Public Disclosure Authorized

THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF WUDU IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (WIADP)

Public Disclosure Authorized PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN

Public Disclosure Authorized Implementing institution: World Bank Loan Project Management Office of Municipality Prepared by: Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Mianyang Municipality

October 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized ------,......

-~~~~~~~-----~,.....' THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SICHUAN WUDU IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (WIADP)

PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN

Project Name: Sichuan Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project (WIADP) Task Entrusted by: World Bank Loan Project Management Office of Mianyang MuniCipality Report Prepared by: Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Mianyang MuniCipality Leader of Task Team: Liu Rudong Main Staff: Liu Rudong, Wang Xiaosong, Fu Xingjian, Xu Xingquan, Liu Yufu, Liu Xiaoming Supporting Technical Consultant: Wang Li Translator: Zang Yanling ------______'l'~" Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 2 1.2 GENERAL SITUATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...... 2 1.3 HYDROLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ...... 5 1.4 MAIN CROP PAITERNS INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5 1.5 CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (lPM) ...... 1 1.6 OBJECTIVE OF IPM SUPPORTED BY THE PROJECT ...... 8

2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN THE PROJECTAREA...... 8

2.1 PREDICTABLE MAIN HAZARDOUS PEST ...... 8 2.2 MAIN TECHNIQUES CURRENTLY USED FOR PEST, DISEASE AND WEED MANAGEMENTIN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 10 2.3 OVERALL EvALUA TION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF DISEASE AND PEST MANAGMENT ...... 11

3 POLICY AND SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSiBILITIES...... 18

3.1 POLICIES ISSUED B Y NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ON PLANT PROTECTION AND IPM...... 18 3.2 SUPERVISION RAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 19 3.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT CAPACiTy ...... 21 3.4 REGULATIONS AND CONTROL ON USE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDES ...... 21

4 METHODOLOGY FOR PMP PREPARATION UNDER THE PROJECT...... 22

4.1 OBJECTIVES ...... 22 4.2 KEY ASPECTS OF PMPOF THE PROJECT ...... 22

5 RECOMMENDED METHODS FOR DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT ...... 23

IN THE PROJECT AREA...... 23

5.1 PURPOSES OF RECOMMENDED METHODS ...... 23 5.2 RECOMMENDED IPM METHODS ...... 23 5.3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS ...... 24 5.4 METHODS TO CONTROL USE OF AGRO-CHEMICALS ...... 24

LIST OF HIGHLY TOXIC PESTICIDES BANNED OR RESTRICTED BY THE STATE...... 30

5.5 IPM METHODS RECOMMENDED UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 31

6 INDICATORS FOR IPM UNDER THE PROJECT...... 33

6.1 USE OF PESTICIDES AND ApPLICATION OF IPM ...... 33 6.2 AMOUNT OF PESTICIDES FINANCED BY THE PROJECT ...... 36 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL, PROFESSIONAL AND HEALTH RISKS OF PESTICIDE ApPLICA nON ...... 36

7 IPM CAPACITY STRENGTHENING UNDER THE PROJECT...... 37 ------,."'~'<

Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

7.1 RELEVANT POLICIES ...... 37 7.2 OBJECTIVES OF rPM IMPLEMENTATION ...... 38 7.3 BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, MANAGEMENT CAPACITY, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COOPERATION ...... 39 7.4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT...... 39 7.5 TRAINING TO FARMERS ...... 40

8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) OF IPM IMPLEMENTATION UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 41

8.1 ACTlVITlES THAT NEED MONITORING BY LOCAL IMPLEMENTING INSTITUTIONS DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ...... 41 8.2 MONITORING ACTIVITlES DURING THE WORLD BANK SUPERVISION MISSIONS ...... 43 8.3 PLAN OF MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ...... 43

Abbreviations

ATESC-Agricultural Technical Extension Service Center WUA- Water User Association CDD-Community-Driven Development FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization GB-Guo Biao, or National Standards IPM-Integrated Pest Management PMO-Project Management Office PMP-Pest Management Plan WIADP-Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project

_____ ------.,.~''ll-" Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

1 Introduction

1.1 Project Description

Wudu Water Diversion Scheme is a large-scale. multi-functional, key water engineering project included in the West to East Water Diversion Master Plan of Sichuan Province, serving the purposes of flood control, irrigation, power generation, domestic and industrial water supply, environmental protection and tourism, etc. It is located in the hilly hinterland area of Sichuan Province and the irrigation area it serves starts from Longmen Mountain and Jianmen Mountain in the north, extend in the south to Qinggang River of County, borders Fujiang River in the west and is adjacent to Shengzhong Irrigation Area in the east, involving totally 8 counties/cities of4 municipalities, namely City, , , and of Mianyang Municipality; Shehong County ofSuining Municipality; ofGuangyuan Municipality; and ofNan chong Municipality.

Sichuan Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project (WIADP) (hereinafter referred to as ''the Project") is designed to serve irrigated areas totaling 1.0532 million mu, including 903.7 thousand mu ofXizi Irrigation Area and 149.5 thousand mu of irrigated land that is directly served by Wudu Reservoir. Construction ofthe project is classified as Grade-II, including construction ofXizi Main Canal, Jinfeng Reservoir, 17 branch canals under either Wudu Reservoir or Xizi Reservoir. The project components also include development of 3 on-farm demonstration areas, institutional capacity building and project management. The World Bank will finance: (a) part ofXizi Main Canal (about 23 km) and one sub-main canal and 10 branch canals; (b) COD-based on-farm demonstration areas; and (c) institutional capacity building and project management. Construction tasks included in the project aim at supplying water for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses. The PDOs are: (a) to increase the coverage of irrigation in order to increase agricultural production in Mianyang; (b) to provide water supply - in bulk - to small rural communities and industries in Mianyang; and (c) to introduce participatory approach for water management in the project areas to ensure the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in the project areas.

1.2 General Situation of Social and Economic Development The Project involves totally 8 countieslcities of4 municipalities, namely Jiangyou City, Youxian District, Santai County, Yanting County and Zitong County of Mianyang Municipality; Shehong County of Suining Municipality; Jiange County of Municipality; and Nanbu County ofNancong Municipality, covering a 2 total area of 5048km . Irrigated areas included in the project mainly involve 6 counties/city of4 municipalities, including Jiangyou City, Zitong County and Yanting County of Mianyang Municipality; Jiange County ofGuangyuan

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Municipality; Nanbu County of Nan chong Municipality; and Shehong County of Suining Municipality. According to statistical data of 2008, there were 131 townships and towns in the 6 counties/city, with a total population of 2.1369 million, including 1.7693 million of rural population, accounting for 83 % of the total.

(l) Mianyang Municipality

Zitong County is situated in the northwestern part of the , adjacent to Jianmen Pass in the east, Longmen Mountains in the northwest and western Sichuan plain in the south. It borders 5 counties, namely Youxian, Jiangyou, Jiange, Yanting and Santai, and is the national level base for paddy seed breeding, and Sichuan provincial level base for sericulture, waterfowl, lean-meat pig and cotton production, as well as navel orange production base of Mianyang Municipality. The county covers an area of 1442km2, including 330 villages of32 township and towns. Its total population is 382 thousand, including 323 thousand of rural population; total cultivated land is 421.0 thousand mu, and total grain production is 198.6 thousand tons; total annual GDP is 3.42 billion yuan; per capita income ofthe farmers is 4,590 yuan. Zitong County has always been a vital transportation line in northern Sichuan, with the No.1 08 national road going obliquely through the county for a distance of 42 km. Roads in the county all take the No.l08 national road as axis line and have formed a road network that extends in all directions, including 10 main roads linking the county up with the surrounding counties.

