Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada by Maude Barlow About the Author

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada By Maude Barlow About the author

Maude Barlow is the National Chairperson of the Council of Canadians. Maude is the recipient of twelve honorary doctorates as well as many awards, including the 2005 Right Livelihood Award (known as the “Alterna- tive Nobel”). She served as Senior Advisor on Water to the 63rd President of the United Nations General Assembly and was a leader in the campaign to have water recognized as a human right by the UN. She is also the author of dozens of reports, as well as 17 books, including her latest, Blue Future: Protecting Water for People and the Planet Forever. She has been active in the

fight for fair trade deals in Canada and around the world for decades.

This report was made possible through the generous support of the JMG Foundation.

Photo credits CC by-nc-sa 2.0 Page 2: Photo © Wolfgang Schmidt Cover: “Canadian Pride“ by Brandon Koger, cropped and modified,

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada is published under the Creative Commons licence Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 2 Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada

Contents

Introduction �� 5

What are TTIP and CETA? �� 5

How do TTIP and CETA curtail the right of governments to regulate? �� 6

What is ISDS? �� 7

What is Canada’s experience with ISDS under NAFTA? �� 9

Why does CETA matter as much as TTIP? �� 11

What about attempts to reform ISDS? �� 13

How can we work across borders to defeat these deals? �� 14

Endnotes �� 15

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 3 Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 4 This paper is offered as a warning to Europeans who care about the health of their people, the resilience of their communities, the fate of their public services, and the protection of their natural resources.

Introduction What are TTIP and CETA?

In 1989, Canada and the United States signed TTIP is a proposed trade and investment agree- the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement ment between the EU and the U.S. to open up (CUSTA). In 1994, the two countries and Mexico their markets to one another’s corporate sectors, signed the North American Free Trade Agreement including pharmaceuticals, textiles, energy and (NAFTA). These two deals set the tone for the new agriculture. Negotiations have been held largely generation of bilateral and regional trade deals, behind closed doors with sporadic information and created a model still vigorously pursued by leaked to the public. most governments. CETA is the Canadian equivalent, but is much Under CUSTA, Canada would lose much of its further along in the negotiating process. In Sep- manufacturing base as American corporations tember 2014, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen closed their Canadian plants and moved them off- Harper, then European Commission President shore. Canada also gave up regulatory control of José Manuel Barroso, and then European Council its energy reserves. NAFTA introduced a new pro- President Herman Van Rompuy signed a joint vision – investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) declaration to “celebrate” the end of CETA talks. – whereby corporations from the three countries Meanwhile, there is still clear opposition in both could sue one another’s governments for changes Canada and Europe, and the deal is far from done. to laws, policies or practices that hurt the corporations’ bottom lines. This was the first time the text of the agreement NAFTA’s legacy is alive and well in both the wasProponents officially claim released that toTTIP the and public. CETA will “grow” Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership the economies of both the EU and North America, (TTIP) between the European Union and the creating jobs and wealth for both North Ameri- United States and the Comprehensive Economic cans and Europeans. The NAFTA experience, and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada. While these deals push the trade exclusively to the wealthy and big corporations. envelope in several new ways, both contain ISDS however, shows that any benefits went almost provisions, which are especially controversial in soared in Canada since 1994, family and worker Europe. incomesWhile CEO have salaries stagnated and corporate and family profits debt has have risen to historic levels.1 As a result of NAFTA, Canada is the most investor- state challenged country in the developed world, TTIP and CETA, as with most modern trade deals, and Canadians have an important story to share are also about taking down “non-tariff barriers” with Europeans as they grapple with TTIP and to trade. These include standards and regulations CETA. This paper is offered as a warning to Euro- that may differ markedly between countries in peans who care about the health of their people, - the resilience of their communities, the fate of ronmental legislation and labour standards. their public services, and the protection of their areas such as food safety, financial services, envi natural resources.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 5 Transnational corporations want a “level playing As the Transnational Institute explains, downward harmonization reduces controls and lowers the lowest common denominator. Standards on standards that are put on capital and corpora- foodfield” safety, when socialcrossing security borders, and and the they environment fight for tions. If EU labour laws offer more protection to were all harmonized downward in Canada after workers, all governments will be pressured to NAFTA. adopt U.S. norms that deregulate workers’ rights.4

