry Mills, aged 68, Lebanon, recalled the following in cident wh ich took place in the summer house on the fann on which he was employed as a youth. H e told of an old in a co rner, or other suitable pl ace in lhe summer kitchen lady smoking her cornco b pipe while rolling dough which and there would be wha t seemed an endless prayer, praise, was to be used for making potpie (bottboi). H e sa id he will and so ng se rvice. Then a hea rty breakfast was se rved before never forget seeing her pipe fall out of h er mouth and some the major tas ks o[ the morn ing were undertaken. This was of the as hes fa lling on the dough which she was rolling. and still is in some instances a common practi ce in many Disgruntled and with a soft utterance, she brushed off what Pennsylvania Dutch homes. ·While visiting and ga thering material for this article and in conversing wi th the older folk who lived and worked in the summer house during their earlier years, many interest ing and humorous experiences were related. i\ Irs. Eva ' VoJ(e, aged 70, R. D. Lebanon, recalled that dur ing eX lremely hot weather, the windows in the summer house were raised which allowed numerous fli es to enter sin ce there were no sc reens. She sa id that it was primaril y her res ponsi b ility as a yo ung girl to keep the fli es from the table during meal lime. To cl o this sh used an improvised fl y chase r made from newspaper, known as a micke-wehrel· in the dialect. he told lhat occasionall y the table was prepared and the fam il y a te out in the lawn immediately in front o[ the sum mer house beneath the grape arbor. She sa id eating out was most enjoyable but she hated chasing the flies. Theodore R amsey, Lebanon, who is of Pennsylva nia Dutch and Irish de ce nt, sa id that his famil y's summer h ouse was always used [or eating purposes during the summer months except when they had company for a meal or when the thres hers were there, then the big kitchen was used. He said their summer house was also used to se parate the cream from T wo-story B1·ick Su.mmel·-H ouse with two porches, Cyrus the m ilk after it had been cooled and brought from the m il k- Winter Far777, N01·th Annville T ownshijJ, L ebanon Coun 18 em i-Detached Sum mel--H ouse on Wil liam Siegfried Fm-m near B ernville, B eThs County. To te b,-eeze way alTangement at taching swnme1-/z01lSe to main dwelling. she could and rolled the rest into the dough. H e related One of those interviewed told of her mother looking for that he helped to eat the potpie and even though he was the the better part of the morning for her misplaced eye-glasses. only other one who knew of the incident, it still tas ted good She had stirred through nearl y every area of the summer because he was so hungry. hou e to locate them. After making inquiry as to whether One old lady told of her experience with a snake that in anyone had seen her glasses, the daughter told her -they were so me way got into the summer house. She recalled that a ll perched on her mat o[ hair on top of her head. one occasion while peeling potatoes her attention was fo Another told of hel ping her mother put out a fire whidl cused on the fl oor and she noticed a rather large snake was ca used by lard igniting whi le preparing dinner. She crawling near to the wall toward tlie corner. After a mo told how the fire had nearly gotten out of control but with ment of shock and not knowi ng exactl y what to do because continuous effort they finally smothered the fl ames and saved she was alone, she realized that she had beLter attempt to hit the ummer house. or kill it. But she said, " Until I set the potato dish aside and An elderly man recalled having been stung on numerous got up to go after it, the snake had disappeared somewhere occasions, as well as other members of his family, because of into an opening behind the fireplace." She sa id th at they a hive of honey bees wh ich was behind the framework above never did find the snake, but for the rest of the summer she the door which led into the summer house. was very much alert while in the summer house. There are many other anecdotes which have gone untold. An elderly man related how as a hired boy he slept on the If any readers can recall others, the author and editor will be top fl oor of the summer house and how frequently at night happy to learn of them. he was kept awake or awakened by the gnawing of rats or The summer house proved to be a very practi ca l arrange squirrels between th e framework structure. ment LO the housewife up until the time of the Civil "Var as Another informant related that his parents had an ice-box a place to perform the heavier home industries. "Vith the in the summer house and as a young lad it was his responsi use of the ca t-iron stove or range, the summer house con bility each n ight before going to bed to empty the ice pan tinued to serve as an area [or cooking, eati ng, etc., during which had been placed benea th the ice compartment to the summer months on many farms until the period between catch the dripping water. Although it happened on several i tVo rld "Var I and itVorld i Var II when Lh e practi ce in most occasions, he recalled that on this particular instance a larger in tances was disco ntinued. The introduction o[ pressure than nomlal supply of ice had been brought [rom a neigh water systems, modern sinks, refri geration, gas and electric bor's ice-house and placed in the ice-box. H e sa id that this ranges plus many other modern devices in the home provide was the night he forgot to empty the pan. H e related that the necessary facilities for cooking to be done with ease and the next morning he awoke earlier than usual and realized convenience in a modern kitchen. The ready availability he had forgotten his chore. H e arose immediately but the of foods on the market which were previously made in the water had soaked a carpet and covered a large area of the home also has helped to change the status o[ the summer floor. H e exclaimed, " You can imagine the trouble I was in!" house and to bring about its decline. 19 Religious and Educational References In Lancaster County By SYNNOVE HAUGHOM In 1950 the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society pub surprising that even those who could not write left elaborate lished Pennsylvania German W ills by Dr. Russell Wieder wills taken down by someone who could. Ma n y o f the wills Gilbert. This monograph was introduced as "a rich store were written in English but English spelled as the Germans ho use for the philologist, the antiquarian, the economist and prono unced it. 4. particula rly the cultural historian ".l It deals with all aspects Form o f Pensylva nia Dutch life as refl ected in wills from a number The opening of the will sometimes reveals the testator's of counties in eastern Pennsy lvania. reli gio us affili ati on and other times not. Most wills of the T his survey is limited to religious a nd educa tional refer 18th a nd early 19th Centuries begin with the standard o pen ences in La ncas ter County wills from the latter half o f the ing ot that day: In the N ame of God, Amen. This was fol 18th a nd th e beginning o f the 19th centuries. Most of the lowed by a decl aration of normal mental condition, the ob wills under considera ti on were originall y written in High serva tion that all men are mortal a nd a wi sh for Christian German and later translated into Engli sh.2 burial. In German the o pening might be 1m Namen Gottes, In some respects Pennsy lvania German wills are like wills Amen or In Gottes Namen, Amen. One 1782 opening shows written a nywhere else but in man y ways they are distinctive. the influence of E nglish: In the Te m of God Amin.u T h e form as well as the contents reveal the diversity of re The Lutheran will might refl ect " the stress upon continu ligio us groups which emigrated from Germany a nd Switzer ous witness to the truth of the gospel, given through the Holy la nd to eastern Pennsylvania during the 17th and 18th Spirit." G "In the ame of the Holy Trinity, Amen" is the Centuries. T hey differed in their interpretation of God and opening fo und most frequently in Lutheran wills from the the Bible bu t they all so ught reli gio us freedom and eternal middle to the end of the 18th Century. The Trinity is some happiness. T he assurance of salva tion a nd a glorious life times modified by hochgelobten ( blessed) or even heiligen hereafter was uppermost in the mind of all. "It was a sin to hochgelobten (holy blessed). t the other extreme we find die intestate, and a will was a religious duty ...." a It is n ot" simply, In the Name o f the Trinity, Amen. Also common is I n th e ame of the H oly T rinity, Goel the Father, God the 1 Russell \ Vieder Gil bert, "Pennsy lva nia German \Vills," T he on, Goel the H oly Ghost, Amen- 1m NaT/u n de r heiligen PennsylvQnia German Folk lore Societ)', Vo l. XV (1950), p. ii i. 2 Practica ll y all the will s written in High Germ an have been lJreifalt igkeit, Gott Va ller, Gott SO/111, Gott heiligen Geist translated illlo English. Eighteenth and ea rl y 19th Ce ntury wills Amen. Another vari ation is 1m Nahmen des dreyeinigen are recorded in -Will Books X-2 and Y-2. After 1800 the German wi ll s were recorded but as th e books have been typewri llen th e 4 Lack of punctu ation in the recorded will was not necessa ril y wills have bc;!en tra nslated. L- l conta ins thirty- two wills trans the fault- of the writer. T he ori gin al will was u uall y in para· la ted from High Germa n. Oth er will books exa mined have fro m graph form wi th so me punctua ti on but the translator or recorder two to five wills still recorded in Germ an. has often omilled these aids to readin g. 3 John Marsha ll Ges t, Practical Suggestions for D rawing !Vilis :; Will Book X-2, p. 41. and the Settlement of Estates in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, G Encyclopedia of Religion Qlld Ethics (New York , 1920), VIII, 1909), p. 1q. 202. 20 CalLes Amen-In the ame of the Triune God Amen. Many J esus Christ. ..." 14 The [ollowing was u ed quite often: Lutheran wil ls a lso opened without mention of the word " ... I recommend my by the Blood of Christ dear redeemed Trinity: 1m Nahmen CalLes des Val ers und des SO/l1US und Soul to God our heavenly Father to receive the same into des heiligen Ceistes-In the Name of God the Father and the eternal H appiness.... " 1~ Son a nd the H oly Ghost. Lutheran put it thi wa : " .. , econdly I give my Body The Anabaptists who minimized the Augustinian concept to the Earth from 'Vhence it wa taken in fu ll assurance of its of the Trinity emphasi zed the right of the individual to inter R esurrection from thence at the las t Day . .. . " 16 A mason in pret the scriptures and tried to imitate the life of Christ. The Cocalico Township wrote: " ... not knowing when the L ord wills which begin "In the ame of J es us Christ" were prob· may call me o ut of this Wo[r]ld into Eternity Fir t I recom ably authored by Amish or M ennonites. Other variation mend my oul unto God who gave it me and my Body to the are: "In the N ame of our Lord J es us Christ" and "In the Earth .. . . " 17 joiner from \Varwick Township was more Name of our avio ur J esus Christ." A late 18th Century will specific: " ... First and ch iefl y I recommend my Immortal opens "In the ame of God a nd M y R ed eemer, Amen ;" 7 Soul in the H ands of my Almighty Creator in perfect con another, "In the Ta me of the high praised God." 8 A 1779 fidence of my Blessed aviour's forgivene s of all my inns combination reads: Blessed be J esus Christ in the name of and besee h him to receive me in his Kingdom a nd to the God the Father God the Son and God the Holy Ghost Glory of the Faithful forever. ..." 1 shoemaker who mu t Amen.9 have had a hard life sa id: " ... 'Whereas it hath also pleased The Lutherans did not always invoke the Trinity and the God not to leave men a lways in this miserable world but to Mennonites did not necessarily a ppeal to J esus. "In the ca ll his children to him in everlasti ng Glory ...." 19 Name of God, Amen" might be used by an y testator and The will usua ll y ends without any reference to religion . sometimes the formal opening was dispensed with a ltogether. In eleven will books only twO wills are signed XXX, perha ps One 1778 wi ll begins "Whereas by the Vi sitatio n of God I an allusion to the Trinity or good luck. fost of the wills find myself very weak and sick yet of sound understanding which do not bear a signature are marked with one X, and not knowing how soon I shall excha nge this transitor y initials, circles or ome other ma rk. O ccasionally a will re Life for Eternity therefore am d etermined to m ake m y last plete with reli gion a lso ends with a religious reference. One Will and T es tament. ..." 10 Another written in 1794 has a of the Ephrata brethren 20 finishes this way: " . .. now I must long involved opening: say the Lord's Will be done taking Leave of ye all and re questing ye to pray to God to be merciful to m e." 21 "This is my La t Will in the N ame of God the Father of A much later will written in German concludes " ... I h ere all what may be ca ll ed children in H eaven a nd on Earth and the Prince of Peace as mentioned by the Prophet with commend myse lf a nd the entire blood relationship into Isaiah in the ninth Cha pter verse sixth In J esus the Son God's ha nd and say to a ll farewell , Amen." 22 A Catholic of God who is the Author and Finisher of our Fa ith as who had been plagued with trouble a nd was planning suicide mentioned by the Apostl e Pa ul in his e pistle to the concludes his will: " . . . So the Lord J esus have m ercy o n my H ebrews in the Twelfth Chapter by the Force and op· erati on of his Holy and good spirit as he ha th promised Sowl a nd may the H o ly Virgin take me to her Bosom this to send us the Spirit of Truth H e w ill reprove the world 26th d ay o f February 1767." 23 of Sin and of Righteousness a nd of Judgment of sin be· "In the year of our Lord and Saviour J esus Christ" is ca use they believe not in me o f Righteousness because 1 sometimes included if the will is d ated at the end< go to m y Father a nd of Judgment because the Prince of the world is judged I have yet man y Things to say but ye can not bear them H ow be it when the spirit of Truth The Thing; Willed is come he will guide you into a ll Truth . . . " 11 The wills indicate how important the Bible and other reli gious books were to the Pennsylvania Dutch. The Saur An Engli sh introducti on from 1758 is brief a nd informal: Press in Germantown printed the first German Bible in "Whereas 1-- Bethought m e self to sedle m y worldly affairs America with type obtained from Fra nkfort. The Ephrata that after it should please God to take me from this world press operated by the communal brotherhood tarted by my wife a nd children a fter m y d ecease migh t leave in peace Johann Conrad Be isse l, published h ymn books a nd other and quitness I would have it write down as follows ...." 12 works on religion and theology. Many of the books had been Soul and B ody brought from Europe. The first part of the will usuall y includes a reference to The little Bible, the midling large Bible a nd particula rl y eternity. This is typical: " ... First I commend my immortal the big Bible were highl y regarded because they carried the Soul in the H and of the most High who gave it m e a nd m y family name. For tha t reason they were often willed to the Body to the Earth to be buried in a Christian manner in olde t son: " ... a large Bible which he shall have extraor hopes of a glorious R esurrection thro ugh the Power of dinary and which shall be in full for his first Birth Right h e God .. .. " 1 ~ A va ri a tion of this written by a Brother of the being my hr t born o n . .. . " 24 a nd " it is m y will a nd I g ive Ephrata community: " .. . First I recommend my Soul into my elde t son my Froshauer Bible 2u aforehand which hall the H a nds of m y Creator trusting to the l\Iercy of my R e· deemer J es us Christ for remission of all my sins a nd a n happy 14 I bid., p. III (178 1). 13 I bid., p. 203 (177 3). admiss ion into the R egio ns of Bliss and my Body to tIl e lG I bId. , p. 45 1 (174 8). Earth to be interred in a d ecent manner a nd without an y 17 I bid., p. 593 (1778). l S I bid., p. 97 (1788). Ceremonies there to rest untill the great D ay of our Lord 19 I bid., p. 11 8 (1783). 20 There were fOrLy members in this Sevelllh-Day Baptist 7 Will Book X·2, p. 59 ( 17 8~). Brotherhood. 8 Ibid., p. 546 (1774). 2 1 Will Book X-2, p. 308 (1791). 9 Ibid., p. 345 (1779). 22 Will Book B-2, p. 543 (1875) . This will is recorded in German. 10 I bid., p. 441 (1778). 23 Will Book Y-2, p. 57 (1767). 11 Ibid., p. 590 ( 17 9~). 2~ Will Book Y- 2, p. 54 (1775). 12 Will Book Y-2, p. 89 (1758). 2.; The Froscha uer Bible published in Zurich in 153 1. It was 13 Will Book X-2, p. 59 (1784). popular among Pennsy lvania's l\f ennonile population. 21 be in lieu for h is double share out of all my e tate not herein chu rch or congregatio n, especiall y for distributio n among the before bequeathed ...." 26 poor " ... I have sin ce --'s D ea th distributed a lmost da il y But the oldest son was not always the recipienl. A 1786 in the H o pes tha t God may be pro pitio us to m e a nd protract husband left everything to hi wife incl uding " .. . the Bi ble m y Life that I might distribute ever ything . . .. " 40 A D ane the coarse Hymn Book the prayer Book ca ll ed H aber in Morav ian Lititz left money no t o nl y to the Lititz Congre man .... " 27 A widow wi ll ed the "large quarto Bible" 2 to ga tio n Diaconi but a l 0 " .. . to the poor fund o f the single her o ldest daughter. A father bequeathed to his d aughter Brethren H o use a t Christi anfeld Da nnema rck . ..." 4 1 " ... my large Bible bound in o ne vo lume in co nsid era ti on o f " . . . 1 g iv e a nd bequeath Fifty po unds to the Poor of the her having exhibited such extraordinary fili al love toward m e Meno nist Society and it shall be pa id to the Elders (that is in n u r ing me .. . . " 20 T he sa me ma n ordered tha t " . . . to say) T we nty fi ve Pounds to the Congregati o n where I now my mysterious Book with the Berl enberger Bible 30 in four live and Twenty fiv e Po unds to the Co ngregati on where I vo lumes sha ll rema in forever in the -- Family a nd ke pt b y fonnerly li ved being in H empfield T ownship ...." 