THE GREAT CRASH OF 1929

IIND SPANISH REPUBLIC AND CIVIL WAR

FASCISM, NAZISM AND IIND WORLD WAR IIND SPANISH REPUBLIC AND CIVIL WAR

FROM MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC

 After the Primo de Rivera’s Dictatorship (1923-1931) the King Alfonso XIII was left without supports as the Dictator had already lost the support of the economic power.  In a way to restablish Monarchic support and to transit from a Dictatorship towards a controlled Democracy he organized the Local elections of 12th April 1931.  The results made these elections to become a change: to be plebiscitarian ones. In the big cities the leftist and republicans forces won.  14th April 1931: Companys and Macià declared the Catalan Republic in Barcelona and hours later the Revolutionary Comittee in Madrid proclaims the Republic (Miguel Maura and Niceto Alcalá Zamora). THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

 With the support of Republicans, socialists and nationalists implemented a series of reforms including:  Amnesty  Labour laws  Working week: 40 hours.  Minimum wage  Privisional Catalan Government  New election system  June 1931: Elections for the Cortes: The Republican-socialist won.

THE CONSTITUTION OF 1931

 Approved in December, 1931  Accepted the possibility of autonomous governments.  Universal suffrage  Separation of powers  Legislative: Cortes  Executive: Cabinet of Spain (Government) and the President of the Republic  Judicial power  Non-denominational state  Individual rights and civil liberties  Equality before the law  Education  Work  Niceto Alcalá Zamora was elected President of the Republic  Manuel Azaña president of the Government THE REFORMIST BIENNIUM 1931-33

 Military reforms: Not completely fulfilled.  Religious and educational reform: Fulfilled.  Territorial reform: Not completely fulfilled.  Agricultural reform: Not completely fulfilled. Too slow. Limited funding.  Women’s suffrage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5k6yN1Gha0  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpWymqadqDc

OPPOSITION  The Catholic Church, the Officers, the Landowners and Upper class opposed.  General Sanjurjo led a coup in 1932  CEDA, Monarchists-Carlists and Falange Española  Anarchism: Alt Llobregat 1932 and Casas Viejas 1933. THE CONSERVATIVE BIENNIUM AND THE POPULAR FRONT

 Elections November 1933:  Right wing parties (40%) and Moderates (21%).  Alejandro Lerroux preseident of the Government with support of the CEDA.  Stopped the reforms specially the land reform and gave amnesty to the Sanjurjada officers.  October Revolution of 1934 CEDA entered the Government  The UGT and CNT called for a strike in Asturies  In Catalonia Lluís Companys declared the Catalan Republic within the Spanish Republic.  The Popular Front (1936): All the Leftists, Republicans and Nationalists joined in one side and won. THE CIVIL WAR

 On 12th July, 1936, José Castillo a lieutenant in the Assault Guards and an active member of the Socialist Party was murdered bya Falangist gang in Madrid. The following day a group of Castillo's friends took revenge by murdering Jose Calvo Sotelo.  From a Coup to a Civil War:  General Francisco Franco, General Emilio Mola, General José Sanjurjo and General Queipo de Llano led the coup.  Canary Islands  Spanish African Territories  The Italians provided the air transportation of the troops.  The main industrial cities reamined republican as the working class organised themselves

INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT

 France and the UK organised the Non- intervention Committee  Italy, Germany, some US companies and Portugal helped the Fascists.  Airplanes  Weapons  Trucks  Oil  Soldiers  On the other side: The International Brigades: George Orwell: Homage to Catalonia THE WAR GOES ON

 Saocial Revolution  Committees  Assassinations  Government September 1936 Largo Caballero turned the Militias into the Popular Army.  Gold  The events of May 1937  Socialist Juan Negrín intervened, dismantled and put in prison revolutionaries: later we should face the 13 points of Negrín, 1938. Franco rejected.  17th March 1938 Anschluss  24th of July 1938 The republicans start crossing the Ebre (The Ebre Battle) until 16 November 1938.  Munich agreement 30 september 1938.  More than 0’5 million people dead and 0’5 milion exiled.  40 years of dictatorship and then transition and oblivion.