A major report found that NAFTA facilitated the be pressured – even required – to harmonize to a expansion of large-scale, export-oriented farming moreIf financial deregulated controls standard. are stronger in Canada, it will that relies on pesticides and GMOs, encouraged a boom in environmentally destructive mining in - Mexico, undermined Canada’s ability to regulate cial crisis of 2008 because it kept strict controls its own energy industry, locked Canada into ship- In fact, Canada, which largely survived the finan ping large quantities of fossil fuels to the U.S., - and weakened environmental safeguards across viceson its corporationsbanks, has already operating opened in Canada up its financial in a way North America by providing corporations with evensector NAFTA to challenge did not. from If a EuropeanEuropean financialbank believes ser new tools to challenge environmental policy mak- that it is being discriminated against as a result of ing.2 the Canadian government.5 - Canada’s stricter financial regulations, it can sue tional governments (municipalities, provinces - andWith states) CETA andwill TTIP,be subject for the to first local time, procurement subna ments to include mandatory regulatory coopera- commitments that bar them from favouring local tionFurther, – sometimes TTIP and referredCETA are to the as firstregulatory trade agree con- companies and local economic development. Ac- vergence – a process of harmonizing standards cording to an analysis from the Canadian Centre and regulations among all the jurisdictions on for Policy Alternatives, this will substantially goods as diverse as pipelines, chemicals and food. restrict the vast majority of local governments in North America and Europe from using public CETA commits to a process whereby any differ- spending as a catalyst for achieving other societal ences in regulations between Europe and Canada, goals – from creating good jobs, to supporting lo- be they labour rights, environmental protection cal farmers, to addressing the climate crisis.3 standards, food safety rules or tax laws, could be considered an obstacle to trade and suppressed. Both parties agree to share information of con- How do TTIP and CETA curtail the templated or proposed future regulations with right of governments to regulate? one another even before they share them with their own elected parliaments in order to ensure TTIP and CETA impose new limits on the right of they are not trade distorting. That means the governments to regulate on behalf of their people other party could make changes to a piece of leg- or the environment, establishing obligations that islation before it has been seen by its own elected go far beyond the traditional requirement in trade deals not to discriminate between foreign and local corporations. They set restrictions on domes- officialsIn Canada, or therethe public. is a requirement that any new tic regulations in services and “other economic proposed regulations or laws must be vetted by activity,” including mining, oil and gas, forestry, trade experts to ensure they cannot be challenged under NAFTA. It is expected that any new Euro- down” agreements, exemptions to this deregula- pean regulations will have to be vetted and ap- tionagriculture agenda and must fishing. be listed Because and negotiated. they are “top proved by Canada and vice versa under CETA.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 6 Canada and Europe also agreed to appoint out- - side bodies to conduct assessments on product tion if foreign governments introduce new laws standards, putting important decisions on regula- orCorporations practices – nowbe they sue environmental, for financial compensa health or tions and standards in the hands of the private human rights – that negatively affect their bottom sector. CETA also creates a Regulatory Coopera- line. tion Forum to facilitate regulatory cooperation and work with “stakeholders,” including busi- Many disputes are dealt with by the World Bank’s nesses. International Centre for the Settlement of Invest- ment Disputes. Cigarette maker Phillip Morris TTIP goes even further. As Corporate Europe Ob- used this process to challenge Australian rules servatory (CEO) explains, TTIP would create the around cigarette packaging intended to promote Regulatory Cooperation Council that would, for public health. A Swedish company, Vattenfall, is suing Germany for a reported €4.7 billion ($6.9 lobbies from North America and Europe formal billion CDN) relating to Germany’s decision to the first time in a trade agreement, give corporate phase out nuclear power. across the board. This new bureaucratic body is toinfluence have considerable to “co-write” power regulations to stop and the standardsEuropean More recently, ISDS is included in bilateral and Commission from tabling proposals that don’t ad- regional agreements in a way that allows a corpo- here to a set of business-friendly principles.6 ration in one country to directly sue the government of another using a private arbitration pro- While proponents say regulatory cooperation will cess. ISDS essentially grants corporations equal cut unnecessary “red tape,” CEO says it is a highly status to governments in these negotiations and effective strategic proposal to resolve some of the privatizes the dispute settlement system between more contentious differences after the trade deals nations. have been signed and public scrutiny has waned.

