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Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Pacific Insects 15 (3-4): 363-378 20 December 1973 A SYNOPSIS OF THE NEW GUINEAN ITOPLECTIS AND COCCYGOMIMUS (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) By Setsuya Momoi1 Recent advances in research of the insect fauna of New Guinea and the adjacent islands under the light of modern taxonomy have provided much useful though still rough and incomplete information in regard to the faunal relationships between Asia, Australia and southwestern Pacific islands. In spite of its long history, with abundant local vigorous evolution, there are found various kinds of survivals of ancient elements on and around this large island with a rich environment. In so far as my studies on certain groups of Ichneumonidae on the island are con­ cerned, one of the most impressive facts is the finding of certain genera, species of which are predominant in the Holarctic Region but have hitherto been not or scarcely recorded in the Indo-Australian area to the south of the northern Oriental Region. This appearance of residual distribution pattern may mostly be due to the lack of enough knowledge of the fauna of the intermediate areas, especially of the Malayan and Walla- cean areas. Nevertheless, in certain cases structural peculiarities that are found in New Guinean populations likely suggest their long history of segregation. Furthermore, such a residual distribution often seemingly relates to the abundance of different insects with almost the same ecological needs and modern evolution which makes them better adapted for life in the tropics. Indeed, there are certain groups of Ichneumonidae of which the species are predominant in the tropical Pacific, and their center of distribution and dispersal is presumably in the Malayan or nearby areas, such as the Greater Sunda Is­ lands. In this paper are treated the New Guinean species of the genera Itoplectis and Coccygomimus, both of which belong to the tribe Ephialtini of the subfamily Ephialtinae. These two genera are both predominant in the Holarctic Region but scarce in the Indo-Australian area and are considered to be one of the examples of ancient elements surviving on the island. The tribe Ephialtini includes many well known species parasitic on lepidopterous pests of various plants and is one of the rather well studied groups. Our understanding of the tribe and of the Holarctic and Indo-Australian species have become rather extensive through certain recent works. The tribe is composed of two phylogenetic stocks. One is represented by Lissopimpla, Echthromorpha and Xanthopimpla of Old World Tropics or Pantropics, their species being most numerous in the southern Pacific. Another is repre­ sented by Ephialtes, Itoplectis, Coccygomimus and Strongylopsis. They are widespread and abundant elsewhere at least in the Holarctic Region, except for Strongylopsis which is limited to central Asia and southeastern Europe. In the Indo-Australian area they have 1. Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-01, Japan. 364 Pacific Insects Vol. 15, nos, 3-4 a more or less residual distributional pattern. Ephialtes has been known only from moun­ tainous districts of Formosa and of N. India by a few species. No further record of this genus has not yet been made from south of the northern Oriental Region. Itoplectis is known from Formosa, N. India and N. Philippines in each area represented by two species, and from New Guinea by nine species. Available records and specimens show that most of the species are mountain inhabitants in this tropical area. Coccygomimus seems to have a much wider distribution, having been scatteringly recorded east to the Society islands. Members of this genus are rather abundant in Formosa, N. India and the northern part of Southeast Asia but scarce to the south and east of the Malayan peninsula. Our definite records from there comprise only two species from mountainous districts of N. Philippines, one from highlands of Celebes, one from Tahiti, and five from the moutains of New Guinea. There are no records of Ephialtes, Itoplectis and Coccygomimus from Australia and New Zealand, where representatives of another stock of the tribe, as mentioned above are not scarce. There are no biological records on the New Guinean species treated in this paper. However, from observations on the Holarctic species it can be said that the Itoplectis and Coccygomimus are both, like other members of the tribe, internal solitary parasites of lepidopterous insects in the pupal, or rarely the prepupal, stage. Certain species of Itoplectis are often occasional secondary parasites, usually upon mature larvae of other ephialtines. The Itoplectis most often prefer somewhat sunshiny places like shrubby hedges and forest edges. They are common among low bushes and herbaceous and grassy plants. It seems that the Coccygomimus mostly prefer darker and moister places and are common in and around woods, below and among undergrowth. This