DOCSLIB.ORG

The Metamorphosis of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (Sars)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Metamorphosis of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (Sars) THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE SPECIAL ANTI-ROBBERY SQUAD (SARS) Emem Ekpenyong Introduction Historical Evolution of the Nigeria Police Force The Police Force of Nigeria came into existence with a thirty-member consular guard that was formed in Lagos colony in 1861. In 1879, a one thousand two hundred member armed Hausa Constabulary was formed.1 In 1896, the Lagos police was established.2 In 1894, a similar force, the Constabulary of Niger Coast was established in Calabar with the newly announced protectorate of the Niger Coast.3 In 1888, in the northern part of the country, the Royal Niger Company created the Constabulary of Royal Niger Company, and its headquarters was situated in Lokoja.4 In the early 1900s, when the Northern and Southern Nigeria protectorates were declared, part of the Constabulary of Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Police and part of the Constabulary of Niger Coast formed the Southern Nigeria Police.5 Although the northern and southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914, the police forces in the north and south were not merged till 1930.6 Upon the merger of the forces in 1930, its headquarters was situated in Lagos.7 1 N Adegoke, ‘The Nigeria Police and the Challenges of Security in Nigeria’ (2014) (3)(6) Review of Public Administration and Management 2 Ibid 3 ibid 4 Anonymous, <https://fas.org/irp/world/nigeria/npf.htm> accessed 1 November 2020 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 Ibid In the colonial era, most police officers connected with the local authority.8 The colonial masters established the police institution for the purposes of advancing their commercial interest against the indigenes. The police was a tool of oppression deployed by the colonialists to subjugate the indigenous people.9 In the 1960s, during the First Republic,the police forces were divided into regions and then nationalized.10 The key function of the police force was to provide supportive services to prisons, immigration and customs officials.11 NPF officers were usually unarmed and only carried weapons for certain assignments and missions.12 In 1989, the Ibrahim Babangida’s regime announced that all police officers who were hitherto deployed to different parts of the country, were to be re-deployed to their native area to promote police-community relationship.13 Towards the wee days of 1986, the Nigeria Police Force was restructured nationwide into seven area commands 14 and five directorates.15 What triggered the restructuring was the need to quell the tension that was brewing between the police and the 8 Adegoke (n 1) 9 Ibid 10 E Soriola, ‘Top Facts from the History of Nigeria Police Force’ <https://www.legit.ng/1215405-brief- history-nigeria-police-force-interesting-facts.html> accessed 1 November 2020 11 Ibid 12 ibid 13 Ibid 14 ibid 15 The directorates were logistics, supplies, training, operations and criminal investigations. army.16 The police accused the army of usurping her functions, and consequently keeping the police salary low.17 A number of senior police officers were adversely affected by the reorganisation.18 They were dismissed from the force. The re-organised commands were headed by a commissioner of police. The commands were further divided into provinces and divisions and under the supervision of local officers.19 Prior to 1989, the NPF was under the operational and administrative authority of the IGP, who was appointed by the President. The IGP was assisted by the deputy IGP and at the State level by Commissioners of Police.20 The 1979 Constitution provided for a Police Service Commission.21 In 1989, the Babangida’s regime scrapped the Police Service Commission and replaced it with the Nigeria Police Council.22 The Nigeria Police Council came under the direct control of the President. In that same year, the NPF underwent another re-organization. It organized a quick intervention force in every State. The mobile police units were established. The primary mandate of the mobile police unit was to monitor political events and suppress unrest during the transition to civil rule. As of today, Nigeria Police Force (NPF) is the principal law enforcement service. It is currently under the leadership of Mohammad