42 A my son the Executor -- to be g iven to all those who m ay schoolm aster from Switzerla nd did not forget his homeland: feel a wi sh to read them and to be returned as soon as " It is m y will a nd I do hereby giv e a nd bequeath all m y Es reac!. .. ." ta te a t T okkenberg in Swizze rl a nd in Europe .. . unto the One farmer le ft to his d aughter " .. . a Bed and bedsteat a Overseer of the Poor belo ngi ng to the P rotes ta n t Co ngre cheast a spinning wheel a ta ble a good milk Cow a nd a gati o n .. . " 43 sermo n Book a nd H ymn Book .. . " and to his son " . .. a ' '''hen the church was the recipient it was specifi ed as in nurenberger Bible a H ymn Book a good milk cow a sadie. this w ill of 17 59: "T o the Lutheran Church the sum o f one . .. " 31 A well-to·do Luthera n jo iner bequeathed his " . .. Pound a nd for the Poor o f L eba no n T ownship the sum o f great Turemberg Bible o n the Pulpit of the Church to the one Po und ...." H A wome n with tolera nt v iew ordered use o f the Minister. . .. " 32 A se rmo n book known as the " ... tha t Five po unds sha ll be pa id to the Lutheran Treasury Scha itberger was willed b y a m an who left money to both the a nd Five po unds to the Pres b yteri a n Treasury . .. . " 43 A Lutherans a nd Pres byteria ns.33 Luthera n who had started as a poor jo in er a nd achi eved One o f the Ephra ta brethren left his books to o ne o f the fin ancia l success did not forget his " .. . lo ng ago m ad e VOW sisters a nd an "Ex tract of Boehms writings" 34 to one o f the to the pra ise of G od a nd to the advantage in the Times brethren. H e a lso ordered tha t his " . .. m edicines and hereafter born poor youth a nd M ember o f our Co ngrega everything belo ng ing to the A po thecar y sho p a nd all ti on . .. " 4G a nd left all his real a nd personal esta te to the M edica l Books sha ll be fo r the joint use a nd Benefit o f the Luthera n Church a nd Schoolho use. Gra titude also m arks Socie ty . .. . " 3;:; the will o f a sister in Ephra ta : " . .. all the residue and R e D escenda nts a nd rela ti ves might be excluded from the will ma inder w itho ut exception I do g ive and bequeath to the if they cha nged their own religio us affili a tio n or di approved sisterhood w ith whom I have li ved in Communion full Fifty of the testa tor'. A fa ther stipula ted tha t if his two sons Years .. . . " 4 7 Eve n a widow with six children did not sho uld " . .. cha nge the ir R elig ion on account o f the ir w ives neglect the poor but le ft " .. . 20 po unds to the Elders o f the who are not ba ptized then the o ther Bro thers shall drive them Congregatio n for d istribution a mong the need y.. . ." 48 out a nd they shall have but T en Pounds for their share a nd no more a nd if o ne or the other o f m y said children should The Funeral re no unce the E vangeli cal Co nfess io n o f Fa ith such child shall Altho ugh the buria l was invari a bly specifi ed in the will, h ave no thing a t all. ..." 36 A member o f the Ephrata Co n additional instructi o ns were o ften g iven to insure a simple I gregati on 37 ordered tha t if a n y of his " . .. na tural R ela tives ceremon y. " ... First recommend m y So ul in the H and o f sho uld make a n y Pretensio ns to my Esta te Then a nd in tha t m y Creator trusting to the M ercy of m y R ed eemer J esus case I giv e a nd bequeath un to each o f such cl aimants or pre Christ for rem iss io n o f all m y sins a nd a n h a ppy admiss io n tenders one E nglish shilling a nd no mo re .. . . " 38 A nother into the R egions of Bliss a nd m y Bod y to the Ea rth to be Ephra ta brother added a P .S. to his will : " Keep this a pro interred in a d ecent m anner and without a n y Ceremo nies found S·ecret amo ng yourselves. You need no t g ive a n ything there to rest un till the great D ay o f our L o rd J esus Chri t. o f it to m y R ela tives except to m y niece the w ife o f -- and ..." 40 A m ember o f the [M oravi an] Brethren's H o use in to m y niece the wife o f -- each two d o ll ars .. . They having Lititz requested a " . .. d ecent Christi a n b urial according to visited us a nd d one us good no ne o f the o thers have e ither the custom used among the Brethrens Society .. . . " 50 H e visited o r done us good ." 30 also bequea thed a love feast ;:; l to the single Brethren. One It was considered a great virtue to g ive m o ney to the o f the bre thre n in E p hra ta asked for " .. . bread a nd wine distributed a t m y Funeral a nd a fterwards a L ove Feast shall 2G Wili Book Y·2, p. 73 (178"3). be adm ini tered \Vhere to a ll the Bro thers ane! Si ster o f the 27 I bid., p. 225 (1786). 28 Jbid., p. 227 (1785). 20 I bId., p. 32 (183 1). cJO I bid., p. 308 (17 91). 30 The Berleberg Bi ble explain ed th e scriptures accord ing to 4 1 I bid., p. 323 (1833). the mys ti cs and was popular with non·conformi sts both in Ger 42 I bid., p. 303 (1802). many and Pennsy lva ni a. 43 I bid., p. 202 (1773). 31 Will Book X-2, p. 42 c1 (1773) . H I bid ., p. 190 (1759) . 32 Will Book Y-2, p. 52 (1752). 4:; Jbid., p. 185 (1769). Presby teri an =R eformed. 33 i bid., p. 185 (1769). "Presbyteri an" in this context usuall y 46 Will Book Y·2, p. 52 (1752). mea ns "German R eform ed." 47 Will Book X-2, p. 108 (1795). 34 The Schwe nkfelders were foll owers of the mys ti c Ca par vo n 48 Ibid., p. 142 (18 17). Sc hwenkfe ld of Sil es ia; so me took refu ge with Count Zinzendorf 49 I bid., p. I I I (178 1). in Germany before mi gra ting to Pennsy lvania in 1733-173.J.. :;0 Ibid., p. 264 (1787). 3;:; Will Book X·2, p. III (178 1). 31 L ove feast or aga pe: a mea l ta ken in co mmon. "The feas t 36 Ibid., p. 45 (1779). would be ca ll ed " love" because it was th e bond which united 37 T here was a s cu lar congrega ti on distinct fr om the brother Christi ans toge ther; and wh en the name was applied to the hood and sisterhood. Eucharist and the mea l jointly, it would be especiall y suitabl e be 38 Wi ll Book X-2, p. II I (178 1). ca use Christi ans are thus united to their Savi our." Encyclopedia 30 i bid., p. 308 (179 1). of R eligion and Ethics (New York, 192 0), I, 174. 22 Bcrm ud ia n and Antictam shall be invited ....";;2 A Lu " ... wh ich he hall end to chool nine months ye t an d ha ll thcran dcsi rcd a buria l "without pomp." ;;3 line her out to good morali ts from time to time till u ch ti me T he funcral se rmon was an important part of the servicc. as may be lawful and he shall at a ll time give h er charge to Onc tC5tator sc t as ide three pounds for the preacher.:;4 Thc behave well IB my Daughter may wear or make u e o f m y loca ti on o[ thc gravc was somctim s indicatcd: " . .. and clothing and al 0 the hest she shall be taught very well in tO uching m y body when deceased it is my desire that m) ewing spinning and knitting.... " GJ H cirs 5hould bury it ... in the burying Ground near the A childless man with definite idea left his mon ey to gl u bbing Church ...." ;;::; orphans instead of relatives: " ... my whole Estate R eal and Personal Goods sha ll a ll be made into money to and for the The Auth ority of Elders and Members u e of poor O rphan Chi ldren to give them schooling and to of the Congregation p urchase Books for them excepting Catholics E ngli h or Irish I m porta nt d ecisions were left to the elder of the church or but only for Germans untill they are 0 far taught tha t they mcm bcrs o f the congregati on. Each religious group h ad ca n read the te tament well then it shall be again allowed to morc confidence in its own members than in o utsiders. Legal o thers that is to the poor in Donigal Township . . .. " 6G A less ma tters might be hand led with in the church or congregation. b iased German ordered that hi son should " ... go to chool A will [rom 183 1 is a good example: " ... It is m y cxpli cit w ill un til he can R ead and write German and E nglish and Cy and I command that should an y misunderstanding or d iffe r phering sufficien t for a tradesman ... ." 67 The tradesman ence occur among m y children or their H ei r (which l\Iay usually wanted his sons to succeed him. The owner of a God in his Iercy prevent) no L awyer or Court shall h ave Brick mith hop instructed the gua rdians to be " .. . par anything to do herewith but I a u thori ze my h erein n amed ticularl y careful that the Ch ild ren receive due Educa tion and Executors to appo int three or fi ve capable an d im partia l men Tuition a nd that my on be put to Trades in pro per from amo ng the Eva ngelical Congregatio n who sha ll decide ti me ... ." 68 fa ther of eleven a ppo inted his wife and two on such differences a nd se ttle them on Oa th, a nd as these said oldest sons guardians of the yo unger child ren . " .. . It is m y men may decide so sha ll it sta nd a nd rem a in a nd the H eirs will that m y four younge t sons sha ll learn trades according and dissa ti sfi ed must be content with the Verd ict. . . ."::;G to their ability... ." 69 Even more empha ti c is a nother 19th Century will : " .. . Fur- An educa tion might mean excl usio n from the will: " . .. ther should contra ry to a ll expecta ti o n an y diffe rence arise But as for m y sons -- they h ave received their portion o f no Lawye r or a n y Court on Earth sha ll have a nything to do inherita nce by getting their Educatio n (thro ugh th eir therewith but I authori ze m y h ereafter named E xecu trix or Studies) ...." 70 The schoolmaster w a~ sometimes included : whomsoever she may transfer it to to se lect three o f fi ve ca p:! " . . . Furthermore I give and will h ave to be g iven to the ble impartial men from the eva ngelical congregati o n to settle Pro testan t Lutheran Church h ere in L an caster Twenty Shil sa id differen ce a fter first h aving ta ken the oath .. .. " J 7 lings and to the choolmaster -- Twenty Shillings .. . . " 71 Education A member of the Brethren Society in Lititz m ad e gen erous The Pennsylva nia Dutch did no t n eglect educati on in their provision fo r reli g io us educatio n: " ... I give and bequeath wills. R eligious tra ining was impera tive. The executors or for the use o f the United Brethre n Society for propagating guardia ns were instructed to see tha t the children " . .. may the Gospel the sum of Fifty Pounds in m oney. _ .. " 72 be educated in pie ty a nd virtue .. ." J a nd " . . . direct them from the 'World to God .. . ."::;9 A member o f the Co ngrega Conclusion ti on of Brethren in Lititiz specifi ed tha t " ... m y sa id child The life of the average Pennsylvania Dutchman was gov --shall be educa ted in sa id Fra ternity either in Lititz or a t crned by his religion. Even the on es who had n ot been per Bethlchem untill she shall be of age a nd no Body wha tsoever secuted for their reli gious belie fs before coming to America shall undertake to guide her to the Co ntrary thereof . .. for h ad strong conviction . Christi an virtues were encouraged that Purpo e I g ive ... a nd bequeath two hundred pounds and admired . A fa ther a ppointing his son executor admon and the interest thereon . ..." GO Som etimes the length o f ish ed him to look a fter his mo ther " .. . according to Christia n Equity as . .. in his p ower a nd becom es a Christian . . __ 73 tra ining was d efinitely sta ted or the child was to rema in in school until the age o f fourteen.Gl "And m y son sh all send A d aughter " .. . living in the pa th o f our Blessed R edeem er m y t\\·o youngest D augh ters -- a nd -- three ,Vinters to a nd avio ur J esus ... may be brought up in his L ove and to school. . . . " G2 his Pra ise . . .. " 74 " ... m y children shall n o t be separa ted The gua rdians might be instr ucted to spend the interes t during their m inority if God be pleased to pre erve the life on " . . . bring ing up m y two D a ugh ters b ut the Principal of their mo ther b ut they sha ll be brought up a nd admonish ed shall sta nd until they are twenty-o n e years of age ...." G3 A by a nd under h er superintenda n ce in the Fear o f thc mother left all to h er illegitima te d a ughter asking the ex Lord . ... " 7.) Ccutor to see tha t she " be instru cted to read a nd a lso in the A C hristi an life an d b urial insured h appiness in the life Christia n R eli g ion ...." G4 A widow living with a m an in h crea fter: " . .. m y Bod y I recommend to the Earth to be W arwick T ownship left a ll h er m on ey to her daughter and buried in a C hristianlike and Decencl m anner n o thing asked a fri end to serve as execu tor and guardian o f h er child Dou b ting a t the Genera l resurrectio n I sha ll receive the sa mc again by the l\Iighty power of God . . . . " 7G :;2 \ViII Book X -2, p. 308 (1791). J3 / bid., p. 45 1 (1748). 6J Will Book Y-2, p. 37 (1820). ;;4 Will Book Y-2, p. 96 (1757). GG \ViII Book X -2, p. 439 (1809). ;;:; I bid., p. 69 (1765). G7 Will Book L -I, p. 603 (18 17). G6 Ibid., p. 32 (183 1). 68 Will Book X-2, p. 66 (1809). ::; 7 Ibid ., p. 135 (1830). 69 I b Id ., p. 47 1 (1798). G8 Will Book X -2, p. 27 (177 3). 70 Will Book Y-2. p. 32 (I 31). ::; 9 I bId., p. 57 ( 1784). 71 I bid., p. 124 (17 48). GOIbid ., p. 32 (1768). 72 Will Book X -2, p. 264 (1787). Gl / bid., p. 75 (1768). n 1 bid., p. 268 (1793). G2 I bid., p. 37 (1770). 74 I bid., p. 31 (176 1). G3 / bid., p. 97 (17 8) . 7 :' I bid., p. 412 (179 ) G4 I bid., p. 131 (1828) . 7G I b Id., p. 127 (1754). 23 Genealogy and Folk- Culture By DON YODER One of the n ext indexing projects which the Pe nnsyl us as much about the worlel-view o f the yo ung a uthor (cr. vania Folklife Society plan is the cross- indexing of the his d ecided tempera nce orientation) as it d oes about his fo lk-cultura l ma terials in the sevel-a l thousa nd printed famil y. genealogies of Pe nnsy lvania famili es. l G e nealogies are o f 11 ttitudes to th e Past course of primary interest to the fa milies involved , but The Shueys were a mo ng the sm all mino rity of Pennsyl have value fo r the folklife sc ho lar in that with the exception vania Dutch fa milies tha t had a Hug ueno t o rig in. Through of the barest na m e-a nd-issue type of genealogy, they provide out the g nerati o ns there have been many misconceptio ns us with d a ted information o n Pe nnsylvania's na m e-system, a bout the Hugue not elem e nt in Pe nnsY " 'a ni a, a nd m a ny nickna mes, fa mily traditions, a ttitudes toward earlier gen filiopie tistic genealogists have imagined their I th Ce ntul), e ratio ns, a nd informatio n o n eve ry phase of Pennsylvania's Hug ue not emig ra nt ancestors as tra nspla nting a French fo lk-culture, from folk cookery to witchcraft. culture into rura l Pe nnsY " 'ania, unaware tha t most of the Often these volume include copies of a ncestra l wills a nd Hug ue not fa milies spe nt a genera ti o n or so in the Pro tes inventOries, which provide valuable printed sources on ta nt areas of South G erma n y befo re coming to Pe nnsy lva nia. fa rming tools, arrangeme nts for the support of the widow, In G ermany they ofte n m a rried G e rma n wives a nd accul room-by-room Ii ting of furniture a nd household goods, and turated themselves to the G erma n e nvironme nt, before o ther topics. coming to Pe nnsy lva nia with the massive G erma n-s peaking For the fol k lorist the fam i I Y trad i tions a re o f importance. emigTa tion of the 18th Cen tury. One o f the commonest of the fa mily legends, repeated in Al though D. B . huey had found no d ocume nta r y evi co untless Pe nnsy lvania genea logies, is the " three brother d en ce on the Hug ue not or G erma n o ri g in of the emigra nt tradition"-three brothers came from Germany, one se ttled Shuey, h e states that general fa mil y tradition leads him to in Eastern P ennsylva ni a, one we nt South, one went W est. "conclude tha t the Shueys are d escenda nts of the Hugue In most cases the story is a myth. An a nicle will appear in no ts" (p. 9).4 Jt appear s tha t the a ncestors cam e from Pennsylvania Folklife on this motif in the near fu ture. Fl;ance into the Pa latinate. "Altho ugh we claim to be d e As 1 have suggested, the books vary in folk-c ultural value. scenda nts of the Hug ue no ts, yet we a re no t pa rticul a rl y The least va luable a re those tha t g ive page a fter page of anxious to be call ed Fren chme n, fo r we h a ve been thor na m es a nd d a tes of pare nts a nd " issue," with little or no oughly G ermanized by living a mong the G ermans a nd inter pe rsonal descr.iption. The m ost valua ble g ive informa tion m a rrying with the m" (p. 23). on eve ry phase of the lives and characteristics o f the earli er T em jJerance Orientation members of the family, d escriptions of their houses a nd barns, the ir ni ckna m es, bywords, personal eccentricities, e tc. H e m e ntions (p. 51) tha t the emigra nt'S will o f 1775 pro As a n example o f the value o f th genealogy to the folk vides tha t the widow was to have fo ur gall ons o f whisky life sc hola r, 1 ha ve chose n the H istory of th e Iw ey Fa mily yea rl y. His comme nts sho w how America nized in r eli g io n in America, From 1732 to 1876, by D . B. Shuey, A.M., the yo ung preacher was, for he shared the morali sm and L a ncaster, Pennsylvania: Published for the me mbers of the temp erance mind-se t which 19th Century reviva lism fa mily, b y the a uthor, 1876, 279 pp.2 had faste ned upon Protesta nt r\meri ca.;; In comme nting This book is a relatively earl y genealogy. It was written o n the provisions he writes, "This seem ed very stra nge to b y a yo ung R efo rmeel preacher, the n o nly thiny years o f us, a nd no doubt it will to the reader; a nd we could not age, who had recently gTaduated from Franklin a nd l\ Ia r become reconcil ed as to the m eaning o f this cla use until sha ll College a nd the Theological Seminary o f the R e we made inquiry of som e o ld persons, whe n we were in formed Church. Dennis Boeshore Shuey ( 1846-192 1) was formed tha t at that time there were but few practising a na tive of L e ba non Co unty, Pe nnsy lva ni a, whose li fe work .[ In formation on th e Huguenot background of the Penns), l was the o rganization of R e form ed congregations a nd R e \'ania Sh u e)~ has rccentl), co me to li ght. Sec the articlc by the formed classes and sy nods in the Pla ins Sta tes. 3 The Shuey Palatin c archi\·i,t. 1)1' . Fricd rich Krcbs. ·'.\merikaa uswandercr dcs genealogy is the product of his yo ung m a nhood, a nd it te ll s l B. J ah lhundcrL s aus den ,\kten des Staatsarchi\s Spe)cr," Pfiil zisclle FalJliiiell -lllld II'ajJpelllwllde, X III. Jahrga ng, J\and 5, H eft 1 ' 1 he chief co ll ec ti on of Pennsy lva ni a printed genealogies are I (;-\o\cmbcr, 196 I) , 126 -127, which gi \ es th c inlorm 24 HISTO RY SHUEY 'FAMILY D ennis B. hue), (1 -16-1921), R efonned minister, and AM E RICA. authOI' of the " H istory of the Shuey Family III America" d iscussed on these pages. FROM 1732 TO 1876. Historica l 'ocicty of the Evangeli cal and R eformed Church. D. 13. SHUEY. A. M. LANCASTER. PA. I'UBLISHED FOR Tile: MEMBERS 01" Till!: FAMILY, the mselves to come under the innu.en e o f liquor. a nd ha ve BY TH E AUTHOR. thus viol a ted the strict principle of the huey family as a whole."G Personal D escri IJlio ns r\ pan from this disto rtion, the yo ung a uthor m ad e a Tille Page of Shuey G en ea logy jJUblish ed at thoroug h allempt to get material of a ll sons about the Lancaster ill 1876. 1ts author, at the age of earlier members o f the fa mil )" a nd g ives us gra tuito usly a thirty, had recently graduated fTOm Franklin lot of va luable socia l histor y. H e is good o n nickna mes. as '/Ild iUarshall College and the Th eological em inary. Franklin and Marshall College for example when he sa )s of J o hn huey, born 1798- Lib rary. " usua ll y known as \ Veaver J ohn Shuey, to distinguish him from other J oh n Shueys who lived in the ne ig hborhood" (p. 229).7 physicia ns. a nd every fa mily h ad to be its own phys icia n to H is description or " Big G eorge Shuey" is class i ~. Born in a certain exte nt. Thus, in order to be prepared for a n y 17 90 in Be the l Township, Dauphin Co unty, Pennsy lva nia, emergericy, they had differe nt kinds o f roots a nd herbs in he spen t most of his time in the mounta ins, ha uling wood bottles of whisky. which was the n used as m edicine. \ Ve fo r the charcoal pits. " J n some respects he was a very do no t sanction this mode of doctoring, yet a t that time, peculia r man, and " 'as the subject of more or less gossip. whe n whisky wa s pure a nd unadulte rated . it wa s probabl y H e had a d eep, hea\'y vo ice, a nd he used some sing ula r the bes t me tho d to be had. " In o ther words, the temper express ions, which a fforded amusement to some. H e like ance-minded 19th Ce ntury Protestant o utlook, so typicall y wise had som e superstitio us notions. H e would n e ver buy .