Already, environmental standards have been dramatically lowered in the U.S. under former President George Bush and in Canada under There are now over Prime Minister Harper.7,8,9 And environmental 3,200 ISDS agreements. deregulation is well underway in Europe under the guidance of European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker. CETA and TTIP will be gifts Corporations have used to European corporations and industry lobby ISDS to launch challenges groups in their efforts to speed up this process of downward environmental regulation. against government measures more than What is ISDS? 600 times. Investor-state dispute settlement provisions (ISDS) grant private investors the right under international law to use dispute settlement pro- According to the United Nations Conference on ceedings against a foreign government. Originally Trade and Development (UNCTAD), there are now used to protect private companies from wealthy over 3,200 ISDS agreements (mostly bilateral) in countries against the threat of nationalization in the world – with one concluded every other week. poorer countries, ISDS has dramatically expanded These corporate rights are deeply entrenched in in recent decades.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 7 NAFTA, as well as all the new regional deals, in- “the potential detrimental impact” that treaties cluding CETA and TTIP. Corporations have used such as CETA and TTIP may have on the enjoy- ISDS to launch challenges against government ment of human rights as enshrined in legally measures more than 600 times. binding UN instruments. “Our concerns,” said the experts, “relate to the right to life, food, water and The majority of ISDS cases have been brought sanitation, health, housing, education, science and forward by corporations from the Global North culture, improved labour standards, an independ- against measures taken by countries in the Global ent judiciary, a clean environment and the right South. And corporations are winning everywhere. not to be subjected to forced resettlement.” A 2015 report by UNCTAD found that 60 per cent of decided cases favoured the private investor The experts noted that investor-state rules pro- and just 40 per cent favoured the state, showing vide protection for investors but not for states that corporations are steadily and successfully or their populations. In looking at the history of challenging government regulations and public ISDS settlements, the UN human rights experts control.10 concluded that “the regulatory function of many states and their ability to legislate in the public Contrary to proponents’ claims that ISDS is a fair interest have been put at risk.”13 and independent dispute system, an in-depth in- vestigation by Corporate Europe Observatory and Transnational Institute found that an elite coterie are making a killing seeking out and actively re- cruitingof lawyers, corporations arbitrators to and sue financial governments speculators around the world over new health and safety, labour or environmental rules.

Just 15 arbitrators, almost all from Europe, Can- ada and the U.S. who can earn as much as $1 million (€1.5 million) per case, have decided 55 per cent of all the treaty disputes. “They have built a multi-million-dollar self-serving industry, domi- nated by a narrow exclusive elite [group] of law aboutfirms andtheir lawyers commitment whose tointerconnectedness deliver fair and inde and- pendentmultiple judgements,”financial interests say authors raise serious Pia Eberhardt doubts and Cecilia Olivet.11

The silent rise of a powerful international investment regime has ensnared hundreds of countries and the environment. This “investment arbitra- tionand putboom” corporate is costing profits taxpayers before billions human ofrights dollars and preventing legislation in the public interest.12

ISDS also threatens human rights. In June 2015, ten UN rapporteurs on various aspects of human rights issued a statement drawing attention to

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 8 What is Canada’s experience with ISDS under NAFTA? This is evidence that even though trade agree- countries to include an investor-state provision. It ments appear to treat all parties equally, the more grantsNAFTA investors was the first of the trade continent deal among the right developed to sue powerful countries are usually more immune to trade challenges.14 legal action through the country’s legal system. Beforeone another’s NAFTA, governments ISDS provisions without were first only pursuing negoti- Canada has paid American corporations more ated between developed and undeveloped coun- than $200 million (approximately €135 million) tries. in the seven cases it has lost and foreign investors are now seeking over $2.6 billion (approximately As a result of NAFTA’s ISDS challenges, Canada €1.75 billion) from the Canadian government in is now the most sued developed country in the new cases. Even defending cases that may not be world. Canada has been sued more times than successful is expensive. Canada has spent over either the U.S. or Mexico. Of the 77 known NAFTA $65 million (approximately €45 million) defend- investor-state claims, 35 have been against Cana- ing itself from NAFTA challenges to date. da, 22 have targeted Mexico and 20 have targeted the U.S. The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives reports that almost two-thirds of claims against The U.S. government has won 11 of its cases and Canada involved challenges to environmental never lost a NAFTA investor-state case or paid any protection or resources management that alleg- compensation to Canadian or Mexican companies. - rations. edly interfered with the profit of American corpo Cases include: Largest ISDS challenges Ethyl, a U.S. chemical corporation, successfully against Canada: challenged a Canadian ban on imports of its gas- •oline that contained MMT, an additive that is a AbitibiBowater: suspected neurotoxin. The Canadian government repealed the ban and paid the company $13 mil- $130,000,000 lion (approximately €8.8 million) for its loss of (paid) revenue.