Abubakar Adamu. Statutory Framework Establishing the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) Section 214 of the Constitution23 provides for the Nigeria Police Force. The statutory framework regulating the police is the Nigeria Police Act 2020. It was passed into law by President Buhari on 16th September, 2020. The new Act repeals the Police Act, Cap P19 16 Anonymous (n 4) 17 Ibid 18 Ibid 19 Ibid 20 Ibid 21 Soriola (n 10) 22 Ibid 23 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. The general objectives of the Act as captured in this preamble is to provide for a more efficient and effective police service that is based on the principles of accountability and transparency, protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and partnership with other security agenda.24 The specific function of the Act is to provide for a police force that is more responsive to the needs of the general public and whose operations are based on values of fairness, justice and equity. Other specific functions of the Act include the repositioning of the police force to uphold and safeguard the fundamental rights of every person in Nigeria in its operations, bringing about positive change in how the public perceive the police force, ensuring the police performs its functions in a manner that is sensitive to the needs and well-being of the general public, empowering the police to effectively prevent crimes without threatening the liberty of persons in Nigeria, strengthening the police force in the execution of its functions, developing professionalism in the police force by providing relevant training in all police formations in Nigeria for enhanced performance and respecting the rights of victims of crimes and understand their needs.25 The primary functions of the police are provided for in section 4.26 The police is mandated to protect and promote the fundamental rights of inmates in police custody.27 The highest policy making body in matters relating to the police force is Nigeria Police Council.28 The responsibilities of the Inspector General of Police (IGP) are stipulated in section 9 of the Act and some of his responsibilities include ensuring regular training and re-training of police officers, ensuring the physical, mental and psychological 24 Nigeria Police Act 2020 s 1 25 Ibid s 2 26 Ibid s 4. Preventing and detecting crimes; protecting the constitutional rights and freedom of persons living in Nigeria; maintenance of public safety, law and order; protection of lives and property of all persons living in Nigeria etcetera 27 Ibid s 5 28 Ibid s 6 The council is comprised of the President who is the Chairman of the Council, the Governors of every State, the Chairman of the Police Service Commission and the Inspector General of Police. well-being of all police personnel and seeing to the welfare and conditions of service of police personnel. The powers of the police are enumerated in Part VII of the Act. It is empowered to investigate allegations of crime and report its findings to the Attorney General of the State for legal advice.29 The police is empowered to make arrest of suspects alleged to have committed a crime, provided it does not arrest a person who committed a civil wrong.30 The Act empowers the police to touch or confine the body of the person to be arrested except the person submits voluntarily.31 The police can only handcuff, bind or restrain a suspect if there is reasonable apprehension of violence or attempt to escape. A suspect can also be handcuffed if the restraint is considered necessary for the safety of the suspect or if the court orders the restraint.32 The Act mandates a police officer to immediately inform a suspect of the reason for his arrest. But if the suspect is arrested in the course of committing the offence or is pursued immediately after the commission of the offence, then the need to inform him of his crime can be dispensed with.33 The police making the arrest must inform the suspect of his right to remain silent or avoid answering questions without consulting a legal practitioner of his choice. The authority having custody of a suspect must notify the suspect’s next of kin or relative of the suspect of the arrest of the suspect at no cost to the suspect.34 The police is forbidden from arresting another person in place of a suspect.35 A suspect is entitled to be accorded humane treatment and his right to dignity of human person must be respected. He shall not be subjected