\ meri can, was e ntire l), different from the " pre- temperance" any pigs unless perfectl y white, and gave hi reasons b y 18th Ce ntury culture, where whisk y had no t on ly medic saying " D er T e ufe l i t d er in den eu , awer besonders in inal purpose but was used in e ille n a ining, in the harvest d e n swartzblockiche n "-that is, the devil has his abode in fi eld, a nd on socia l occasions in genera l. H e is teetota ll y swine, but especially in those with black spots. H e likely opposed to whisky in all)' fo rm, a nd his misundersta nding based his beli ef o n the contrari ness or this a nima l when one of its commonness in 18th Ce illury culture, when it was e ndea \'o rs to chase him o ut of forbidde n pasture" (p . 205 accepted by most P e nnsyh 'ania ns without pro te, t, makes Ii -I his statcmcnt comparing \ 'irginian a nd Pcnns) Ivani an "mo. him distort his description of hi s fo re fathers' wo rld. ralit) " is intere'>ting bcca usc it m ~) rcflcct the higher in cidence In his sec.tion on " j\lora lity" (pp. 2'19-250), the temper o f c\angclica l ,e\ i\ a li st morality in Wcs tern \,irginia at the lim c as w lllparcd ",ith thc morc eas) ·going, wOrid -acccpting a nce orientation is again obvious. " Jt is substantially a lll oialit\ o f Ih e l.ulhclans and Refolmed of the Dutch Counll-y. mora l fa mily, a nd many of its m ember who make no pro Whilc thc oliginal P C lln s) " a lli ~ n Shucys were Reformed, some fession of faith , nor have any connection with a Chri ti a n (I f the Southcln .'lhuc) were mcmbcrs of th c morc strait-laced l ' n i tcd BI cth ren scn. J 11 thc 20 th Cen lU r) , \ 'i rgi n ia cantin ucs Church, are lieverthe less strictly moral. The number of to bc .1 sou rcc of eya ngeli stic and tcmpcrancc reform affectin g non-c hurch-goers and anti-c hurchme n is limited in this Pcnn s) h an ia. f or c,ampic, cf. the illflucn cc of \ 'irginia Men family. Drunkenness and d e baucher y arc an exception, if nonitism UpOIl thc [aslcm Pcnns) lvania "lcnnonites, 1951 If. For c"ample. attitudes loward tobacco have cha nged in Lancaster found at ~ ll , a nd intemperance is scorned b y a ll. r\ certain COlillt! \l cnn onitc circlcs sincc thc Brunk Brothers brought member 01 the Virg inia family, in speaking of this point, \ Irglill an·st\lc c\ a ngcl! sm alld moralllY to Eastern Pcnnsylvania \\"ith their tcnl mcctings. says in a leller to the a uthor, ' '0 one ever saw a diss ipated T Pellll' rh'lIl1ia Fol/dire as ks its rcaders to sc nd in lists of nick Shuey, or one intoxicated, which is an honor to o ur name llalli CS IClll cmbcrcd . fl om thcir homc ~ r cas. "V c arc working in Virginia.' This cannot be strictly affIrmed 0 1 the Pe nn 011 a dcfJlllll\c :l lchl\c of such matcnals from Penn ) Ivan ia, a nd \\"i ll wclcom c an ) conll iblltioll s. Pl easc include explanati ons of syh'ania ShuC)s, thoug' h in gen era l it is true; but there are thc na mes , and jests. StOI ies, etc., co nnectcd with the namcs. it few excepti onal GISeS, where c.ertai n members ha \ e a ll owed .\dclr·ess \Ollr notcs 10 thc Editor. 25 fL ).S Big C eorge, whom D. B . Shuey h ad interviewed for practi ces as " powwowing" in thc background of o ne's family his history, died in 1864 and is buried at ' '''almer's R e than is our ccntury. That is, it is commoner to find frank formed Church in Lebanon County. refere nces to this widespread Pennsylvanian folk beli ef in Other members of the fa mily are d escribed: "John is slow 19th Century gcnealogies, county hi stories, a nd biographical in speech" (p. 77), there is the cousin who neglected his sketches, than in more recent genera tions. fen es (p. 77), the marrying sq uire who was "fond of prac India n tales appear to have been p art a nd parcel of the ti ca l jokes and indulged in merriment" (p. 84), there was Pennsy lva nia fires ide ci rcl e in those days, and the ration the "pecul iar" John Shuey ( 1778- 1858) of Carroll County, a li stic young preach er does not approve of them: "Many ,\/ a ryla Hd, who we nt off to Ohio several times, each time superstitious stori es are told about the India ns in Pennsyl without telling his fa mily until ready to leave (p. 239). In vania by unwise parents, and n aughty children are quieted , speaking of twins born in J860, one is described as having who ever afterward are a fraid to be out at night for fear "a small, so-ca ll ed pepper-mark on the side of the neck" the India n will come up o ut of his grave and rob or scalp whi ch enabled the parents fin ally to tell them a part. them. ]\Jany superstitious people d eclare that they h ave On personal names in the fami ly, he cites several pairs h eard Indians shout or scream when out at night, who, if of Adams a nd Eves (p. 247), a nd mentions the Penns)dvani a they would have ta ken time to think and examine, would first-n ame "B ennevel" (Bennevi ll e), m entioned in the will, have found the Indian to be no thing more tha n an owl or dated 1808 a nd probated at H anisburg in 18 16, of John the wind howling through the trees" (pp. 45-46).11 Shuey, so n of the emigrant (p. 227) . Unusual girls' names Folk Archiiecture (what a shame that H. L. 1\Iencken is no longer around to There are severa l valuable descriptions of early log build add them to his America n Language) are Fmnzielta Shuey ings in the book, from firsth and observation by the a uthor. (p. 2 1 I), D omellta Shuey (p . J 14), J ewell Florence Night Henry Shuey's log house, on Shuey'S Run, the birthplace of ingale Shuey (p . 133), Fredonia Ophelia Shuey (p. 163), the author, was built, h e tell s us, of h eavy logs. "The roof Marie Alltoinelle Shuey (p. 185), a nd Susannah Lola Mon is very high in the middle, and the rafters are heavy timbers. tez Shuey (p. 24 1). The e names undoubtedly came into Before it was rebuilt the house h ad a small roof about three the family registers in the Vi ctorian era, when the Shueys, feet wide all around the building, between the first and like everybody else, were allempting to modernize, Ameri second fl oor windows. This was attached when it was made ca n i7e, a nd in genera I get a wa y from the o ld-fash ioned two stories high. There was a very large chimney in the " Dutch" names. 9 The mest unusual male n ame in the middle of the ho use, built of rough o ld mountain stone, book is Augustus N ewton lVashington K eim Shuey, born in which took away about one-eighth of the room of the house, l\faryland in 1848 (p. 241 ). Of surnames the author gives The partitions in the house were a ll mad e of boards, nicely a n ifJteresting example of a Dutchifi ed patronymic-BoTClle pa nell ed , the same as the doors are usuall y made. The lila), (p. 75), undo ubted ly a Pennsy lva nia n spelling of Bar house has since been so much changed that this ancient tolome or Bartholomaus. 10 building ca n no more be recognized. It has since been Folk B eliefs weather-boarded and painted, the partitions torn out and Speaking o f names, it appears that in this 19th Century others put in, the fl oors relaid, the rooms changed, a nd rural culture even the orchard trees had names: "On the nothing is left but the external form of the house, which old homestead many apple u-ees in the orchard a nd shell h as s rved a full century, and is of suffI cie nt strength to last bark trees in the adjoining fi elds were n amed after certai n another fifty years. This place was formerly call ed members of the famil y. These na mes were used to such 'Shewey's Bower' ..." (pp. 59-60).1 2 an extent that whenever reference was made to any of those One of his mo t valuable d escriptions is that of the old trees it was always done by using their proper names. One schoolho use at ' Valmer's Church, in Union Township, might hea r them speak of grandfather's tree, or gra nd Leba non County, which was at the time of his writing the mother's tree, or other trees which were n amed a fter u ncles, book about a century old . Before the free school days, it or a unts, father or mother, or even back to gTeat-grand was the p arochi al sc hoo l (he uses this term) of the church. fath er. One tree bearing sour apples was named after one "The building," h e writes," is constructed of very heavy of the horses many years ago, a nd the tree is known as logs, wea ther-boarded o n the outside and o nly partly plas Billy tree to this day. It is said that a favorite horse tered within. The floor is laid with oak plank-made to ca ll ed Billy was sick, and the horse-doClor who sought cures by pow-wowing made use of this tree in connection with his 11 J ohn Com l)' (177 3- 1850) , Quaker preacher and leader of the Hit ksitc force in Pen ns) Ivani a in the division of 1828, magica l a rt, whereupon the horse was restored to health; c,-pressed the sa mc dista,te for th e Indian tales of his childhood: hence the orig in of the n ame" (pp. 248-249). ":--lo r was I e'posed onl y to a prejudice aga inst the Indian char The J 9th Century was much franker about such occult acter; but bei ng subject to the hea ring of strangc stories about su pposed witches, appariti ons and man ell ous thing, my you th 8 For th e pig and the dev il, see Stith Thompson, M otif-I ndex ful mind was injured b) fears. im agin ati ons and terrors arising of Fall< Literature (Bloomington , Indiana: Indiana University from th esc so urce, of injudicious ex posure. How grea t the need Press, [195:;1), Dev il in form of sw in e (G303.3 .3.4), and Why hog of ulll el11ittin g ca lC in parents, to prese rve the sensitive minds ha, evil spirit (A2287. 1). The biblica l influence, pointed out of children from prejudices and imag'in ary [ea rs, that may im bl' Shuey himself, secms to be a strong factor in th9 development biller th eir aft er li ves. or produce a morbid state o[ th eir of th ese beliefs. mcn tal and e\ en ph ysica l power;! How much toil , anxiety, and n ames like this ca n be matched by many genea logies of the care may be reqllisite to ex tiq)a le (h e evil s of such ex posure, none upco untry Dutch in th e 19th Century. There was a d efinable ca n kno\\'! .\ sin gle tal e of ghosts, witches, and romance, may trcnd away frolll th e "Dutch ifi ed" names aft er th e Clvli \ Var. make impressions of terror on th e memory, that im agination In my fath er's falllil y, the chi lcil en born in the 1860's and 1870's may appl ) to innumerable objects and in cidents in after life, rcceived lion -Dutch names-Oliver, J oa nn a, Tda, Alvina, etc. so as to prod uce unhappiness, anx iet), and trouble, wh ere but but 111\ fath er, at the end of th e line, was trea ted to th e earlier for sut h a prejudice no e\il or alarm might ha\ e resulted" tuston] of bein g named for his gra ndfath er, and received th c (/ownal (,[ the /.i[e and R elig ious Labours of John Co,"ly, Late traditional Dutch biblica l name of Jacob. of Ilybeny, Penns),h'ania [Philadelphia, 1853]), pp. 8-9). 10 See Ill) articl e. " j)utt. hifi cc\ urnames," which appeared J 2 "S hewC)'s Bowcr" wa s not th c name of the house, but of 01 iginall) in 'S Pl' lIlI s), lvafllli;cit D eitsch E ck , The M onllllg Call, (h c trat.t of la nel on which it was buill. In the 18th Century (h e .\llcnLOwn , l'enns)h'ani a, September II , 1946 . and H . L. 1'. len(ken, grants and paten ts had fant.y, attracti\'c names of this sort. \Ve T he Allle ,ira ll Lallg uage; SujJjJlelll ent II (New YOlk, 1948). need arlicles on th e subject. 26 5chool tca hers a) to this, who complain that they have tOO laboriou dutie?" GENEALOGY This interesting building wa lea ed as a free school by FRO W the church when the free s hools came into bei ng thro ugh state act, and continued as a free chool u ntil 1870, when ADAl\1 TO CHRISTI a eparate free schoolhouse was erected. The author tells W ITH u that a t the time of writing, the old structure was sti ll the T H E GENEALOGY OF dwell ing of the sexton of " 'almer's Ch urch. ADAM HEINECKE H ouse Furnishings AND H o use furnishings were meager in the p ioneer genera ti o ns. "TO table-cloth wa used. No arpets graced the HENRY V ANDERSAAL: fl oors, but every aturday they were made to assume a per FROM 1747 TO 18 8 1. fec tl y white a nd clean appeara nce, under the o pera ti o n of TO WHICH IS A DORO water, sa nd a nd broom. T he furn iture of the ho use was as simple a nd p lain as thei r fare_ \\' hen sea ts co uld be A BRllr ACCOU NT 0 ' THE AUTHOR'S TRAVELS IN ABOUT SIX T EEN YEARS AS AN EVANGELIST, placed stationary, large sq uare blocks wer e used, as for A N D insta nce o n each side of the hearth. A stove was unknown then. Some benches were used for scats, a nd a few chairs, TWELVE SERMONS COMPOSEO SY HIMSElF. which were home- made; the sea ts were plaited with broad, By Rlv. SAMUEL HEINECKE, ELDIR. smooth-s haved slips of white-oak or hickor y. Several bed s and a few chests made up the princi pal part of the furni ture" (pp .. 42-43).13 SEOOND EDITION . At the Family T able Eve n the eating habits of the earl y genera ti ons are dis LANCASTF.,R, PA.: cussed. "At dinner time o nl y d id they have meat, a nd then 10HN A. HIESTAND. PRINTER. the fa ther wo uld cut it" in small pieces, give to each one of 1881. the fa mil y hi s a ll otted share, a nd with tha t they had to be sa ti sfi ed . They did not have the privil ege of eating as much meat as they desired, but merely the morsel which was given Pennsylvania gen ealogies provide his to them . During the grea ter part of the yea r they had hot t01-ians and folkl-ife scholars w ith a w ide mush and cold milk fo r supper, a nd in the morning cold variety of m aterials, n ot the least of which is the refl ection of the author's mush a nd warm milk for breakfas t. H It wo uld have bee n world-view. considered too extravagant to have the m u h fri ed in fa t, as it is now oft en prepared . Soup, also, of differe nt kinds, wea r- which th e tho usa nd little feet, running over it, could was much used in this fami ly. The plates from which they not wear o ut. A heavy log ex tended thro ugh the room on ate were of pewter, a nd the cups from whIch they dra nk which the joists were res ting; the ce iling was un plastered, were so me kind of earthen mug" (p. 4 1). and the top fl oor had no less tha n fiv e pipe- holes, which " ' e even sec the pio neer Shueys around the ta ble. "T he one wo uld think should be suffi cient egress for the smoke; fath er sa t at o ne end of the table, the mother a t the o ther but by looking at the dark ceil ing, o n which rests the smo ke end. The chi ldren stood, or sometimes sa t, alo ng each ide of a century, it would a ppea r that even fi ve were not suf of the table, and ate their meals in silence: there was very fici ent." little talking at the ta ble. Each a te what was pl aced before Now we are trea ted to a glimpse o f the ex teri or of this him, a nd no murmuring was heard ."15 ancient structure. "In a pproaching the school-room from The custom of grace at ta ble is described . "They never without, it is necessa ry to ascend several steps, which brings partook of a mea l wi tho ut first tha nking God for their da ily yo u o n the porch. This pOl;ch ex tends alo ng the whole food, a nd asking a bless ing. This duty belonged either to length of th e building. Abo ut the m iddle of it is a double the fathcr or to the mo ther. As soon as the children were door-one door ex tending fro m th e fl oor abo ut three feet old enough to u nderstand its mea ning, they were ta ught high, a nd the o ther the n reaches to the top of the door sho rt prayers which they wo uld pray in regular order, each frame. The upper door was open most of the time; the o ne his parti cul ar a nd distinct prayer, commencing with lower was closed. Enter this door and yo u a rc in a small the oldes t a nd ending with the yo ungest. " ante-room, having o ne door leading to the ki tchen, a stair Enter now th e yo ung author's mora l. "T o many of the wa y, a nd the sc hool-room door. There were o nly board readers of this book this custo m may a ppear strange, bu t partitio ns be tween the rooms [a nd] whatever conversa ti o n we have great reverence for this Christi an training a nd was going o n in the kitchen by the mem bers of the fami ly 13 For informati on on the sa me maLl ers fro m th e Sco tch-I ri sh co uld be distinctly understood by the cho la rs in the room. I' resb) terian cullllre of orthwes tern Chester Co unty, see Alex Immed ia tely abo ve the school-room was a room used by the ande r Mars hall , "T he Days of Auld Lang ), ne," ed ited by Don Yoder, Pellllsy/r'{{lIi{{ Fo/Il/ite, " 01. X lll, 0.4, J ul y, 1964, pp. 8-19. sexton's famil y for sleeping purposes" (p p. 252-253). . lI On l'enm) l\'a ni a's Illush traditi on, strongly rooted and sti ll The sexton who thus li ved in o ne end of the schoolhouse 1 ~1 e' ldence, see " I' enn s) il ania ns Ca ll ed it ~ I ush ," Pennsylvania was also, we are informed. the schoolmaster a nd the " fore l'o/~/lte, " 01. XIII, No .. 2, Winter, 1962-1963, 27+19]. 1 0 Ol.~ chIl dren standll1 g at mea ltim e, see ~ ! a r s h a ll , 0/). ci t. , singer" who led th e music in church. (In those churches p. 12: The small er chIl dren Sat on the fl oo r to ea t th eir mea ls that had organs, he might also be the church organist.) until th ey were large enough to stand at th e table and hand le a T h is lay offi cial was a kind of assista nt pastor, in tha t he knife and fork or poo n, a nd wh en th ey had grown large enough to Sit on a co mm on chaIr and ca l lIk e oth er peo ple, they lV ere as~i s t e d the preacher by ca tech ising the yo ung in the pastor's pen11lLled to do so al th e table." The Editor requests material abse nce, even conducting fun erals. "' Vha t will o ur modern from readers' memori es aboul thi s ea rlier practice. 