Lone Pine: a similar ban on the export of toxic PCB waste. $250,000,000 •Canada S.D. Myers, paid a the U.S. company waste disposal over $6 firm, million challenged (ap- (pending) proximately €4 million). A NAFTA panel ordered the Canadian govern- Eli Lilly: ment to pay Exxon-Mobil, the world’s largest oil •and gas company, $17.3 million (approximately $500,000,000 €11.6 million) when the company challenged (pending) government guidelines that investors in offshore exploration in the province of Newfoundland Mesa Power Group: and Labrador – where the company is heavily involved – must invest in local research and de- $775,000,000 velopment. (pending)

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 9 New Jersey-based Bilcon Construction is de- Lone Pine, a Canadian energy company, is manding $300,000 (approximately €200,000) suing the Canadian government through its • in damages from the Canadian government af- • - ter winning a NAFTA challenge when its plan mately €152 million) because the province to build a massive quarry and marine termi- ofAmerican Quebec affiliateintroduced for $250a temporary million morato(approxi- nal in an environmentally sensitive area of rium on all fracking activities under the St. Nova Scotia and ship basalt aggregate through Lawrence River until further studies are com- the Bay of Fundy, site of the highest tides in pleted. This challenge is concerning because it the world, was rejected by an environmental involves a domestic company using a foreign assessment panel. subsidiary to sue its own government.

Chemical giant Dow AgroSciences used NAF- Eli Lilly, a U.S. pharmaceutical giant, is suing TA to force the province of Quebec, after it Canada for $500 million (approximately €337 • banned 2,4-D, a pesticide that the Natural Re- • million) after three levels of courts in Canada sources Defence Council says has been linked denied it a patent extension on one of its in many studies to cancer and cell damage, to products. This case is particularly disturbing publicly acknowledge that the chemical does because it challenges Canadian laws as inter- not pose an “unacceptable risk” to human preted by Canadian courts and represents a health, a position the government had previ- new frontier for ISDS challenges. ously held.

The Canadian government paid American These, and other examples show that trade and pulp and paper giant AbitibiBowater $130 investment agreements such as NAFTA give trans- • million (approximately €88 million) after the national corporations incredible new rights to company successfully used NAFTA to claim impose their will on governments. But they are compensation for the “water and timber probably just the tip of the iceberg because many rights” it left behind when it abandoned its new laws or changes to laws never come to light operations in the province of Newfoundland because of the “chill effect” of prior restraint. The and Labrador after 100 years, leaving the Canadian government adopted a new policy soon workers with unpaid pensions. This challenge after NAFTA was adopted whereby all new laws is particularly disturbing because it gives a and any changes to existing laws have to be vetted foreign investor the right to claim compensa- by trade experts to ensure they are not challenge- tion for the actual resources it used while op- able under ISDS rules. erating in another jurisdiction.

Mesa Power Group, an energy company owned by Texas billionaire T. Boone Pickens, • is claiming $775 million (approximately €523 million) in a challenge to the province of On- tario’s Green Energy Act, which gives prefer- ential access to local wind farm operators.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 10 Why does CETA matter as much as TTIP?

Many Europeans know a great deal about TTIP – much access to sue Europe as if TTIP containing the deal with the U.S. – and are deeply concerned ISDS had been signed. about it. Fewer Europeans have heard about CETA. Many who have, however, are less wor- Timothé Feodoroff of the Transnational Institute ried about the deal with Canada. Aren’t Canadian says CETA will empower big American oil and gas standards, values and regulations in areas such as companies to challenge European fracking bans health, labour, human rights, food safety and en- and regulations through the back door. The com- vironmental protection closer to those of Europe panies would just need to have a subsidiary or an than those of the U.S.?