to any form of torture, cruelty or degrading treatment.36 Section 38 provides circumstances in which the police can arrest 29 Ibid s 31 30 Ibid s 32 31 Ibid s 33 32 Ibid s 34 33 Ibid s 35 34 Ibid s 35(3) 35 Ibid s 36 36 Ibid s 37 without warrant.37 A private individual can arrest a person whom he reasonably suspected to have committed an offence or committed an offence in his presence, if the offence is one a police can arrest without warrant.38 When a private person makes an arrest, he shall immediately hand over the suspect to the police or the nearest police station.39 Upon arresting a suspect his photograph, fingerprints impressions and any other means of identifying him must be captured and recorded within forty-eight hours.40 The Act makes provisions for the electronic recording of confessional statement in a retrievable video or audio visual means.41 The Inspector General of Police is mandated to remit quarterly reports of the number of arrests made in relation to federal offences.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ENDSARS: Effecting Positive Change in Governance in Nigeria
    M a y 2 0 2 1 BEYOND #ENDSARS: Effecting Positive Change in Governance in Nigeria Rafiu Adeniran Lawal and Kola Ibrahim YOUTH AND ACCOUNTABILITY GOVERNANCE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (YAGSOM) www.bbforpeace.org Table of Contents About the YAGSOM Project ii Abstract 1 Chapter 1: #ENDSARS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY 1.1 The Economic and Political Undercurrents of Youths’ Crisis 3 1.2 Youth Profiling and Criminalization 8 1.3 Police Brutality 10 1.4 SARS and Youth Brutality 12 Chapter 2: #ENDSARS: ITS RISE, AFTERMATH AND LESSONS 2.1 Rise and Character of the #EndSARS Movement 18 2.2 State’s Response 22 2.3 Lessons 29 Chapter 3: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Conclusion 32 3.2 Recommendations 34 References 38 A YAGSOM Project Research/Policy Paper Series: 01 i About the YAGSOM Project The Youth and Accountability Governance through Social Media (YAGSOM) Project is aimed at combining the enormous power and potentials of Nigeria’s active youth population and politically-charged social media to promote accountability in governance. Nigerian youths are one of the most active users in Africa of social media platforms. These platforms have been used for good, bad and ugly. Nigerian youths have also used social media to make a strong political presence and raise questions about governance and accountability. The research papers and policy papers are covering issues pertaining to youth, good governance and social media in Nigeria. This project is implemented by Building Blocks for Peace Foundation, a youth-led nongovernmental organisation working on conflict prevention, peacebuilding, accountability governance and sustainable development in Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Perceptions of Nigeria Police Monetary Bribery in Awka, Nigeria
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2021 Public Perceptions of Nigeria Police Monetary Bribery in Awka, Nigeria Benjamin Chukwuka Nnadozie Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Public Administration Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Benjamin Chukwuka Nnadozie has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Ernesto Escobedo, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Raj Singh, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Meena Clowes, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer and Provost Sue Subocz, Ph.D. Walden University 2021 Abstract Public Perceptions of Nigeria Police Monetary Bribery in Awka, Nigeria By Benjamin Chukwuka Nnadozie Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfullment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University February 2021 Abstract The Nigerian police are often perceived by the Nigerian public as a very corrupt institution due to reports in the media and direct experiences of police brutality, extortion, injustice, and especially monetary bribery. The refusal to pay monetary bribes to the police has led to loss of lives and a lack of trust in the police.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Social Media on the #Endsars# Youth Protests in Nigeria