27 custom. We veri ly believe that this custom ha been kept sacred and carried o ut by evel)' generati on of the Shuey fami ly down to the present time. Our family strictly ob se rved this custom until we children were grown up a nd left home. It has ta ught us a principle which we shall never forget as long as we li ve. These short prayers were usuall y taken from the Bible. R eader, scoff not at this custom, GEDICHTE practiced by our ancestors and handed down to us as a sacred memorial: rather introduce it in your own famil y, a nd see whether it will not have a healthful influence on your children. You may not live to see the fruits, but it will be brea d cast upon the water s, which thou shalt find after many days." Tmmps and j\llarket-Farmers H. HARBAUGH , D. D. An interesting reference to feeding tramps appears in the author's summary of the "morality" of the famil y (p. 250). "A hungry wayfaring man is never turned away from their door, without an a bundance to ea l. The poor are always )3. j3A USM AN . assisted where their cl aims are made known. They en· deavor to scrutinize, however, between the worthy and the unworthy, and the worthy have never been permitted to remain in want. Their sympathy ca n easily be e nlisted, REFOR.:U ED CHURCH PUBL ICATI O:f BOARD, a nd more than once has imposition been practiced by 18 70. sco undrels in a n unguarded hour" (pp. 250-251). One of the earl y Shueys died in 1828 on a trip to Phil a· T ille-Page of "Harbaugh's HmIe" (Phila delphia market. This gives the author a chance to tell us deljJhia, 1870), th e (tnt widely known vol something of the rela ti on of Lebanon County farmers to ume of Pennsy lvania Dutch dialect writing. Philadelphia. "At this time their nea rest market for grain and produce lv as Philadelphia. With a large team and several fa nners in company they wo uld start on a Monday morning, drive to Philadelphia, sell o ut anCl return home, The Pennsy lvan ia Shue),s make use of this dialect to a great taking them a full week, to Saturday evening, to make a extent, and so me few no doubt could be found who are not si ngJe trip." Times are very different in the 1870's, he able to make use of the English nor the pure German continues. "Now we ca n leave home in the morning, go to la nguage. The a uthor was brough t up in a neighborhood Philadelphia, tra nsact some b usi ness, and return the sa me where this di alect wa prevailingly used. One must be able day" (p. 62 ). to use the language in order to understand its peculi arities. Th e Pennsylva n ia Dutch D ia lect "It is a very limited la nguage; that is, it takes but few W e shall close with D. B. Shuey'S descri ption of the Penn words to express a thought, and the vocabul ary of the Ia n· sylvania Dutch d ialect, which was his native language. It guage is not ver), extensive. The roughness of the German is va luable in tha t it is o ne of the earliest such accounts by words is lost in this dialect, and the words a nd se ntences a native Pennsy lvanian. It was undo ubtedl y ca ll ed fo rth are made much shorter tha n in the pure Gennan language. by the first Pennsylvania Dutch " renaissa nce" of the 1860's Quite a number of Engli sh words have been introduced. and 1870's, when H arbaugh a nd others published the first These introductions are becomi ng more numerous as the dialect books. The poem, "The Old Schoolhouse a t the people come in contact with the English la nguage, and no Church" is obviously under the spell of Harbaugh's "Old do ubt in course of time-it will be a long time, however Schoolhouse by the Creek," but has value for the details it this dialect will be dropped and the English u ed in its giv es us of schoolhouse days in the Dutch Country when stead . Luthera n a nd R eformed children went to parochial schools "An extraordinary fact, which may appear amusing or in rural Pennsylvania, as D . B. Shuey himse lf had done. eve n incredible to some, is the manner in which this di alec t Language is made usc of in the schools of those sec ti ons of country "This is perhaps the most difficul t subject that we are wh ere this la nguage is spoken. The children when they ca ll ed upon to trea t in this volume, beca use it is no easy first come to sc hool are not able to peak Eng li sh; yet they matter to make it intelligible to the different portions of commence with the Engli sh alphabet, a nd afterwards have the famil y, o n account of the peculiarity of the Pennsy lvan ia all their st udies in Engli sh. Their studying a nd their reci German language. As is mentioned in another pl ace, the tations arc Engli sh, while their conversation is in Penn fami ly became thoroughl y Germanized, but this c.a nnot sy lvan ia German. On the p lay-ground no Engli sh is heard. apply to the whole famil y. It is a well -known fact, how T o so me readers it might appea r to be an impo ibility, ever, that the first Shuey families in this co untry were alto that children who ca nnot speak English hould have all gether German. This was of a high order, a nd might be their studies in Engli sh; but this is a fact well-known to all ca ll ed classical German. In course of time th e families in Pennsy lvania Gemla ns. O( the Germa n alphabet a nd Ger Pennsy lva ni a fe ll in with and appropriated that peculi ar ma n studies they know nothing. Then, as they grow older dialect denominated "Pennsy lva ni a German," 'which is a a nd become more advanced in their studie , they learn to pec uliar la nguage used, not in the whole State, but espe· spea k the Eno- li sh; but this they do more (rom their book ciall y in the counties where the Shuey fami ly resided, a nd knowl edge tha n by conversatio n with others. the counties adjoining. T hi s di alect is prevailingly spoken "There arc no books printed in the Pennsylvania German at the present time in the rural districts of those counties. la nguage; a nd, therefore, the children ar e compell ed to take 28 up a nother language.1 G It is co nsequently the study of a chi ldren of these German co unties labor under great dis foreign language to them. This fac t goes to show that the advantages, .and it might eem were much embarrassed in the progress of their w dies, which, no doubt, is a fact in 16 lL is not q ui te true th at there were "no books" printed in the di alect. There were a few (Rauch , Harbaugh, Bahn, \ Voll en reference to beginners at least; but it is also a well-known weber) even at th e tim e Shu ey's book was wrillen. But it was fact, that many of o ur most eminent men of Pennsylvania, true th at th e dialect never quite made li terary use in the Penn sy lvan ia cultu re to the same degree achi eved by H igh German po sessi ng uperior literary abilitie, are the sons of just and En gli sh. For exa mpl e, people si mply did not use the dialect such fami lies, and are persons who were com pelled to labor for co rrespondence, acco unts, etc. They normall y spoke it but under just such diffic ulties as are stated above. T his as did not wr ite it. There was so me preachi ng in dialect or in a "Sermon Germ an" somewh at acco mm odated to the dialect, but se rtion is not made without refl ection. Let the reader look thi s was principall y among the rev iva li st sects. On th is half a t the great men of o ur country, and then examine into way status of Pennsy lva ni a Dutch as a not-quite-li terary language, their parentage, a nd he wi ll be surprised to find that ma ny see Heinz Kl oss, Die Enlwicklung neu er germanischer Kultur sprachen von 1800 his 1950 (Munith, [cJ952)) , wh ich refers to of them are of Pennsy lva nia German descent. Pennsy lvani a Dutch as a H alhsprache. "To give the reader a proper idea of thi Pennsylvania German la nguage, the foll owing poem is inse rted, which the author of this book composed in 1870.17 No particular cla im is ba ed o n the poetry of the producti o n, but it serves the purpose of giving an example of the la nguage. The English letters are used, so that there may be no difficulty in reading it. Those who ar e unable to understa nd it will confer a favor by not asking for a translation, as that would be more difficult than to write or compose the origina l. The subject is "The School-house at the Church," a sketch of which is given o n a preceding page, where it is called "The Old School-house." That portion of the family using the Pennsy lva ni a Germa n will readily understa nd the poem. Others may be enabled to under ta nd the greater part of it with the aid of our sketch of the house under consideration." 17 The poe m of co urse is suggestive of and obviously evoked by Harbaugh's " Das A It SchulhallS an der Krick," which despite " The Old Schoolhouse at the Creek," fTOm "Har its doggerel fo rm and sentimental co ntents, became the all-time baugh's Hm-Je" (1870). H em-y Harbaugh's poem was favorite of th e country Dutch, memorized, recited at school "celebrati ons," etc. See H. Harbaugh, H arbaugh's Har/ e. the immediate inspiration and model for Dennis Gedichle in Pen nsylvanisch -D euischer Mundart. H erausgegeben Sh uey's Pennsy lvania Dutch dialec t poem, " The Old V O Il B . Bau sman (Philadelphia, c1 870). Schoolhouse at the Church." DES SCHULHAUS AN DER KERCH Gans neghst wo ich mei H aemet hab, Er ziegt die Glock un halt die Schul, ow ho t er kauft paar D ahl er wert, et weit vum neue ''''a ngner Shop, ing t vor in Kerch-sell war die -Rule, No warre mir recht g ut un schmen , Sensc ht du en H a us gans ivverzwerch Er hot der Kerche Gl aube g'lehrt, Bis das der Zucker wa r verzehrt, Sell is es Schulhaus an der Kerch_ Un Yedes ho t ihn hoch ge'ehrt. Ver lenger wars ah net de wehrt. Dort shtehts alt Bakha us, dort der Shtall, Die Bivel hen sie g'lese all, Des war d er Platz ver' n la nge Zeit, Un dorch der Bush gebts oft en Schall, Vo n Christus, un vo n Adam's fa ll \lVo komme sin von weit un breit, Wann yusht di e Kinner spiele drin, H en g'lernt zu wi sse Recht von Letz Zu lehrne was der T eacher lehrt Bi s dos der T eacher ruft "Come in." W as g'schrive is in Gottes G'setz. Des Schulgeh do war ah dewehrt. Die Porch is schlecht-cli e Ba nk shteht druf Ich wees gans gu ich war yusht so, Now hen sie's Schulhaus na us a ns Eck, An yedem End gehn Dreppe nuf- En Buv'le, gleh, in der Schul do, Ga ns neu gebaut-ach geh mer weck, Die Bump .yusht drei Schritt von dem H aus' Wie mir hen g' lese, g'spellt un g'lernt, Des guckt yo gar net wi e deheem, Don grickt mer's wasser frisch herau s. Un o (t der T eacher wi est verzernt. Ich mehn es wer gewiss en ham e. Die Kerrich shteht htick dra m am W eg, i\lir h ~ n s gegli che- mir yunge Leit, Die \IVai mer, huey un G erwich dort Vum Schulha us wo mer grickt hen Schl eg, ' '''anns g'hese ho t s' is chul-geh zeit Sin gange in die Schul als fo rt, Der Kerch-hof dort uf d'ranre Seit, Der Teacher hot oft Selver g'lacht Von selle Leit sin yusht noch paar Die Grick for Shkaete ah net weit. W ann mil yusht hen vi el G 's puchte g'macht. Wo gange sin ins Schulhaus do. Die Schuler vi e I, die Schulstub gleh, U f Christag's \lVoch, des Morgens fri e, Die Glock die ruft noch wie sie hot, \V er si ch net b'heft mus ins Eck shteh in mir a ns Schulha us gange hie, Die Leit zu samle mit Da nk a n Gott, Sell war die Rule, un wer's net duht, H en Thier un Fenshter zu gemacht, Die Voegle fli ege wi e ie hen Der gri ckt se i Buckel g'hacht, recht gut. Des war en Lust- was hen mer g'lacht. Der H ahne kreht im Scheier den. Di e Desks sin lo ng-die Fenshtre gleh, Der T eacher kommt- er ka nn net nei Doch now g uckts mi r gans i vverzwerch, Der Offe duht dertswi she shteh, 'Vas is dann des- er guckt gans schei S'is nimme Schulhaus a n der Kerch. Der W asser-kivvel dort im Eck Vor o bzuschrecke hot er g'wi st Es duht mir leht vor sell alt H a us, Yusht ens kann dro, so bl eib mer weck. "Vann er's prowirt don het er's g'mist. Wo als noch shteht am W eg dort dra us. Du frogst ferleicht was duht der Shtall Er steckt se i Beh zum R ohr-Ioch nei, Die Schuler komme nimme nei Des Bakha us, Bump un Po rch un all, Un mir sin all mit Wippe bei Si e hen now g'sawt ihr letscht, "good-bye;" Des H aus is doppelt- senscht du net Un hen's em gevve, druf gelasht So gehts do in der sinde W elt Der T eacher lV ohnt dort wie er se tt. Om end doch hen mer'n nei gelust. N ow hab ich euch vum Schulha us g'melt. 29 PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN FOLI(TALES: An Annotated Bibliography By JOHN A. BURRISON Adams Co unty," is a n exce ll ent but all too rare illustration I ntroduction of what desperately needs to be done in order to raise \Nith the growing maturity o[ American folktale scholar Pennsy lva nia Germa n Folktale studies on a par with those ship and the Pennsy lva nia [olkli[e sLUdi es movement, o f o ther areas and peopl es. It also po ints o ut that the scholars in both o[ th ese fi elds have [elt the need for a n Brendle a nd Troxell book is n ot the definitive coll ec tion; index to the publi shed articles and coll ections of tales be th ere are ma ny fres h tales a nd vari a nts among the Pennsyl longing to the Pennsy lva ni a Germans, popularl y known as va nia Germ a ns left to be recorded- in [act, th ey must be re the Pennsy lva ni a Dutch. corded , befo re they a nd the cui LUre in which they have In compiling such a bibliography, I have seen fit to in thrived d isa ppears! cl ude a necdotes [rom or abo ut the Pennsy lva nia Dutch In cl os ing, J wo ul d like to make it cl ear that this cannot (in deed, these two so urces o[ "Dutch " jests often sha re the be a completely co mprehensive bibliography. Undoubtedly same co ntent), as well as the longer, more se ri o us traditional I have missed ma ny items in the dialec t a nd in co unty his narra ti ves. I have omitted short stori es and novels dealing tori cal publica ti ons. I onl y ho pe that Pennsy lva ni a German with the Pennsy lvania Germans, as well as the works of folktale sc holarshi p increases to the degree that, within the Pennsylva ni a Dutch d ia lect writers, unless they are based nex t [ew yea rs, a bi bli ography twi ce this size will have to be on traditi onal tales, legends, or anecdotes. For example, published . ;\Iildred J ordan's novel, A tJPle in the A llic, is subtitled "A Part I. Pensnnsylva ni a Legend," but si nce it does not seem to be I . Aura nd, Ammon J\Ionroe, Jr. A urand's Collection of based on a traditional Pennsy lvani a German narrative, but P. G. Stories and Poems, Beaver Springs, Pa., 191 6. rather on the a uthor's ow n imagina ti on (or perhaps a n Incl udes nine literary anecdotal tales by well-known actual incid ent), I have no t incl uded it h ere. P. D. d ialect writers, in the di alect. 128 pp. 2. P. G. D ia lect Storics and Poems, Pittsburgh, T he bibliography is di vided into two sec ti ons. The first 1939. 24 pp. is a general compilati on o[ references drawn from various 3. JII it and H umor of the P . G .s, H arrisburg: sources. The second is an index to the ta les and a necdotes T he A ura nd Press, 1946 . A poorl y-se lected coll ecti on appearing specifi call y in The Pennsylvania D u tchman ( 1949- of a necdotes, some earthy, some not co nnected with the P. G .s. 32 pp. 1957) a nd its successor Penns),lvania Folklife. The items 4. Barba, Preston A., ed. "Humoro us T ales," in Publi were so. numerous [or thi s publica tion that I felt it mer ited ca tions of the P. G. Folklore Society, Vol. 15, Allen a separate secti on. The initials "P . D ." sta nd for Pennsyl town , Pa.: Sc hlechter'S, 1950, pp. 109-128. A coll ecti on va n ia Dutch, and " P. G." stands [or Pennsylva ni a Gemlan. o[ 13 a necdotes told by well -known contemporary P. T hey may b used as an adjecti ve, or to signify the people G .s, mostl y in the dialect. or the d ia lect, depend ing on the co ntext. JA F is the Joumal 5. Bayard, Samuel P. "\l\litchcraft i\Iagic and PlfltS on the Border of Pennsy lva ni a & \Ves t Virginia," JA F 5 1 of Amel'ican Folklore; the Eck is. shon for'S Pennsylvaa n isch (1938), p p. 47-59. Incl udes retold ta les of presumabl y D eitsch Ed, a weekly co lu mn ed ited by Dr. Pres ton A. P. D . origin. ome informants named . Barba, appearing in the Allentown l11 0ming Call [or some 6. Bittinger, Lucy F. " P. G. Folklore," T he Pennsylvania 30 years. German, Vol. 9 (A pril, 1908), pp. 171 - 173. 7. Bolton , Frederi ck "A Spook Story," K eystone Folk A gla nce at the bibliogTaphy will make obvio us the J. lore Qual·taly, Vol. I (Summer, 1956), pp. 18-20. A pa ucity o[ se ri ous, modern folktale sc holarship fo r Penn varia nt o f the "Do yo u want to be shaved ?" tale, from sy lva ni a Germ a n folk narra tives . Eve n the greatest contribu Hummelstown ; no informa nt. ti o n to the fi eld, Brendle and T roxell ' P . G. Folktales, is 8. Bra un, J. \ Villi am. "\Vaterloo County Superstitions," Ech, Feb. 28, 1953 . Includes three retold tales from nothing more than a presenta ti on of co ll ectanea; it does nOt the P . G.s o f Ontario, Canada; no infofm ants. give the comprehensive analys is which modern folktale 9. Brendle, Thomas R oyce (R ev.), a nd William S. T roxell sc holarship dema ncJ s. It is not eno ugh to simply present the ("Pum pernickel Bill"), co l. , ed . and tfa n I. P . G. Folk data; one must discuss the materi als in a way that will make tales, L egends, O nce-utJon-a- T ime Stories, M axims, and Sa),ings po/{en in th e dia lect popularity hnown as th em mea ningful to the student, a~d will permit them to ge P. D., N orristown, Pa. : P. G. Society Proceedings and viewed in the overall fi eld of fo lktale research. Dr. Yoder's Addresses, Vo l. 50, 1944. 23 8 pp. Divided into the recen t article in Pcnns'y lvania Folklife, "\'Vitch Tales [rom foll oll'ing cha pters: " Long Ago," " Pl a nt Legend ," "The 30 12. Bullington, Albert F. " Penn yh'aanischdeit cher Gschpass: Collection of P. G. Anecdote , Jokes and tories," Eck, Part I: Aug. 5, 12, 19,26, ept. 2, 9, 16 , 23, 1961; Part 2: July 14 ,21,2 , Aug. 4, 11, 18,25, ept. 1,8, 1962. n excell ent collection of 187 dialect anecdotes, told by "Der Nixnutz," who in this ase is his own informant. 13. ---. "chwowe chtories," Folhways, '0.3 (Jan uary, 1964), pp. 22-24. even numskull tal es about the PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN FOLK TALES, "Stupid lI'abian ;" twO informants named in the intro LEGENDS, ONCE-UPON-A-TIME STORIES, duction, but not connected to particular tales. Trans lated from the dialect. MAXIMS, and SAYINGS 14. "Der Ewig Ya eger: The Eternal Hunt man, A P. G. Spoken in the dialect popularly known as Legend of Lancas ter County," Ech, i\I arch 20, 1954. Pennsylvania Dutch A literary tale from The Pennsylvania Gennall of 1902. 15. Dorson, Richard M. rllIlel'lca 11 FoIMol'e, Chicago: The niversity of Chicago Pre, 1957, pp. 0-84. A. brief but interesti ng discussion of the characteristic of P. G. fo lktales. 16. Buying the Wind: R egional Folklol'e in the United tates, Chicago: The University of hicago Press, 1964. Incl udes 16 P. G. tales in Engl ish, mostl), Collected, Translated, and Edited from Brendle a nd Troxell. Chapter 11 : "Pen nsy lva nia by Dutchmen," pp. 107- 110, an excell ent introduction to REV. THOMAS R . BRENDLE the tales a nd to P. G. fo lkl ore scholarship; I. "Brauche and a nd H exe," pp. 111 - 11 7; 3. "Beli ef Tales," pp. 126- 128; 4. "N oodle Tales," pp. 146-148; 7. "Riddles ... WILLIAM S. TROXELL The Riddle of 11 0," pp. 149- 150. 17. Gerhart, Elmer Sc hultz. " P. G. Folk Lore," Bulletin of the H istorical Society of 1\1 ontgome1'Y County, Vo l. 2 ( pril, 1940), pp. 117-137. 18. "P. G. Folk Lore," Pe1'kiomen R egion, Vol. 9, No.3 (193 1), pp. 86-96. 19. Graeff, Arthur D. " P. G. Humor," Eck, Dec. 3, 1949, NORRISTOWN, P&NNSYLVANlA conclusion. Ma ny a necdotes in Engli sh; no informants. fjenmlplbania ~ertruln ~oddp 20. H and, vVay land D . " Germa n- meri ca n Folklore," 1944 jAF, Vol. 60 (1947), pp. 366-372 . Includes some dis cuss ion of the P. G. folktale. 21. H arter, Thomas H . Boonastiel: A Volume of L egend, Story and Song in " ~ P o D. ," Bell efonte, Pa. (privately printed), 1904. 256 pp. 22. H offman, W . J. "Folklore of the P. G.s," jAF, Vol. I (1888), pp. 123-135; Vol. II (1889), pp. 23-35, 19 1-202. R eprinted in the Ec/{, March 28, April 4, I I, 18, 25, 1959. Includes some r etold tales; no in forma nts. 23. H ollinshead, Benjamin i\ L "Mo untain Mary," Eel!, T it le-page of the m os t important volume on the Oct. 21, 193!J. A sketch of a half-legendary P . G. Pennsylvania German Folktale, the Bre ndle character. Troxell Collection jJublished by the Pennsylvania 24. "Hunting 'Elbetritches,''' Ech, J a n. 13, 1940. From German Society in 1944. The Pennsylvania GeTman of 1906; includes a tale of this P. G. form of "snipe hu nting." 25. Kemp, Alvin F. P. D . D ia lect StoTies, La ncas ter : The P. D. Folkl ore Center, I nc .. 