Yanting County is located at the junction of Fuj iang River and Jialing River in north-central part of the Sichuan Basin. More specifically, it is in the southeastern part of Mianyang Municipality and borders Santai, Zitong, Nanbu, and Shehong counties. The county covers an area totaling I 645km2, consisting of 467 villages of 14 towns and 22 townships (including 1 Hui autonomous township), and 27 neighborhood committees. In 2008, total population of the county was 602.1 thousand, including 512.4 thousand of rural population; cultivated land totaled 546.1 thousand mu; grain production totaled 303 thousand tons; annual GDP was 4.62 billion yuan, including 2.307 billion yuan from the primary industry, 1.182 billion yuan from the second industry and 1.131 billion yuan from the tertiary industry; per capita income of the farmers was 4399 yuan. The county is a national level lean-meat pig production base and sericulture production base of Sichuan County. Transportation in the county is well developed, with the No.1 0 I provincial road passing through the entire county and roads at county and village levels extend in all directions.

Jiangyou City is located at the upstream area of Fujiang River in northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin and is in southeast of the Longmen Mountain, being 40 km away from Mianyang Municipality. The city is not only an important national commodity grain production base but also a nationally important metallurgical industrial base, as well as a provincially important energy industry base. The city

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2 covers an area of 2720 km , consisting of21 towns and 477 administrative villages of 19 townships. In 2008, the city had a total population of 883 thousand, including rural population of636 thousand; cultivated land of 581.6 thousand mu; total grain production of308.5 thousand tons; total GOP of 13.58 billion yuan; farmers' per capita income of 4,869 yuan. Jiangyou City has a well-developed transportation system, with Baocheng Railway going through the entire city from north to south, and Mianyang-Guangzhou expressway, Mianyang-Jiujiang expressway (under construction), No.302 national road and etc. constituting the main road network of the city.

(2) Nanchong Municipality

Nanbu County is located at the middle reach of Jialing River in the northeastern part ofthe Sichuan Basin, adjacent to Yilong, Pengan counties in the east, Yanting and Zitong counties in the south, Sunqing and Xichong counties in the west, and Jiange and counties in the north. It is identified as the production base for national level quality cotton, lean-meat pig, commodity grain and sericulture, etc. The county covers an area totaling 2235.56km2 and has jurisdiction over totally 48 residents' committees and 1053 villages of 78 townships. In 2008, the county had a total population of 1.2004 million, including rural popUlation of 1.0878 million; cultivated land of 821.3 thousand mu; total grain production of 521.0 thousand tons; total GOP of 10.686 billion yuan; farmers' per capita income of3,996 yuan. Nanbu County is the main transportation pivot for central and northern Sichuan areas to reach westward to , northward to Guangyuan, southward to Chongqing, and eastward to . Besides, No.212 national road and provincial roads Nanqu and Tangba all go across the county, and the planned Lan-Yu railway will pass through the county. Jialing River runs through the county seat and has a length of 106km within the county.

(3) Suining Municipality

Shehong County is located at the north rim ofthe hilly area in central part ofthe Sichuan Basin, adjacent to Nanchong in the east, Chengdu in the west, Chongqing in the south and Mianyang in the north. It is listed as the production base for commodity grain and quality cotton, rice and corn seeds' breeding base, and is one ofthe top 100 counties for meat production. The county covers an area totaling 1495.97 km 2 and has jurisdiction over totally 592 villages of30 townships. In 2008, the county had a total population of 1.0206 million, including rural popUlation of 749.3 thousand; cultivated land of613.9 thousand mu; total grain production of 445.9 thousand tons; total GOP of 13.79 billion yuan, including 2.708 billion yuan from the primary industry, 7.630 billion yuan from the secondary industry and 3.452 billion yuan from the tertiary industry; farmers' per capita income of 4,724 yuan. Shehong County enjoys convenient transportation and has roads extending in all directions, including Mian-Yu section ofthe provincial road S205 that goes through

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the county and Mian~Sui expressway that is currently under construction.

(4) Guangyuan Municipality

Jiange County is situated at the north rim of the Sichuan County, and borders in the east, Zitong, Jiangyou counties in the west, Langzhong and Nanbu counties in the south, and , and Yuanba District of Guangyuan Municipality in the north. The county covers an area totaling 3200 km2 and has jurisdiction over totally 12 districts, 23 townships, and 549 villages of 34 townships. In 2008, the county had a total population of 675 thousand, including rural population of 600 thousand; cultivated land of 783.9 thousand mu; total grain production of410.6 thousand tons; total GDP of3.74 billion yuan; farmers' per capita income of3,079 yuan. The county is economically dominated by agriculture, and is also a major county of forestry development. With national road No.1 08 and Bao~Cheng railway going through it and Jialing River running eastward in its territory, the county has advantage of convenient transportation.

1.3 Hydrological and Climatic Conditions

The Project is located in Fujiang River Basin. Fujiang River belongs to level-l branch river on the right bank ofJialing River and originates from Hongxingyan Mountain at the eastern foot of Minshan mountain ranges, it flows southeastward from the northwest, passing through Pingwu, Jiangyou, Mianyang, Santai, Shehong, Suining and Tongnan counties/cities/municipalities before emptying into Jialing River at Hechuan District ofChongqing Municipality. The total length ofthe main 2 stream Fujiang River is 675km and the total area ofthe river basin is 36272km •

Irrigation projects included in the Project are located in the south of the Qingling mountain ranges in western part of the monsoon region in China, belonging to semi-tropical wet monsoon climate, characterized by frequent droughts in spring and autumn, hot summer with concentrated rainfall, rainy autumn, mild but cloudy winter with little rainfall, limited sunlight and longer frost-free period. Based on historical data ofJiangyou, Mianyang, Zitong and Yantang meteorological stations within the areas of land acquisition for the Project, the long-term average annual temperature is 15.9'"'-'16.9'C, solar radiation period is 1245'"'-'1357 hrs, relative humidity is 76'"'-'83%, frost-free period is 280days, average wind speed is 1.0--­ 1.8m/s, average annual precipitation is 860.9---1 089.6mm, and average annual evaporation is 905.4'" 1302.7mm.

1.4 Main Crop Patterns Involved in the Project Area

According to the Agricultural Statistical Year Book of Sichuan Province 2008, planting area of main crops in the 6 counties/cities of the 4 municipalities (namely Jiangyou City, Zitong County and Yanting County of Mianyang Municipality, Jiange

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County of Guangyuan Municipality, Shehong County of Suining Municipality, and Nanbu County of Nanchong Municipality) totaled 8,887, 832mu. The following table and diagram are prepared in the order of magnitude of the crop areas.

Planting Areas of Main Crops in the Project Area Table 1 4-1 Crops Jiangyou Zitong Yanting Jiange Nanbu Shehong Total (mu) Wheat 210960 206640 326445 370665 497205 393940 2005855 Rice 324705 178245 169620 322395 295950 181147 1472062 Com 132255 112545 260805 251265 364515 296582 1417967 Rape Seed 220065 159060 234945 320250 181260 80129 1195709 Orchard 300910 124230 170516 146070 101055 7320 850101 Sweet Potato 22320 32790 115500 68325 232095 233929 704959 Vegetable 167805 60030 72990 55245 246510 62493 665073 Potato 27470 6540 28605 44400 105690 79366 292071 Soybean 6360 21945 8400 37320 39765 88583 202373 Medicinal herb 4785 8400 5505 3705 34095 25172 81662 Total (mu) 1417635 910425 1393331 1619640 2098140 1448661 8887832

Area of Main Crops (unit:mu)

± ~;& 11:!\mfiPtR iJiH~ 00 ~

2500000 II /J Wheat _ 7j Rice 2000000 0.3 Com Rape Seed 1500000 O~ -51 Orchard 1000000 1111 Sweet Potato -l€ Vegetable 500000 01 Potato .:;1 Soybean 0 Medicinal Herb OOl~ can IIP:j

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Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM is a strategic approach to pest management that, based on holistic perceptions of the overall agro-ecological system and correlations between pests and environment, makes full use of natural control functions in agro-ecosystems and relies on a combination of agricultural, physical, ecological and chemical practices to manage and limit pest damage to an acceptable level ofeconomic losses. In line with IPM concept, pest control actions will only be taken when pest damage will lead to economic losses, i.e., it is acceptable that crops have certain amount of bacteria or pests, as long as their populations don't reach the threshold ofeconomic losses. IPM pays great attention to application of integrated preventive and control techniques, including resistant crop varieties, planting methods, chemical agents and, particularly, biological natural enemies, while taking prudent attitude towards use of chemical pesticides.