    International Conference of Information Communication Technologies enhanced Social Sciences and Humanities 2021 - ICTeSSH 2021 The impacts of social media on the #EndSARs# youth protests in Nigeria Dickson Ajisafe1, Tinuade Adekunbi Ojo2 and Margaret Monyani3 1Department of Political Sciences (International Relations), University of Pretoria, South Africa. 2Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. 3Department of International Relations, Wits University, South Africa. Abstract. Since the emergence of ICT or digitalization in our contemporary world, especially in Africa, the use of social media as channels of communication has found expressions in political, economic, social, and business aspects of human dealings and engagements. This development calls for rigorous academic debate regarding the effectiveness of social media platforms as tools that citizens can use to influence government policies and decision making. The paper examines the likely outcomes of the protests regarding the change in government policy, reactions and proposed policies geared towards more regulation of social media and the implications on future social media. Drawing critical insights from the efforts of Nigerian youth on the strategic use of social media, this study engages secondary sources to understand and explain strategies and mechanisms to influence government policies and decision making via practical usage of ICT and social media in the age of digitalization. The paper concludes that the style of the #EndSars protest may inspire other youth-led social media protests in other parts of the world. Questions also arise as to the nature and the character of the Nigerian state that led to the abrupt end of the protests. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Agulu Road, Adazi Ani, Anambra State. ANAMBRA 2 AB Microfinance Bank Limited National No
    LICENSED MICROFINANCE BANKS (MFBs) IN NIGERIA AS AT FEBRUARY 13, 2019 S/N Name Category Address State Description 1 AACB Microfinance Bank Limited State Nnewi/ Agulu Road, Adazi Ani, Anambra State. ANAMBRA 2 AB Microfinance Bank Limited National No. 9 Oba Akran Avenue, Ikeja Lagos State. LAGOS 3 ABC Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Mission Road, Okada, Edo State EDO 4 Abestone Microfinance Bank Ltd Unit Commerce House, Beside Government House, Oke Igbein, Abeokuta, Ogun State OGUN 5 Abia State University Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Uturu, Isuikwuato LGA, Abia State ABIA 6 Abigi Microfinance Bank Limited Unit 28, Moborode Odofin Street, Ijebu Waterside, Ogun State OGUN 7 Above Only Microfinance Bank Ltd Unit Benson Idahosa University Campus, Ugbor GRA, Benin EDO Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Microfinance Bank 8 Limited Unit Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Yelwa Road, Bauchi BAUCHI 9 Abucoop Microfinance Bank Limited State Plot 251, Millenium Builder's Plaza, Hebert Macaulay Way, Central Business District, Garki, Abuja ABUJA 10 Accion Microfinance Bank Limited National 4th Floor, Elizade Plaza, 322A, Ikorodu Road, Beside LASU Mini Campus, Anthony, Lagos LAGOS 11 ACE Microfinance Bank Limited Unit 3, Daniel Aliyu Street, Kwali, Abuja ABUJA 12 Achina Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Achina Aguata LGA, Anambra State ANAMBRA 13 Active Point Microfinance Bank Limited State 18A Nkemba Street, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State AKWA IBOM 14 Ada Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Agwada Town, Kokona Local Govt. Area, Nasarawa State NASSARAWA 15 Adazi-Enu Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Nkwor Market Square, Adazi- Enu, Anaocha Local Govt, Anambra State. ANAMBRA 16 Adazi-Nnukwu Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Near Eke Market, Adazi Nnukwu, Adazi, Anambra State ANAMBRA 17 Addosser Microfinance Bank Limited State 32, Lewis Street, Lagos Island, Lagos State LAGOS 18 Adeyemi College Staff Microfinance Bank Ltd Unit Adeyemi College of Education Staff Ni 1, CMS Ltd Secretariat, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo ONDO 19 Afekhafe Microfinance Bank Ltd Unit No.
    [Show full text]
  • International Criminal Court Acknowledges Receipt of Your Documents/Letter