study is based largely on the collection of B. P. Bishop Museum. I am greatly indebted to Dr J. L. Gressitt and Dr C. Yoshimoto for the loan of material under their care. My thanks are due to Dr H. Townes Who read the manuscript and saved me from many errors. Genus Itoplectis Itoplectis Foerster, 1868. Verh. Naturh. Ver. Rheinlande 25 : 164. Type-species. Ichneumon maculator Fabricius. Alophopimpla Momoi, 1966. Pacif. Ins. 8: 160. New synonym. Type-species. Alophopimpla polia Momoi. There are two other generic synonyms, viz., Nesopimpla Ashmead, 1906, and Exeristoides Uchida, 1928. Alophopimpla was erected for a New Guinea species which is quite aberrant in com­ parison with typical Itoplectis. During the course of the present study, however, I have been able to study a series of species from the same island having degrees of variations that makes it warranted to synonymize Alophopimpla with Itoplectis, as an aberrant spe­ cies group. In the New Guinea species treated below the dorsomedian carinae on tergite 1 and on the propodeum are both almost entirely absent, the hairs on the wings tend to be either much more dense or sparser than usual, and the hind tibia has no pale subbasal ring but is entirely unicolorous or only apically darkened. Only two among the nine species have a basal tooth on the front tarsal claw of the female. In certain species 1973 Momoi: New Guinean Itoplectis & Coccygomimus 365 the occipital carina, rarely also the prepectal carina, is absent or vestigial. The nine New Guinea species can be arranged into three species groups, viz., the australis, melanthes and polia species groups. The australis group is rather typical and similar in general conformation to the alternans species group; the other two are quite atypical. KEY TO THE NEW GUINEAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS ITOPLECTIS 1. Fore tarsal claw of # with a small basal tooth. Ovipositor tip more or less compressed. Median tergites very densely punctate, with more or less distinct prominent eminences and depressions 2 Fore tarsal claw of $ with no basal tooth. Ovipositor tip more or less depressed. Me­ dian tergites mostly unsculptured or sparsely punctate, rarely moderate densely punc­ tate, with weak eminences and depressions 3 2. Hind leg entirely blackish brown to black. Tergites 1 and 2 black, broadly margined with white australis Momoi Hind leg black and white, its trochanters, base of its tibia and bases of its basal tarsal segments white. Tergites 1 and 2 entirely white spilopus, n. sp. 3. Occipital carina absent or broadly interrupted above. Wings unusually long (fore wing about 1.8-2.0 as long as abdomen), with very dense hairs 4 Occipital carina complete. Wings normal in length (fore wing about 1.2-1.5 as long as abdomen), with sparse hairs 6 4. Prepectal carina absent. Tergites virtually unsculptured polia Momoi Prepectal carina present. Tergites distinctly punctate 5 5. Tergites 1 and 2 entirely white. Hind tibia white basally, black apically. Tergites 3 and 4 with strong and rather evenly dense punctures. Malar space about 0.3 as long as basal width of mandible oreius, n. sp. Tergites 1 and 2 black, broadly white on lateral margin. Hind tibia black, with one or two white spots subbasally. Tergites 3 and 4 with fine and unevenly spaced punctures. Malar space about 0.2 as long as basal width of mandible virga, n. sp. 6. Tergites 1 and 2 and hind femur entirely yellowish white 7 Tergites 1 and 2 black, partly stained with red. Hind femur entirely black or red 8 7. Hind tibia entirely yellowish white. Median swelling on mesopleurum strong, more or less pointed. Tergites 3-5 virtually unsculptured melanthes, n. sp. Hind tibia basally white, apically black. Median swelling on mesopleuron less strong, obtuse. Tergites 3-5 with strong rather evenly dense punctures ocris, n. sp. 8. Hind femur entirely red. Hind tibia dark reddish brown lissos, n. sp. Hind femur and tibia entirely black malanopus, n. sp. The australis species-group. Flagellum with subapical segments slightly longer than wide. Hairs on body short and dense as usual for an Itoplectis. Eye slightly less strongly concave opposite antenna than usual. Occipital carina complete. Scutellum weakly convex. Mesopleurum with no unusual median swelling. Propodeum with no dorsomedian carinae, with hairs on lateral face and on basolateral portion of dorsal face, its spiracle subcircular. Tergite 1 raised at middle as usual, with no dorsomedian carinae. Tergites 2-6 with more or less distinct eminences and depressions which are successively weaker on hind tergites, densely punctate. Ovipositor compressed apically, dorsal face of its tip with no transverse ridges. Areolet normal in size, distinctly narrowed distally. Nervulus opposite basal vein. Hind tarsal segment 5 slightly longer than segment 2. Fore 366 Pacific Insects Vol. 15, nos. 3-4 Fig. 1-7. Hind leg of Itoplectis (£): 1, spilopus; 2, melanthes; 3, ocris; 4, lissus; 5, melanopus; 6, v/rga; 7, oreius.
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