1952; 24 pp. Forty-fo ur humorous a necdotes and tales in the di alect, witho ut Hidden T reasure," " Perso ns vVho Sold Them elves to tra nslations; pres umably from the author's repertory, the Devil," "Stories of Spec ial Days," "Proverbs," "Place with only o ne informant named . Names," "Making a Choice," "Things That Couldn' t 26. Korso n, George. Black R och: Mi ning Folklore of the Move," "The Stupid Swabians," "Spirits of the Coun P. D., Baltimore: The J ohns H o pkins Press, 1960 (Vol. trys ide," "Brauche and H exe," "Eil esch pijjel," "O ll a 59, Pu blications of the P. G. Society) . The chief chap Podrida," a nd " 'Parre' Stories." A tota l of 215 tales ters co nta ining tales (many coll ec ted by the a uthor) are (300 including the vari ants), all with loca ti on or so urce, the fo ll owing: I . " Philip Ginder, Folk H ero," pp. 1- most with informants' names. This is the largest a nd 31; 17 . "Spooks, Spoofs, a nd the Devi l," pp. 297-3 11 most importa nt collection of traditional P. G. folktales; (2 0 tales); and 19. "Legends a nd Traditions," pp. 334- it is not co mpletely representa tive, however, for obscene 347. I nforma nts a nd recording dates are cited in the materi al is omitted. P. G. sc holars have lamented that so urce notes. Other tales and a necdotes are scattered the tales were not given in their original dialect forms, throughout the book (e.g., pp. 203, 209, 224-225, 239- although translatio ns are fa ithful, a nd origin al dialect 240, 249, 252-253, 293-296). words and phrases are given in footnotes ,,, here they 27. Minstl"els of the M ine Patch , Phi lad elphia: are of particular interes t. There is no sc ho larl y folk University of Pennsy lva nia Press, 19 38. Includes a few loristi c a pparatus (com parati ve anal ysis usi ng Sti th P. D. tales a nd legends: "1'. G. i\ I in ers," pp. 89-92, Thompso n's M otif-I ndex of Folk L iterature, etc.); this accounts of mining experi ences; "The Philip Ginder is added by Dorso n in the 13 tales [rom this volu me Legend," pp. 150-151. reprinted in h is B uying the W ind. 28. La ux, J ames B. Bmth er AlbTecht's Secl"et Chamber. 10. Bressler, Leo Albert. "P. G . Wit and Humor," Eck , A L egend of th e Ancient 1\1 m'avian Sun Inn of B ethle May 25, 1957, conclusion. Includes 14 di alect anec h em, Pennsylvania, Lititz, Pa., 19 14. 62 pp. R epri nted dotes a nd sources. in the Eck, Sept. I, 8, 15, 22, 29, Oct. 6, 13, 20, 1951. II. Buck, William J. L ocal Sketch es and L egends Pertain A novel supposedly based on a P . G . legend. ing to Bucks and lH ontgome1'Y Counties, Pennsy lvania, 29. "The P. G. Legend," American Speech, Vol. Pri va tely Printed, 1887. I ncludes a few retold tales 2, O. II (1927), pp. 459-460. and anecdotes, notabl y "The Lea rned Blacksm ith a nd 30. Mumaw, J ohn R . "Folk-Lore Among the P. G .s in the Enchanted Gun," pp. 307-32 1. ' '''ayne County, Ohio," M .A. thesis at the University o[ 31 Virgin ia, 193 1. ee the Pennsylvania Folklife section. 43. Elmer Lewi s Smith, John G. Stewart, a nd 1\f. Ellsworth 3 1. Newell , 'Vill iam I I. "Legends and Traditions of Kyger, Th e P. C .s of the Sh enandoa h Valley, Th e P . G. chuylkill Coun ty," a papcr rcad before the IIistorical Folltlol'e Society, Vo l. 26, Alle ntown , Pa.: chl echter's, Socicty o[ Sch uylki ll County, fan. 31, 19 12. 1964,278 pp. Includes a secti o n on witch a nd powwow 32. "Talc o[ the Blue foun tai ns in Pennsy l tal 's, some retold, many give n as tra nscribcd [rom ex ,·a ni a." 1A F, Vo l. I I (1898), pp. 76-78. ,\ revi w of tensive ta pe recordings, pp. 14 5-163; no informa nts a n articlc with thc abovc titlc by D. C. H enning a ppea r g iven. ing in thc Pottsvillc Mllle)'s' j Ollmal o( 1897. Includes 44 . Starr, Frederi ck. "ome P. G. Lore," j!l F , Vol. 4 a rctclling 01 two P. G. [olktale . ( 189 1), pp. 32 1-326. R eprinted in the Eck, Aug. 15, 33. O wcns, F. G. "Folk-Lorc From Buffalo Vall cy, Central 1959. R etold tales; no inrorma nts. Pennsylvan ia," j AF, Vol. 4 ( 189 1), pp. 11 5-128. In 45 . toudt, J ohn Raer. Th e Folltlo)'e of the P . G .s. A cludes two P. G. talcs; no informa nts. pa per read before th e P. G . Society at the a nnual meet 34. "Pan-e chlOris," Ech, (\pril 20 a nd 1\f ay 4, 1963. ,\ ing, Yo rk , Pa., O ct. 14, 1910, Philadelphia: Ca mpbell , co ll ectio n o[ "parso n" a nccdotcs. 19 16 ; La ncaster: P. G. Society Proceedings, Vol. 23, 35. Penn ylvaallisch D eitsch E ileschpiggel, D el', Ed. J. supplemelll, 191 5, reprinted 191 6. 155 pp. Surpris \villiam Frey, Bethlehcm, Pa., 1943-194 4, La ncaster, ingly, the onl y tales in this volume a ppear on pp. 62- 1944-1946. Origin a ll y printed bi-monthly, this mimeo 65 as " I gend riddles," or riddles in a folktale selli ng, graphed publica ti o n olten included dialcct tal es a nd with the narrative part in English ; no informa nts. a necdotes. See, [or exam pi c, the [ollowing: "Was?? Du 46. " P. G. Riddles and ursery Rhymes," jAF, weescht net was der Eilesch piggel iss??," Vol. I, N o.2 Vol. 19 (1906), pp. 11 3-121. Includes P. G. riddles in ( ept., 1943), p. 9, whi ch includes a n Eilcschpiggel tale; a fo lktale se tting. "All es un Ecnich Ebbcs," N o.2, p . 13, a nccdote; " Eile 47. Stoudt, John Joseph. " P. G. Folklore: An Interpreta schpiggel-Sch toris un Schwowe-Schtreech," 10. 3 (Dec., tion," in. Publica tions of the P. G. Folk/Me Societ)', Vol. 1943), pp. 7-8, thrce ta lcs se nt in by Vi ctor Dieffcnbach, 16, All entown, Pa.: Schlechter'S, 195 1, pp. 159- 170. In William F. Yoder, a nd D . C. Kell cr; " Eile chpiggel cludes a brief mentio n of P. G. fo lktales. Schtori s" a nel " Der E isenha nnes," by R . R . Lch, N o.4 ( farch, 1944), pp. 3-4, two tales: "All es un Ee ni ch Ebbes," by D. C. Kell er, 10. 4, p . 7, two a necdo tes; "Zwee Schwowe- chlOris," by 'Willia m F. Yoder, N o. 4, p. 8, three tales; "Deel Sch lO ris," by R cv. F. ' !\f . Ruth, 10. 5 (June. 1944), pp. 3-4, three a necdotes; " Der - - - Ei se ha nnes iss cn Schmaerter 1 ad !," by J ames Ernst, Regional Folklore in the United States 10. 6 (Aug., 1944 ), pp. 5-6; " Paar Schtoris," Vo l. II, 10. I (r\ug., 1944), p. 'I, [our a necdotes, se nt in b y D . C. Kell er, F. \\I. Ruth, O . P. Kna uss, a nd R . R . Leh; " En schwarzi Ka tz iss net en ' Veiss i Daub!! ," by Fred E. Lewi s, 10. 2 (Feb., 1945), p . 3, three a necdotes; " Paar Schtoris un R eim c," 10 . 2, pp. 5-6, four anecdotes by D . C. Kell er, D . G eorge Kne ht, a nd Schuhma nn Ro hr bach ; " Em Fecki e sei Unglick," by Isaac S. Eshl eman, I o. 2, p. 7, a necdote; "SchtoTi s, a ll es un ee ni ch Ebbes," by J acob Yoder, N o. 3 (June, 1945), pp. 4-5, two a nec dotes; " Na u geb du 1\1 001 en chtori !," by D . C. Kell er, 10. 4 (O ct. , 1945), pp. 2-3, two a necdotes; " lau geb du 1\ 1001 en Schtori ," by R ev. F. \\I. Ruth, N o . 5-6 (do uble iss ue, pring, 1946), pp. 10- 11 , three a n ecdo t ~s; Richard M. Dorson "'Li eb dei Naegschte,''' by C. P. W engcr, N os. 5-6, pp. 11 - 12, a necdote; o n pp. 18-21 o[ this last iss ue ar [our a necdotes by R ev. [C larence] R ahn, Da n Keller, a nd A. F. Buffington. 36. R oseJlberger, H omer. "The i Vitch of i!\ferner' 1\ I ill ," K e)'stone Folldore Q uarterly, Vol. 2 (\vinter, 1957-8), pp. 104-108. A retold tale [rom Sugar Vall ey; no in forma nt. 37. aur, Christo ph. VeTSch iedene aite und neli eTe Ge sch ich ten von ETSc heinungen de)' Geister, G erma ntown, Pa.: Sa ur, 17'14. One o[ thc ea rli es t coll ecti o ns of traditional Germa n-, \merica r; ghost tales, in G erma n. See th e P ennsylvania Folhlife section. 38. Seip'"Elisa beth C. "Witch-Finding in W estern 1\[ ary la nd, jAF, Vo l. I-I (190 1), pp . 39-44. Includes several P. G. witch tales in E ngli sh ; lacks info rma nts' full names. 39. Shoemaker, H enry i'V. Pennsylvania M ountain tOTies, Bradfo rd, Pa.: Bradford R ecord Publ is hing Co., 1908. Includes a few legends a nd tales abo ut P. G .s, but no informa nts. A very literary treatment; may not be [olk ma terial a t all. r\ few o th cr tales co nnected with the P. G.s may b fo und in Shoemaker' o ther writings, but they are not wo rth exa mining as sc holarl y ma teri al; they are unreli abl e. 40. Simons, Isaac Shirk. "Folklo re of the P. G.s," unpub li shed '\1..-\ . dissertatio n, no location, 191 5. ee th e Pen ll s), lvan ia Foli 32 48. wope, Pi erce Edward. "P. G. Anecdotes," H istorical tai n a retold witch tale; no informant. R eview of B er/u COllnty, Vol. 4 (January, 1939), pp. 53. \\ ood, R a lph. " P. G . l a ll 'torie ," Ech, July 13, 1940. 50-5 1; Vo l. 5 (O ctober, 1939), p. 22. Discussion with examples in the dialect; informant not 49 . --. " I'. G . Humor," AmeTican-Gennan R eview, Vol. . named . 6 (February, 1940), pp. 7-8, 35. 54. Yoder, Don. " Folklore from the H egin a nd Iaha n 50. Weiser, Charles, ed ... "T old by Sim chma I7gsicht," tongo Valley," Ech, O ct. 4, 1947: 1. Folk tories, ev Ech, l\ Iay 3, 1958. fi ve dIalect a necdotes from Si1n era l tales in the dia lect g iven without translation, to Schmalzgsichl's O W /l M agazine, The Only Humorous illu trate type found, with some informant mentioned P. G . Publica tio n in the nited States. in the introducti on, but not a ttached to pecific tales; 5 1. Wintemberg, W . F. "German Folk-T ales Collected in Oct. 25 a nd '0 \'.2, 1947: 11h . l\[aking Fun of Other , Ca nada," J AF, Vol. 19 ( 1906), p p. 24 1-244. Five tra includes several di alect a necdotes. d itional tales in Engli sh from the P. G .s of Ontario; 55. Pennsylvania Spirituals, Lanca ter : Pennsyl- only o ne infonna nt mentioned. va nia Folklife ociety, 1961. "The 'Lining- Out' J ests," 52. Wintemberg, W . F. "Items o f German-Canadian Folk pp. 130-132, gives three va riants o f a preacher a nec Lore," j A F XII ( 1899), pp. 45-50. The last page co n- dote, with new pa per ources ci ted. Part II Folktale Index to "The Pennsyivania Dutchman" and "Pennsylvania Folklife" Due to the large number of fo lktales and anecdotes ap Anecdote about P. D . from the Doylestown Democrat, peari ng in the pages of Pennsylva nia Folhlife, I have se pa 1838. 14. Ba il er, "Aunt" ophi a. " H ow to top a Witch," Vol. rated the folkta le ind ex for this p u blication from the rest of IV, O. I (i\ Iay, 1952), pp. 8, 9. evera l hex tales in the bibliograph y. The magazine ·was begun in 1949 as The Engli sh by a famous P. D . powwow doctor, presen ted Pennsylvania Dutchman, p u b li shed weekly in newspaper in letter form ; a n excell e nt example o[ " [olk" writing. fo rmat u nd er the editorship of Drs. A](red L. Shoemaker, 15. ---. " l\ I y Encounter with 'a Leba non Ghost'," Vol. III, No. 18 (Feb. 15, 1952), p. 5. A ve ry interesting Don Yoder, a nd J. \ ,Vi ll iam Frey. The magazi 'ne is now pub " true" account o[ this powwow doctor's ex perience lished q uarterly u nder the title Pennsylvan ia Folklife, which with a ghost, based on traditiona l lines a nd using it adopted in 1957. It is perha ps o ne of the most unique " folk" spelling a nd phraseology. fo lklore publications, for, throughout its history, the con 16. ---. "Witches . . . I H ave Known," Vol. IV, No. I (l\ [ay, 1952), p. 8. l\ fore wi tch tales in undoctored tributors have been largely the " folk" themselv es, ra ther letter [orm. than professionall y trained fo lklorists. This fact is evident in 17. Barbo ur, J ohn, col. . "Dick H armo n T a les," Vol. V, reading this bibliograph y, for the "authors" of many of the No. 14 (l\ Iarch 15, 1954), p. II. ix tales about a local articles a nd small er contributions are actually their own in character, with in[ormant named; direct transcriptio n. formants. This makes for a p leasantly infonnal a nd "folksy" 18. Bechtel, E. "Confusion," Vo l. II, No.2 (May 15, 1950), p. 2. Anecdo te about P. D . type of publica tion, but one often lacking in the schol arl y 19. "Bechtelsv ill e" (pseudo.). "Two tudents," Vol. V, a na lysis which is of great help to serious students of folklore. No. 12 (Feb. 15, 1954), p. 9. Anecdote. T he present editor, Don Yoder, is a ttempting to make the 20. Beck, J ames N. " H etty Bomeisler and Some Irish magazine more usefu l to fo lklorists outside of the P. D . Spooks," Vol. I ll, O. 10 (O ct. 15, 195 1), pp. 3,4,7. A literary narrative abo ut a revenant, u in !} dialect community, as well as to those within it; also, the sco pe of conversation with tra nslati o n, [rom Phila. Evening Pennsylvania Folklife is being broadened to include, at last, Bulietill , 1858. all fo lk traditions within the Sta te, not m erely those of the 2 1. "Life Among the Bushwackers- J ohn H am- Pennsylvania Genna ns. The fact rema ins, however, tha t mersc hmidt of Berks," Vo l. III, 10.8 (Sept. 15, 195 1), pp. I , 2, 3, 7. Li terary ta les about revena nt, witches, this bibli ography covers past issues o f a magazin e intended hidden treasure, from Phila. Evening Bulietin, 1858. for the P. G. fo lk a nd often fill ed by them. 22. Bender, Rhoda. "omerset J est," Vo l. I, No. 16 (,\ ug. I. A., l\ I. B. "House Butsa," Vol. III, No. 3 (June I , 18, 1949), p. I. Anecd o te. 195 1), p . 7. Dialect anecdote. 23. "Somerset J est, " Vol. I , No. 17 (Aug. 25 , 2. "About H is Cheek," Vol. Ill, No.9 (Oct. I, 195 1), 1949), p. 4. Anecdote. p. 2. Anecdote about a l\ Ienno nite minisJer, (rom the 24. Benne tch, l\Iarlin. "Knows His Drinks," Vol. t , N o. R eading Tim es and Dispatch, 1874. 24 (l\ Jarch, 1950), p. 2. Dia lect anecdote. 3. dair, Mrs. H enry. "I n Doubt," Vol. I, N o. 18 (Sept. 25. --. "The Lo t Penny," Vol. 1, 0.22 (Ja n. , 1950), I , 1949), p. I. Anecdote. p . 5. Anecd ote. 4. " An ' All ' Story," Vol. 1, N o .2 (May 12, 1949), p. 4. 26. Berky, A. S. "Folkta les," Vol. Ill, No.6 (Aug. I , Anecdote; no source. 195 1), p. 2. Two local legend ; no informa nts. 5. Andreas, J eremiah ' <\T. " l\ I y Great Grandmother, " 27. "Better as Bo th," Vo l. IV, No.4 (Aug., 1952), p. 9. Vol. X, No. I (Spring, 1959), pp. 42-43. R etold Anccd otc about P. D., from Saturday Evening Post, legends from Germa n y. 1858. 6. "Anecdote of the Spanish-Ameri ca n \ Var," Vol. V, No. 28. " A Bewitched Boy .. ' Vol. I I, No. 10 (O ct. 15, 1950), 10 (Ja n. 15, 1954), p. 11. Ab.out P. D .; no date, so urce. p. 3. Literary hex ta le from Ha nover H em/d, 1875. 7. "Another 'All ' Story," Vo l. 1, O. 5 (June 2, 1949), p . 29. "A Black Ca lf's H ead o n thc H a unted Crossroads," 2. No source. Vol. JJ I, '0. 19 (l\ Jarch I, 1952), p. 2. Literary local 8. Ashby, Ieredith Wil liam. "Young Widow," Vol. V, ta le about artificial mo nster, [rom Gettys burg R e/nlbli No. 12 (Feb. 15, 1954), p. 15. R etold ghost tale; no ca n Com/lila, 1845. informant. 30. Black, ;\1. B. " En lrisher U n En Dcitschcr," Vo l, 9. B., E. 1. "Bed delmenner," Vol. II, No. 9 (O ct. I , 11 , '0. 12 ( 10V. 15, 1950), p. 3. Dia lect a necdote. 1950), p. 5. Dialect a necdote. 3 1. "Black Pony," Vo l. I V, No. I 0 (Ja n. 15, 1953), p. 2. 10. B ., 1. "A Little Coy," Vol. I, No. 15 (A ug. II, 1949), p. Anecdote about P. D ., from Saturday Evening Post, 7. Anecdote. 1857. I I. " Not the Answer," Vol. I, No. 14 (A ug. 4, 32. Bomberger, C. l\I. "The Bull," Vo l. ll, No. 16 (Jan. 1949), p. 3. A necdote. IS, 195 /), p. 8. Literary a necdote. 12. "Der Babbegoi," Vol. I, No.2 (;\ [ay 12, 1949), p. 2. 33. --. "J onas," Vol. 11 , 10. 10 (Oct. IS, 1950), pp. Anecdotal tale in dia lect wi th translation; no so urce. 1,7. From the a u thor's "P. D. Sketches;" includes two 13. "Bad Neighbors, " Vo l. I V, No.2 (J une, 1952), p. 3. dialect a necdotes wi th translations. 33 "i\Ianheim," Vol. II, No. 17 1 (Feb. 1, 195 1), 6 1. "Der Eil aschpig!Se l," Vol. 1, No. 12 (july 2 1, p. 8. I nc! udes se veral anecdotes. 19<19), p. 7. ',\ se t of dI alect tales abo ut this famo us 35. - -. "Der Pappy," Vol. I, No. 16 (A ug. 18, 1949) , trickster, presumably from th e repertory of the a uthor p. 7. Retelling of a supernatural tale. "Der Oldt Ba uer. " ' 36. --. "Del' Pappy," Vol. I, No. 16 (,\ug. 18, 1949), 62 . --. "Old Philpy," Vol. V, No.6 (O ct. , 1953), p. 14. p. 7. A few retold ta les. A skeleton tale, with th e info rmant mentio ned . 37. Bowman, John Butz. "Sch uylkill Boatmen and Their 63. " Peddlers I R emember," Vol. XIV, No. I Ways," Vol. IX, o. I (Winter, 1957-58), pp. 18-23. (O ct.,. 1964), pp. 38-48. An inLeresting se t of 26 On pp. 21- 22 twO anecdote are retold, with informa nt remInisce nces about itinera nt peddlers in Berks mentioned. COUnLy, so me of which are traditional folktales ; in 38. Breidigam, Amos F. "Good R eply," Vo l. II, No. 6 Engli sh, using P. D . phrases and ex pressions. (Aug., 1950), p. 7. Anecdo te, mostly in the dialect. 64. --. "Some Lore o n H ens," Vol. IV, N o.7 (I ov., 39. Brendel, J ohn B., col. " A Dutch Pied Piper T a le," 1952), p. 6. Incl udes se veral anecdotes. Vol. 1, No.8 (June 23, 1949), p. 2. Dialect folktale 65. --. "Tramps of ]\ Iy Yo uth," Vol. X, N o. 1 (S pring, with tra nslatio n; infonnant, date, a nd pia e of collec 1959), pp. 8-14,On p. 13 the a uthor summarizes several tion li sted. tales LO ICl I)y P. D. Ir amps, a nd mentio ns their 40. "J ohnnie W eitze l and His Two Old ]\ [aid names. Sisters," Vol. IV, No. 1 (]\fay, 1952), p. 11. Five tales 66. - - . "'Vi m er on th e Farm," Vol. IV, 10. 13 (l\J arch allached to local personal ities. I , 1953), pp. 2-3. R eminiscences, including a lew 4 1. --. "A Mock Commu ni o n," Vol. I , o. 15 (Aug. a necdotal tales. I I , 1949), p. 2. Informant, da te a nd place arc li sted. 67. - -' . "A 'Vitch and H er Dog," Vol. IV, 10 . 14 42. - -. "Treasure of th e Buck's Barrick," Vol. I, N o. (April, 1953), pp. 2, 10. A fo lktale from th e a uthor's 10 (Jul y 7, 1949), p. 2. A local legend, with infonna nt gra ndmoth er. . named. 68. Diegel, Barbara A. "Valuabl e Scarecrow," Vol. V, N o. 43. "Two Folktales," Vol. I, No. 11 (July 14, 14 (l\ farch 15, 1954) , p. 9. Anecdote. 1949), p. 2. Two tales, one in Engli sh, o ne in dialect; 69. Drucke nbrod, Richard. "Some Parso n T ales," Vol. V, no informants. 10. 14 (l\ /arch 15, 1954), p. 5. S ven ta les in Engli sh; 44. Buck, William J. " I-loop Snake a nd White H are," info rma nt na med. ' Vol. IV, No. 13 (l\J arch I , 1953), p. 15. R eminisce nces 70 . " Dutch E ngli sh," Vo l. II, No. 12 (Nov. 15, 1950), p. 6. of life in Bucks Co. in the 183 0's, with a few loca l Incl udes several a necdotes. legends mentio ned. 7 1. "A Dutch Story." Vo l. IV, No.2 (June, 1952), p. 4. 45. - - . "Hunting Elbedritches," Vol. IV, No. 12 (Feb. Anecdote a bo ut P. D ., from Sunbury American, 1842. 15, 1953), p. 2. A disc uss ion of the P. D. version of the 72. "The Dutch Widower," Vol. V, No. 3 (July, 1953), "snipe hunt," with incidents reca ll ed . pp. 16, 14. A di alogue a necdote from a Doylestown 46. Buffingttln, Albert F. ("Der Nixnutz"). "Gott Seega pa per of 1852. Selli Kuui," Vol. I , 10 . 9 (June 30, 1949), p. 3. 73. "Dutch Witness," Vo l. V, N o.9 (J a n. I , 1954), p. 13. Di alect a necdote. r\necdote a bout P. D. from orristown H erald and 47. "Buying Ca ttle," Vol. I, N o. 12 (July 21, 1949), p. 1. Free Press, I 50. Di alogue a necdote in the dialect, from an old clipping. 74. "The Dutchma n and the C ircuit Rider," Vo l. III, N o. 48. "Can't Be Cheated," Vol. IV, No.4 (A ug., 1952), p. 3. 3 (June I , 195 1), p . 6. Anecdote; no so urce. Anecdo te a bout P. D., from Germantown T elegrajJh, 75. "Dutchma n J es ts," Vol. lI, No. 20 (M arch 15, 195 1), 1855. p. 3. Five a necdotes from Pe nnsylvania pa pers of 49. "Civil W ar Anecdote," Vo l. 11, No. 18 (Feb. 15, 195 1), th e 185 0's. . p. 2. Anecdote about P. D., fro m L ancaster inquire?', 76. " Dutchma n J ests," Vol. IV, No.4 (Aug., 1952), p . 4. 1863. Anecdo tes a bo ut P . D ., from the Satw'day Evening 50. "Clever Farmer," Vo l. I, No. 12 (July 2 1, 1949), p. 3. Post, 1932. Dialect a necdote; no source. 77. "Dutchma n's Answer," Vol. Ill, o. 7 (Sept. I , 195 1), 5 1. Coffroth, Frederi ck F., col. "The Legend of Spoo ky p. 7. Anecdote, from The D emocratic P)'ess, 1853 . H ollow a nd Other Somerset County T ale ," Vol. III, 78. Evelan, R ay. "The T alking T urkey a nd Othcr Folk No.7 (Se pt. I , 195 1), p . 