    Our reference: OTP-CR-290/21 The Hague, 13 July 2021 Dear Sir, Madam The Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court acknowledges receipt of your documents/letter. This communication has been duly entered in the Communications Register of the Office. We will give consideration to this communication, as appropriate, in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Please note this acknowledgement letter does not mean an investigation has been opened, nor that an investigation will be opened by the Office of the Prosecutor. As soon as a decision is reached, we will inform you, in writing, and provide you with reasons for this decision. Yours sincerely, Mark P. Dillon Head of Information & Evidence Unit Office of The Prosecutor Ade Omojola [email protected] Post Office Box 19519, 2500 CM The Hague, The Netherlands Boîte postale 19519, 2500 CM La Haye, Pays Bas Telephone / Téléphone: + 31 70 5158515 • Facsimile / Télécopie: + 31 70 5158555 • http://www.icc-cpi.int SUBMISSION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT. THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 COMMUNIQUÉ FOR THE OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR REGARDING THE APPLICATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT BY ADEREMILEKUN OMOJOLA, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, USA. FOR YORUBA STRATEGY ALLIANCE AND THE UNDERSIGNED YORUBA CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS Borne of severe ongoing existential violence and insecurity suffered by the Yoruba, at the hands of the Fulani, while the Fulani-dominated government, which has become a lever in the hands of would-be Fulani conquistadors, is complicit
    [Show full text]
  • E-Petition 554150, Relating to Nigeria and the Sanctions Regime 3
    DEBATE PACK CDP 0148 (2020) | 19 November 2020 Compiled by: Nigel Walker E-petition 554150, relating Subject specialists: to Nigeria and the sanctions Louisa Brooke-Holland (Nigeria) regime Ben Smith (sanctions) Contents Westminster Hall 1. Background 2 2. E-petition 554150 and the UK Government Monday 23 November 2020 response 4 6:00-7:30pm 3. Press articles 6 4. Press releases 8 Debate to be led by Theresa Villiers 5. PQs 9 6. Early Day Motions 17 The House of Commons Library prepares a briefing in hard copy and/or online for most non-legislative debates in the Chamber and Westminster Hall other than half-hour debates. Debate Packs are produced quickly after the announcement of parliamentary business. They are intended to provide a summary or overview of the issue being debated and identify relevant briefings and useful documents, including press and parliamentary material. More detailed briefing can be prepared for Members on request to the Library. www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Number CDP 0148 (2020), 19 November 2020 1. Background The petition suggests the UK Government should consider using the sanctions regime to impose sanctions on members of the Nigerian Government and police force involved in any human rights abuse. The petition has been prompted by the actions of one police unit in particular, the Special Anti-Robbery Squad, known as SARS. Originally created in 1992 to fight violent crime, the unit became synonymous with police brutality. In 2016 Amnesty International reported: [SARS]is responsible for widespread torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (other ill- treatment) of detainees in their custody.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins and Progression of the #ENDSARS2020 Movement In
    The Origins & Progression of the #EndSARS 2020 Movement in Nigeria Speakers Femi Cadmus Oludayo Bamgbose AGENDA ● Introduction of Speakers (Yemisi Dina) ● History of Nigeria (Femi Cadmus) ● Origins of #EndSARS (Femi Cadmus) ● Government Response (Oludayo Bamgbose) ● Comments from Association of African Law Library and Information Professionals (AfLLIP) (Oludayo Bamgbose) ● Q & A ● Closing Remarks (Errol Adams) History of Nigeria ● Federal Republic located in West Africa ● Former British colony for 100 years ● Became an independent state on October 1, 1960 ● Member of the Commonwealth ● Military and civilian rule since independence ● Emerging democracy ● Currently made up of 36 states and a Federal Capital Territory ● Estimated population of 200 million ● Nigerian Constitution Origins ● Past history of police brutality ● History of abuse and harassment of civilians by members of SARS ● Indiscriminate killings, detention, extortion, rape https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_SARS 2020 TIMELINE October 3 October 8 October 10 October 20 Current Mass protests 1. Presidential Twitter handle of IGP disbands across Nigerian Lekki Shooting Address SARS brutality cities by youths SARS, replaced 2. Judicial Panel of in Ughelli, South with SWAT Inquiry in selected East Nigeria states Protesters on the streets Protesters on the streets Protesters at Lekki Toll Gate READINGS 1. Uwazurike, Allwell #EndSARS: The movement against police brutality in Nigeria, (2020) Harvard Human Rights Journal https://harvardhrj.com/2020/11/endsars-the-movement-against-police-