IPM is also a systematic management approach that emphasizes participation, education of crop growers and strengthening their decision-making capabilities, as well as policy support. In practice, it advocates healthy planting, protection of natural enemies, farmland ecological survey once a week, observation of status of crop growth, populations of pests, natural enemies and other insects. With IPM, results from farmland ecological analysis replace traditional empirical thresholds for taking control actions, and self-decision can be made based on the ecological analysis results. The guiding ideology of IPM is sustainable agricultural development, instead of pursuit of high crop yields, and its core concepts are increase of net return, rational utilization of limited resources, and enhancement of comprehensive quality of the agricultural producers. In implementation, rPM can be divided into 3 closely related steps: prevention, monitoring, and control intervention, among which the first step is the first line action to be taken to effectively reduce or get rid of use of agro-chemicals, reduce pollution to natural eco-environment and create an environment that goes against pests' occurrence but favors growth and breeding of crops and beneficial organisms.

IPM supported by the Project involves the following aspects:

(1) Implementing biological control of pest to manage the damage to the limit of acceptable economic losses, instead ofexterminating all pests and diseases;

(2) Making full use of natural control functions and utilizing non-chemical means as much as possible to maintain a low level of pest population;

(3) When it's necessary to use pesticides, selection ofthe variety and application method should ensure that hazardous impacts on beneficial organisms, human beings and eco-environment can be reduced as far as possible.

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1.6 Objective of IPM Supported by the Project

Implementation oflPM will make it possible to change the current practice of input and application method ofagro-chemicals (chemical fertilizers, pesticides). The Project will attend to the potential negative impacts caused by change of input and application method ofagro-chemicals, and will mitigate them by introducing to the farmers more effective agro-chemicals and application techniques. Meanwhile, through introduction and demonstration of more environmentally friendly IPM techniques, the Project will help to enlarge planting areas ofgreen and non-polluting agro-products, improve quality and yield ofthe agro-products, so as to increase farmers' income.

Under the Project, this PMP will first be implemented and get improved in the 3 CDD-based WUA on-farm irrigation pilot areas in Jiangyou City, Zitong County and Yanting County, and then extended gradually in the whole Wudu irrigation areas, aiming at promoting use ofagricultural, physical and biological methods to control pests and crop diseases, reducing agriculture's reliance on agro-chemicals and pollution to agro-products and natural eco-environment, and thus realizing sustainable agricultural development in the irrigation area. Therefore, preparation of this PMP is very much necessary.

2 Current Pest Management Practice in the Project Area

2.1 Predictable Main Hazardous Pest

According to statistical data ofthe 6 counties/cities on plant protection in 2009 and data of monitoring and surveys to the households by the plant protection institutions at all levels, a list of main pests and crop diseases, weeds is prepared (see Table 2.1-1) in the order of magnitude of planting areas ofthe main crops. As shown in the table, main crop diseases, pests and weeds include: 10 kinds of crop diseases, namely rice blast, rice false smut, rice sheath blight, wheat puccinia striiformis, powdery mildew, fusarium head blight, rape(colza)sclerotina rot, mildew, potato late blight and viral diseases; 7 kinds of pests, namely, rice borer, "double migrant"pest, aphid, corn borer, citrus icerya purchasi, red spider and cabbage caterpillar; 12 kinds of weeds, namely echinochloa crusgalli, cyperus difformsi, eleocharis acicularis, D.sanguinalis,Semen Euphorbiae Lathyridis,Alopecurus aequalis Sobol,Chickweek,Galium aparine L., Shepherdspurse herb, Poa pratensis,~ Polypogon fugax and Conyzacanadnsis.

Table 2.1-2 and the following diagram show the areas of incidence of pests, diseases weeds and the order of magnitudes of the resulted losses notwithstanding the control measures.

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Main Crops' Areas and Main Pests, Diseases and Weeds in the Project Area

Table 2.1-1 Crops Area (mu) Main Pests, Diseases and Weeds Puccinia striiformis,Powdery mildew,Aphid,Fusarium head Wheat 2005855 blight,Alopecurus aequalis Sobol,Chickweek,Galium aparine L., Shepherd's purse Rice blast. Rice false smut. Sheath Blight. rice borer,"double Rice 1472062 migrant"pest, echinochloa crusgalli cyperus difformsi, eleocharis acicularis Com borer,streak disease,Sheath Blight, D.sanguinalis,Semen Corn 1417967 Euphorbiae Lathyridis, Cyperus totundus,Portulaca oleracea L. Sclerotinia, Aphid, Cabbage caterpillar,Downy Mildew,Poa Rape Seed 1195709 pratensis, Polypogon fuga,Chickweek,Galium aparine L. Icerya purchasi, pear Grapholiths molesta Busck,red spider, Orchard 850101 Conyazacanadnsis, Semen Euphorbiae Lathyridis, Artemisia apiacea Cabbage caterpillar,Beet armyworm,Downy Mildew,Bemisis Vegetable 665073 tabaci Genuadius,Plutelia xylostella,blight,Alopecurus aequalis Sobol,Poa pratensis,Shepherdspurse herb Potato 292071 Late blight,viral disease Total 7898838 -

Areas of Incidences ofPests, Diseases and Weeds and Losses Caused

Table 2.1-2 1 Area of Incidence Losses Caused Crops Diseases or Pests 3 i (10 mu) (ton)

I Wheat Strip rust 958 7721 Rice Rice blast 378 4178 Wheat Weeds 1018 3539 Rice Borer 1222 3168 Rice Weeds 975 2986 Com Corn Sheath Blight 294 2463 . Rice Rice false smut 458 2226 Rape Weeds 1072 2070 Com Weeds 660 2044 Rice "double migrant" pest 652 1887 Wheat Powdery Mildew 315 1711 Corn Ostrinia nubilalis 410 1580 Wheat Fusarium head blight 235 1217 Rape Sclerotinia 304 970 Rice Sheath Blight 333 723

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Wheat Aphid 505 650 Rape Downy Mildew 264 443 Rape Aphid 228 123

Areas of Major Incidents of Diseases, Pests and Weeds and Actual Losses in Spite of Control Actions Taken

II Wheat Strip rust Rice blast 9000 •0 Wheat Weeds Rice Borer 8000 0 Rice Weeds 7000 •III Com Sheath Blight Rice false smut 6000 •0 Rape Weeds 5000 Com Weeds • Rice'double migrant' pest 4000 •0 Wheat Powdery Mildew 3000 0 Corn borer Wheat Fusarium head blight 2000 • Rape Sclerotinia 1000 • Rice Sheath Blight • Wheat Aphid o • Rape Downy Mildew Areaoflncidence (IOJrnu) Actual Losses (ton) I!l 0 Rape Aphid

2.2 Main Techniques Currently Used for Pest, Disease and Weed Managementin the Project Area

2.2.1 Rice

2.2.1.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control

CD Select high quality varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases, including mainly Guangneixiangyou, D-you, Chuanxiangyou, Gangyou, Jinyou and II-you series of varieties. Meanwhile, based on monitoring results of crop varieties' resistance to rice blast and biological strain of rice blast bacteria, regional medium and long-term crop ration plan is formulated.

® Strengthen management on fertilizer and water use, extend formula-based fertilizer use and timely field drying, so as to upgrade pest resistance capacity ofthe seedlings.

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@ Carry out paddy field-dry land rotation and properly dispose straw before seeding raising, reduce chances for the pests to live through the winter and straw with disease(s) or pest(s) won't be used in bundling seedlings.

