Spring/Summer 2011 Vol. 22, No. 1 The Call
The Magazine of the Jack London Society
Valley of the Moon Natural History Association HELP SAVE JACK (VMNHA) is proposing to operate the park. This historic park has unique collections and artifacts that require museum-level curation. A grant is be- LONDON STATE ing sought to train a small number of docents for these duties going forward. Over the next several HISTORIC PARK! weeks an operating contract will be drafted and Elisa Stancil will then be negotiated. The operation of state parks by other entities is not new, but a park with historical and cultural collections requires special Jack London Society members and readers care. After 34 years of volunteer interpretation and of THE CALL know of the amazing 1400 acre park docent training VMNHA is uniquely qualified to in Glen Ellen, Jack London‟s Beauty Ranch. But take on the stewardship of the legacy. But our all- who would have thought when 70 parks were cho- volunteer organization must now expand its role, sen to close due to budget issues that Jack Lon- and the board is responding by restructuring, and don‟s home would be one of them? In the past preparing to hire staff in order to keep the park several years, budget issues in California have open. drastically reduced funds flowing to park opera- You CAN make a difference, join us and help tions and several times state parks throughout the SAVE JACK LONDON PARK! Send in a dona- state have been scheduled to close. Not long ago tion through our website link: ALL 270 parks were on the chopping block. The matrix used for selecting parks to close included revenue and cost of operation. Historical signifi- www.jacklondonpark.org cance was said to play a part but no London en- thusiast would agree with the California parks offi- Or mail to: VMNHA SPECIAL DONATION cials‟ decision! In fact, all three state parks in So- PO BOX 2168 noma County, California, are scheduled to close. GLEN ELLEN, CA 95442 The fiscal value is considered minimal to the over- all budget, in fact many believe parks and threat- ened closures are being used as a political football. Your charitable donation will help create the best California State Parks Foundation is working hard solutions for our treasured park. Every year more to reverse the decision, legislators are besieged than 75,000 people visit the park, and many of them with requests to reconsider. Yet closure appears are from Russia, Japan, Brazil, and France. Jack imminent. London enthusiasts world wide look to the park as a On or before July 2012 Jack London State His- touchstone to the past, and a monument to Jack‟s toric Park will no longer be operated by the state unique vision. Join us today! See more about the of California. Budget cuts are forcing the closure park at www.jacklondonpark.com or see a video or of 70 California parks, including Jack London‟s the park at www.jacklondonlake.org beloved Beauty Ranch, his cottage, and the Wolf House ruins. Already, the park is closed two days Contact VMNHA publicity director Elisa Stancil at a week, and this winter more reductions are ex- 415-902-6230 or pected. [email protected]
2 NONPROFIT PROPOSES TO The transfer of operations between state parks and another operating entity has been done before, but SAVE JACK LONDON STATE AB 42 (legislation introduced by Jared Huffman and HISTORIC PARK recently signed into law) allows non-profit organiza- tions to take on park operations for the first time. VMNHA has a 34-year relationship as interpretive On November 1st, the Valley of the Moon specialists for Jack London, Annadel, and Sugarloaf Ridge State Parks. Elisa Stancil, Vice President for Natural History Association submitted a VMNHA, remarked that "our intention is to bring comprehensive proposal to keep Jack Lon- fresh energy to our treasured state parks. At the legis- don State Historic Park open. Scheduled to be lative hearing on Tuesday, Bill Herms of California shuttered on July 1, 2012, along with nearly 70 other State Parks, said the state is willing to be flexible in state parks, Jack London Park has 60-70,000 annual visitors, with nearly half from out of the area. Clos- Valley of the Moon Natural ing of the park would mean the loss of 26 miles of History Association proposes hiking, cycling, and horseback riding trails. In addi- tion, this National Historic Landmark would no to keep the park open five longer provide visitors with a glimpse into the life, days a week, Thursday the passions, and the projects of Jack London, the famous California author. Beauty Ranch, where Lon- through Monday, and offer don wrote many articles and books, created a pro- the park to private events gressive farm, and experimented with agricultural innovations, would be closed to the public. The during evening hours and on House of Happy Walls, a stone museum built after the days the park is closed to London's death by his wife Charmian, which houses exhibits, artifacts from London's South Seas voyage, the public. and the Wolf House ruins (a monumental stone struc- ture) would close. All artifacts would have to be order to keep parks open. We appreciate this and moved to storage should the park truly be closed. know flexibility will be key to developing unique so- Working with the Parks Alliance of Sonoma lutions on a park by park basis." Greg Hayes, Presi- County, California State Parks, and community part- dent of VMNHA, pointed out that the proposal for ners, Valley of the Moon Natural History Association Jack London is an important first step, but explained (VMNHA) crafted a solution to keep the park open. that "our mission is to serve Annadel, Sugarloaf Collaborating with Sonoma Ecology Center, Sonoma Ridge, and Jack London State Parks, and our board County Trails Council, Back Country Horseman, and community partners will focus our efforts during United Camps, and Conferences and Retreats, the next few months to craft solutions that will meet VMNHA proposes to keep the park open five days a the needs of these three amazing state parks in the week, Thursday through Monday, and offer the park Valley of the Moon." to private events during evening hours and on the Major issues to be reviewed in the next few weeks days the park is closed to the public. include liability and security. VMNHA hopes to pro- On November 2nd, the board of VMNHA got word vide a roadmap for other organizations who hope to the proposal was accepted for review and negotiation. save their parks. Stancil stated that "the Parks Alli- A meeting will take place next week to go over Cali- ance partnership has helped us work directly with fornia State Park staff comments and concerns. The public agencies and non-profits in our county. The process, which many expected to be lengthy, may synergy and support helped us immeasurably. This is actually be fast tracked, and an answer could come as a forum for sharing what works and airing frustra- early as January, according to Chief of Concessions tions, ultimately pushing us to do our best to save the Jim Luscutoff. parks."
3 Nam-Bok and the The Jack London Society New Wave; or, How President Gary Riedl Jean-Luc Godard Wayzata High School, Wayzata, MN Read Jack London Vice President Noël Mauberret Kevin J. Hayes Lycée Alain Colas, Nevers, France Executive Coordinator Jeanne C. Reesman The story of how New Wave University of Texas at San Antonio filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard Advisory Board read Jack London starts in Lon- Sam S. Baskett don with the publication of the Michigan State University Fitzroy Edition. This collection of Lawrence I. Berkove Jack London‟s works, which Arco Publi- University of Michigan-Dearborn cations issued during the 1960s, was the Kenneth K. Brandt brainchild of I. O. Evans. A South- Savannah College of Art and Design African who spent most of his working Donna Campbell life as a British civil servant, Evans de- Washington State University voted himself to literary pursuits after re- The contemporary appreciation of the Daniel Dyer tiring from the civil service in 1956 story by the reviewers of Children of the Western Reserve University Frost provided some vindication. Chang- (Reginald 89). His friend C. S. Lewis Sara S. "Sue" Hodson ing the title when he revised the story for called him a “brother scienfiction- Huntington Library the collection, London cancelled the word ist” (584). In the late 1950s, Evans spear- Joseph Johnson “Liar” in favor of “Unveracious.” The headed a collected English translation of Independent Scholar the works of Jules Verne as a way of intro- word seems strange now, but it was abso- lutely commonplace in the early twentieth Holger Kersten ducing his writings to a new generation of University of Magdeburg English readers. When the Jules Verne century. Coined by Thomas Carlyle in the 1840s, the word “unveracious” frequently Earle Labor edition proved successful, Evans sought to Centenary College of Louisiana do the same with Jack London. occurs in the turn-of-the-century political 1 Louis Leal The first volume in the Fitzroy Edition of discourse. Jean-Luc Godard‟s response to Children Jack London State Historical Park the Works of Jack London appeared in 1962. Joseph R. McElrath Before the year was out, three more titles of the Frost parallels the response of Lon- Florida State University in this collection appeared. Arco issued don‟s contemporary readers. Godard also Susan Nuernberg additional titles through 1967, including found “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” to be University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh Children of the Frost, London‟s sympathetic the most memorable story in the collec- Christian Pagnard collection of short stories about the native tion. He was so taken with it that he made people of northwest Canada, which ap- it a part of Band of Outsiders, a playful film Lycée Alain Colas, Nevers, France peared in 1963. Copies of this new edition he made the year after Arco republished Gina M. Rossetti of Children of the Frost also crossed the Children of the Frost. Based on Fools’ Gold, a Saint Xavier University channel to France. Children of the Frost had Dolores Hitchens crime novel, Band of Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin been translated into French in the 1930s, Outsiders tells the story of one woman, two University of Ottawa but the translation had been out of print men, and a badly botched robbery. The Dan Wichlan for decades. After Godard got hold of a woman is named Odile. Played by Go- Independent Scholar copy of Children of the Frost, the work ex- dard‟s wife, Anna Karina, Odile has dis- Earl Wilcox erted an important influence on his film- covered that Monsieur Stoltz, a boarder Winthrop University making, an influence that has yet to be living in her aunt‟s villa, has stashed hun- James Williams fully appreciated. dreds of thousands of francs in the ar- Critical Inquiry When Jack London published Children moire of his room. She tells Franz, who is Honorary Board Members played by Sami Frey, about the loot. He, of the Frost in 1902, reviewers often singled Vil Bykov out the third story, “Nam-Bok the Unve- in turn, tells his friend Arthur, played by Claude Brasseur, who schemes to steal the Moscow University racious,” as the finest one in the whole Editor collection (“Books” 12; “Fiction” 12; money with their help. Franz and Odile Kenneth K. Brandt “Jack” 12). When London first tried to are dating casually as the film begins, but publish the story in the magazines, then Arthur steals her away from Franz, as Savannah College of well. Art and Design, [email protected] titled “Nam-Bok, The Liar,” he met with considerable resistance. He successively Once Arthur and Odile meet, Franz Nam-Bok Illustrations by submitted it to eight magazines before one seldom has a chance to be alone with her, Taylor C. Carlisle accepted it for publication (London, Com- but he takes advantage of one opportune plete 3: 2511). moment shortly before their attempted Editorial Assistant Dominic Viti 4 robbery. The two dis- has a penchant for all cuss what they will do things American. He afterwards. Odile asks wears a trench coat and a where he will go, won- fedora reminiscent of dering if he might go to Humphrey Bogart. He South America. No, studies English, plays bas- Franz replies, he will go ketball, and aspires to race north to Jack London in the Indianapolis 500. country instead. “He He enjoys many aspects of wrote some terrific American literature and books,” he tells Odile. popular culture. He closely To prove his point, identifies with Loopy de Franz provides a fairly Loop, an American car- detailed plot summary toon character with of one particular Jack French Canadian over- London story. He does tones. A Hanna-Barbera not name the story, but, creation, Loopy de Loop is sure enough, Franz re- a cartoon wolf that wears a lates the plot of “Nam- toque and speaks English Bok the Unveracious.” with a French accent. “There‟s one about an Loopy de Loop essentially Indian who‟s a big liar, bridges French and Ameri- but really big!” Franz can culture. Occuring begins. “He‟s such a liar shortly before Franz re- that the villagers, fed up, lates the plot of “Nam-Bok say: „Go. Come back the Unveracious,” the ref- when you stop lying.‟ erence to this wolfish char- They send him off in a acter anticipates the refer- canoe and he travels for ence to Jack London, the two years. He comes author of the greatest wolf home and everybody story in American litera- asks how his trip was. He says: „Great. I saw these huge ma- ture. Taken together, the two references blend popular cul- chines rolling along . . .‟” To demonstrate the sight and ture and high culture, something which is characteristic of sound of a railway train, Franz moves his arms piston-like Godard‟s work, characteristic of New Wave cinema, and, and makes a chugging noise. “„There were others that flew indeed, characteristic of postmodern expression. like this,‟” Franz continues, moving one of his hands to imi- Back at his flat, as Godard explains in his voiceover narra- tate an airplane. Obviously Franz does not remember the tion, Franz has a whole shelf of American books, works that details of the story precisely: “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” shape the way he sees the world. As he and Arthur discuss originally appeared two years before the Wright Brothers their robbery plans, Arthur cannot understand why Mon- made their famously flight at Kitty Hawk. Franz continues: sieur Stoltz would keep his money in plain sight. Franz can: “„And there were these great big houses.‟ They all look at He remembers a story he had read in one of his American him and say: „As big a liar as ever!‟ So they send him off in a books about a man who has stolen a letter and hides it sim- canoe again, this time for good.” ply by keeping it out in the open. Franz does not name the Franz‟s version of “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” changes author or the title of the story, but he obviously has in mind the story considerably. In Jack London‟s tale, Nam-Bok “The Purloined Letter.” Franz‟s enthusiasm for Jack London leaves his community by accident when his kayak veers off parallels his enthusiasm for Edgar Allan Poe and, indeed, for course and drifts out to sea. As Franz retells the story in Band so many other aspects of American culture. of Outsiders, Nam-Bok is initially ostracized from his commu- Yet the attention that Jean-Luc Godard gives to “Nam- nity for telling lies. His early behavior thus establishes a Bok the Unveracious” in Band of Outsiders goes beyond his precedent through which the members of his community can attention to Poe and well beyond what seems necessary to interpret his later behavior, and they subsequently interpret develop Franz‟s fascination with American culture. By the the truths he tells as lies. Franz‟s version of the story essen- time he made Band of Outsiders, Godard had already estab- tially eliminates both the ambiguity and the supernatural. In lished a reputation for placing numerous literary references Jack London‟s story, Nam-Bok has no history of lying. Upon in his films. When François Truffaut made Fahrenheit 451 his return, the members of his community cannot discern two years later, he boasted that he would include more books whether Nam-Bok has returned from his travels a liar or if in one film than Godard had used in all of his films. Though the figure that appears is the spirit of Nam-Bok from the numerous, most of the literary references in Godard‟s films world of shadows, a supernatural presence whose strange pass very quickly. Often he includes actual books as part of tales strike fear into the native people. his mise-en-scene, flashing close-ups of their cover titles or Regardless of his inaccuracies in relating the tale, Franz‟s showing his characters in the process of reading. The refer- passion for the works of Jack London remains clear. His fas- ence to “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” is considerably more cination is consistent with other aspects of his character. He extensive—and deservedly so: “Nam-Bok” accomplishes 5 much, not only in Band of Outsiders, but also in Godard‟s oeu- course of the film. He uses his knowledge of literature to un- vre as a whole. derstand what has happened and briefly compares his experi- Franz relates the plot of “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” after ence with episodes from the novels of Joseph Conrad, Robert Odile has professed her love for Arthur, but the story helps Louis Stevenson, William Faulkner, and Jack London. In no Odile to see something in Franz she had not noticed previ- other film, however, does Godard give Jack London the kind ously. Franz‟s knowledge of exotic, faraway places gives him of attention he gives him in Band of Outsiders. a romantic aura. Jack London‟s books have broadened his “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” may have also appealed to perspective, allowing him to imagine travel to distant parts of Godard because it contains a reference to the cinema, which the globe. is remarkable given the date of the story. Unable to convince The story of “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” also extends the his old friends and family about the truth of anything he has theme of deceit that runs through the film. Earlier in the story Franz had lied to Odile; she had lied to him; and both had admitted their lies freely. In the picture of modern Paris the movie paints, lying seems like a given, part and parcel of eve- ryday social interaction. People not only are expected to lie, they are also expected to accept the lies that others tell. The pervasive nature of lying in modern society may help to ex- plain why Franz somewhat misremembers the plot of “Nam- Bok the Unveracious.” By making Nam-Bok a liar from the start, Franz imposes his own world view onto the story. The story of Nam-Bok, on the other hand, offers an alternate way of life. Instead of tolerating lies, the members of Nam-Bok‟s community mete out swift justice when it comes to liars. In Franz‟s version of the story, Nam-Bok is temporarily ban- ished from his community for telling lies. After his brief re- turn, Nam-Bok is permanently banished for telling what his friends and family take to be lies. There is a certain allure to the community in “Nam-Bok the Unveracious.” This is one place that has a no tolerance policy when it comes to lying. Yet this primitive community is no utopia. What Nam-Bok tells the people upon his return are not lies. They are truths, but they are truths that are so alien to the native inhabitants of his home that his old friends and neighbors are unsure how to take what he tells them. They simply cannot accept what he has to say at face value. Their intolerance for liars creates a major stumbling block preventing them from accepting the advances of science and technology. It keeps their minds closed and stops them from accepting or even considering new ideas. “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” has implications beyond Band seen, Nam-Bok considers telling them about motion pictures of Outsiders. Godard has often used literary allusion to link his and phonograph records—“machines wherein visions of liv- films together. Generally speaking, Godard‟s films are ing men were to be seen” and “machines from which come marked by a sprightly playfulness, which provides one reason the voices of men,” but he decides against it, realizing his why he uses literary allusion to cross-reference his various people would never be able understand such things (London, films—but not the only reason. Godard‟s literary allusions Complete, 1: 584). also contribute to the continuity to his oeuvre. Frequently he A self-reflexive quality marks the cinema of Jean-Luc Go- has planted ideas in one film that he he has cultivated in a dard and, in general, the cinema of the French New Wave. later one. Alternatively, he has often used a later film to gloss Godard‟s allusion to “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” also func- an earlier one. The reference to “Nam-Bok the Unveracious” tions as a comment on Godard‟s creative vision. Throughout in Band of Outsiders functions as a gloss on a film he had di- his lengthy career, Godard has been especially attracted to rected the previous year, Les Carabiniers. The action of this literary works that can be interpreted as analogues for the film mirrors the action of Jack London‟s story. Toward the cinema. Nam-Bok‟s storytelling process closely parallels Go- end of the film, the two protagonists, Ulysses and Michel- dard‟s filmmaking process. Essentially, Godard sees his films Ange, return home from war with a satchel full of postcards. as exercises in truth telling. Referring to the speed a motion They display the images to their wives as they try to convince picture as it passes through a projector, the title character of them that they now own all the objects the postcards depict. Le Petit Soldat says, “Cinema is truth twenty-four times a sec- Godard would continue to read and refer to Jack London. ond.” The challenge Godard faces as a filmmaker is convinc- Pierrot le fou, released the year after Band of Outsiders, contains ing skeptical audiences of the truths he tells, which is the another reference to Jack London. Toward the end of Pierrot identical task Nam-Bok faces. Godard‟s challenging films le fou, Ferdinand, who is played by Jean-Paul Belmondo, have often met resistance from his audiences. Sometimes grapples with the strange events that have occurred over the fellow filmmakers have resisted his message. In a witty 6 redaction of Godard‟s famous saying, Brian De Palma has said, “The cinema lies twenty-four times a sec- ~ Logan, Utah 2012 ~ ond” (qtd. in Lee-Wright 92). Perhaps Godard has been attracted to Jack London‟s story because he can see himself in Nam-Bok. Through- out his lengthy filmmaking career, he has faced a daunt- Jack London ing task: To try and make audiences understand the chal- lenging concepts he presents to them. Like Nam-Bok, Society 11th Godard has faced great difficulty making audiences un- Biennial derstand him and accept the truths he tells. Or, to risk an even broader generalization: Jack London‟s works often Symposium serve as analogues for the difficulties man faces in the modern world. October 4-6, 2012 Note Marriott Springhill Suites 1. The Oxford English Dictionary cites a 13 April 1845 notebook entry from Jane Welsh Carlyle as the earliest Riverwoods Conference Center recorded usage of the word “unveracious,” but Tho- 625 South Riverwoods Parkway mas Carlyle was using the word at least two years ear- lier (118). Logan, UT 84321 ph. 435-750-5180 Works Cited Room rate: $89 per night Band of Outsiders. Dir. Jean-Luc Godard. Anouchka, 1964. (available until October 1, 2012) “Books of the Week and Literary Chat.” Sunday Call 9 November 1902: 12. Les Carabiniers. Dir. Jean-Luc Godard. Cocinor, 1963. Call for Papers: Carlyle, Thomas. Past and Present. London: Chapman and Hall, 1843. 15-minute papers or other pres- Fahrenheit 451. Dir. François Truffaut. Anglo Enterprises, entation formats are open for 1966. “Fiction.” New York Tribune Illustrated Supplement 26 October any subject on Jack London's 1902: 12. Hitchens, Dolores. Fools’ Gold. New York: Doubleday, 1958. life and works. “Jack London.” Houston Daily Post 14 December 1902: 12. Send proposals to Lee-Wright, Peter. The Documentary Handbook. New York: Routledge, 2010. [email protected] Lewis, C. S. Letter to I. O. Evans. 7 July 1943. The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis: Volume II, Books, Broadcasts, and the by proposal deadline of War, 1931-1949. Ed. Walter Hooper. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2005. 584. August 30, 2012. London, Jack. Children of the Frost. New York: Macmillan,
1902. ---. The Complete Short Stories of Jack London. Ed. Earle Labor, Co-sponsored by Robert C. Leitz, and I. Milo Shepard. 3 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993. Merrill Library at ---. Les Enfants du froid. Trans. Louis Postif. Paris: Hachette, Utah State University 1932. ---. The Fitzroy Edition of the Works of Jack London. Ed. I. O. Evans. London: Arco, 1962-1970. Jeanne Campbell Reesman, Ph.D. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2010.
7 attempt to portray London‟s view of Asians as “continuing presence of naturalism in authors Recent Jack London “sympathetic and well developed” rather than as diverse as Kate Chopin, Edith Wharton, xenophobic, simplistic, or anti-Asian. Métraux Upton Sinclair, Ernest Hemingway, John Publications does cite Jonah Raskin‟s argument in The Steinbeck, Richard Wright, Joyce Carol Oates, Radical Jack London (2008) that London was Cormac McCarthy, and Don DeLillo.” This by a Social Darwinist who proclaimed superiority collection is a required scholarly read for natu- of the Anglo-Saxon; however, he also explains ralists, and happens to be a well-indexed, com- Calvin Hoovestol how London‟s essay on “The Yellow Peril,” prehensive reference work for the experienced written in Feng-Wang-Cheng, Manchuria, for specialist. Jack London: San Francisco publication in the San Francisco Examiner on 25 September 1904, “peers into the future and Stories Matthew Asprey, Preface by predicts the rise of both Japan and China as Critical Companion to Jack Rodger Jacobs Sydney, Australia: Sydney major economic powers.” London “suggests Samizdat Press, 2010. 312 pgs. $11.99 that the supremacy of the West will decline London: A Literary Refer- (paper) and that both Japan and China would emerge ence to His Life and Work as strong modern powers later in the twentieth Jeanne Campbell Reesman New York: Asprey teaches creative writing at Macquarie century with China in time surpassing even Japan.” Métraux argues that London‟s “The Facts on File Inc., 2011. 423 pgs. $75.00 University, Sydney, Australia. He claims in the (hardcover) extended Introduction that he was inspired by Yellow Peril” essay is “a prediction, not a a 2009 trip to San Francisco while he was racist diatribe” and that London was “one of “rooming with a transient crowd of interna- the few writers of the era who had a profound As the definitive compendium and essential tional backpackers and vagabonds” at the respect for Asians, who wrote about them reference guide for London‟s life and work, Green Tortoise Hostel in North Beach to col- sympathetically as real people, and who more this single volume provides thorough plot lect this anthology of London stories set in the often than not blamed his fellow „Anglo- synopses, critical commentaries, analyses of San Francisco Bay Area. Some of the five Saxon‟ whites for the misery of the Asians or primary characters, and knowledgeable sug- stories in the “Youth” section and some of the other oppressed folk who often appear in his gestions for further reading for all of London‟s four stories in the “San Francisco Past and stories.” In fact, “London near the end of his famous texts as well as most of his lesser- Future” section are excerpts, but the seven life had become an avid internationalist and known works. The dozen pages of introductory stories in the “Tales of the Fish Patrol” section strong supporter of a multiculturalism,” culmi- biography, punctuated with captivating photos, and the six stories of “The Bay Area” section nating in his plea for improved communication summarize the man and his artistry within the are included in their entirety. London‟s “The between East and West in his 1915 essay “The historical contexts of his life. Alphabetically Story of An Eyewitness” concludes the book Language of the Tribe.” organized entries are indexed for easy use, as an “Epilogue: 18 April 1906” about the fire while a bibliography of secondary sources that destroyed the old city of London‟s youth. engages the curious scholar. A chronological London reports that throughout the night “tens The Oxford Handbook of bibliography lists all of London‟s novels, short of thousands” of homeless people from all American Literary Natural- fiction collections, plays, nonfiction books, ranks of society fled the flames, “yet every- fiction and nonfiction collections, letters, and body was gracious. The most perfect courtesy ism Edited by Keith Newlin, Oxford UP, notable modern editions. An extensive ency- clopedia of People, Places, and Ideas related to obtained. Never in all of San Francisco‟s his- 2011. 534 pgs. $150.00 (hardcover) tory, were her people so kind and courteous as London covers such broad topics as socialism, eugenics, and the Pan-Pacific Union as well as on this night of terror.” Rodger Jacobs's pref- Keith Newlin, Chair of the English Depart- ace recasts the 2003 essay “Ghost Land” as a such specific ones as friends, family, and theo- ment at the University of North Carolina Wil- rists London admired. personal meditation on Heinold's First and mington and a noted authority on naturalism in Last Chance Saloon, (still open in Oakland general and the work of Theodore Dreiser and today), where young Jack London studied, Hamlin Garland in particular, has brought read, drank, fraternized, and wrote about his about an impressive collaboration of scholars Jack London: Photographer life and the people around him. as a representation of current research in Jeanne Campbell Reesman, Sara S. Hodson, American literary naturalism. Treating the and Philip Adam Athens: U. of Georgia Press, The Asian Writings of Jack subject both topically and thematically, the 2010. 288 pgs. $49.95 (hardcover) volume‟s essays link what Newlin calls “the London: Essays, Letters, naturalistic imagination” to a romantic “dream Blending the best elements of visual art and world” of “melodramatic vision” that distin- literature, this first-ever reproduction of more Newspaper Dispatches, and guishes naturalism‟s moral “literature with a than two hundred high-quality photographs out Short Fiction by Jack Lon- purpose” from realism‟s “observation” of life of the nearly twelve thousand photos Jack without the overt moralizing of “authorial London collected during his global travels don Introductory Analysis by Daniel A. commentary.” Authoritative contributors pre- simply overwhelms the reader with the vicari- Métraux. With a Foreword by Wilton S. Dillon sent 28 original essays on Dreiser, Norris, ous thrill of experiencing London‟s creative Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2009. ix, Crane, and London. Accompanying these are vision in each captivating moment. Reesman is 322 pgs. $119.95 (hardcover) other authoritative articles on the parameters a renowned London scholar and legendary UT of genre itself in animating “naturalist ten- -San Antonio English professor. Hodson has Wilton S. Dillon, Senior Scholar Emeritus of sions” within issues of race, class, gender, administered the Jack London Papers for more the Smithsonian Institution, notes in the Fore- sexuality, determinism, atavism, psychology, than thirty years and currently serves as cura- word that “London was alone among the writ- urban excess, crime, film, literary commerce, tor of literary manuscripts at the Huntington ers of his era in his realization that the age of drama, and visual arts. Newlin‟s project sug- Library. Artistic photographer Adam has Western dominance was coming to an end.” gests that “the traditional conception of natu- worked with California museums and cultural Daniel A. Métraux, Chair of Asian Studies at ralism as a movement occurring between 1890 institutions for more than thirty years to pre- Mary Baldwin College in Staunton, Virginia, and 1915 and focusing on deterministic depic- serve historical photo collections. This col- has a prolific publication background on Ja- tions of humanity as the passive pawns of an laboration illuminates London‟s photographs pan, China, Korea, and other Asian nations. In indifferent world has, in recent years, under- as stories in themselves. Adam‟s duotone re- the Preface to this book, Métraux clarifies his gone considerable shifting.” He finds a productions from silver gelatin prints recapture 8 the tropical lighting and deep shadows of Lon- 1906 description of “The House Beautiful” ure” didn‟t convince legal authorities until don‟s originals, while Reesman and Hodson that he intended to build, modern color photos, Japanese journalists came to his aid. These provide detailed historical and personal con- and computer-generated images reconstruct vivid stories transport the reader to the lively text with excerpts from London‟s novels, sto- the magnificent edifice and justify London‟s bar at the Imperial Hotel in 1904 and present ries, newspaper articles, and personal notes pride in the expensive building project. Dr. wartime issues of artistic freedom. about specific pictures. It is a stunning visual Robert Anderson‟s Forensics Team analyzed and literary presentation of London‟s “human the fire‟s source and presented their case, re- documents” that embraced the demoralized printed here, in 1996 at the annual Jack Lon- Wolf: The Lives of Jack Lon- poverty of The People of the Abyss in the don Birthday Banquet in Sonoma. This attrac- don James L. Haley, New York: Basic slums of London, England (1903), the daily tive book is available at the park or online at Books, 2010. 379 pgs. $29.95 (hardcover) struggles of Japanese and Korean civilians www.jacklondonpark.com. during the Russo-Japanese War (1904), the devastation of the 1906 San Francisco Earth- After the 1903 publication of his sensational quake (with Charmian London‟s diary descrip- In Many Wars, By Many War The Call of the Wild, London was “a full- tion of looking into the eyes of a dying young fledged literary phenomenon, a front-page Correspondents (Updated Edition) celebrity, and the highest-paid writer in Amer- man amid the carnage), lively Samoa com- edited by George Lynch and Frederick merce and the ordinary activities of Hawai‟ian ica”; yet he is “perhaps the most misunder- lepers in the Kalaupapa settlement when the Palmer, Foreword by John Maxwell stood figure in the American literary canon.” Londons visited on their boat the Snark, de- Hamilton Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2010. Haley openly proclaims his disdain for “a tight scribed in The Cruise of the Snark (1907- 239 pgs. $22.50 (paper) circle of scholars intent on vindicating London 1908). London also photographed dozens of as a Great Writer” and his deliberate intent to sailors suspended high above the ocean while In 1904 journalist George Lynch of the Lon- write a “guerrilla piece” of “penumbral inves- clutching the crossbeam of the Dirigo (1912) don Daily Chronicle and a famous collection tigation, researching around the subject” in and disheartened war prisoners of the Mexican of war correspondents from Britain, the United opposition to the “establishment reactionaries” revolution (1914). Philip Adam reminds the States, Germany, France, and Italy assembled who lack his “biographer‟s eye” for unbiased reader that “to make meaningful photographs, in Tokyo to cover the Russo-Japanese War. reporting. Although he admires London‟s liter- you must do more than look: as [John] Ruskin “Imprisoned” with wine and fine dining at the ary skill, Haley portrays London as “a poor suggested, you must see.” Close to 90 percent Imperial Hotel for months on end by exces- husband and a disastrous father” because of London‟s photographs were made outside sively polite but strategically equivocating “while in some ways he was never a child, in the United States, mostly in Asia and the South Japanese, the reporters were not allowed to other ways he never grew up . . . maturity and Seas, with sympathetic recognition of native travel anywhere near the fighting and were even fidelity still eluded him.” Haley docu- self-respect and cultural pride. The introduc- watched, under continual surveillance, by ments facts about London‟s life in extensive tion invites us to ponder these “moving por- Japanese hosts. Lynch and Frederick Palmer of chapter notes, but he often presumes to know traits of individuals whose cultural differences Collier’s proposed that they all write a brief precisely what London and others are thinking. pale beside their common humanity.” This essay about the most exciting event in their For example, wife Charmian buys London a book is spectacular, even if you‟re not a fan of careers. Printed in Tokyo, the book‟s 49 stories horse named Washoe Ban that had “eyes as Jack London or have never read any of his range from a personal witnessing of President liquid as his own . . . London‟s heart melted at work. If you open any page anywhere in the McKinley‟s assassination and the suffering of the sight of the magnificent animal. For once it text, you will be hooked to return, reread, re- women and children in “How South Ameri- seemed as though his life was on track.” His think, and re-view. cans Fight” to “the thirst question” and “How I tone frequently is combative, and his opinions Was Nearly Beheaded.” Former foreign corre- are brusque. For instance, he remarks in a spondent John Maxwell Hamilton, founding chapter note that “in one of the coats of white- dean of LSU‟s Manship School of Mass Com- wash in her biography, Charmian denied any Jack London’s Wolf House trouble with Roscoe [Eames].” He repeatedly Gregory W. Hayes and Matt Atkinson. munication, explains in the Foreword that “for the first time in modern history, an Asian na- speculates that London was bisexual during Illustrations by Steven Chais. Glen Ellen, tion defeated a European one,” and he intro- various periods of his life (beginning when he CA: Valley of the Moon Natural History duces “stories that correspondents were regal- was a teenage sailor) and that a supposed ho- Association, 2010. 66 pgs. $12.50 ing each other with in the hotel bar.” Humor mosexual relationship with writer George Ster- (paper) punctuates tragedy. Understatement amplifies ling, whose wife was “a sour old gossip- the emotional impact of poignant vignettes. monger,” created jealousy among both men and women (like London‟s wife Charmian), Former park rangers Greg Hayes and Matt One writer huddled naked in a trench during especially when the two men visited “the Atkinson, who both worked at the Jack Lon- the Boer war because a battle erupted while he seamy parts of San Francisco.” Where Haley don State Historic Park for a combined 44 was swimming. Another writer, hunkered in conjectures homosexuality, most other biogra- years, present a careful study of Wolf House, brush during a night of close gunfire, breathed phers for the past hundred years have acknowl- London‟s grand but doomed Sonoma Valley easier when he realized that two baseball-sized edged London‟s open advocacy of heterosex- home that mysteriously burned in 1913 before objects that landed on the ground beside him ual masculinity. Haley does not produce evi- it was finished. Illustrations by Steven Chais, were mangos rather than grenades or enemy dence, but his agenda prompts a question: Are rare photographs of Jack and Charmian in signals. An Irish Brigade‟s clash with the Dur- issues of London‟s private sexuality relevant various areas of the nearly completed home, ban Light Infantry over a truckload of beer for an assessment of his literary legacy? Haley pictures of guests admiring the courtyard and was nearly fatal. One man faced “an unpleas- doesn‟t attempt to connect London‟s life to the pool, San Francisco architect Albert Farr‟s ant choice” between jumping into a swarm of novels or stories or to explain the relevance of sketches, London‟s diary entries, Italian stone- sharks or staying aboard a burning ship loaded alleged homosexuality rather than close friend- mason Natale Forni‟s arcades of volcanic rock, with ammunition, and stories like “How ships. The allegations are tedious and irrele- excerpts from ranch superintendent Eliza Lon- Stephen Crane Took Juana Dias” are self- vant. Haley writes with the creative enthusi- don Shepard‟s letter to her stepbrother Jack, parodies of the reporter‟s role. Jack London‟s asm of a fiction novelist, but his continual ranch photos, working blueprints, detailed story about “A Camera and a Journey” re- presumptions about what various individuals floor plans, a watercolor painting of the ruins, counts his dramatic capture as a suspected were thinking or doing at precise moments and Charmian‟s account of the project and the Russian spy and his Japanese trial for taking his facile assumptions about individual mo- devastating fire, newspaper coverage of the pictures of civilians. London‟s explanation that tives violate the limits of credibility for legiti- destruction, a bibliography, London‟s hopeful he took the photographs simply “for my pleas- mate biographical research.
9
Socialism, Natu- Socialism,
Socialism, and so forth. Some Some domi- ofso and Socialism, forth. the to return “contexts” thatnant critics seem include at looking frequency tosome with Jack London, between relationship his the following: works,and the Boxing andOther Philosophy, and ralism Lit- National Sports,to Other Relationship to eratures,Race, Racism, Relationship Ani- Nativeand Imperialism, Populations Short The Fables, and Stories Beast mal New Woman, the Mascu- StoryWomen, , Androgyny Femininity, Domes- and linity, Im- ticity,Living, Rural and Agrarianism Writers, The Other on and pactCulture on to Plagiarism, Biography, Relation London Fiction. andScience above list in is particular order, no The and themes socialist as the contexts, such some works, London‟s through have running scholarly of pages attractedof hundreds list not the others have on writing,while these are attention. Still, as much generated schol- topicsnumerous thatattracted have be can past case a and arscentury the over topics, or are take, the give that these made of studies thatdominated “contextual” have London.
-
the
-
probing
Biographi-
-
of
-
-
(at pages). 7
(at 28 pages), pages), 28 (at
, examines the the examines ,
scholar, etc. The scholar,The etc.
General
-
Context
Context Context
(with 14 pages), and pages), 14 (with
I‟m lumping together those together those I‟mlumping
threatening, inviting interpretive inviting threatening,
-
General
(with 78 pages of material devoted to of pages to devoted material 78 (with
cal WildThe Call the of In this decade, Jack writing this on London In fell four into categories: generally biography), London calling I‟m something explana- need some columns of Two these By tion. primary whose purpose to not is pieces interpretive new or break biographical primary rather, purpose ground,whose but, Jack Lon- to is to introduction provide an all We audience. dongeneral for more a non light, pattern: some the know of works, major summary biography,some non afew for non comments the Jack Lon- “Hey! of kind writing that says read him.” donshould cool. is You trickier column, The to relation par- a workin London of Jack or historical issue, ticulartheme, are studies framework. philosophical These primary one than thattreat typically more are They many more). sometimes text(and Jack position that studies like do things beast tradition the of within London the London‟s at look of several or fable, they context of the turn workswithin century
, only , a
columned columned
-
column column
-
best
scholarlyven-
Jack Jack London:
-
Jack Jack London: A
inof terms word
1970s, and the MLA MLA and 1970s, the
-
—
(1977) for (1977) published material
(1994), among others. among did (1994), I
essay. For material that was For essay. material
Methodology Methodology
-
, by page count, scholarship writ- count, page scholarship by ,
, so missing a few pieces here and and here pieces few a so , missing
. I counted pages, not pages, counted words, I . and I
of four pages of a single a ofof pages four
ied
—
point font printed in 8.5 x x format point11 8.5 font printed in
trends
scientific survey. I dare it what not say I scientific survey.
worst
1970s to the present. These were the Thesethe present. to were the 1970s
-
-
-
Reference Guide Reference Edition Revised semi I classif I eleven of each the Jack in on London ten relied present. to I the decades1900 from Joan Sherman‟s on heavily mid the through up from the for published Bibliography material mid for informa- twodatabases mined I primary of number a also used However,tion.I way, the along otherresources bibliographic bibliographies books supplied in including as Labor such Reesman and to or London references notcount incidental nor did I London, verydiscussions of brief a clearly when except reviews, countearly review longer first the only generally, counted, reprinted,I any unpublished did not I include printing. count, a as or I dissertations, theses nor did that anything popu- appeared in rule, general and other non larmagazines also primary I whose out material left ues. London‟s adaptation focusof film on is a noted in will as be below, works.Finally, books certain to chose key cases few let I to lump attempt rather standthan separate, particular a into them category. compelled to disclaimers give few a feel I at is, This material. aboutthis at is font for size attempt no to at made correct all of page double a orOne format. nine the equal be might count format. 7 x point 5 font twelve printed in irregularities, sure am these I And,beyond way. the or two item an along missed thatI could goal I if was to my see Nevertheless, spot within acceptable limits hope, of I is, there of necessarythese all dis- With study. the proceed and apologies claimers noted, let‟s decade: first tothe
his
6, 6,
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Biennial Jack London Jack Biennial
th
Eric Carl Eric
broad strokes, a picture ofpicture a strokes, broad
impressionistic, semi impressionistic,
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Research 1900 Research
the 10the
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Trends in Jack London London in Jack Trends
Symposium held4 SymposiumNovember I California, 2010,in Rosa, Santa oneoftheofhonorthe being had round- thepanelists in concluding of thetopic tableThe discussion. Jack trends in discussion was during the scholarship London to started As twenty I years. past theformythoughts panel gather thesympo- toseveral weeks prior mightit provean decided sium, I trycould exerciseif interestingI offew a thoughts a to assemble non offerthan rather scientificsort, myownimpression- audiencethe onopinions istic and subjective ongot matter.rolling theOnceI thatevidentthe it became project, twenty years merelygoing back “big thedidn’tpicture”giveI I hopingso And for.was to 1900 themarchedway all back whole theforto tryanddecide resultseries a thing.was end The thatto ofattempted paint, charts in London of theJack development 110years, thefor scholarship past tothese thepresentedcharts and I symposium. theaudienceat that ofversion revised isreport a material. At
10
tern of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s breaks breaks and 1940s 1930s, 1920s, of tern the down:
In the 1950s, decided the scholars however, 1950s, In more be to actually Jack might thatthere pat- biography, the and his than London
rare, individualized
very
is a pattern that will hold for hold the that will pattern a is
—
heavy on the biography, with a a biography, with major few the on heavy worksgetting rare, treatment two decades: next
more traditional analyses of particular a analyses traditional more we 1910s, also see the acouple work.In pagesto devoted bibliography. London
—
The of Book Jack
volume volume
-
(1921), which solid a ran pages. (1921), 841
London Again, London biography trumps every- Again,London of Char- all, the is decade, after This thing. two London‟s mian 1920s in the basic pattern see that we The
Biographical studies define the second dec- the Biographicaldefine studies comparison. pales by else Everything ade. sec- did, in studies come however, General that were pieces brief few a ond,followed by
11
—
To To
(6), (6),
"A "A
(4), (4),
Mu-
(18), (18),
—
Wolf
(5),
-
(31), (31),
Sea
During the the During
The The Road
. .
(15), "The Water "The (15), (6),
From the 1970s 1970s the From
“Goliah” “ (8),
(124), (124),
"Love of Life" (4), of "Love Life"
Jack London: A Bibliog- Jack London:
(11), (11),
Cruise Cruise of The Snark
Call Wild of the
The Acorn Planter The Acorn Planter
Daughters of Daughters The Rich
(28), "Eyes of Asia" (24), of "Eyes (24), Asia" (28),
Star Rover Rover Star
Before Adam
(5),
"The Mistake of Mistake (3), Creation" "The
(80), (80),
Martin Eden Martin Eden
People of People The Abyss
Woodbridge‟s
Iron Heel
(1966), but also boasting some accumu- but also (1966), boasting some
raphy Hensley Hensley study other of pages bibliographic lated122 Woodbridge‟s beyond work. individualized forward,of proliferation the group- necessities texts of treatments primary column together single a into them ing Studies” heading “Individualized the under unreadable. chart be the would otherwise Thus:
Burning Daylight Burning of The tiny Elsinore Kanaka Surf" (9), "War" (9), "Law of Life" (6), (6), (9), "Law of "War" (9), Life" KanakaSurf" Game" (5), Man The (5), "To Trail" on "The (4), at Place Steak" "A (4), Fragment" Curious Deaths" (4), Thousand "A Apostate" (4), "The (3), "LostFace" "God (2), Lodging" of Fa- Day's His "A (1). Tooth" Whale "The (1), thers" see ofsimilar a scholarly distribution We‟ll decades few next the attentionin subdivide the studies individualized 1980s, of primary some the with texts, these among lion‟s of share suspects the garnering usual criticalattention: (104), (20), Red One" "The (18), Plays (14), Baby" Fire" a (8), Build
Jack Jack
John
, ,
Jack Jack
(94), (94),
Valley of Valley
(11)
(17),
White White Logic
People of People The
, Gold
, On , The Maka-
Martin Eden
(12)
(23),
(11)
White White Fang
(1977)Labor‟s
(45), "The Red Red "The (45),
(18),
Wolf
-
Before Adam Before
Sea
"The House of Mapuhi" (9), of "TheMapuhi" "The House
,
Call Wild of The
The The Road
(16), (15), Build Fire" a "To (16),
(15),
(74),
(11)
for the first time, considerable effort for first considerable the time,
(1974), and McClintock‟s (1974),
,
(19),
expended in bibliographic in work Lon- on expended
studies and individual treatments of primary treatments and individual studies this in for increase textsmakes substantial a consider would traditional we what decadein case the makes it and scholarshipLondon, on began to academe lead the 1960s the thatin in the Finally, stable. Jackthe into London 1960s was the publication by of don,highlighted
London: A Reference Guide London: A Reference London Iron Heel Abyss Barleycorn The Moon House Little Lady Big of The loa Mat In the 1970s, the of combination individual- the 1970s, In became studies and contextual studies ized decade also rather The formidable. something Sherman‟s as featuredsuch books, several adds one to- for and, first if (1975), the time, contex- the studies, individualized the gether Labor by books and the and studies, tual of amount of pages the ana- McClintock,then stud- scholarship surpasses lytical biographical 496 the illustrate To for time. first ies the that received works pagesof primary London how is „70s:here the on treatment individual down: breaks pages 496 the (28), One"
London parallels the shift in literary shift in the studies parallels London the with New 1950s, Criticism the in itself intellec- and reading close in andits interests when atime addition, was it In history. tual profession and evolved rapidly English the States United around the universities of models contemporary adoptedthe more professor/scholar.
back on everyone‟s mind. We also how- mind. see, everyone‟s on back in contextual attention paid to ever,jump a of combination contextual and the studies,
broadening of the number and and number of broadening the
slight
Biographical studies still lead the pack, but pack, but the lead Biographicalstill studies they prior did way in the don‟tin dominate the is however, decades.importantly, Most “contextual” studies, in increasedinterest andthe that re- oftype London primary by texts schol- attention from ceivedindividualized particular as no come should ars.sur- This to given critical shift in attentions prise.The
The growing trend toward individualized growing trend toward individualized The ex- 1950s the works in of treatment single was biography And, 1960s. the plodedin
12
, ,
as the asthe
water
Wolf
-
-
Burning Burning
(2009) (2009) is
The The Call of
, ,
(4), (4),
works seems worksseems
-
century didn‟t century
The Sea
st
The The Star Rover
, and and ,
Scarlet Plague
The People The of People the Abyss
, ,
If the 1990s were the high were 1990s the If
Jack Jack Racial London’s Lives
(10), "Samuel" (9), "Shin Bones" (9), Bones" "Shin (9), "Samuel" (10),
Martin Eden Martin
(3).
, ,
(6), "The Sun Dog Trail" "God of Dog Trail" (6), "The Sun (6),
The The Road Daylight "The Sun Dog Trail" (8), "Son of The of "Son (8), The Dog Sun Trail" "The of Wit "The Apostate" (7), "The (7), Wolf" Chi- "The (7), Silence" "White (7), Porportuk" of (5), Tribe” The "The Language (5), nago" (5), Tooth" "Whale Jack on Lon- for mark scholarship analytical 21 first of don,the the decade publica- the witnessed and toooffdropmuch, Jeanne which of books, major tionof couple a Reesman‟s standard the arguably bearer:
The Heel The Iron the Wild His Fathers" (5), "Priestly Prerogative" "Priestly (5). (5), Fathers" His can‟t of get enough we Jack London‟s Clearly, attentionfor captured has It biography. our al- let won‟t and up, century a than more next decade can‟t predict one though the what renaissance London The was the bring. will analyti- the in We dipped had our toes 1960s. found the temperature 1950s, calthe waters in Most 1960s. the during dived and inviting, in diver- the decades the is following in notable scholars‟ that texts sitycaught of have primary diversity this of within inter- Yet, attention. canon a ests, of master London established, with tobeen have centraldocuments. nago”
(13), (13),
White White
Smoke Smoke Call of
Scarlet
Little Little
White White
Before
Iron Heel
(16), (16),
(78), (78),
Cruise Cruise of The
Adventure Adventure
(14), "The "The (14),
(29), (29),
(22), (22),
“The “The Chi-
(145), (145),
(10), Letters (10), (10), Letters (10),
(2001) and James andJames (2001)
Call Wild of the
(7), (7),
Cruise Cruise of The Snark
Star Rover
Born" (11), “South of “South (11), Born"
(57), (57),
Martin Eden Martin
-
(37), "Mauki" (27), (27), "Mauki" (37),
(18), (18),
(27), "Cherry" (24), (24), "Cherry" (27),
(16), (16),
Star Rover
Martin Eden Martin Eden
(83), (83),
Wolf
Little Little Lady House Big of the
-
Valley of Valley the Moon
John Barleycorn (45), (45),
Valley of the Moon of Valley the Moon
thirds of the 957 pages noted on noted pages on thirds957 of the
(2010). The amount The of (2010). pages
-
Sea
Iron Heel
Adventure Adventure John Barleycorn
Wolf
-
(25), (25),
Wolf
Jack Jack WomenLondon’s
(42), (42),
(21), "Koolah The Leper" (19), (19), Leper" The "Koolah (21),
(16), (16),
(12), Night "The (12),
(29), (29),
People of the Abyss Sea
(16), “The House of Pride” (15), "The "The of “The Pride” House (15), (16),
Fang Fang Bellew House Lady of the Big London. As we saw in the 1970s and 1980s, 1970s the and 1980s, saw in Aswe London. covered diverse studies individualized the works key same of some ground,the with charge: the leading (92), (50), Gold "All of (16), Strong" The "Strength (17), (14), Canyon” World The "When (11), One" Red Was (11), Young"
People of People the Abyss Plague the Wild Adam Fang Snark Once again, biographical studies lead the pack, the biographical again, lead studies Once two fully but two Clarice books: by graph areconsumed the Stasz‟s Haley‟s dipped nota- devotedstudies individualized to remains: diversity but of the bly, treatment Fire" (20), "To (21), Build "Samuel" (13), One" Red (12), Invasion" Unparalleled "The of (9),Life" "Law Slot” The (10), of "The(7), Steak” Water Piece (8),“A (7), Baby"
-
marked the the marked
Courbin, one Courbin,one
American
-
Jack Jack London: An
for for
(1981). (1981).
Myth
(1988) Perry‟s and
treatments does not elevate biographical biographical does treatments not elevate of impact field over on combined studies the individualized and contextual studies, the one adds stud- analytical to andwhen these Auerbach, Labor Reesman, by books the ies Tavernier and andReesman, 1990s that argue the might Jack on point for high scholarship analytical
Dreamers American don as a figure of considerable interest and and interest considerable donas figure a of over argument of to put the rest much likely canonicalwriter. Biog- status London‟s as a in of included and interest, raphyremained of pages biographical full 879 material the as Stasz‟s such studies length
" (5), "God(5), "
Courbin, Hed- Courbin,
come in third, in come
-
(3).
—
The Leper The
that solidified Jack Lon- solidified that
—
White White Fang
if one separates graph ifout, one the as
by Watson, Tavernier by
—
—
and Lundquist
In the 1990s, individualized of treatments the 1990s, In Jack lead time, first primarythe for texts, treat- Biographical scholarship. London ments does,biography Kershaw‟s of heels fast studies contextual the with on combining Even studies. individualized the other biographical the Kershaw‟sbook with
"Cherry" (5), "Koolah "Koolah (5), "Cherry" of The (4), "Son Wolf" of(4), Fathers" His (3), of "Law Life" as 1980s, partially is in reflected the During number a ofwere graph, significant there the books rick,