    [Show full text]
  • Poetry Competition Finalists
    1 Copyright © 2020 Society of Young Nigerian Writers (SYNW) & International Human Rights Art Festival (IHRAF) E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 08072673852 Published 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical including photocopy, recording or by any information storage and retrieved system without the written permission of the Society of Young Nigerian Writers (SYNW) & the International Human Rights Art Festival (IHRAF). Printed By: SYNW Publishers A division of Infortude Consult No 13, Queen Elizabeth Road, Mokola, Ibadan. 08072673852 Email: [email protected] 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS’ NOTE BERMUDA TRIANGLE THE LABOUR OF OUR PROTESTERS Godstime Nwaeze SHALL NOT BE IN VAIN Daniel Singfuri Yohanna STATE ARMED ROBBERS SQUAD (SARS) SPLIT GREEN FLAG Frank Kaliati Chukwu Sunday Abel ENDSARS, A DIRGE TO THE FALLEN END SARS! LAWMAKERS, OR LAWBREAKERS HEROES Olude Peter Sunday Zainab Adekunle Abubakar WHAT I WANT US TO BE STRANGE TO MY PEN, A SILENT OUTCRY FOR Chinua Ezenwa-Ohaeto JUSTICE Lazarus Great-life HOW OUR LIGHTS WERE PUT OFF Nwokeabia, Ifeanyi John. THE TOOTHBRUSH Thomas Mzembe TALK TRUE Nkiru Onyeyaforo BLOODY FLAG Dooga Theophilus SPARE US! SPARE US! Adaji Elizabeth Mercy OUR VOICE, OUR STAND Kolade Olawale Kabir Àdèlé THE CRUMBS THEY LET FALL Ejiro Ekperigin THE SARS WE FORMED Oranye Chukwubuikem Francis GUNS END DREAMS Olawumi Oluwasogo END SARS Victor Chineme Okachi IN LEKKI, HEROES PREVAILED... Merife,
    [Show full text]
  • Agulu Road, Adazi Ani, Anambra State. ANAMBRA 2 AB Microfinance Bank Limited National No
    LICENSED MICROFINANCE BANKS (MFBs) IN NIGERIA AS AT DECEMBER 29, 2017 # Name Category Address State Description 1 AACB Microfinance Bank Limited State Nnewi/ Agulu Road, Adazi Ani, Anambra State. ANAMBRA 2 AB Microfinance Bank Limited National No. 9 Oba Akran Avenue, Ikeja Lagos State. LAGOS 3 Abatete Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Abatete Town, Idemili Local Govt Area, Anambra State ANAMBRA 4 ABC Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Mission Road, Okada, Edo State EDO 5 Abestone Microfinance Bank Ltd Unit Commerce House, Beside Government House, Oke Igbein, Abeokuta, Ogun State OGUN 6 Abia State University Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Uturu, Isuikwuato LGA, Abia State ABIA 7 Abigi Microfinance Bank Limited Unit 28, Moborode Odofin Street, Ijebu Waterside, Ogun State OGUN 8 Abokie Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Plot 2, Murtala Mohammed Square, By Independence Way, Kaduna State. KADUNA 9 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Yelwa Road, Bauchi Bauchi 10 Abucoop Microfinance Bank Limited State Plot 251, Millenium Builder's Plaza, Hebert Macaulay Way, Central Business District, Garki, Abuja ABUJA 11 Accion Microfinance Bank Limited National 4th Floor, Elizade Plaza, 322A, Ikorodu Road, Beside LASU Mini Campus, Anthony, Lagos LAGOS 12 ACE Microfinance Bank Limited Unit 3, Daniel Aliyu Street, Kwali, Abuja ABUJA 13 Acheajebwa Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Sarkin Pawa Town, Muya L.G.A Niger State NIGER 14 Achina Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Achina Aguata LGA, Anambra State ANAMBRA 15 Active Point Microfinance Bank Limited State 18A Nkemba Street, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State AKWA IBOM 16 Acuity Microfinance Bank Limited Unit 167, Adeniji Adele Road, Lagos LAGOS 17 Ada Microfinance Bank Limited Unit Agwada Town, Kokona Local Govt.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Media, Youth Mobilization and Insecurity in Nigeria