2. ix good local legends deal, T ales," Vol. IV, No. 7 (Nov., 1952), pp. 2, 12. Three ing with ghosts and treasures; informants named . tales in the dialect with translati o ns, fr om th e a uthor's 52. "Contrary," Vol. IV, No.3 (July, 1952), p. 4. Anecdote column, " Des un Sel," in the l'Vesl Schu)llhill Press, a bo ut P. D . from Norristown Free Press, 1832 . 1948, 1949; no informa nts. 53. Davis. T arring S. "A H enry H o uck Story," Vol. I, 79. Eyles, Arthur H. "Dutch Englis h," Vo l. II, No. 6 10. 13 (Ju ly 28, 1949), p. 5: Anecdote from the a u ([\ ugust, 1950), p. 2. Several P . D . a necdo tes. thor's Th e Schools of Pennsy lvania with Particular 80. Fa ust, l\Iary J. "A H e nry H o uck tory," Vo l. n , 10. R eference (0 T hose of B lair County. 13 (Dec. I , 1950), p. 5. A numskull ta le, mostly in the 54. "Deeds of D aring of 'Lo uis the R obber,''' Vol. 11 , dialect, with tra nslati on. No. 9 (O ct. I , 1950), p. 4. R etold acco unLS of a n 8 1. Faust, Willis D . "A Lad 's R etort," Vol. II, No. 5 ,\ dams County criminal, from the PhiladeljJhia Tim es, (july, 1950), p. 3. Anecrlote. . 1896; the tales were probably derived from P. D. in 82 . --. "Tricks," Vol. II, No.5 (July, 1950), p. 4. formants. ,\ necdote. 55. "Defence for Bigamy," Vol. IV, No.2 (June, 1952), 83. "Wise or Otherwise," Vo l. I, No.4 (l\T ay 26, p. 5. Anecdote about P. D. from the Doylestow n I !.H9), p . 2. .\ necdote a bo ut Charles Schmidt. D elllocrat, 1856 . Fike, Tedford L , col. "Bad l\J a n's Rocks," Vol. Ill, 56. "The Devil in Sali sbury," Vol. I, No. 22 (jan., 1950), ' 0. 8 (Sept. 15, 195 1), p . l. Loca l legend; no in p. 2. A retold loca l talc from the Allentow n D elllo formant. crat, 1866. 85. "Cry of Wildca t," Vol. III, No.7 (Sept. I , 57. Dieffenbach, Victor C. "Butchering D ay o n the Farm," 195 1), p. 2. Somerset County tale; no infonnant. Vol. IV, No.9 (jan. I , 1953); pp. 14- 15. R em inis, 86. --. "G host and \Vi tch Lore of Lower Turkeyfoot ce nces, whi ch include some a necdotes. Valley." Vol. 11 , No.4 (June 15, 1950), p. 2. R etelling 58. --. "Cow Lore from Berks Cou nty," Vol. IV, No. of nine local talcs; no informants. 2 (june, 1952), pp. 6-7. Includes severa l tales; sup' 87. "The Pro pheti c H arp," Vol. II, No. 19 posed ly the a uthor is his own informa nt. (~ f arc h 1, 195 1), p. 2. Ten folkta les a nd legends from 59. --. "The Cow That \ Vas Ferhexed," Vo l. IV, No. Somerset County; no informa J1ls. 2 (june, 1952), p. I I. ,\n inci dent based o n folk 88. "Turkeyfo ot Tales," Vo l. III, o. 5 (July 1, mo ti fs . 195 1), pp. 3, Ten local legends from omerse t 60. "Eating W ager," Vo l. XII, No.2 ( ummer, County; no informants. 196 1), pp. 7 1- 72. This humorous talc was reprinted 89. " Folk Speech," Vol. IT , No. 15 (Jan. I, 1951), p . 3. in Foli(wa)'s, Vol. I, N o. I ('fiLY, 1962), pp. 32-33. , \necdo te lrom the j\{ oravian, J 857. 34 103. " Miscellaneous T ales Pi cked Up H ere and There," VoL II, o. 9 (Oct. I , 1950), p. 2. Eight anecdotes; no informants. 104. Guldin, EtheL "The Ghost of Long Lane," VoL III, 0.6 (Aug. I , 195 1), p. 2. A local legend from R ead ing. 105. H ., B. i\ L C. "En Glay Iaidel," Vol. V, o. 12 (Feb. 15, 1954), p. 2. Dialect anecdote. 106. --. "En Gl ee i\feedel," Vol. II, TO. 4 (June 15, 1950), p. 4. Dialect anecdote. 107 . H., i\L E. "1m Backoffa," VoL II, No.8 ( ept. 15, 1950), p. 5. Dialect anecdote. 108 H andwerk , vValter T . "Blue Mountain ketches," Vol. V, o. 13 (I\larch I , 1954), p. 8. Four anecdotes, partly in dialec t. 109. --. " Houck Again," Vo l. 1, 10. 20 ( ov., 1949), Devoted to Pennsylvania Dutch Folk. Culture p. 5. Dialect anecdote. 11 0. H artman, H arvey H. "Dissi nger Tale," Vol. II, No. II ( 'ov. I , 1950), p. 4. Anecdote. I I I. --. "J ests and Legends from Upper Bucks," Vol. II, No.7 (Sept. I , 1950), p. 2. Thirteen good anec dotes and tal es, u ing the d ialect, with translati ons; no informants. 11 2. "Likes Old Way," VoL II, No. 10 (Oct. 15, 1950), p. 4. Anecdote. 11 3. --. "i\fixed Languages," Vol. II, No. II (Nov. I 1950), p. 2. Anecdote. 11 4. --. "Some Dutch J es ts," VoL II, 10 . 15 (Jan. I , 195 1), p. 2. Eleven anecdotes, apparently from the author's repertory. 11 5. H arvey, J ohn. "Bed R ates at Old H otel," VoL III, No.8 (Sept. 15, 195 J), p. 3. Dialect anecdote. 116. H eilman, Anna Fry. " Contrary Butter, " Vol. I , No. WillY BROWN OF MAHANTONCO 8 (J une 23 , 1949), p. 2. Anecdote. 11 7. " H ell Not Far Off," Vol. IV, No.2 (June, 1952), p. 4. Anecdote about P. D ., fTom Sunbury American, 1842. 118. H enneberger, George, col. "Franklin County Lore," Vol. II, TO . 5 (July, 1950), p. 3. Two local legends; Title-page of " The Pennsylvania Dutchman" for informant named. June, 1952, featming the folktales and folksongs 11 9. H enry, John C. "How Tyrone Got Its arne," VoL of Willy B1·o wn of Mahantango. III, 0.20 (March 15, 1952), p. 6. Place name origin tale from Democratic Watchman of Bell efonte, 1874. 120. H enry, Matthew S. "Witches and Witchcraft in Northampton County," Vol. Ill, No. 17 (Feb. I , 1952), 90. Frantz, forris (informant). "A Riddle," VoL V, No. pp. 2, 3. Includes local hex tales; no informants. 9 (Jan. I , 1954), p. 4. Dialect riddle tal e and trans 121. H enry, Ruth, and VV. A. R eagan. "Superman Riley," lation, from R eading. Vo l. IV, No.6 (Oct. , 1952), p. II. Two legendary 9 1. Freeman, Kathryn E. "Spooks Are Born," Vol. V, No. accounts of this local character, in letter form. I 0 (Jan. 15, 1954), p. 12. The origin ation of a ghost 122. Himmelreich, J ohn. "The D angling H eart," Vol. I, story. o. 16 (A ug. 18, 194 9), p. 2. This traditional tale was 92. Frey, H. C. "Sl aymaker's Ghost at Punkin Center," told by the above in the 1880's; no source. Vol. V, TO . 8 (Dec., 1953), p. 14. R etold legends about 12 3. H o ll enbach, Ida V. "Some H eidelberg T ales," Vol. a loca l "ghost;" informants named. I, No. 18 (Sept. I , 1949), p. 2. Seven anecdotes, some 93. G., A. "Fortune Told," Vol. 1, TO. 18 (Sept. I , 1949), in di alect; no informants. p. 5. Anecdote. 124. ---. "Toad W as n't T ode," Vol. II, o. 7 (Sept. 94. "A Quick An swer," Vol. I, No. 18 (Se pt. I , I , 1950), p. 7. Anecdote. 1949), p. 3. Anecdote. 125. Holl enbach, J ohn (R ev.). "Snyder County J es ts," Vol. 95. Geiger, Christ. "Field Notes on Schuylkill County I V, N o.7 ( ov., 1952), p. 6. Two anecdotes. Folklife," VoL XII, TO. 2 (S ummer, 1961), p. 71. 126. "Honest Dutchman," Vol. IV, 0.6 (Oct. , 1952), p. 14. R eminiscences col lected under WPA, including two Anecdote about P. D., from Doylestown D emocrat, tales, one of which was reprinted in Folkways, Vol. 1, 1859. No. I ( l ay, 1962), p. 32; informants, age, and co ll ect 127. H orn, H elen R . "A H enry H ouck Story," Vol. II, ing dates li sted . No.4 (June 15, 1950), p. 2. Story about a local per 96. "The Ghost of Chew's W all- A Legend of German sonality; informant named. town," Vol. V, No. 7 (Nov., 1953), pp. 2-3, 4, 6. A 128. "Die Huffa Karrich, " VoL I, o. 2 (May 12, 1949), 19th Century short story about P. D .; no author, so urce. p. 7. Anccdote; no so urce. 97. Gibbons, J H . "Buried Treasure Legend Stirs York 129 . Hunsberger, Angeline. "Taken In," Vo l. V, N o. 13 Vi cinity," Vol. III, No.8 (Sept. 15, 195 1), p. 4. Dis (J\ Iarch I , 1954), p. 2. Two anecdotes. cuss ion of the effect of a loca l legend. 130. "Intelligence," Vo l. Ill, o. 7 (Se pt. I , 195 1), p. 3. 98. Gingrich, F. W. "N eversink," Vol. V, o. 12 (Feb. 15, A " Yankee and Dutchman" anecdote from The Demo 1954), p. 7. Pl ace name origin tale. cratic Press, 1848. 99. "Good Cider," Vol. IV, o. 1 (J\J ay, 1952), p. 3. 13 1. "A n Irish Bu II," Vo l. II, N o . 2 1 (A pril 1, 195 1), p. 4. An ecdote a bou~ P. D. from Gettysburg Sentinel, 185 7. "Dutchman-Irishman" anecdote from Chronicle of the 100. Groah, Patrick, col. ':The Bay of Hounds T a le," Vol. T imes, 1823. III, No. 7 (Se pt. I , 195 1), pp. 2, 4. Fi ve tales; in 132. "It All Depends On One's Upbringing," Vol. IV, No. form ant named. 4 (A g., 1952), p. 14. Anecdotc about P. D. from 101. Groff, N. H . "The Fog Thickens," Vol. II, o. 3 Gettys burg Sentinel, 1857. (June I , 1950), p. 2. Dialect ta ll tale with translation. 133. J acobs, Birdes A. "Iss Der DiRe Uffenbore?," Vol. II, 102. Gruber, H . W ayne. "Dialect J ests," Vol. I , o. 23 No.6 (Aug., 1950), p. 2. Dialect tales from the author's (Feb., 1950), p. 2. Four anecdotes. grandmother, with translations. 35 134. "J oe R ab er's G ho51," Vol. Ill, N o. 13 (D ec. I, 195 1), p. 2. Two loca l legends from L eba non Da ily T imes, 1884, 1885. WITCH Tales 135. J ordan, J oseph W . " M oravia n Lore .. . ," Vol. IV, 0.7 (N ov., 1952), p. 7. R eminiscences, in luding re from Adams County te lling of severa l local tales. Hccorded b) DON YOOF:I~ IbOO out of York County) h.1 bold an IUltr!""tlllg .eU/rm nt 136. K., 1. L. "A Five-Yea r-Old," Vo l. V, N o . 12 (Feb. 15, IUlItor" an,l a (lIatln.llm!; 1nlll.I"\i folJ,;-cultut(' a. a t('111t In tI. sen.: It IS a. mlrtO<'o>m of Pcnn yhaJU.l folkllfl' In !Iut It 1954), p . 9. Anecd o te. had all the IIlgn:'(!It'IIL' tlill molded r':1fI)" 1'1'1lIl:}lv,Inla Fr:mJ... Ed,!'rt "IL:: ~n C)(I'o('(ltI1CC to J...nu,,-(lnc uf thu..e QU:lkrr, l:icotch·lmh, :lnd Prnn,;yh',InJa Dulch. In .1dtlJtlUn 1J('n.on~ "ho In Ihem'o(.,hc repre.>(!nt.:m CrJ and ,I II.!) of 137. Kelchner, i\Iiles 1\I. "Dumm," Vo l. V, N o. 13 (M arch Ibl're \ 36 176. .. 'ot Astonished," Vol. II, o. 7 (Sept. I, 1950), p. 2. 1959), pp. 43-44. Ketold local legend from a uthor's Dialect anecdote; no source. grandfa ther. 177. " lo t Particular," Vo l. I V, No.7 ( ov., 1952), p. 16. 20 . --. "Tales o[ Old Pastor Frie," Vol. 111 , 1'\0. 13 Anecdote about P. D ., [rom Germantown T elegraph (Dec. I , 195 1), p. 6. Four legend about a P. D. min 1858. ' ister of Buffalo Valley, u ing dialect; informant men 178. "An Oft-repeated Folktale," Vol. IV, No.4 Aug., tioned for two. 1952), p. 13. Litel¥'lrY retelling o[ a tale, [rom Lebanon 209. --. "Tom H arter necdote," Vol. V, No.9 (Jan. Independent, 1883. I , 1954, pp. 5, 13. A necdote about P. D. wri ter. 179. "Old J a ke I finkle's Obituary," Vol. I V, '0. J (]\/ ay, 210. hoemaker, Alfred L., col. "The Barber's Ghost," 1952), p. 4. Anecdote abou t P. D., [rom Pottsvi lle Vol. Ill , '0. 19 (ilfarch I , 1952), p. 2. Newspaper Miners' j ournal, 1849. version of a tale the author coll ected [rom a P. D. I O. "De Olda Tseita," Vol. 11 , o. 9 (Oct. I , 1950), p. 8. informan t, about a ghost prank tha t backfired, from Anecdote. Gettysburg R epublican ompilel', 1857. 18 1. "On ,Wro ng Side," Vol. IV, 10. 4 (Aug., 1952), p. 5. 2 11. --. "The Blacksmith 'Vho Forgot H is l atches," Anecdote about P. D ., [rom Saturday Evening Post, Vo l. HI, 10. 2 1 ( pril I , 1952), p. 2. Two good 1860. dialect tale with direct translations: informant named. 182. "}-\ Pastor's Ghost," Vo l. V, No.3 (July, 1953) , p. 4. 2 12. --. "A Dog on His Breast," Vol. III, O. 8 (Se pt. Retold legend, [rom H anover R ecord, n .d. 15, 195 1), p. 4. R etold hex tale; no informant. 183. "P. D. Humor," Vol. V, No.4 (A ug., 1953), pp. 8, 9. 2 13. --·"Dutchman J ests," Vol.IV, No.4 (Aug., 1952), Eighteen a necdotes about P. D . [rom Penna. papers p. 11 . Three anecdotes about P.D . from 19th Century of 19th Century. papers. 184. " Pennsy lva ni a J ests," Vol. Ill, No.3 (June I , 195 1), 2 14. --. "Dutchma n J ests from th e Germantown T ele p. 2. Anecdotes about P. G.s, culled from Harper's graph," Vo l. Ill, O. 16 (Jan. 15, 1952), p. 4. Twelve j\faga zine, late 1870's. good a necdotes about P. D ., from 1830-60. 185. "The Phantom Fiddler oJ the vVelsh Mo untains," Vol. 2 15. --. "Hex Doctor Rides Tomcat," Vol. V, O. 12 II, O . 12 ( oV . 15, 1950), p . 2. Local legend, fr om (Feb. 15, 1954), p. 2. Two good dialect tales with R ea di ng Eagle, 1935 . tra nslatio ns; informa nt men tioned. 186. Pretz, R euben C. "Fel t Word I ndecent," Vol. II, O. 2 16. "India ns in Local Legend," Vo l. J, O. 19 4 (June 15, 1950), p. 3. Anecdote. (Se pt. 15, 1949), p. 2. P. D . informants named. 187. --. "A Mista ke," Vol. II, No.4 (June 15, 1950), 217. --. "Lo re a nd Legend of the Kuddelfl eck Coun p. 2. Anecdote. . try," Vo l. II, No. 9 (O ct. I. 1950), p. 2. J ncludes 188. R ahn, Claude J. "Slightly Dutch," Vol. III, O. 8 several retold loca l legends; intormant mentio ned. (Sept. 15, 195 f), p. 4. Anecdote. 2 18. "Oral TradItion About the Leba non "'N ater 189. R eagan, Bill. "Shmidt Shtory," Vol. V, 10. 14 Works," Vol. II, 1 0.2 (i\fay 15, 1950), p. 2. Includes (March 15, 1954), p. 14. Dialect a necdote. a discussio n of the P. D . folktale, as well as several 190. Rhoads, i\frs. Carlton. "Right Time," Vol. II, No. 2 tales; informants named . (i\f ay 15, 1950), p. 2. Anecdote. 219. --. "Der Ovvich Uns," Vol. V, N o. 10 (Jan. 15, 19 1. "Rockland Legend," Vol. II, 10. 21 (A pril I , 195 1), 1954), p. 4. Three dialect tales about sacrilege a nd p. 3. R etold legend from R eading W eekly Eagle, its puni hment, with translations; informa nt men 1893. ti oned. 192 . Rothenberger, Mrs. H arvey, col. "Eiles pigle," Vo l. V, 220. --. " P. D. Fairy Lore," Vol. IV, No. 12 (Feb. 15, O. 10 (Ja n. 15, 1954), p. 3. R etold tale; no in 1953), p. 3. Two r etold tales of fairi es from D el' formant. R efonniTte H ausfTeund. 193 . S., A. "Frog on Guard," Vol. I , N o. 14 (Aug. 4, 1949), 22 1. --. " P. D . Folktales About the M y terious," Vol. p. 3. Anecdote. IV, N o.9 (Ja n. I, 1953), p. 2. Four excell eI!t dialect 194. S., Mrs. A. R. "Strange Ques tion," Vol. I, 10. 25 tales with tra nsla tions; infonnant named . (April, 1950) , p. 3. Dialect anecdote. 222. "The P . D. In Early ewspaper Humor," 195. "W as Be tter Before," Vol. I, No. 25 (A pril, Vol. II, 10. 14 (Dec. 15 , 1950), p. 2. Includes nine 1950), p. 3. Anecdo te. a necdotes about P. D. 196. S., E. C. "Preacher Story," Vol. V, O. 11 (Feb. I , 223. " P. D. J ests from Early Issues of H arper's," 1954), p. 10. Anecdote. Vol. II, No. 17 (Feb. I , 195 1), pp. 2, 4. Eleven anec 197 . "'Schwope' Story," Vo l. V, O. 11 (Feb. I , dotes about P. D ., published prior to 1875. 1954), p. 7. lumsk ull tale, from a uthor's father.' 224. --. "P. D. J ests from the Leba non Courier," Vol. 198. S., O. S. '" II' Stori es," Vol. V, No. 11 (Feb. I , 1954), II, 10. 18 (Feb. 15, 195 1), p. 2. Five a necdotes about p. 2. Two a necdotes making li ght of the P. D. dialect. P. D., from 1846-5 1. 199. Sa nford, Mollie. "The Bas hful Boy," Vol. 1, No. 19 225. --. "The P. D. man in Philadelphia Alma nacs," (Sept. 15, 1949), p. 5. Anecdote. Vo l. III, 10. 10 (O cr. 15, J95 1), p. 2. Eleven anecdotes 200. --. " H oity-Toity," Vol. I, No. 19 (Sept. 15, 194 9). a bout P. D ., from I 850-70's. p. 5. Anecdote. 226. "A Sheaf of Dutchma n J e ts," Vol. IV, 10 . 20 I. Saur, Christopher. "The Ghost of Falkner wamp," 14 (April, 1953), p. J I. Eig ht a necdotes about P. D., Vol. II, O. 16 (Jan . 15, 195 1), p. 2. A traditional from Pa. papers of the 19th Century. folktale in tra nslation, from the a uthor's Geschichten 227. --. "A Sheaf of P. D. Folktales," Vol. V, No. II der Geister (Ghost Stories), German town, 1744 . (Feb. I. 1954), p. 5. ix excellent traditional dialect 202. Schrope, Lee E. " fa nny Counts the Snakes," Vol. tales, with tra nslations; infonn ant mentio ned . IV, No. 5 (Sept., 1957), p. II. Di alect a necdote. 228. --. "Some Dutchma n J es ts," Vol. IV, No. 3 (J ul y, 203. --. "Stories fr om the H egin s Valley," Vol. IV, 1952), p. 4. Six anecdo tes about P. D., from papers O. 13 (i\farch I , 1953), p. 8. R emi nisce nt dialect o f the 1850's mostly Doylestown Demon-at. anecdotes, from the a uthor's repertory. 229. "The Spook of Crow Hill," Vo l. I, No. 5 204. "Sei Net So Narrisch," Vol. II, No.9 (Oct. I , 1950), (June 2, 1949), p. 2. R etold ta le; informant not p. 4. D ia lect a necdote from H anover H erald, 1878. named. 205. Sheller, Adam. "A Legend of J oseph Young The 230. "Spook of H awk l\Iountain," Vol. I, No. 9 il formon Prophet," Vol. II, No.8 (ept. 15, 1 9~0), (J une 30, 1949), p. 2. Vari a nts of a local legend; some p. 3. Literary talc abou t Joseph mith in the char informa nts named. acter of a money digger among the P. G.s, from Isaac 23 1. "S tra nge T ale of i\furderess," Vol. I, No. 12 hirk Simons' unpublished i\ f. A. dis ertation, "Folk (July 2 1, 1949), p. 2. Local legend; no informant. lore of the P . G .s ." 232. --. "T ales They Tell Down Alleghe nyville Way," 206. Sh ively, J acob G. " Betz H ei lm a n, 'Witch,''' Vol. V, Vol. II, 10 . 10 (O ct. 15, 1950), p. 3. R etold loca l To.7 (Nov., 1953), p. 9. Tales about a Buffa lo Va ll ey legends; no informants. "witch ;" informants named. 233. --. "Tales Told About J essie Pa nnebecker," Vol. 207. --. "Old Sweitzer's Ghost," Vol. X , No. I (Spring, IU, 10.6 (A ug. I , 195 1), p. 2. Seven local legends 37 trom Lancaster Coullly; some informants mentioned. 26 1. "Temperance," Vol. IV, No.4 (Aug., 1952), p. 3. 234. Shoemaker, 'Villiam P., informant. "Es Fedder-Fi e necdote about P. D. [rom Pottsv ill e "1iners' j ournal, Hot Die Parra uff'm Strich," Vo l. I, No.7 (June 16, 185 0. 1949, p. 2. Dialect anecdote with tra nslati on. 262. "There W as ' Vitches in Lebanon ' Vunst," Vol. II, 235. --. "A Ghost on the Loose," Vo l. 1, No. 4 (May TO. 18 (Feb. 15, 195 1), pp. 3,4. Incl udes tales; from 26, 1949), p. 2. Dialect spook talc with tr a ~ , l a ti o n. an old newspaper cl ipping. 236. --. "A Hex and a H ead of Cabbage, Vo l. IT, 263. Von Steuben, I\ Iina L "Lover's Wish," Vo l. I , No. No. 15 (Jan. I , 195 1), p. 2. Dialect tale with trans 21 (Dec., 1949, p. 2. Anecdote. lation. 264. ' Ve iser, Anne E. "Seesie I\ I illich un Sa ueri e Millich," 237. --. "Learni ng to Be a Witch," Vol. I , No.3 (May Vol. V, No. I (May, 1953), p . 8. D iale t anecdote. 19, 1949), p. 2. Dialect hex ti le with translati on. 265. W etsell e, J. Stuart. " H en Ohl," Vol. I, No. 13 238. --. "Die i\Iawd U n Der Babbegoi," Vol. I, No. (Ju.ly 28, 1949), p. 5. Bragging tales; informant men 2 1 (Dec., 1949), p. 2. Dia lect tale with translati on. tioned. 239. --. "Der S hnitzler," Vol. II, No.9 (Oct. I , 1950), 266. "Der Hinkel J ohnny," Vo l. I , NO.4 (l\ [ay p. 7. D ialect anecdote. 26, 1949), p. I . Anecdotes about loca l character; 240. --. "S ittin g U p wi th a Corpse," Vol. I, No. 20 no infomlants. (Nov., 1949) , p. 2. Di alect tale with translati on. 267. W etze l, Charles M. "R abbit Hunting," Vo l. V, No. 24 1. --. "Spill s But No Matches, " Vol. I, No. 13 (July 10 (Jan. 15, 1954), p. 14. Incident with folk moti fs 28, 1949), p. 2. Dialect ta le with translati on. recall ed by author. 242. --. "Two Folktales," Vol. I, No. 19 (Sept. 15, 268. "The Witch of Bl ack Creek," Vol. III, No. 13 (Dec. 1949), p. 2. Dialect tales with transla ti ons. I , 195 1), p. 2. Local legend, from L ebanon Daily 243 . Showa lter, H. A. " Peeping into the Pas t," Vol. III, T imes, 1880. No. 20 (March 15, 1952), pp. I , 2. 5, 6. Includes tales 269. \'Voll enweber, L. A. "The T ale of Two D runkards," about the ecce ntrici ti es of bachelor Sammy noop, and Vol. II, No. 7 (Se pt. I , 195 0), p. 3. Dialect tale with others, wi th use of dialect; no informants. translati on on the T ambour J ockel theme, [rom the 244. Shuler, Paul E. "A H aunted H ouse," Vol. V, TO. 6 author's [J emaelde aus dem Penl1sylvanischen Volhs (Oct. , 1953), p. 15. Direct transcri ption; names in leben (Phila., 186 1); informant not named , but the formant. author says the tale was coll ected from a fa rmer in 245. --. " Mommy Allwine," Vol. V, N o.4 (Aug., 1953), Lehigh County. p. 4. R etold tale; no informant. 