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Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration, National Research Council Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-11384-9, 108 pages, 8 1/2 x 11, (2008) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This free book plus thousands more books are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html .BOBHJOH4QBDF3BEJBUJPO 3JTLJOUIF/FX&SBPG 4QBDF&YQMPSBUJPO Committee on the Evaluation of Radiation Shielding for Space Exploration Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. NNH05CC16C between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, find- ings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11383-0 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11383-0 This report is available in limited supply from the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; (202) 334-2858. Additional copies are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a man- date that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examina- tion of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Na- tional Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html COMMITTEE ON THE EVALUATION OF RADIATION SHIELDING FOR SPACE EXPLORATION JAMES D.A. VAN HOFTEN, Chair, Bechtel Corporation (retired), San Francisco, California SALLY A. AMUNDSON, Columbia University Center for Radiological Research, New York, New York SAMIM ANGHAIE, University of Florida, Gainesville WILLIAM ATWELL, The Boeing Company, Houston, Texas BENTON C. CLARK, Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado MARC M. COHEN, Northrop Grumman Integrated Systems, El Segundo, California PATRICK J. GRIFFIN, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico DAVID G. HOEL, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston TATJANA JEVREMOVIC, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana WALTER SCHIMMERLING, NASA (retired), Arlington, Virginia LAWRENCE W. TOWNSEND, University of Tennessee, Knoxville RONALD E. TURNER, ANSER Corporation, Arlington, Virginia ALLAN J. TYLKA, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. GAYLE E. WOLOSCHAK, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois Staff KERRIE SMITH, Study Director (through December 2007) BRIAN DEWHURST, Study Director (from January 2008) SARAH CAPOTE, Program Associate (from April 2007) FRANKLIN SLATON, Senior Program Assistant (through March 2007) HEATHER LOZOWSKI, Financial Associate Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD RAYMOND S. COLLADAY, Chair, Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired), Golden, Colorado CHARLES F. BOLDEN, JR., Jack and Panther, LLC, Houston, Texas ANTHONY J. BRODERICK, Aviation Safety Consultant, Catlett, Virginia AMY BUHRIG, Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group, Seattle, Washington PIERRE CHAO, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C. INDERJIT CHOPRA, University of Maryland, College Park ROBERT L. CRIPPEN, Thiokol Propulsion (retired), Palm Beach Gardens, Florida DAVID GOLDSTON, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey R. JOHN HANSMAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge PRESTON HENNE, Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation, Savannah, Georgia JOHN M. KLINEBERG, Space Systems/Loral (retired), Redwood City, California RICHARD KOHRS, Independent Consultant, Dickinson, Texas ILAN KROO, Stanford University, Stanford, California IVETT LEYVA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base, California EDMOND SOLIDAY, United Airlines (retired), Valparaiso, Indiana Staff MARCIA S. SMITH, Director (from January 2007) GEORGE LEVIN, Director (through January 2007) i Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12045.html Preface The risks faced by human explorers will increase significantly as humans expand the exploration realm beyond low Earth orbit to revisit the Moon and venture on to Mars. In addition to the normal risks of mechanical, electrical, and human failure, exposure to the space radiation environment outside the protective magnetic field of Earth presents a risk with which humans have limited practical experience. My introduction to space radiation came
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