    European Journal of Humanities and Educational Advancements (EJHEA) Available Online at: https://www.scholarzest.com Vol. 2 No. 8, August 2021 ISSN: 2660-5589 THE NEW MEDIA, YOUTH MOBILIZATION AND INSECURITY IN NIGERIA. Aristotle Isaac Jacobs Criminology, Criminal Justice and Security Studies, Department of Sociology; Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolemeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. [email protected]. Phone: +234-7034621404. Article history: Abstract: Received: 10th July 2021 The purpose of this work is to examine the relationship between the new media, Accepted: 20th July 2021 youth mobilization and insecurity in Nigeria. The study was anchored on Published: 21th August 2021 gratification theory (UGT) and Technological determinism theory (TDT) as its theoretical framework. The study adopted the survey research design, the sample size is one hundred and twenty (120); purposive sampling technique was used in the study drawn from the population of students of the faculty of social sciences of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. The major instruments used in generating data for this study were questionnaires, observations and interview. The collected data were analyzed using simple percentages. The study findings are as follows: (i) That there’s a relationship between the new media, youth mobilization and insecurity in Nigeria (ii) that facebook causes more insecurity than other social networks (iii) that the new media aid the youths to be much conscious of their environment and thus influences their
    [Show full text]
  • Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria – the Case of the #BBOG
    IDS WORKING PAPER Volume 2019 No 529 Beyond Tweets and Screams: Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria – The Case of the #BBOG Movement Tade Akin Aina, Martin Atela, Ayo Ojebode, Plangsat Dayil and Fatai Aremu June 2019 Action for Empowerment and Accountability (A4EA) is an international research programme which explores how social and political action can contribute to empowerment and accountability in fragile, conflict, and violent settings, with a particular focus on Egypt, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan. Led by the Institute of Development Studies, A4EA is being implemented by a consortium which includes: the Accountability Research Center, the Collective for Social Science Research, the Institute of Development and Economic Alternatives, Itad, Oxfam GB, and the Partnership for African Social and Governance Research. It is funded with UK aid from the UK Government. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official policies of our funder. Beyond Tweets and Screams: Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria – The Case of the #BBOG Movement Tade Akin Aina, Martin Atela, Ayo Ojebode, Plangsat Dayil and Fatai Aremu IDS Working Paper 529 © Institute of Development Studies 2019 ISSN: 2040-0209 ISBN: 978-1-78118-574-2 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. This is an Open Access paper distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
    [Show full text]
  • From Protest to Reform a Study of Social Movements’ Success Contents
    From protest to reform A study of social movements’ success Contents Introduction 4 About this report 7 At a glance: selected features of social movements 8 Setting the context: what triggers 9 protest movements? Armenia’s Velvet Revolution (2018) 9 Pro-impeachment protests in Brazil (2015-2016) 10 The October Revolution in Lebanon (2019) 11 End SARS protests in Nigeria (2020) 12 There’s no success like failure: 13 debunking spontaneity The risks and pitfalls of leaderlessness 17 and over-reliance on strong leadership Measuring success and failure 24 Conclusions 30 2 Foreword From the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia to military coup in Myanmar, undermining civil the Taksim protests in Turkey and the Maidan disobedience and nonviolent resistance. protests in Ukraine, social upheavals can gain strength seemingly suddenly, often around Sometimes, the threat to a protest movement’s a single event, and then go on to challenge success comes from within. When movement deeply entrenched power structures. leadership is weak, or overly rigid and centralised, movements have a hard time What makes these protests so powerful is realising their goals. Equally, when movement activists’ and movement members’ willingness structures are not built for the long haul, it to risk life and liberty in their urgent desire to becomes hard to build and sustain momentum work against— against an oppressive regime, for lasting political change. discriminatory legislation, or a systemic lack of justice. But after these early chaotic moments, Importantly, even when protests “succeed”, disruptive movements too often fade away long-term reforms are not a given. Activists can without creating the long-term changes that lack a long-term vision for change which goes they sought.
    [Show full text]