This is an argument we hear in Canada. Many office in Canada, he notes. Canadians were opposed to the free trade agreements with the United States out of a fear that we CETA is a back door for would be forced to harmonize our social standards downward. However, many Canadians are American corporations much more open to a deal with Europe because to challenge standards they don’t perceive a similar threat to our way of life. and regulations in But this thinking misses several points. First, it Europe through their doesn’t matter who has the highest standards to subsidiaries in start out. What matters is how the corporations Canada. from both sides of the Atlantic will use the regulatory cooperation and ISDS provisions of CETA to lower standards across the board. As well, in both Canada and Europe, there are internal processes Already, Canada used the then ongoing CETA ne- already deeply committed to the deregulation gotiations to get Europe to weaken its Fuel Qual- of environment, health and labour standards, as ity Directive, a key piece of EU legislation allow- well as the privatization of public services. CETA ing it to distinguish between various kinds of fuel will speed up the pace of this process in both Eu- imports based on their CO2 emissions. Friends of rope and Canada. the Earth Europe say this will allow crude from

Alberta’s tar sands – where CO2 emissions are 23 But perhaps the most important reason Europe- per cent higher than conventional oil – unfettered ans should be concerned about CETA is that it is a access to Europe. This is a scenario the Canadian back door for American corporations to challenge government is promoting.15 standards and regulations in Europe through their subsidiaries in Canada. All an American ag- Mike Hudema of Greenpeace Canada lamented riculture, energy or drug giant would have to do that rather than tackling the climate crisis in Can- is to challenge European standards through ISDS ada, the Canadian government is bullying other using their existing subsidiaries in Canada – and governments into weakening their climate efforts many are already here – or set one up. in order to sell more dirty oil.

If Europeans are able to keep ISDS out of TTIP, Many Europeans are also worried that TTIP will but CETA in its current form is allowed to be im- eventually lead to lower standards for food safety plemented, American corporations will have as and animal welfare, which are generally higher

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 11 in Europe than in the U.S. Friends of the Earth Similar threats exist to the movement to remu- Europe and the U.S.-based Center for Food Safety nicipalize private water services. While water warn that the regulatory cooperation require- resources are exempt from CETA, privatized ser- ments of TTIP clearly give a new body made up vices are not. Once a municipality has privatized its water services, any North American investor in all new food safety rules, transferring power from these services can challenge for compensation us- governmentsof trade and regulatory to industry experts representatives. the right to16 filter ing ISDS. As Brent Patterson, Political Director for the Council of Canadians points out, many public Already there are signs of compliance. Europe pension funds in North America are invested in dropped its ban on beef washed in lactic acid in private water services around the world. order to smooth the way for both CETA and TTIP talks, as both countries allow this practice and What if England opted to stop paying higher wa- are keen to open up the European market to their ter rates and bring its privatized water services beef exports. However, if, in the future, the EU de- back into the public realm, he asks? Canadian cided to bring back the ban on this practice, U.S. investors could challenge this. The Ontario Teach- agribusiness companies could sue for compensa- ers’ Pension Plan owns 27 per cent of Northum- tion through CETA. brian Water Group (which sells its water services to about 4.4 million customers in England) and Food and Water Watch Europe (FWWE) warns in the Canada Pension Plan owns one-third of An- an important report that TTIP and CETA can be glian Water Services (which sells water to about used to challenge Europe’s stricter laws on GMOs. Today, reports FWWE, Europe has only one bio- enterprises for these Canadian pension funds and tech crop approved for cultivation and grows less thesix milliontip of the people). iceberg. Both19 are highly profitable than one-tenth of a per cent of the global genetically engineered cropland. U.S. biotech companies Even by itself, CETA is a threat to environmental like Monsanto and Dow could challenge delayed approvals in Europe through the TTIP or CETA world’s mining companies are based in Canada, ISDS provisions, and European biotech companies asstandards our country’s in Europe. stock Seventy-five exchange listing per cent rules of are the such as BASF and Syngenta could attack U.S. at- very lax. An industry report found that Canada’s tempts at food labelling initiatives.17 mining industry has the worst environmental and human rights record of any country.20 American private health companies could also use CETA to challenge public health services. John A Canadian company, Gabriel Resources, wanted Hilary of Great Britain’s War on Want points out to build Europe’s largest gold mine in Romania that health services, medical services and dental and invested in early exploration. But local resist- services are all included in the TTIP negotiations. ance to the open-pit Rosia Montana mine led to Hilary says that this puts England’s National its cancellation. The company has let it be known Health Service (NHS) in jeopardy. After years of that it intends to seek $4 billion (approximately privatization there is growing demand to bring the NHS back under public control. CETA an important tool to advance its interests. CETA€2.7 billion) would alsoin compensation give Canadian and mining would company find But, as he notes, any future government that Eldorado Gold similar power to sue Greece if the would attempt to do that could be faced with in- Syriza government makes good on its promise to vestor-state challenges under TTIP, and if TTIP is cancel the environmentally destructive Skouries mine in the country’s north. CETA.18 not ratified or does not include ISDS, then under