2.2.1.2 Physical Control

Yellow board and pest-killer lamps are used to trap and kill pests.

2.2.1.3 Biological Control

Use biological agents, such as Validamycin or Validamycin' bacillus cereus to control sheath blight, rice false smut; use rice and duck co-raising techniques to prevent and control pests and weeds; protect and utilize spiders, frogs and other natural enemies in the paddy field to control pests.

2.2.1.4 Chemical Control

a. Rice Seedling Stage

Chemical weeding: Use pretilachlor, butachlor, bensulfuron methyl and pyrazosulfuron-ethyI.

Transplanting with pesticide: spray using 20g to 30g Tricyclazole (75%) + 50g monosultap (90%) for one mu of rice field during 3 to 5 days before the transplanting to prevent against rice blast and first generation borer.

b. Rice Tillering Stage

bl. For one mu of land with leaf blast problem, use 100mi isoprothiolane (40%)to blend with 40 to 50 kg of water and spray the field for 1 to 2 times, and use 20 to 30g ofTricyclazole (75%) per mu to spray the surrounding area for prevention.

b2. For field with ratio of withered sheath of rice clump reaching 10% or ratio of withered sheath of individual rice plant reaching 3 to 5%, use 80"""'1 OOml Dursban (20%)·triazophos per mu, 40"""'60g monosultap (90%) per mu before third instar period of the pests.

c. Rice Jointing""'" Late Booting Stage

For field with ratio of sheath blight clumps reaching 40%, use25 """'30g of soluble powder of validamycin, or 300ml water aqua ofAvilamycin (2.5 %). bacillus cereus, and the key parts for application are: middle and lower parts of the crop. Same formula can be used to control rice false smut.

d. Rice Late Booting "'- Ear Sprouting Stage

d I.At the early stage of rice crevasse, use 100g wettable powder of Tricyclazole 11

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(20 %), or 30g wettable powder ofTricyclazole (75 %), to blend with water of 50 kg to spray. For field with leaf blast problem, spray using 100ml missible oil of isoprothiolane (40%)+ 20g wettable powder ofTricyclazole (75 %) to blend with water of 50kg to prevent rice spike neck blast.

d2. At the early hatching stage of borer eggs, use 50 to 60g of momosultap (90%), or 8g thiamethoxam (40%) per mu to blend with 50kg of water to spray to prevent second generation Chilo suppressalis and Scirpophaga incertulas.

d3.When white back delphacidae insect population density reaching 1500headl100 clumps, Cnaphalocrocis medinals more than 10 cysts/l 00 clumps at tillering--jointing stage or more than 5 cysts per hundred clumps during ear sprouting stage, use 50---60g buprofezin (5 %) per mu (for dry paddy field, use 50--., 60g buprofezin (25 %)+ 100ml DDVP (80%)to control delphcidae. Use 8g benzamide (20%) per mu, or 100ml abamectin (1.8%) to control Cnaphalocrocis medinals.

2.2.2 Wheat

2.2.2.1 Agricultural Control

CD Select high quality varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases. Based on monitoring results ofcrop varieties' resistance and biological strain of stripe rust diseases, select and have rational distribution of wheat varieties with various resistance genes, such as Mianyang, Mianmai, Xikemai, Neimai, Chuanmai, Chuanyu and Chuannong, so that postponement and mitigation of wheat stripe rust disease can be realized.

® Strengthen planting management and proper late sowing; extend application offormula-based fertilizer; provide trenches to ensure good drainage for two-crop field and low-lying damp field.

2.2.2.2 Physical Control

Use yellow boards to trap and kill aphids.

2.2.2.3 Biological Control

Use VaJidamycin to prevent and control sheath blight.

2.2.2.4 Chemical Control

CD Seed dressing with medicament. Seed dressing using Triazolone, diniconazole, etc. can not only prevent smut but also postpone initial stage of rust disease and Powdery mildew. Ratio of the seed dressing is 50g wettable powder of

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Triazolone(l5%) for 50kg of wheat seeds. It should be noted that when using Triazolone for seed dressing, dry mixing should be applied. Besides, for low-lying field that is seriously wet and field oftwo crops with poor drainage where, seed dressing is not to be popularized when continuous autumn rain occurs in sowing season, so as to avoid risk of damage.

® Control at Seeding Stage

Chemical weeding: Use tribenuron-methyl, dicamba, fiuroxypyr, fenoxaprop-ethyl to weed.

For field with wheat stripe rust disease and powdery mildew, field with seedling disease in autumn and winter, use siple dosage ofTriazolone and propiconazole for targeted treatment, blockade the disease infection center and focal field, so as to lower the bacteria sources and thus postpone spread of diseases in spring.

® Control at Jointing - Ear Sprouting Stage

Apply one time of pesticide to the field with rust stripe disease and Powdery mildew after spring for prevention and treatment. For field that is seriously impacted due to lack of timely previous prevention and treatment, another application is needed at the ear sprouting stage. But pesticide to be used should only be siple dosage of Triazolone and propiconazole, so as to guarantee control effectiveness.

When bacteria source of wheat fusarium head blight is extensive and temperature during wheat flowering period is at 15 'C, fusarium head blight is most likely ifthere are 3 successive warm rainy days then. Pesticide application needs to be done in sunny time interval. For one mu ofland, either 100g carbendazim (50%) or 100g of Thiophanate-mythyl (50%) can be applied.

After temperature rise in spring, emphasis should be place on control of aphids, especially during wheat ear sprouting period when aphids are reproducing fast and thus causing great damage. For one mu offield, either 10-15ml deltamethrin (2.5%) or IO-15g ofpirimicarb (50%) can be applied.

2.2.3 Rape

2.2.3.l Agricultural Control

CD Select and use disease-resistant varieties, such as Deyou, Mianyou and Rongyou series.

® Strengthen planting management by promoting formula-based fertilizer application and ditching and drainage of two-crop field and low-lying wet field, as well as removing old, yellow and low leaves. 13

------"" Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

2.2.3.2 Physical Control

Use yellow board to attract and kill aphids.

2.2.3.3 Chemical Control

Chemical weeding: use quizalofop-p-ethyl, sethoxydim, benazolin.

Pests' control: At seedling stage, for one mu offield, use diluent of Mancozeb (70%) (l :500~700) to control Downy Mildew. At early flowering stage, for one mu of field, spray 80-1 OOg of carbendazim or 100-150g dimethachlon (40%), or 100g Thiophanate-mythyl (50%) to control sclerotiniose. For one mu offield, use 20-30g ofimidacloprid (10%) to prevent and control aphids.

2.2.4 Corn

2.2.4.1 Agricultural Control

CD Select and use disease-resistant varieties, such as Denghai, Miandan, Zhongdan, Nongda series.

® Strengthen planting management. Promote formula-based fertilizer utilization, completely dispose before sowing, so as to reduce overwintering pest popUlation; or, based on the feature that com borers are concentrated in the male tassels that are not yet protruded, apply manual remove ofthe male tassels every other rows ofthe crops, take the removed tassels out ofthe field and bury them deeply or burn them, so as to kill the larvae. Before male tassels' sprouting, take off 2 to 3 disease-impacted leaves at the lower part of the crops.

2.2.4.2 Physical Control

Make use of phototaxis ofthe core borers and use frequency vibration pest-killing lamp to kill the adult pest.

2.2.4.3 Biological Control

Use trichogramma releases technique. It is based on entomogenous virus epidemic and uses egg parasitic wasps as media to transmit virus to the surface ofcom border eggs, making the larvae sick and the population sick with virus disease, so as to control damage by the pests. From the early spawning stage to full and end of spawning stage of the com borers, release trichogramma for 2 to 3 times, 10 to 20 thousand pests per mu; Use 200 ml Bacillus thuringiensis (10 billion spores in 1g) per mu to spray the filed.

Use validamycin to prevent and control sheath blight.