270 . W olpert, R obert, col. "Ghost and Dogs," Vo l. III, No. 246. Simons, Isaac Shirk. " H aunted Places and T ales of II (Nov. I , 195 1), p . 7. H aunted house legend; no Bl ack 1\1 agic," Vol. II, o. II (N ov. I , 1950), p. 2. informant. General d iscuss ion o[ haunted ho use, buried treasure, 271. "Yankee Meets Dutchman," Vol. II, o. 4 (.June 15, a nd witchcraft tales, with examples give n (one a 1950), p. 8. Anecdote about P. D ., [rom old scrap di rect transcription, the others retold), from the au book cl ipping. thor's unpubli shed M .A . thesis, "Folklore o[ the P. 272. "Yankee Outwits A Dutchman," Vol. II, No. 7 (Sept. G.s" (1915; no uni ve rsity given); no infomlants, but I , 1950), p. 2. Literary tale, from Pennsylvania R e areas of coll ecti ons gi ven. publican , 1842. 247. Smith, Earl G. W . "Yockel J ake," Vol. II, o. 10 273. " Yankee Outwitted," Vol. V, No. 14 (March 15, (Oct. 15, 1950), p. 7. Literary tale in dialect, by 1954), p. 10. Anecdote; no source. "Andonny Duwockmowl. " 274. Yeagley, George W . "Do You Beli eve in Spooks?," 24 . Smi th, Elsie. "Bas hful Girl," Vol. I, No. 20 ( To v., Vol. III, No. 2 (May 15, 1951), p. 2. Local ghost 19'19) , p. 8. Anecdote. legend. 249. --. "Wheelbarrow Talk," Vo l. I, N o. 13 (July 275. Yerger, Amos. " P. D. T all T ales," Vol. I, No. 24 28, 1949), p. 2. Tale. March, 195 0), p. 2. R etold tales; no info rmants. 250. mith, Norman A. "Der Alt H exa Zehner," Vol. I, 276. "A Yi elding Dutchman," Vol. IV, No. 5 (Sept., 195 7), No. 16 (A ug. 18, 1949), p. 2. Si x di alect tales. p. 13. Anecdote about P. D., from Germantown T ele 25 1. --. "Clever J est," Vol. II, No.5 (July, 1950), p. graph, 183 1. 2. Dialect anecdote with translati o n. 277. Yoder, Don, col. " Mahanto ngo Humor . . . R ecorded 252. . "The Oral Tradi ti on o f Lenhartsv ill e and from Willy Brown," Vol. IV, o. 2 (.June, 1952), p. Vi cinity, " Vol. I, No. 14 (A ug. 4, 1949), p. 3. Incl udes 2. Six anecdotes in the di alect with translations, seven tales; most of in fo rmants are named or partially from one of the fin es t P. D. folksingers. named . 278. . "SauCl"kraut in the Pennsylvani a Folk·Cul· 253. "T he .S pectre of the Pigeo n Hills," Vo l. II, No. 16 ture," Vo l. XII, No. 2 (S ummer, 19.61), pp. 56-69. (J an. 15, 195 1), p. 2. Literary ghost ta le about P. D ., Incl udes anecdotes: "The Sa uerkra u t Jests," three from R ea ding Ga ze ll e, 1845 ; o ne of the ea rl y ap jokes about sa uerkraut and the P. D . from newspa pearances of the phrase " P. D." pers and oral tradition, with info rmant and so urces 254. "S pook Stories," Vol. V, No.9 (Jan. I , 1954), pp. 8-9. cited, p. 69; "Sauerkraut in the Medical W orld," told Fi fteen Berks Coun ty ghost tales retold ; in fo nnan ts by H . W ayne Gruber, p. 68, reprinted in Folkways, named. Vol. I , No. I (l\lay, 1962), p. 34. 255. " pook Stories from O ld-Time R eading," Vol. II, 279. "Schnitz in the Pennsy lva n ia Folk·Culture," No. I I (Nov. I , 1950), p. 2. R etell i ng of several loca l Vol. XII, No.3 (Fall , 196 1), pp. 44-53. Incl udes tales, [rom B erli s and Schuylliill j ournal, 1873. several jests about schnitz (dried apples) WIth theIr 256 . Stahl, Albert G. "Ferhext," Vol. V, No.2 (June, sources. 195 3), p. 4. Dialect witch tale. 280 . --. "W itch Tales (rom Adams County," Vol. XII, 257. --. "\Vitchery in Emmaus," Vol. V, No.2 (J une, No. 4 (S ummer, 1962), pp. 29:-3 7. T he best short 1953), pp. 4, 15. Witch ta le, partly in d ialect; in coll ection of P. D. fo lktales, uS1l1 g the scholarly ap' forma nt mentioned. paratus of the fo lklorist. Nineteen traditional tales 111 258. "The Status of \ Vitchcraft in the P. D. Country To Eng li sh, fai thfull y transcnbed from the te1l1l1 g of day," Vo l. 111 , No. 18 (Feb. 15, 1952) , pp. I , 2, 3. Frank Eckert. R ic hard Dorson borrowed several of From a termpaper done at Frankli n and 1\ 1arshall the ta les fo r h is Buying th e Wind. Col lege by an un named P. D. boy. T he sectio n on 28 1. Yoder, Paul D. "Del' Yung Buu," Vo l. I, o. II " H ex Stories and \Vitches' Tales" incl udf's sum (J ul y 14, 1949), p. 2. Dialect anecdote. maries of such ta les coll ected by the author; inform 282. "The Young Amishman," Vol. II, No. 13 (Dec. I , ants names have bee n changed by the editor. 1950), p. 2. Tale of Am ish love; no source . 259. Strayer, George L. "Skunks," Vo l. lI, No.4 (J une IS, 2 3. Young, R obert B. " l\I oney, Sugar and Bread," Vo l. 1950), p. 5. Anecdote using d ialect. V, No. 14 ( l arch 15, 1954), p. 9. Three tales, ap 260. "Superman Riley," Vol. IV, 10. 4 (A ug., 1952), p. paren tl y from the a uthor's repertory. 8. Retelling of a P. D. fo lktale, from Easto n IVeehly 284. Zwall y, H . W ilso n. "Crud Bookk eping," Vol. I, o. A TgtlS. I 74. 21 (Dec., 1949), p. 2. Anecdote. 38 ITALIAN IMMIGRANT LIFE In Northampton County~ Pennsylvania~ 1890-1915 Pa rt II By CLEMENT VALLETTA V. HOUSING A D STRUCTURES rectly upstairs. The cell ar steps were beneath the up·ste p . A good outward indica tion of the Italian settlement ca n be The back door to the o utside faced the ce ll ar door. The given by considering the housing and structures. Foerster walls were of plaster and whitewashed. The fl oors were finds tha t " it is in the housing of our Italians, more perhaps un covered .1oo than a nywhere else, tha t their characteristi c impulses T he frame structures were a t first built by native car· show."03 The housing will reflect the influence of the penters.l01 Ita li an carpen ters also came to use their skills ex igencies inherent in the new se ttlements-exigencies that but no t initia ll y. The Ita li a ns were generall y imitativ e in ca ll ed for adaptations from the surrounding culture. Owner technica l matters in vo lving some sk ill. They tended to fol ship of his own home was a strong attraction to the fam il y low the patterns in building set by the nati ve carpenters. lov ing Ita li an . One of the chief objectives of the Ita li an in Such precedents were fo ll owed by the immigra nt, it seems, this co untry, 'Williams finds, was to own his own home. 09 H because of: (I) his lack of educa ti on and adaptibility, (2) his the home was so importa nt to the immigrant, it would be re immediate need for a shelter tha t was relatively inexpensive, vealing of him and his se ttlement to consider the so rt o[ home a nd (3) his tendency-especiall y outsid e the R osetan settle and furni hings he had. Moreover, the types of community ment-to buy or rent existing houses tha t were of the de structures should in some way re fl ect the community scribed kind. coopera tion . \Nh il e in outline the housing would follow these general vVhil e there were a few maso ns avail able in the earl y se ttle descriptions, there would be cultural and ci rcu mstantial ment, the first homes were main ly frame structures. The va ri atio ns. The Ita li ans would help somewhat in the con mos t common style-if it ca n be call ed tha t- had bas ica ll y struction, and they would have some say in the placing of the two upper a nd two lower-story rooms as well as a n attic and build ings. The Itali an would provide the basic labor. H e ce ll ar. The enclosed sta irway was in the ce nter of the first and his friends would dig the cel lar by pick and shovel. The fl oor with the doorway about fiv e to eight feet directly be· cel lars and cisterns were usual ly walled up with stones by an [ore the lront entrance. Thus, upo n entering one might go I ta li an mason. The Italian might layout the w.a lks which left to the kitchen, right to a bedroom (or parl or) or di- were of slate rejects [rom a local quarry. The houses were built with the wide front toward the road indicating, per haps, imitation and sufficiency o( expanse. The house would / / be set quite close to the road in order to allow as much la nd /' ,- < ,/ as poss ible lor the garden. This became a favorite complaint \ / o( la ter generations who did no t do a ny gardening and who \ MON ROE // ROSETO wanted some lawn in (ront. The first houses, however, were \ CO U NTV /' '. EAST6ANGOR not built with a fr ont porch wh ich when later added ex CARBON\ /'~ PE NAR(jY~ BAN GO R tended very near the front wa lk. COU N TV \ /./WII~D GAP The kitchell measuring perhaps twelve by fourteen feet \-.------was usually one of the larger rooms in the house. Since in it /PE NNSYLVAN IA "'as the large iron coa l stove providing heat, it wa actua ll y the li ving room. \ Vhat furni,hings there were were u ua ll y NO RlH AM PlON secondha nd ones bought at an auction or from a n American COUNTY clea ler.102 The immigrant might make some benches fo r the kitchen . A round wooden table was covered with o il cloth to faci litate cleaning. There was a lso a backl ess co uch ' ~- I (or a n yo ne who became sick a nd needed to be kept warm. LEHIG-H I \ ",,' ~ ) . There were, depending upon the dedication of the owner, COUNTY ', BETHLEHEM various kinds of religio us pictures on the wall s 1'--\ J ././ ,, '-~ ./ D Foerster, llalian I mmigration of Qur Times, p. 381. " ./ BUCKS DO \ Vi lli ams. South Italian Folhways in Europe and America, ' ',//' COUNTY pp. 45-46. 100 C. S., IOebruary 17, 1962 . Map of Northampton County "New Italy" 101 J.D.; L.e., J a nuary 9, 1962 . se ttlem ents referred to in this article. 102 J.D .; L.e., J a nuary 9, 1962. 39 The parlor-if there was one- was, like the rest of the ture.lO The cracks were covered exteriorly with small house, lurnished simply. lL u ually included a rocking chair, wooden strips. A sma ll stone founda tion served. Inside was a coa l or oi l SLOve, a lew wooden chairs, and a co u h. a coal stove used for canning and summer cooking. In the Beca use wooden bed were more ex pensive and no t so fa ll sa usage was hung insid e a nd smoked. Hot peppers strong as bra,s beds, they were seld om used. t o:! A bureau strung through the stems with a large needle and thread with a mirror and wme chairs rounded o ut the rest of the were hung along the outside to dry.l09 bedroom. Crucifixes were usua ll y found there, hung above The pig was not permitted to wallow in the mud. The the head of the bed. Clothes were hung on pegs or hooks. entire noor a rea insid e a nd outside the pen was of two- in ch The water supply ca me from rain wa ter tha t ga thered from pl anking in order to prevem the a nimal's breaking through the roof and nowed into a cistern . The cistern was wall ed or gnaw ing a hole. 110 up wi th stones and cemented. There were very few wells. The industri al buildings were slow in com in g. The fir t Practicall y el'ery home had a gra pe arbor which was one of o nes which were built about 19 10 were sma ll frame structures the first things planted. 104 A frame was made by pl acing the of o ne noor. These were blouse factori es containing hand main supports inLO the ground. Then, holes were drilled o pera ted sew in g machines. The factori es were owned by thro ugh th em near the top, a nd upo n the inse rted pegs were rclati\'ely wealthy ltalians who o perated in co njunction with wired long round po les. The wire was scavenged a t a nea rby the New York City garmen t industry.l ll The Itali an mother quarry. Each spring the arbor was pruned, a nd new willow a nd especially their da ughters would find employment in branches were used LO ti e the vines. The arbor was built the growin g number of factories. around and over a walk extending behind or a t the side of Lorell7o Pacifi co opened the first inn within the R osetan the house . It thus offered shade as well as fruit.10:; a rea in 1892. 11 2 From wha t I have been able to gath er the The ce ll ar might conta in the following sta ples: a fift y frame structure modified with a n additio n in front today rests ga ll o n barrel of homemade wine, the ca nned foods tha t had o n the same spot. }\n inventory was ta ken of his es tate in been grown in the garden, a sto re o f pota toes. IOG There was 1911 which revealed little else than tha t the inn was able to al so the coal and wood, as well as the wine press. sca t thirty- fiv e.11 3 Teed, not bea uty, was the impe tus for repairs. The hou es, The church co n, tructi o n, it seems, fo ll owed a general pat for example, were painted every ten or fifteen years.l07 IE a tern in th a t a n Ameri ca n general co ntracto r supervised the cho ice h ad to be made among food, fu el, c1nthing, or a house building with Ita li ans doing the SLO ne masonry and Ameri repair, the food a nd fu el requirements would take ca n a nd Ita li an coll a boration producing the de ign . The precedence. first churches in Rose to a nd Ma rlins Creek were frame struc The summer kitchen located behind and near the house tures. M artins Creek was eventually to build a brick struc was often built o f foot boards se t vertica ll y on a frame struc- ture. The Rose tans added a stone addition LO their church 103 M.S. some yea rs before they built a new one. Their nell' one 104 J.D. was completed in 1923 a nd is o ne of the most impressiv e 10:; J.c.; J.D . lOG l V., Factory Workcr, American, 50, ' Vest Bangor, March 109 i bid. 18, 1962. While relatively you ng this informant wa s helpful [or 110 J.e. th e " 'est Bangor se lliemcnt. 111 I\[ .S. 107 J.c. 11 2 Basso. H istory of Roseto, p. 26. l OS J.D. 11 3 No rthampton Co unt)'. Record er o[ \Vills Offi ce, i nventory ITALIAN PIETY I N rHE NE W lI'ORLD ETTlNG -SHRINE TU THE BLESSED 1II0TFJER, RO ETO. 40 O UR L A DY OF iUO UNT CA R MEL CA THOLIC CHURCH, RO ETO, BUILT 1923 .'f churches in the area. The "Ves t Bangor Church was com pleted in 1922. It was partiall y des igned by the individual who had had a chapel in his home.1 14 The shrine to the Bl essed l\Iother was later built beside the " ' es t Bangor Church. The stone used in the churches is natil'e to the area. The churches are all' loca ted at or near the highes t point in each of the communities. There are no columns in the interi or of the " ' es t Bangor steadily. The included town-pla n shows the general pla n as Church. The structure had to be repaired within recent it a ppea rs today and which is not esse ntiall y different, in plan yea rs with iron rods joining the long parallel wall s. at least, from the way it a ppeared abo ut 1900.1 17 The main The Rose tan Church has no such imperfection. The in avenue, Garibaldi, was originall y a wagon road leading terior has a rched columns supporting the indented wall s. towa rd the backdro p to the area-the Blue Mo untains. The This Church like the other has arched windows. There are wooded land was initiall y owned by America ns who sold also stone columns in front of the Church. The rounded lots to th e Itali ans. Thus, the street arrangements were des ign in the [ront is a mosa ic entirely o[ small light-colored des ignated by the township surveyor at the time. 118 The stones. Lehigh and N ew England R a ilroad offered the first road into The R osetan post offi ce was built in 1898 by .T o eph Poli Bangor a nd was u ed by the immigrant.119 As the railroad ce lli who was postmaster [rom 1898 to 1915. It included be cut the town in halves it obstructed good east-west lines of side the post offi ce a ba rber sho p and a s tor e. ll ~ There was communica ti on. The railroad was reluctant to grant cross one large room for "commerce" on the first fl oor a nd there ing points. 120 were two rooms th at were rented on the second fl oor. The The main structures were a nd a re located along the o uth structure was built by stone masons who we re fri ends o[ ern one- third o[ Ga ribaldi venue as it adjoins Ba ngor. I Poli celli. wo uld think that the name " Gariba'ldi" alte ts an earl y The a pplica tion o[ " New Italy" for a post office precipi-_ Itali a n national consciousness on the part o [ the immigrant. tated the decision as to what the community should have The Itali a n names whi ch are usuall y family names o f early been ca ll ed . Poli ce lli and the eight oth er Ameri ca n citizens se ttlers predominate among the ma in streets. at the time requested the name "R oseto" after R oseto Val ( ince the boro ugh surveyor has begun some twe nty-eight fon ore, Ita ly, th e origin o[ mos t o[ the se lllers. llG yea rs ago, he has named the minor streets th at he has staked The Rose to or New Italy se ttlement begun in I 88 grew out [or fl owers, trees, and Indians.) oJ the Estate of L orenzo Pacifico, 19 11 . 117 I bid. As town surveyor he had, of co urse, th e origin al blue- 1 14 J.e.; L. ., February 19, 1962. prints of lots, stree t plam, etc. 11~ 1\1 .1' ., urveyor, America n, 61, Presbyterian, Roseto, Febru 118 I bid. ary 5, 1962. l-l e is th e so n of th e first pos tm aster. llO I bid. ]1(; Ibid. T his \V as also subs tantiated by so uve ni r histori es. J 20 I bid. 41 VI. TOOLS could contrib u te as com pared to the ones a mason or car "Among the various material products of man's m anua l penter could. It seems that the l a tt e~ two co uld contribute dexterity we may regard tools as those artifac ts which are o nl y limited m echanical skills, however. used to enhance the natura l features o f the human bod y for Certain tools were not purchased [rom a store but were the achievement of human pu rpose."12t Just wha t human macl e loca ll y, e. g., a hatchet mad e [rom a stone chise l. The purposes the Italians ass umed im portant would d etermine po in ted end was fl attened a nd sharpe ned , a hole was bored the kinds of tools they used . T he influence o f the Ita li a n into the bod y o f the chisel and a wood en h and le was in peasant background was probabl y the mo t pro found in that se rt ed. 1 2~ A za/J/Ja or zO/J/Jo ne might be m ade by the black determination. T he specialize d skills necessa ry to a particu smith a t the quarry or by o ne in the community.1 30 It ca n lar trade " 'ere not posses ed by the overwhelming majority be seen how the homemad e oaken handle was inserted into of immigrants. T hose in the trad es co uld expect to continue the tool and then split fo r the insertion o f a wood en peg. their work in the new la nd amo ng the ir co untrymen a nd T he wooden handles were kept expa nded by be ing placed illTIO ng Ameri ca ns once the language difference was over in wa ter for a d ay or two before being used .131 come. T hose in the carpenter trade, however, might h ave 'Vash boards were sometimes m ade o f wood . The ridges to lea rn, if not new mechanical ski ll s, new m ethods of hous we re m ad e in a n oaken board w ith a wood chisel. The ing constructio n . Foerster was not optimisti c about the rollnd ho ll o w maca roni were m ade by means o f a long nar earl y cha nces o f the Italian laborer who, he sa id in 1919, row recta ng ular iron rod po in ted o n both ends. vVell " had they li ved 2000 years ago would not have been har sprinkled with fl o ur, it served as the need ed internal mould nessed to tasks ma teria ll y different from those they to il a t when the d ough was rolled o ut. Strips o f d ough or spaghetti today."122 were m ad e with a bron ze ro ll ing tool having hand les and a T ha t the family was in m an y ways the economic unit is seri es o f cutting edges circularl y fi led a bout the bod y. The refl ected in the purchases o f toO lS. 123 The purchases a lso strips " 'ere mad e as this was rolled over fl a ttened d ough . indica te the lim ita tio ns imposed by background a nd poverty. ' Vin e presses were usua ll y purchased, but som e were m ad e. The sma ller tasks such as shoe repa iring, ha ir cutting, The large cen tra l twist as well as the turning m echanism chicken a nd pig pen buil ding, gra pe squeezing, gardening were usua ll y mad e by a local blacksmith. A large and round a nd pro tecti on were m a in ly family a ffa irs with the fa ther the wooden base was holl owed out to reta in the gra pe m ash as star a nd director, o f course. the upper board was turned down b y means o f the twist and Almost invaria bly the accounts show the foll owing pur turning mecha nism . The juice would fl ow over the slightly chases: wire ne tting ([or the chicken pens) ; lea ther, shoe ra ised circumference o f the base and into a wood en tub upon sta nds, shoe na ils; a box o[ s h e ll ~ (twenty- two, thirty- two or which the entire press was rested.132 thirty-e ight ca liber as well as bla nks); a nd tar paper (for the 120 J.D . sheds). Other common purchases were a pick, shovel, saw, 130 T he large zalJIJa or hoe was used to turn over the ground. rake, hoe, garden [a rk, hammer, ax, a nd scisso rs. 124 Also, o [ The zappe Ua or small er hoe was used for cu luvatIl1 g. T he zappa frequent purchase were such things as coffee mill s, pa int a nd was swung high over th e head and th en down. As the Immigrant grew older, he used a garden fork. brushes. ma nilla rope, scy thes, pad locks a nd cha ins for cows 131 N.V., March 18, 1962. 