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 12 What about attempts to reform ISDS? There has been widespread opposition to these investors – like everyone else, including domestic and other proposed trade and investment agree- investors – to go to a country’s domestic courts ments in Europe, but most particularly to ISDS. before seeking an international remedy. The Millions of citizens across Europe have raised Commission seems dead set, he says in a brief, concerns in the parliaments of France, Germany, on giving special status to foreign corporations Austria, Belgium, Hungary and Greece. by allowing them to challenge the laws that apply to everyone else. This is especially troubling, In response, the European Commission an- he says, as Europe has, arguably, the most estab- nounced a plan to “reform” ISDS by setting up lished court systems in the world.21 a new European Investment Court System that would replace all ongoing and future investment Both Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth Eu- negotiations, including the current ISDS system in rope agree with this assessment, saying the new TTIP. The Commission says the new system will system continues to give foreign investors a privi- - leged justice system. Others reacted more strong- ings will be transparent, and cases will be decided ly. Great Britain’s Global Justice Now reminded onbe composeda system of of clear fully rules. qualified The judges,ability ofproceed investors us that nearly 3 million Europeans have signed a to take a case before the court would be precisely petition rejecting TTIP and that 97 per cent of the - respondents to a consultation rejected investor- crimination on the basis of gender, race, national- state provisions in any form. They, and many itydefined or religion, and limited denial to of cases justice, such or as expropriation targeted dis others, assert that Europe’s domestic courts are without compensation.

As well, the court will be subject to review by a sufficientThere are totwo deal other with major disputes. concerns with the new Appeal Tribunal. The Commission promises proposed reforms. One is that they don’t touch that these reforms will protect governments’ right all of the other aspects of CETA and TTIP that are to regulate and ensure that investment disputes deeply troubling, such as the removal of local au- are in full accordance with the rule of law. Fur- thority over local procurement, the liberalization ther, the Commission proposes to work together of services, and, of course, the process of regula- with other countries to set up a permanent Inter- tory cooperation. national Investment Court to replace other investment dispute resolution mechanisms based on But the most glaring problem is the exclusion similar principles. of CETA from the new system. Because it was

These proposals are no doubt a big improvement - to the current system and even go some way to peandeemed Commission a finished leftdeal the – even ISDS though provisions it has of yet CETA to meeting the objectives of those who have been intactbe ratified and, inas eitherdescribed Canada above, or Europe that is as– thegood Euro as calling for an international investment court leaving them in TTIP. In fact, in September 2015, based on different principles than found in the the Socialist bloc of the European Parliament current system. Canadian trade expert Gus Van stated clearly that it would not support the Com- Harten is among those calling for a dispute sys- mission’s proposed reforms unless they apply as tem based on independence, fairness, openness, well to CETA. subsidiarity (local authority), and balance.

While Van Harten acknowledges that the pro- The U.S. has completely rejected them. Stefan posed European Commission reforms have Selig,There U.S. is one Deputy final Tradeproblem Chief, with said these last reforms. May that moved beyond “essentially fake reforms to some- the U.S. sees no need for a new international tri- thing potentially more meaningful,” he still has bunal to settle disputes in TTIP and asserted the concerns that these reforms fail to require foreign validity of the current ISDS system.22