14 ------""'

Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

2.2.4.4 Chemical Control

Chemical weeding: Use alachlor, metolachlor and acetochlor to weed.

Control of pests: If leaves with holes caused by pests reaching 10% at the final stage when heartleaves of spring corns grow, overall control over corn borders is necessary. At the interim stage of heartleaf growth, it the leaves with holes reaching 20%, or accumulatively there are over 30 eggs found in 100 plants of crop, another preventive treatment is needed; for summer corn, preventive treatment is needed at the end of heartleaf growth stage. When corn ears with pests reaching 10% at the ear sprouting stage, or there are 50 pests found in 100 ear filaments, immediate preventive treatment is needed. Pesticides to be used include dipterex (90%) or DDVP (50%) with a dilution ratio of 1: 1500, or fenvalerate (40%) or deltamethrin (2.5%) with a dilution ratio of 1:4000, the key parts of spray application are the heartleaf part and male tassels with bracts.

Before and after the male tassel development, use chlorothalonil (75%) or carbendazim (50%) at a dilution ratio of 1:500, or Thiophanate-mythyl (70%) to prevent and control small streak disease. Use carbendazim (50) or Mancozeb (90%) to spray for prevention and control of large streak disease.

2.2.5 Fruit Trees

2.2.5.1 Agricultural Control

Clearance ofthe orchard needs to be done well by scraping the old barks in winter and early spring and burn the collected barks, so as to eliminate the larvae that have lived through winter.

2.2.5.2 Physical Control

Before the larvae that lived through winter leave the fruits, hang grass bundles onto the branches and trunks to attract the larvae, and then burn the grass bundles next spring before the pests awake.

Since Grapholitha molesta Busck has tropism towards smells ofsugar, vinegar and liquor, and towards light, pest-killing lamps, black-light lamps or jars filled with sugar, vinegar and liquor can be set up in the orchards to kill pests.

2.2.5.3 Biological Control

Protect and utilize natural enemies ofthe pests. Promote use ofAmblyseius cucumeris to kill red spiders.

2.2.5.4 Chemical Control

15

$ I' Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

Chemical weeding: Use glyphosate, Glufosinate and paraquat to prevent and kill off weeds.

Prevention and Control over Pests: Brush the lower part of tree trunks using lime water in winter or early spring, or spray on them LimeSulphur; have timely application ofpesticides in peak periods of adult pests, abamectin (5%) (at 1 :5000 of dilution ratio) can be use to prevent and control citrus red spiders; cyhalothrin (2.5%) (at 1:3000 ofdilution ratio) can be used to prevent and control Grapholitha molesta Buscks and carposina niponensis walsingham, and use thiazine (25%) (1 :2000) to prevent and control icerya purchasi.

2.2.6 Vegetable

2.2.6.1 Agricultural Control

Select disease and pest-resistant varieties and apply seed disinfection, extend seedling culture and transplanting techniques, so as to reduce incidence of diseases and pests; increase use oforganic fertilizers, apply rational irrigation, strengthen planting management and resistance of plants; promote use of high ridge planting, beneath-film irrigation in green houses to prevent and control diseases and pests.

2.2.6.2 Physical Control

In green houses, promote use oftechniques, such as pest proofnet, yellow board (it can attract and kill aphid, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, whitefly and leafminer), and use silvery grey film to avoid aphids.

2.2.6.3 Biological Control

Enclosing the green houses during high temperature period and other ecological measures can be used in the green houses to prevent ad control Downy Mildew and other diseases and pests.

Release of predatory mites, Encarsia formosa I in green houses to control the damage.

2.2.6.4 Chemical Control

Select highly effective, low toxic and low residue pesticides (non-polluting pesticides, or pesticides allowed to be used for green production). Pesticide application methods include daubing, root soaking and spray, or use of smoke agents to summing or steaming and thus kill pests and bacteria in the green houses.

Pest prevention and control of pest sources in winter and spring needs to be well implemented. On account ofoverwintering ofBemisi a tabaci Gennadium, aphid and other pests in the green houses and on the indoor flowers, prevention and control in

16 ___• ______.. ~'(\t'

Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

such overwintering sites in winter and spring is taken as the key measure of prevention and control. Fuming and steaming using smoke agents is the main resort for green houses, supplemented by spray in spring. Comprehensive prevention and control is necessary to reduce pest population at the source and mitigate pressure of control at later stage.

2.2.7 Potato

2.2.7.1 Agricultural Control

Firstly, select disease-resistant and virus-free potato seeds. Soak the disease-free seeds in hot water (40-50'C) for 1 minute, and then soak them into hot water of 60'C for 15 minutes (ratio of potato seeds to hot water is 1:4), during the later soaking period, let temperature of the hot water naturally drops, but not to below 50 'C. Rotate potato planting with non-Salanceae plants once every I to 2 years to reduce incidence and damage oflate blight and bacterial wilt and other diseases of potato. Implement extensive application of base fertilizer and the base fertilizer should account for about 70% of total fertilizer use, including mainly organic fertilizer, with the purpose of boosting healthy growth of plants and increasing their anti-disease capability.

2.2.7.2 Physical Control

Use yellow board to attract aphids and thus prevent spreading of virus diseases by aphids.

2.2.7.3 Chemical Control

Immediately pull out and deeply bury the sick plants with potato late blight disease. At early stage of the disease, use wettable powder of Metalaxyl-Cu (50%) (at dilution ratio of 1:700-800), or wettable powder of Metalaxyl mancozeb (58%)or wettable powder ofoxadixyl mancozeb (64%) (at dilution ratio of I :500) to spray all plants in the field once every 7 days successively for 2 to 3 times in total.

Use yellow board to attract aphids, or use 10 to 20g of imidacloprid (lO%)to blend with 50kg of water for control of aphid in one mu of field after full development of the seedlings, so as to eliminate the media of virus spread.

Use 2 to 3 kg of granular phoxim (5%) to spread in the sowing trenches in the field to prevent and control underground pests (such as grubs, etc).

2.3 Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest Managment

Through consultation with relevant departments of the project countieslcities and on-site surveys to the farmers, it is understood that the irrigation areas have

17

at Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP complicated eco-environment and an abundance of crops, and that the local climate makes the crops prone to be impacted by diseases and pests, such as rust disease, powdery mildew, aphids for wheat; blast, sheath blight, striped borers and Scirpophaga incertulas for rice; sheath blight and borer for corn; red spiders and icerya purchasi for citrus; sclerotiniose for rape; plutella xylostella, cabbage caterpillar and downy mildew for vegetables and potato late blight, etc. It is also learned that, a complete system of disease and pest prediction and forecasting has been established by agricultural plant protection departments at all levels and equipped with matured and advanced techniques. However, there are stilI problems as follows:

(I) Higher degree of reliance on agro-chemicals, especially for prevention and control of major incidences of diseases and pests;

(2) Obviously arbitrary disposal of agro-chemicals and their packaging material, which forms latent plane source pollution;

(3) It occurred that highly toxic agro-chemicals were used iIlegally;

(4) Inadequate supervision on use of agro-chemicals;

(5) Awareness of the agricultural extension staff, agro-chemical seller and farmers of integrated disease and pest management is insufficient.