'Jr d ogs. The accounts a lso show need [or slaughtering tools 132 J.C. such as hog scra per , large iro n kettles, butcher knives, and lard ca ns. The purchase of m ason tools, wrenches, drills, and va ri e ties o f saws were less [r e qu e n t.12~ One informa nt who receiv ed his tra ining as a ta il or in Italy reported tha t o utside o f the numeri cal system , initial use o f the sewi.ng machine, a nd the language tra nsition he had no d iffic ul ty continuing his trad e in Amer ica.1 2G H e sa id the tools were basica lly the same in kind insofar as they were hand-o pera ted . H e even found the use of the wood en pad dle-s ha ped tool ca ll ed a " padd le" used for press ing steamed clo thes in E uro pe a nd A meri ca. T he son o f a n immigra nt who was a sto ne mason told m e much the sa m e thing. 127 T he basic tools-trowel, mason hammer, the line, mo rtar hoe-were as fa r as he knew a lways used and spoke n of by his fa ther. T he lim itatio ns came not in mechan ica l skills, he in d ica ted. but in the planning of projects tha t were not simply a ce ll ar wa ll . T homas R eto, on the o ther h a nd, seemed to hay little trou ble es tablishi ng himself as a barber. By 19 17 he h ad purchase cl the necessary shears, razors, a nd stra ps. 12S T here is probably lillie com parison be tween the skills a barber 1~1 John Gi llin . The lI'a\,s of M en (New York: Appleton-Cen- tUI ),- Crofts, Inc., 1918), p. 35 1. . U ~ Foerster, flalian I mmigration of GILI' Tlllles, p. 3 13. J~ ;{ The informants were consu lted on the use of the too ls. 1~1 Crnrcll's H rlldware Store I.edger, Pen Argy l, 1910- 25, I)assim. The so n of the dea ler in Bangor- from whom the Rosetan Imm I grants bought- told me he had no early accoLl nts. 12., I bid. l~U L. C., February 19, 1962. ZA PPA AND ZA PPE TTA .Italian h oes used b)' 1~7 ,\ .c., l\ faso n, Am eri ca n, 62, " 'es t n ango r, February 12, 1962. autho)Js gran d/athe)') w h o stm·ted his fam il), in 1 ~ ~ Correll's Hardware . . .. p. 589. Trl est B a17go r about 1910. 42 - Original Saint R occo's Catholic Church. SA INT ROCCO'S CA THOLIC CHURCH, WEST B ANGOR, 1922 The cook and coffee pots were almos t inva ri ably of aga te whi ch was enameled ware with gray streaked patterns.1 33 There was also the nickel-plated tea- kettle which was always ke pt boiling and thus providing a ready supp ly of hot wa ter cording to the dominant styles at the ti me.13~ This was as we ll as add ing moistu re to ki tchen a ir dried [rom the large especiall y true for ta il or-made suits. Since the I talians most wood and coa l fires then necessa ry [or heati ng and cookin g. often bought ready-made sui ts, however, the style remained mostly unaffected by phase.13G T he phase aspect is somewhat VII. CLOTHING corroborated by others who remember a time when the m en I have decided to deal last with the ca tegory that might were fond of wearing derby hats.137 Accordi ng to the weather have refl ected the first change in the im m igrant's standard the men generally wore light or heavy long u nderwear. R e of li ving. "The first marked change is the c1othing."134 In gardless of season, they wore large-bri mmed hats or ca ps of this as the other ca tegori es I have hoped to look for the in all shapes, short-collared shirts usuall y bu ttoned at the neck flu ences and conditions determining the nature of the situa and often at the sleeves. T hey often wore wide suspenders tion at the time. But just as the clothes were put on, I would and some wore both belts and suspenders. T he work shoes thi nk that they would be but a covering refl ecting deeper were of hard leather and were laced. Dress shoes were of soft ways of thinking and res ponding. In this category as in hous leather and were buttoned. T he men were rarely seen out ing, however, the immigrant would rely upon the surround side and often ins ide th e house without a cap or hat. For ing culture to a great exten t. In the lew "Vo rld that re warmth in the win ter the men wore boots with wool lining. li ance could only grow. T hey wore woolen or leather coa ts lined with wool. T he Men's clothing was ge nerall y purchased at nearby stores, or imm igrant, ge nerall y speaking, seemed to have a great re it was tail or-made. W omen's dress was made by an Italian spect fo r the substantial wo rth of wool. seamstress or else by the women themselves. It was generall y T he women made their own clothing or employed seam agreed that clothing was only purchased when necessary, i.e., stresses. T he aprons, underclothing, and shawls were usuall y when the materi al co uld not support patching or when the selV n or kni tt d by the wearer. The full-piece dresses worn newer clothes became so worn that they co uld not be used [or churc h attendance and special occasions were made by for dress and so were used for work. the sea mstress accord ing to the buye r's directi on. The easier Mr. L. C. who is a tailor beli eved that the men dressed ac- operati ons on the dress such a the sewing of the h em were 133 Correll's H ardware . .. , passim. 13:; L.C., February 19, 1962. 134 Rose, The /lalian in America, p. 65; or Meade, "Italia n on 13G I bid. the Land," p. 516. 137 J.D ., J.C. 43 left [or the purchaser in order that she ave money. All the A needle was sterilized in boiling water then threaded with inforIllants remember hand sewing-machines in the homes o l silk thread which was dipped in oli ve oi l. The child's ears their parents. Silk wa s olten used in the better dresses. For were pi erced and the thread was left in and tied about the ord in ary wear th e women wore two-piece co tton outfits of a lobes. Until the ear was healed, the thread was occasionall y variety 01 co lors. moved, so that the skin would not adhere to the string.!!:; The woolen shawls, alo of varying co lors, were ge nerall y I should add that 1 was unable to find any status differ knitted at home or brouglll from Italy. T he shawls se rved ences with rega rd to dress in the early se ttlement. Indeed, as a head and houlder covering. In the summer the women pretentions to superiority wittingly or unwittingly made were usuall y wore neither a kerchief nor shawl except at mass. topics of local gossip and sco rn.14G One informant, however, remembers hi mother's wearing a sun bonnet for working in the garden. It was like the bon nets worn by the Dutch women.l38 The women wore large woolen shaw ls in the winter. The ch il dren o ft en went barefoot in the summer. The girls wore coats more orten th an shawls. They, unlike their mothers, often wore kerchiefs. T hey generall y fix ed their hair as their mothers did. The quality of the clothes de pended on the amount of money there was to spend. The yo unge r children would usuall y have those clothes their older brothers and sisters had worn. The shoes were repaired at home, o( co urse . Babi es we re wrapped in swaddling. A white cotton cloth about six inches wide and about three or four feet long with strings at each end served to ron the baby and tightly secure him.1 :JO T hus, the baby remai ned rolled like a " papoose·' ul1lil he or she was a yea r old in order to be sure the spine developed co rrectly.l40 (Mr.]. C. followed this practice with his first child .) The little boys wore dresses until they were accustomed to u ing the toil et. The busy mother changed her child three or [our tim es Il day.H1 The immigrant thought it important to buy new clothes for a wedding or ce lebration. The Italian band in Delabole wore uniforms similar to those of the Itali an guards-hats with large black plumes se t off a bright red and black uniform.142 Practi ca ll y all the women wore small golden earrings that were fas tened within the pi erced ear lobe. l\lr. and l\Irs. 1. S. told of their uncle who wore a round golden ear-ring, but he was an exception. The only jewelry the m en wore j\1AP OF ROSETO BORO UGH , BY MICHAEL was a pocket watch. The women wore the plain wedding POLICELLI, BOROUGH SURVEYOR. Note ba·ld and usuall y a m edal to the Blessed Mother. Italian street-names: Garibaldi, Ronca, Falcone, The wearing of cosmeti cs was not practiced by the mothers. lIifarconi, and lViarlino. The yo ung girls could ex pect a beating for wearing them. \ fVom en generall y braided their long hair or wore it in knobs. They used combs a nd large hard rubber pins to keep the VIII. CO ICLUSIO I knobs in place. The Itali an immigrant com ing into the rural area of The m en invariably wore mustaches but seldom a beard. Northampton County can-i ed with him certa in needs that he The h air styles varied- parted, stra ight back, even crew consciously or unconsciously ex pected to satisfy in ways cus cut.H 3 They were thei r own and their children's barber at tomary to him. H e probably ca me into the area because an first, but when they could they went to a barber who was agency in New York directed him th ere to work in a quarry, usuall y an Italia n friend. ce ment mill, on a road or trolley line. There were, no doubt, Bathing was a weekl y, not a dai ly practice. The sca rcity of fri ends. relati ves or /Ja esani who might have written to him, water in Italy and its co nsequent effect on the immigrant as well. Even if h e expected to return to Italy, he needed a may have been inITuenti a l in this matter.!4·1 The early immi job as a trac1eman or laborer. If he planned to stay, he gran t did not, of course, have inside plumbing. wanted to establish a home for his family or settle down and Shortly after the birth of a female baby it was common for se nd [or his wife or sweetheart as soon as possible. H e would the midwi [e or the mother hers eH to pierce the ch ild's ears. naturall y seek his compatriots for friend hip and for help. . 13 8 J.e ., There were Dutch se lllemellls south of Bangor. The H e would be concerned with religious devotion and to some lIl(ormant thought th at a Dutch huckster so ld th e bonnet to his extent with the complex of super titions familiar to his peas mother. 139 Mrs. ]\[ .S. ant background. His lack of educa tion and his being thrust 140 I bid. into new surroundings would mean, it seems, that he would 141 I bid. tend to imitate things as h e found them. That h e found a 142 J.C., Delabol e was a very sma ll Italian se ttlement along Route i02 directly so uth of Wes t Bangor. se ttlement by his compatriots, would make his adjustment 143 J.D. casler. (Indeed, the fres h immigrant wou ld have to be first 144 ''''illi ams, South Italian Folkways . .. , pp. 2- 3. 14~ Mrs. M.S. H G fr. and l\Irs. C.S., February 17, 1962; also, J.D. 44 The isolation of the rural settlemeIlls in the area I take as a fairl} legitimate assumption. Talking with elderly Am r ican informants li\ ing in Bangor or Pen Argyl as ure me that the Italian eulemeIlls were in a ense "off-limit." There was e\ en an ab ence of police protection. .\ black hand gang was free to terrorize " 'est Bangor for about [our }ears uIllil the gang commiued a murder in 1913. Certain ltalia ns in the " 'est Bangor area had a ked previously for police protection. The iso lated community life would assure the Ital ians many of the communal aspects to which the had been ac cu tomed and. which they \\'ould need in the new environ ment. The lta li ans and their children could have conceiva bly continued for many years much as will be de cribed. This is pointed Out to accent the realization of how integral the early settl ement was in some ways. \Vithin the community the Ita li an would have the com panionship of paesalli, relatives. close friends, a nd com pari. They would hel p o ne another and so save the precious dol lars. There was a common effort in butchering. building a shed, ce lebrating carnevale, or having the "big time." The Ita li ans would visit each other a nd reminisce about their lives in Italy. Village life was cooperative life. Paymen t for help give n was never in money. It was ass umed tha t the village was a m utua ll y beneficial organ. Payment might be in wine, a good meal, or an unmentioned ass urance that the favol would be returned. Village life was also fam iliar life. Everybody in town THE ROSETO POST-OFFI CE, ERECTED 1898 ca ll ed each other by a first name with often a compare pre· fi x d . Any a ttem pt at status distinction brought scorn. IE there was a death in one family, the whole community re sponded with money a nd sym pathy. There were always some acculturated and then assimilated into the Ita li a n settlement men to offer to dig the grave. Should a child be wayward in as that se ulement had been a nd continued to be acculturated a ny way. he or she was the object of communal sanction. The and assimilated iIllO the American cu lture.) woman next door might know how to "exorcise" the Evi l The immigrant gravitated to a n i olated se ttlement be· Eye. If a misfortune ca me. certain ly someone had had a pre ca use he wa nted it that way and because the circumstances monition. Theories would be invented or imagined a nd of housing and a not overl y friendlv host culture offered him passed around concerning a birthmark or even a ghost some little choice. The Ita li an vill age se ttlement offered the immi body saw. At carnevale a few convivials would go about grant an opportunity to carryon his ("llstomary ways. That dressed a women and would be accompa ni ed by a little the immigraIlls were able to seclude themselves is a n esse ntial orches tra. consideration for any statements on acculturation. The sur If the yo ung ma n \I"as no t already marri ed. he usuall y had rounding culture penetrated the ea rl y rural se ttlement, it a sweetheart in Italy or one in the community. (M arriage eems to me, at those cultural facets where the immigrant had between those of Itali a n and non-Italia n stocks was not to be to fulfill his immediate needs and where for one reason or common until the third genera tion.) The village offered a another he could not continue to realize the life he h ad cooperative a nd helpful environment for the fam il y. After known in Italy. securing his own plot of village la nd the father was supreme. I shall a ttempt to develop these po ints by first briefl y A pig or two, some chickens. the garden, orn e fruit trees, the sketch ing the earl y life of the Ita li a n community. Then, I grape arbor were the so urces of strong supplementation to shall sketch how th at life depended upon a nd became acces the daily meals. The women strengthened the self-reliance sible to th e surrounding culture a nd also how the influence of the family-not by working a t a factory-but in canning. of the Ita li an priest, De isco, moved the R osetan community helping in the garden, sewing most of the clothes, etc. The from within. The first point deals with the Itali ans' natural ch ildren helped maintain the household. They were looked attempt to continue their o ld ways of thinking. believing. on quite unabashedl y as a resource to help pay. for example, and acting in the context o f the new environment. The the debt o n the house. They were obedient because they breakdown o[ those way inherent in the minds o[ many of learned early the power a nd a uthority o f the father. They the more forward looki ng immigrants as well as in the nature would not think of leaving the homestead, at least not until of the new enviro nment embraces the second point. '.Vithin they were ready to be married. Thus, the fa ther retained his this general scheme certain con iderations wi ll emerge, I cen tral authority hardly diminished in America. trw,t, comprehending "those phenomena which result when The father or mother or both were usually ded ica ted to a groups of individuals ha\ ing different cu ltures come in to con sa int or to the Hi e sed Mo ther. Family life was strongly re tinuous ... contact. with subsequent changes in the original li gious. Pers nal prayer were directed to the patron who cu ltural patterns of either or both groups."lH \\ ELIZ BETH CLARKE KIEffER , o( Lancaster, who writes so engagin gly o n student jo urna li sm a t l\ Ia r hall Col lege in 184 1, is o ne o( the principal a uthorities o n the his tory of Fra nklin a nd l\Ia r hall oll ege. N ow archivist o f the Histo rica l Society o( the Eva ngeli ca l a nd R e(ormed Church, a nd longtime R e(erence Librari an a t the Coll ege, she is th e gra nddaughter of Prof. J ose ph H enry Dubbs, Audenried Profe sor o( History a t the Co ll ege a nd pio neer Pennsy lva nia (olklorist a nd histori an. Elizabeth Ki effer is the a uthor of H enry Harbaugh: Pen nsylvan ia Dulchman ( Torristown, Pennsy lvania: The Pennsy lva nia German So ciety, 1945), which co nta ins a (ew add itional references to the "Rupjo njim" volume. AMOS LO G, JR., o( Annville, Lei a no n County, is a fa rmer a nd hi gh school teacher who has been engaged in a study of Pennsy lvan ia C erma n folk architecture for many years, dea ling es pecia ll y with the smaller build in gs (ound o n the Pennsy lva nia farmstea d. Prev ious articl es have covered the smokeho use, the bakeoven, th e ground cel lar, a nd other su b jects. SYNNOVE HAUGHOl\I, Glenside, is preparing for the doctorate a t the Unive rsity of Pennsy lva nia. A na tive of orway, she has devoted much time to a study of Sca ndina via n folk-c ulture and folk-cultural research, es pecia ll y in con nection with the fo lk muse ums in which the Sca ndinavian coul1lries ha ve pioneered. JOHN A. BURRISON, Philadelphia, is a graduate stu de nt in the Fo lklore Department o( the University of Penn sy lv ania. \Vhile studying a t the Pennsy lvania ta te Univer si t y, he fo u nded a nd edi ted the peri od ica I Folkways M an lhly. His folktale bibliography included in this issue was done under th e directio n of Dr. l\ IacEdward Leach of the Folk lore Depa rtment, University of Pennsy lva nia. It is the fir t of a se ri es of research bibliographies which we intend to pre sent in Pennsylvall ia Folk life, the nex t to cover Pennsy lv a nia Folksong R esea rch. CLEl\l E T VALLETTA, Wilkes-Ba rre, teaches America n Civil iza tion a t King's Coll ege, \Vilkes-Barre. His invaluable a rticle o n the To rthampton Co unty Itali an settlement, the first part of which a ppea red in Pennsylvania Folklife, Vol. XI V No. 3 ( pring 1965), 36-45, was done at the University of Pennsylva nia under Dr. Al1lhony N . B. Garva n in America n Civiliza tion.