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 13 How can we work across borders to defeat these deals? It is crucial that This report was written in an attempt to show European activists and Europeans why CETA is as important as TTIP, and to help build the movement among Canadian, Eu- groups take up CETA ropean and American activists and organizations as a priority as we agreements. have little time left fighting these pernicious trade and investment It is crucial that European activists and groups to defeat it. take up CETA as a priority as we have little time left to defeat it. This means, as the Seattle to Brussels Network wrote in a recent open letter We in Canada will do our part in working with a to European governments and Members of the (hopefully) new government after the federal elec- European Parliament (MEPs), we must demand tion that will be more open to hearing our con- that the European Commission undertake a com- cerns about CETA than the current one. prehensive analysis of the CETA text, including the implications for human rights, health, employ- In the end, perhaps the building of justice movement, environment, and democratic policy space, ments across borders – as we have been doing in order for elected representatives to do their on a wide range of issues – is the most important due diligence to protect the public good. The Com- thing we can do. Clearly we have to challenge the mission and elected authorities have to be able economic and political agenda and the corporate to answer the growing concerns about CETA and power behind it that created a concept such as organize public forums around them. unlimited growth, deregulation of environmental, The Network also asks MEPs not to sign CETA, at healthISDS in and the safetyfirst place. protections, Economic privatization globalization, of pub - least until we have credible answers to these many lic services, and the dominance of the market are questions. “In our opinion,” says the Network, “the all hallmarks of TTIP, CETA and ISDS, and we must hypothetical 0.09 per cent extra growth predicted replace these priorities with others if we and the in the 2008 pre-negotiations study do not justify planet are to survive. blindly signing a treaty that is primarily designed by corporate lobbies to increase pressure on our democracy and our rights.”23

As well, it is important that we work inside governments to get a commitment to send CETA for

European states as well as to the European Parlia- ratification to the legislatures of each of the 28 CETA and ISDS inside many governments and each shouldment. Sufficient have a chance concerns to vote have on been this controversialraised about deal.

Fighting TTIP, CETA and ISDS: Lessons from Canada 14 Endnotes

Campbell, Bruce. FTA at 25, NAFTA at 20. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA). December 2013.

1. Sierra Club of Canada, Sierra Club US, Council of Canadians, Mexican Action Network on Free Trade and Institute for Policy Studies. NAFTA: 20 Years of Costs to Communities and the environment. March 2014. 2. CCPA. Making Sense of the CETA: An Analysis of the final text of the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement. September 2014. 3. Transnational Institute. State of Power, 2015, An annual anthology on global power and resistance. 2015.

4. Whittington, Les. “EU trade pact could weaken Ottawa’s power to regulate banks.” Toronto Star. September 7, 2015.

5. Corporate Europe Observatory. TTIP: Regulations Handcuffed. January 28, 2015.

6. Kennedy Jr., Robert F. Crimes Against Nature, How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Highjacking Our Democracy. HarperCollins. 2005. 7. Barlow, Maude. Blue Betrayal, The Harper Government’s Assault on Canada’s Freshwater. Council of Canadians. 2015.

8. Barlow, Maude. Broken Covenant: How Stephen Harper Set Out To Silence Dissent and Curtain Democratic Participation in Canada. Council of Canadians. 2015. 9. Mann, Howard. ISDS: Who Wins More, Investors or States? IISD for UNCTAD. June 24, 2015.

10. Eberhardt, Pia and Olivet, Cecilia. Profiting from injustice: How law firms, arbitrators and financiers are fuelling an investment arbitration boom. Corporate Europe Observatory and Transnational Institute. November 2012. 11. Ibid.

12. investment agreements on human rights.” June 2, 2015. 13. Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. “UN experts voice concern over adverse impact of free trade and CCPA. NAFTA Chapter 11 Investor-State Disputes to January 1, 2015. January 2015.

14. Friends of the Earth Europe. Dirty deals: How trade talks threaten to undermine EU climate policies and bring tar sands to Europe. July 2014. 15. Centre for Food Safety, GRAIN, IATP. How TTIP undermines food safety and animal welfare. February 2015.

16. Food and Water Watch Europe. TTIP and Genetically Engineered Foods. April 2015. 17. Hilary, John. “On TTIP and the NHS, they are trying to bamboozle us.” July 14, 2014. 18. Patterson, Brent. “Europeans face investor-state challenges with CETA.” Council of Canadians. November 12, 2013. 19. Toronto Star. October 19, 2010. 20. Whittington,Van Harten, Gus. Les. “A “Canadian Parade of mining Reforms: firms The worst European for the Commission’s environment, latest rights: proposal Report.” for ISDS.” Osgoode Law School. May 6, 2015. 21. EU Observer. “US rejects EU proposal on free trade tribunal.” May 11, 2015.

22. Seattle to Brussels Network. “CETA – Open letter.” July 2015. 23.

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