3 Policy and Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities

3.1 Policies Issued by National and Provincial Governments on Plant Protection and IPM

(1) Law ofP.R. China on Quality and Safety ofAgro-Products (promulgated by the National People's Congress in April, 2006) ;

(2) Regulations ofP.R. China on Management on Pesticides (issued by the State Council in May 1997) ;

(3) Methods for Implementing the Regulations ofP.R. China on Management on Pesticides (issued by the Ministry ofAgriculture in April 1999) ;

(4) Methods for Management of Pollution-free Agro-Products (issued jointly by the Ministry ofAgriculture and the State General Administration of the People's Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine in April 2002) ;

(5) National Standards for Safe Use of Pesticides GB4285-1989 (issued by the State

18 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

Environmental Protection Bureau in September 1986);

(6) National Standards for Safe Use of Pesticides GB8321.2-l987 (issued by the State Environmental Protection Bureau in September 1986);

(7) Norms for Use of Pesticides for Production ofGreen Food NYfT393-2000 ( issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in March 2000) ;

(8) Maximal Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food GB2763-2005;

(9) Testing of Organic Phosphorus Residue in Food GBfT 5009.20-2003;

(l0) Norms for Proper Use of Pesticides (Volumes 1 to 8) GB/TB8321.1--­ 8321.8(issued by the Ministry of Agriculture);

(11) Regulations of Sichuan Province Government on Management on Pesticides (issued by the People's Congress of Sichuan Province in August 1999)

3.2 Supervision ramework and Institutional Responsibilities

3.2.1 Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides

City A\ID9UI~al" . ameau

;\ S~perV. Bureati

COUl,l~lOjstri?t CitY PtatltProtection. City Agncuitw'lll Laws' ~~Cultwal~~eau andTellt~g Stati()n Enforcement T~1Wl

COuIlty{CitylDisiri(:l~gri. Township Agro~tel;h. kaws·Enf~.Team Service Center

....-----4 Co1lllty/City/Di~t~l!1'o'Pests VillageComwittee & W8ll!lng&: Contt{)lSUltion Fli\l1llers' Coope,-atives

VilI~e4:v~! Major Di~ e& PestMooitoring Post

19

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Figure 3.2·1 Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides

Responsibilities of the Institutions:

Agricultural Bureau: Responsible for planning for local agricultural development and managing agriculture-related affaires;

Industrial and Commercial Bureau: Responsible for management on marketing of pesticides;

Quality and Supervision Bureau: Responsible for management on production of pesticides;

Plant Protection Department: Responsible for prediction and early warning of crop diseases and pests and training on and dissemination ofdisease and pest management techniques to the farmers;

Agricultural Laws' Enforcement Team: Responsible for supervision and management on quality of agro-chemicals in the marketing places;

Township agro-technical service center and village committee: They are to assist relevant law enforcement and technical institutions to conduct in their local areas pesticide management and publicity, training and guidance on IPM techniques.

3.2.2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues

City Agro--product Quality~ Safety TeStin~ Center I

CountyfCitylDistr. Agro-pro. Q& Sfty. Testing Agro~pro. Quality Testing Monitoring Station for Stations at Wholesale Points at Agro..production Awo.,pro. Q~ & Safety Markets &. Supermkts Bases

Figure 3.2-2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues

City/County Agro-product Quality Monitoring Center/Station: Responsible for supervision and management on quality and safety of agro-products produced within its administrative territory;

Agro-product Quality Testing Station at wholesale markets and supermarkets: Responsible for quality testing of agro-products for market access purpose;

20 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

Agro-product Testing Point at agro-production base: Responsible for quality testing ofagro-products that can be sold out ofthe production base.

3.3 Overall Evaluation of Disease and Pest Management Capacity

The four cities in the irrigation area are all dominated by agricultural production. with main crops of rice. wheat, rape and corn. In recent years, in order to extend planting areas of pollution-free and green agro-products, the cities began to actively promote IPM process and gradually reduce use ofagro-chemicals. However, due to limited technical staffing and inadequate fiancial input of the agro-technical extension departments at all levels, the progress in research and extension of physical and biological prevention and control and other non-chemical control techniques tended to be slow, with only single prevention and control method used and the resulted unsatisfactory results. Additionally, the surveys unveiled that non-chemical prevention and control still accounted for a smaller proportion in diseases and pests of the main crops, so further efforts are needed in carrying out extensive publicity, training and extension.

It is necessary to strengthen the following work: Upgrade the level of pest management through training to crop protection experts and agro-extension staff at county and township levels; Provide training to farmers on basic knowledge about identification and prevention and contro I of pests, based on local reality and actual needs of the farmers; Prepare practical training material and supplement it with necessary audio-visual aid; Strengthen support to research on and extension of IPM of main crops.

3.4 Regulations and Control on Use and Distribution of Pesticides

Quality supervision, industrial and commercial and agricultural administrative departments are in charge of supervision and administration of production, marketing and application of pesticides.

Any units or individuals that involve in production or marketing of pesticides must obtain business license. Units that are allowed to sell pesticides include:

Agro-production material marketing units belonging to Supply and Marketing Cooperative;

Plant protection stations;

Soil and fertilizer stations;

21

• Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

Agro-technical extension institutions;

Forest protection stations of the forestry bureaus;

Pesticide production enterprises;

Other operating agencies defined by the State Council. For the hazardous agro-chemicals to sell, the marketing unit should have a business certificate issued in line with relevant national regulations.

4 Methodology for PMP Preparation under the Project

4.1 Objectives

The objectives of preparing this PMP under the Project are to:

Introduce and demonstrate and carry out research of non-chemical prevention and control techniques and thus gradually reduce reliance on agro-chemicals;

Prevent use of highly toxic and toxic agro-chemicals by the farmers;

Upgrade scientific pesticide application level ofthe farmers by implementing integrated prevention and control;

Standardize production and marketing of pesticides and promote safe production and selling of agro-chemicals.

4.2 Key Aspects ofPMP of the Project

This PMP focuses on the following aspects:

(l) At the same time of the project implementation, vigorously publicize use of non-chemical prevention and control techniques and low residual pesticides, so as to mitigate unfavorable impacts on regional groundwater and soil environment;

(2) Integrate environmentally friendly crop disease and pest management methods into the scope of training under the Project, engage technical experts to train technicians and farmers, and demonstrate new methods of prevention and control, pesticide application in the project sites ofthe Project;

(3) Expand production bases for pollution-free agro-products, green and organic food.

22 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

5 Recommended Methods for Disease and Pest Management in the Project Area

5.1 Purposes of Recommended Methods

- Apply low toxic, environmentally friendly pesticides and prevent use of highly toxic and high residue agro-chemicals;

- Reduce the incidents of below-standard agro-chemicals being sold to the farmers;

- Facilitate safe application and management of agro-chemicals;

- Raise awareness, understanding of IPM and its application;

- Reduce environmental pollution caused by improper use of pesticides;

- Reduce professional and health risks for those working on application of agro-chemicals.

5.2 Recommended IPM Methods

Based on cropping structure and specific diseases and pests in the Project area, this IPM will have extensive promotion of agricultural, physical, biological prevention and control techniques and other non-chemical techniques, reduce reliance on chemical pesticides and sustain agricultural development in the irrigation area.

5.2.1 Agricultural and Physical Methods for Prevention and Control

Agricultural and physical prevention and control methods include further extension of methods listed in section 2.2, including:

(l) Agricultural prevention and control methods: Select high quality varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases, extend formula-based fertilizer use, implement sound planting techniques to promote growth ofcrops and upgrade their pest resistance capacity; a. Carry out regular rotation of dry land crops and proper clear-off of straw in winter, apply plowing in autumn and irrigation in winter, prevent reproduction of soil-borne diseases or pests and control habitats of pests, so as to reduce popUlation of overwintering and over-summer pests; b. Strengthen planting management, have timely irrigation and fertilizer application and increase use of organic fertilizer;

23 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP c. Properly prune and remove unneeded buds, sprouts and side shoots in a timely manner, reduce leaves at the lower part ofthe plants to improve ventilation and photopermeability; d. Conduct weeding in a timely manner at the growth stage of the crops and thus create an eco-environment that doesn't favor occurrence ofdiseases and pests;

(2) Physical Prevention and Control Methods: Make use of physical machinery principle and methods to control diseases and pests. a. Make use of phototaxis of the core borers and use frequency vibration pest-killing lamp to kill the pest(such as vegetable noctuid, rice borer), or use yellow boards to attract and kill the pests (e.g. wheat or vegetable aphid). b. Make use ofchemotaxis of the pests and use sugar, liquor and vinegar to attract and kill pests (e.g. citrus noctuid) . c. Wipe out and burn plant leaves that are impacted by disease(s), pests or pest eggs, prune and topping the plants and manually remove pest eggs and the yellow and lowest leaves of the crops, etc.

