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Progressive Reforms 11 PROGRESSIVE REFORMS 11. As industries and cities grew in the U.S., they created social and political problems. Industries ·Factories could be dangerous UNHEALTHY places. ·Some industries filled the air with unhealthy SMOKE and GASES. Others dumped wastes into rivers or lakes and cut down FORESTS. Cities ·Grew due to the increase of IMMIGRATION and the migration away from FARMS. ·Middle Class Americans were concerned with the living CONDITIONS of the city as well as the CORRUPTION in government. ·CROWDED conditions led to problems with sanitation, water, and housing. 12. The Progressives were mostly middle class people who believed society’s problems could be solved by passing laws. a.They believed these laws would make life EASIER for all Americans and IMPROVE the government. b.It started as a political response to problems at the CITY government level, and then moved to the STATE and national level. c. Progressives tried to improve education, health, moral, and social problems by TEACHING immigrants how to adapt to living in a new country. They established SETTLEMENT houses to help teach social skills to immigrants, such as the HULL HOUSE created by Jane Addams. d. Progressives helped many new laws make life safer such as BUILDING codes for tenements, factories and coal mines, creating CHILD labor laws, BLUE laws (to prohibit buying alcohol on Sundays), and the income tax (16TH Amendment). e. They were concerned with unsafe working conditions, long work hours, and CHILD labor, but did not support the actions of labor UNIONS (like going on strike). They thought passing LAWS would better solve those problems. f. Other reformers supported the establishment of city PARKS and beautification projects, SAFER housing, and better sanitation for the city. g. Child Labor- They wanted children to be able to attend SCHOOL and not have to work. This upset many families since they depended on their children working to help the family survive. Most child labor laws were passed at the STATE level since the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional on the federal level. h. Child labor laws, minimum wage and maximum hours were not enforced strictly until the New Deal reform of the Great DEPRESSION in the 1930s. 13. Theodore Roosevelt was considered a progressive president. a. He became President after MCKINLEY’S assassination. b. His idea was called the “SQUARE DEAL.” He believed the Federal government should HELP people and make life BETTER or EASIER. Everyone should get the same opportunity. c. He became known as the “TRUSTBUSTER” since he tried to break up trusts. d. After reading Upton Sinclair’s book on the meat packing industry, he passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the MEAT Inspection Act to make sure food and drugs were handled properly. Pure Food and Drug Act Jun 30, 1906 The Pure Food and Drug Act was the turning point for the progressives who wanted regulation of food and drugs. The act made sure that food was properly labeled and the amount was specified. It also forbade the selling of meat that was deemed adulterated or insanitary. This paved the way for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which now regulates all food and drug products. e. Roosevelt was also interested in conserving NATURE. He helped create national parks, monuments, and wildlife refuges. f. He promoted the regulation of the railroads to protect the rights of consumers. g. Other Progressive presidents that followed Roosevelt were William Howard TAFT and Woodrow WILSON. As Roosevelt leaves office, he gives Taft custody of his "baby" (TR's policies). 14. Reforms began at the local (city) level and then moved to state and national (federal) reforms. a.The cities needed to be reformed because political BOSSES ruled the cities. They were dishonest and corrupt. A notorious political boss was William TWEED of NY. So they set up COMMISSIONS to help keep one person from having all the power (so the mayor didn’t have all the power). Each commission took care of one part of the government, like fire and police departments. b. MERIT system- people take tests to QUALIFY for state and federal jobs. Prior to this reform, jobs were given out based on who you knew and not what you knew… “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.” c. Reforms were more SUCCESSFUL at the national/federal level when dealing with Big Business. d. Companies joined together to form TRUSTS in order to control entire industries and keep away the COMPETITION so they could set the prices. Without competition, trusts could charge HIGHER prices for their products. e. MONOPOLIES were declared unlawful (by the Sherman Anti-trust Act), but the Supreme Court limited its effectiveness. f. The movement to limit alcohol CONSUMPTION (drinking) had been around since the American REVOLUTION. However, it received a boost in the late 19th century with the increase in the number of IMMIGRANTS. g. When WW1 began, propaganda against the GERMANS (who were known for their beer drinking) and the rationing of GRAIN also helped the Progressives push through a national PROHIBITION amendment. h. Prohibition- to keep people from drinking ALCOHOL, the US passed the 18TH Amendment making it illegal to make, sell, and transport alcohol. i. Carry NATION fought for Prohibition j. The Amendment couldn’t stop people from drinking. Hundreds of “speakeasies” or ILLEGAL taverns were opened and run by mobsters, leading to crime in cities. bootleggers k. The 18th Amendment was later repealed by the 21st Amendment because people would do whatever they could to get alcohol. So, let’s review the city, state, and national/federal reforms during the Progressive Movement: CITY • Commissions to get rid of political bosses STATE • Merit System for jobs • Blue Laws (no alcohol on Sundays) FEDERAL/NATIONAL • Merit system for jobs • Sherman Anti-trust Act (break up monopolies) • 16th Amendment- income tax • 17th Amendment- 2 senators/state • 18th Amendment- Prohibition 15. Muckrakers were writers who wrote publicized the terrible working and living conditions as well as the corruption of industries using photographs and their words. a.Roosevelt was the FIRST to use this term. b.Upton SINCLAIR wrote about the unhealthy conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking plants in a novel called THE JUNGLE. c. IDA TARBELL exposed the oil trusts. d. Jacob RIIS exposed the terrible living conditions in the city. Bandit's Roost (1888) by Jacob Riis, from How the Other Half Lives. This image is Bandit's Roost at 59½ Mulberry Street, considered the most crime-ridden, dangerous part of New York City. 16.There was still a push for civil rights or equal treatment under the law for all citizens. a. W.E.B. DuBois formed the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) b. National Urban League was formed to help find JOBS and homes for black people in the cities c. Booker T. Washington wanted to look for PEACEFUL ways for black people to gain equal rights. The need for a good education was a way to improve one’s life. 17. Women also fought for equal rights. a. Suffragists were people who wanted the RIGHT TO VOTE. