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Diet of the Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus Hermaphroditus in a Rural Habitat in Kerala, India, and Its Possible Role in Seed Dispersal

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Diet of the Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus Hermaphroditus in a Rural Habitat in Kerala, India, and Its Possible Role in Seed Dispersal Diet of the Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus in a rural habitat in Kerala, India, and its possible role in seed dispersal Abstract P. S. JOTHISH Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet diet in a rural habitat in India was studied by faecal analysis. Observations were made from January 2008 to May 2010, although no faeces wereCarica found papaya after January was the 2010. most In common total 94 fruitfaeces of werewhich collected. remains Of these, vegetable matter alone was found in 82% and animal matter alone in 4%; 14% held both plant and animal matter. Fruits were the predominant vegetable matter in the faeces. Papaya were found and was eaten year round. No seasonal change in proportion or dietary shift between vegetable and animal matter- was observed. Seeds from faeces were viable and a high percentage of defecated seeds germinated. Considering the movement pattern of Common Palm Civets studied elsewhere and the high seed germination rate, Common Palm Civet is plausibly an ef fective seed disperser of fleshy-fruited plants in the study area. Common Palm Civet often attacks poultry and is perceived as a Keywordsthreat by the poultry farmers. : Balaramapuram, faecal analysis, frugivory, poultry raiding, seed germination Introduction Methods - - Order Carnivora includes a wide range of animals character Food composition was studied by analysing faeces, a technique ised by a diversity of diets. Studying diet in carnivores helps- widely used to study small carnivore diet (Corbett' 1989,' E)Rab of understand their influence on distribution and abundance of inowitz 1991, Grassman 1998). Faeces were collected from a other species including plants, and their population dynam rural house terrace in Balaramapuram (8°42 N, 77°04 largeics, habitat carnivores, use and information social organisation on the diet (Rabinowitz of tropical 1991,Asian owner,Thiruvananthapuram, up to three animals Kerala, were India. present, The terracealthough was it was near not a smallChuang carnivores & Lee 1997). is limited Despite (e.g. extensive Joshi et literatureal on diet of house where civets were observed to roost. According to the et al et al. 2010). Diets of small . 1995, Grassman confirmed that more than one provided the faeces analysed 1998, Zhou . 2008, Mudappa et al. here. Observations were made every week from January 2008 2010).carnivores, especially civets, in India have been studied few stillto May slept 2010, at the although same place. no faeces were found after 24 January times (Krishnakumar & Balakrishnan 2003, Mudappa - 2010, and it was not possible to confirm whether the civets ridae) occur across southern and some of eastern Asia in a The palm civets (subfamily Paradoxurinae, family Viver as theFaeces roosting were animal(s), identified shape as (includingfrom Common elongated Palm nature) Civet Paradoxurus hermaphrodi- based on their occurrence in more-or-less the same location- tuswide lives variety in tropical of habitats forests, (Pocock plantations, 1933, Lekagulfruit orchards & McNeely and 1977). The Common Palm Civet and composition of undigested plant or animal matter. Col lected faeces were examined by naked eye and Carica with papayaa hand, human-settled areas (Prater 1971), often residing in eaves of lens—seekingArtocarpus seeds, pericarps, heterophyllus hairs, ,bones, Jungle feathers,Jack A. hirsutus insect, houses or outbuildings, across the Indian subcontinentet and al. exoskeleton, insect Annona wings reticulata etc. Seeds of Papaya Caryota southern China to Southeast Asia including the Philippines urensCommon Jack and east to New Guinea, in part by introduction (Patou Custard-apple and Fishtail Palm - 2010). In Kerala, a coastal state of peninsular India, Common ecated collected seeds; no from anti-seed-predator the civet faeces wereenclosures sown directlywere used. and Palm Civets are usually found in well-wooded areas and in without any treatment in backyard soil to test viability of def open places including areas adjacent to human habitations - (Balakrishnan 1997).et al Seeds were checked daily for germination and predation. Common Palm Civet is an omnivore that feeds on fruits- Results are presented as percentage frequency of occur and flesh (Joshi . 1995, Grassman 1998, Krishnakumar & rence (number of faeces with the particular item/total number Balakrishanan 2003). In forested areas, it is primarily frugiv animalof faeces matter). x 100) of a particular matter in the faeces. A chi-square orous, feeding on berries and pulpyet al fruits including those of- test was done to investigate the dietary preference (fruits vs. figs and palms and is an effective seed disperser (Rabinowitz Results 1991, Corlett 1998, Nakashima . 2010). It is often consid- ered a pest because of its raiding of coffee plantations, other faeces contained fruit crops and poultry, even though the coffee beans recov ered from its faeces are used to make a high-value speciality In total, 94 faeces were collected. Most (81) faeces coffee (Prater 1971). The present paper reports the diet of either plant or animal matter, but 13 contained both (Table 1). Common Palm Civet in a rural area of Kerala, India, and the Vegetable matter predominated: more than 95% of the animal’s possible role in seed dispersal. contained vegetable matter, alone or with animal matter. Only Small Carnivore Conservation 14 , Vol. 45:14–17, December 2011 Common Palm Civet diet in Kerala, India Table 1. Vegetable and animal matter composition of the faeces Table 2. Fruits and seeds present in Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus of Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, collected hermaphroditus faeces collected from a rural site in Kerala, India, from a rural site in Kerala, India, during 2008–2010. during 2008–2010. Item description Number of Percentage of Plant type Frequency Percent Total faeces occurrence of occur- occur- number of Vegetable matter alone 77 81.91 rence rence seeds recovered Animal matter alone 4 4.25 Carica papaya 24 25.53 346 Vegetable and animal matter 13 13.83 Papaya (Caricaceae) Vegetable matter with or with- 90 95.74 Artocarpus hetero- 13 13.82 19 out animal matter phyllus Animal matter and with or 17 18.10 Common Jack without vegetable matter (Moraceae) A. hirsutus 10 10.63 107 Jungle Jack (Moraceae) 4.3% of faeces contained only animal matter. Fruit materials Caryota urens 6 6.38 42 Fishtail Palm were the dominant remains (90.1% of the faeces)2 year round. χ df (Arecaceae) Intake of animal prey was low. The faeces held fruits much P < 0.001). Musa spp. 3 3.19 0 more frequently than they did animal matter ( = 23.62, = 1, with animal matter) and cooked rice were also found in the Plantain (Musaceae) Grass plugs, i.e. partly chewed grass leaves (mostly faeces. - Mangifera indica 2 2.12 0 Mango (Anacardi- A single food item was recovered from 76 (80.8%) fae aceae) ces, 17 (18.1%) contained two food items and one contained- Capsicum annuum 2 2.12 14 three food items (1.1%). There was no evidence of a seasonal Chilli (Solanaceae) shift in relative importance of animal material in the diet. Fae Annona squamosa 5 5.31 68 ces composed entirely of animal matter were found in July- Custard-apple 2008 (13 and 18 July; rodent skull and hairs and millipede (Annonaceae) remains), February 2009 (frog skin and bones) and Novem Annona reticulata 2 2.12 11 ber 2009 (millipede remains). Faeces containing both animal Bullock’s heart and plant matter were obtained in February (twice), May, June (Annonaceae) and November 2008; January, March (twice), July, September Annona muricata 1 1.06 2 with(twice) Carica and papayaOctober 2009; and January 2010. (Annonaceae) Eighteen species of fruits and/or seeds were collected, Passiflora edulis 2 2.12 56 and defecated undamaged the most seeds.frequent Although fruit recovered remains (Table of Arto 2)- a passion fruit (Passifloraceae) carpusIn most heterophyllus cases, the civet(s) ingested fruit pulp along with seeds Flacourtia jangomas 3 3.19 47 (Flacourtiaceae) were observed 13 times in faeces, seeds C. papaya, Ananas comosus were found on only four occasions, probably reflecting their 2 2.12 0 A. heterophyllus, A. hirsutus, Caryota urens and Annona squa- Pineapple mosalarge size. The five predominant fruits found were (Bromeliaceae) Syzigium cuminii 1 1.06 18 . Vertebrate matter, including rodents, birds, reptiles and Jamun (Myrtaceae) amphibians was found in seven faeces. Invertebrate remains- Psidium guajava 2 2.12 92 tained(insects, chilli millipedes, Capsicum beetles annuum and snail shell) were found in 11 Guava (Myrtaceae) Annonafaeces. Cooked squamosa rice was found in four faeces of which two con Ficus bengalensis 2 2.12 148 pericarp and seeds. Excepting Fig (Moraceae) (62.2%), all plant species showed higha direct rates Cucurbitaceae fruit 2 2.12 35 sightingof germination) of (Table 3). - Unidentified 1 1.06 17 During the study period, seven incidents (onerecorded . animals assumed to be Common Palm Civets tak- ing live chickens from unattended poultry sheds were Viverricula indica in the All incidents occurred between 18h15 and 19h30. In the di - rect sighting (18h25), the fowl escaped when the civet was that they never see Small Indian Civet threatened. In all other incidents, the animal killed the fowl area. Thus, attribution of these kills to Common Palm Civet re and only the carcass of the fowl was found, without head and- Discussionquires confirmation. neck portion. These were identified as Common Palm Civet Accordingkills because to thisthe farmers,mode of domesticattacking dogspoultry Canis on itsfamiliaris head is andbe among the more frugivorous viverrids lieved by localFelis catuspoultry farmers to be peculiar to the species. Herpestes Common Palm Civet is - stray cats usually tear the bird at the site itself and (Corlett 1998). No systematic studies on its diet have been carry the carcass away, while mongooses apparently carried out in India (Singh 1982, Krishnakumar & Balakris attack only chicks and not adult birds.
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