5.3 Biological Control Methods

Biological control methods include further extension of the methods listed in Section 2.3, including:

Foster and protect natural enemies of pests, and use the natural enemies to control the pests;

Additionally, the Project recommends the following biological control methods:

Improve crop varieties and strengthen their resistance to diseases and pests;

Select suitable inter-cropping crops to drive away and avoid pests of main commodity grain crops.

5.4 Methods to Control Use of Agro-chemicals

Results from the surveys indicate that chemical prevention and control has been the dominant prevention and control method in the project area. Therefore, it is a must to control use ofchemical pesticides in the project area and thus reduce environmental pollution and damages to human health caused by agro-chemicals. Specifically, the methods include:

24 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

1) Through demonstration, assure the farmers of the good effectiveness of biological prevention and control methods;

2) Convey to the farmers the concept of "effective cost control by using 'biological pesticides"';

3) Strengthen popularity of knowledge of safe pesticide use by providing training to the farmers (e.g. proper protective clothing, emergency treatment for pesticide poisoning, etc.);

4) When major disease or pest disaster happens, professional plant protection teams should be organized and dispatched to conduct unified prevention and control;

5) When the disease(s) or pests reach the threshold for prevention and control actions, highly effective, low toxic pesticide should be used in a timely manner to control and to the best effect, but not to totally eliminate the pests or disease but to control them within acceptable limit;

6) Apply pesticide in accordance with the safety interval ofpesticide application;

7) Safely use spraying equipment (e.g. packsack sprayer, optimized nozzle size) to increase the efficiency;

8) Safety store pesticides (e.g. keeping them away from children and food, etc.);

9) Properly dispose packaging material ofpesticides.

List of Highly Effective, Low Toxic, Low Residual Pesticides Recommended under the Project

Use of pesticide must be combined with agricultural, physical and biological prevention and control methods. The principle that use of pesticide must observe is "economic, safe and effective use", and that the pesticide must be highly effective, low toxic, zero residual or low residue. According to the Feasibility Study Report, after construction and operation of the project, the ratio of irrigated land area to dry land area in the irrigation area will increase from the present 44 : 56 to 46 : 54, dry land converted into irrigated land will total 64.9 thousand mu, winter water-logging area will reduce by 189 thousand mu, and the ratio of winter water-logging area to total irrigated area will be reduced to 15%. At that time, grain crops in the irrigation area will account for 70% of the total planting area and cash crops, 30%; and multiple planting index will be 221 %. With improvement of irrigation conditions and increase of irrigation water supply, irrigation guarantee degree of the existing irrigated land area will be upgraded, some of the dry land can be turned into high-yielding irrigated land and the rest can also have obviously improved irrigation

25 ----.,..------", Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP condition, therefore a substantial increase ofaverage biological productivity in the project area can be expected. Accordingly, along with irrigation development, close attention needs to be paid to the tendency of pest and disease changes and timely prevention and control should be applied.

In line with national and provincial policies on pesticide registration and integrated disease and pest treatment, table 5-1 is prepared and lists the highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides recommended under the Project. It also explicitly defines the applicable crops, application targets, maximal frequency and safety interval (number of days starting from last application of pesticide to harvest ofthe crop) of pesticide application for one cropping season. Pesticide application in accordance with such regulations, dosage and methods marked on the label of the pesticide can effectively prevent and control crop diseases and pests, improve agro-product quality, avoid pesticide caused damage and intoxication accidents of people and livestock, reduce pesticide application cost, prevent or postpone drug-resistance of pests and weeds, protection eco-environment and ensure pesticide residue in the harvested agro-products not exceeding limits as defined, so as to guarantee good health of people. maximal frequency and

Table 5-1 List of Highly Effective, Low Toxic, Low Residual Pesticides Recommended under the Project

Maximal Frequency of Applicab Pesticide Safety Pesticides Ie Targeted Diseases or pests Application for Interval Crops One Cropping (days)

Season ! (times) I Leaf I Vegetabl Diamondback moth 1 7 es Abamectin Citrus Leaf miner, red spider 2 14 , Cucumb Vegetable leaf miner 3 2 er Cowpea Vegetable leaf miner 3 5 Citrus Aphid 1 14 Acetaniprid Cucumb Aphid 3 2 er

i Leaf Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond Vegetabl 3 7 Dursban back moth es Citrus Red Spider, Arrowhead scales 1 28 Cyhalothrin Wheat Aphid 2 15

26 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

Citrus Leaf miner. lcerya purchasi. mites 3 21 J Leaf I Diamond back moth, Aphid, Vegetabl 3 7 Cabbage caterpillar es Citrus Leaf miner 3 7 Leaf Cypermethrim Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond Vegetabl 3 5 back moth es Leaf Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond i Vegetabl 3 3 back moth, Aphid I es Cisform fenvalerate ICucumb Aphid 2 3 i er Leaf miner, Ceroplastes rubens i Citrus 3 7 Maskell Cabbag I Beta cypermethrim Cabbage caterpillar 3 3 e Wheat Aphid 3 15 Leaf I Deltamethrim Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond Vegetabl 3 2 back moth es Wheat Aphid. Mythimna seperata 2 21 Com Mythimna seperata 3 50 Leaf Cisform fenvalerate Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond Vegetabl 3 3 back moth , es Citrus Leaf miner 3 21 Leaf Cabbage caterpillar, Diamond Vegetabl 3 12 fenvalerate back moth es Citrus Leaf miner, Icerya purchasi 3 7 Leaf Diamond back moth, Cabbage : Vegetabl 3 3 Fenpropathrim caterpillar es i Citrus Red Spider, Leaf miner 3 30 Rice Rice planthopper 2 7 Cabbag Ilm~aclOprid Aphid 2 7 ! e Tomato Whitefly 2 3 Wheat Aphid 2 14 Leaf Pirimicarb Vegetabl Aphid 3 11 I I es I

27 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

I Rape Aphid 3 14 I i Rice Rice planthopper 2 14 i Buprofezin Citrus Arrowhead scale 2 35 I Isoprocarb Rice Rice planthopper, leafhopper 3 14 I Dimehypo Rice Borer 3 15 ! Monosultap Rice Borer 2 20 Rice planthopper, Scirpophage : Rice 1 30 incertulas Cabbag carbosulfan Aphid 2 7 e Phyllocoptes oleivorus Ash, Citrus 2 15 Leaf minerAphid Methylnitrophos Rice Borer, Lepidoptera 3 21

Niclosamide Rice Ampullaria gigas 2 52 ! Rice Ampullaria gigas 2 70 Leaf Metaldehyde IVegetabl Snail, Umax 2 7 es Chrysomphalus aonidum, Methidathion ' Citrus 1 30 I Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Propargite Citrus Mites 3 30 Cabbag Diflubenzuron Cabbage caterpillar 3 7 e PanonychusulmiKoch, Rust mite, Flufenoxuron Citrus 2 30 I Leaf miner Cucumb Downy Mildew 4 3 , Chlorothalonil er ! Tomato Early BUght 3 7 Isoprothiolane Rice Rice blast 2 28 Kanamycinum Rice Rice blast 3 21 Tomato Early blight 3 15 Mancozeb Water Anthracnose 3 21 melon : Mancozeb Potato Late Blight 3 3 Amistar Potato Late Blight 3 0 metalaxyl-Mn Zn Potato Late Blight 3 7 Rust disease, Powdery mildew, i Propiconazole Wheat 2 28 Ceitocybe Bescens

i Rice Rice blast, Sheath Blight 3 30 Thiophanate-mythyl Wheat Fusarium head blight 2 30 , Triazolone Wheat Powdery mildew, Rust disease 2 20 . Tricyclazole Rice Rice blast 2 21 Metalaxyl+Mancoze Cucumb Downy Mildew 3 1

28 Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

b er I Grapes Downy Mildew 3 21 I

i Oxadixyl anchor+ Cucumb Downy Mildew 3 3 I Mancozeb er I Cymoxanil+Mancoz Cucumb Downy Mildew 3 eb er 21 Validamycin Rice Sheath Blight - - Validamycin Rice Rice false smut, Sheath Blight . · Bt(Bacilius Rice Borer, Lepidoptera . Thruringiensis) - Annual grassy weeds and some Com 1 - broadleaf weeds Acetochlor Annual grassy weeds and some Rape 1 · I broadleaf weeds Annual grassy weeds and some Proposochlor Com 1 - broadleaf weeds Annual grassy weeds, nutgrass pretilachlor Rice f1atsedge and some broadleaf 1 - I weeds Annual grassy weeds and some , Alachlor Com 1 · broadleaf weeds Annual grassy weeds, nutgrass , Metholachlor Com f1atsedge and some broadleaf 1 · weeds Annual grassy weeds, nutgrass Butachlor Rice flatsedge and some broadleaf 1 · weeds Benazolin Rape Broadleaf weeds 1 - Broadleaf weeds and nutgrass bensulfuron methyl Rice 1 - flatsedge Broadleaf weeds, nutgrass Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl Rice 1 flatsedge, cockspur grass - Com Broadleaf weeds 1 · th ifensulfuonmethyl Wheat Broadleaf weeds 1 · Tribenuron·methyl Wheat Broadleaf weeds 1 - Com Broadleaf weeds 1 - Dicamba Annual or Perennial Gramineae Wheat 1 Weeds - Wild oats, cockspur grass, Diclofop-methyl Wheat 1 D.sanguinalis L. Scop and etc. - Wild oats, Alopecurus aequalis, I I fenoxaprop-ethyl Wheat I 1 - I Annual Gramineae Weeds 1 J

29

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I , I fluzaifop-P-butyl Rape Annual Gramineae Weeds 1 . I penoxsulam Corn Broadleaf weeds 1 ~izaIOfop-P-ethYI Rape Annual Gramineae Weeds 1 - i sethoxydim Rape Annual Gramineae Weeds 1 - Glyphosate Orchard Weeds - - Glufosinate Orchard Weeds - - . Paraquat I Orchard Weeds - -

List of Highly Toxic Pesticides Banned or Restricted by the State

Altogether 23 pesticides whose production, selling and usage are banned and 19 pesticides whose use for vegetables, fruit trees, tea and medicinal herbs are restricted are listed in the annex to the Document Nongfa No. [20 I 0 1 2 entitled Notification on Attacking Illegal Production and Selling of Banned and Restricted Highly Toxic Pesticides and Standardizing Practice of Pesticide Application and jointly issued on April IS, 20 I0 by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Industry and Inforamtion Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry ofTransport, General Administration of Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, National Supply and Marketing Cooperative General Agency.

List of pesticides (23 kinds) whose production, selling and usage are banned:

Benzex, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercurial compounds, arsenic compounds, lead-bearing compounds, Bis-A-TDA, fluoroacetamide, glyftor, Tetramine, Frato, silatrane, Methamidophos, Parathion-methyl, parathion, monovrotophos, Dimecron.

List of pesticides (19 kinds) whose use for vegetables, fruit trees, tea and medicinal herbs are restricted:

Use ofThimet, Isofenphos-methyl, Terbufos, Posfolan-methyl, Sulfotep, Demoton, carbofuran, aldicarb, phonamiphos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos, isazofos, fenamiphos for vegetables, fruit trees, tea or medicinal herbs is prohibited. Use of folimat for Cabbage is banned. Use of dicofol and fanvalerate for tea trees, or daminozide for peanut, or Terbufos for sugarcane, is banned. Use of fipronil is banned except for hygiene purpose or coating of corn and some other dry land crop seeds.

Use of any pesticides should be within the scope as approved in the registration process, use of pesticides beyond the scope is forbidden.

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Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

5.5 IPM Methods Recommended under the Project

The following table (Table 5-2) includes the integrated disease and pest prevention and control methods recommended by the Project, and is prepared based on the sequence of actual damages caused by major incidences of diseases and pests to the main crops listed in Table 2.1-2 and the recommended pesticides listed in Table 5-1. The purposes of preparing such a table are to: change the current situation that farmers blindly follow others in buying pesticides and are often arbitrarily using pesticides, or even using pesticides that are inappropriate for the needs; gradually upgrade farmers' ability to scientifically use pesticides and have own decision on pesticide selection and purchase and on selection of prevention and control methods, so as to ensure safe agricultural production, quality and safety ofagro-products and security of agricultural sector.

Table 5-2 IPM Methods Recommended for Prevention and Control of Major Incidents of Diseases and Pests ofMain Crops

Habits and IPM Methods Recommended under the Crops Diseases/Pests Misunderstanding Need to Project . BeChanged Select Mianmai, Miannong, Xikemai, 1Lacking information of Neimai, Chuanmai, Chuanyu, Chuannong disease-resistant varieties and other varieties of various and blindly selecting disease-resistant series; Conduct seed seeds; Wheat rust disease dressing using Triazolone and 2 Merely depending on Tebuconazole; Use Triazolone or chemical control, Tebuconazole in early stage of disease especially high toxic occurrence. pesticides; Select Mianmai, Miannong, Xikemai, 3 Blindly follow peddling Neimai, Chuanmai, Chuanyu, Chuannong by the dealers; and other varieties of various 4 Applying pesticides Wheat Powdery disease-resistant series; Conduct seed without following Wheat mildew dressing using Triazolone and instructions on label, Tebuconazole; Use Triazolone or arbitrarily exceeding the Tebuconazole in early stage of disease use of scope, dosage or

occurrence. 0 frequency defined in the Use carbendazim or Thiophanate-mythyl instructions of the label; Wheat Fusarium to prevent and control at flowering 5Lacking awareness of head blight stage. IPM, thus only stressing Use yellow board to attract and kill the on control without Wheat Aphid pests; Use imidacloprid, acetaniprid, adequate attention paid to pirimicarb to prevent and control. : prevention; Use tribenuron-methyl, dicamba, 6 Not able to grasp good Wheat weeds fluroxypyr-meplyl, fenoxaprop-P-thyl to prevent timing of pesticide \

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." Wudu Irrigated Agriculture Development Project-PMP

I and control. , application.

Select disease-resistant varieties of Neixiangyou. D-you. Yixiangyou. Chuanyou, Ganyou. Jinyou and II-you Rice blast series; Spray Tricyclazole before transplanting; Use Tricyclazole and isoprothiolane at the early earing stage to I prevent the disease. I Use Validamycin or Triazolone to prevent Rice false smut and control at the late booting stage. Use biological pesticide Validamycin to Rice Sheath Blight prevent and control Rice Use pest-killing lamps; Use Monosultap, Dimelypo, Emamectin Benzoate, Rice borer chlorantraniliprole to prevent and I control. Use pest-killing lamps; Use Imidacloprid, "Double Migrant" buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole. Pests Chloranthiamethoxam to prevent and

control. I Use butachlor, pretilachlor, bensulfuron Rice weeds methyl, Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl to prevent and remove the weeds. Use biological pesticide Validamycin to Com Sheath Blight prevent and control. Use pest-killing lamps; Use "biological guided missile"or biological pesticide Com Com Borer Beauveria bassiana to prevent and control. Use alachlor. Acetochlor to prevent and Corn Weeds remove. Use carbendazim or dimethachlon to Rape sclerotiniose prevent and control at early flowering stage.

Rape Downy ! Apply Mancozeb to prevent and control at I Mildew early stage of the disease or premorbid. Rape Use yellow board to attract and kill the Rape Aphid pests; Use imidacloprid. acetamiprid I Mospilan to prevent and control. I Use quizalofop-p-ethyl, sethoxydim, , Rape Weeds benazolin to prevent and remove. I

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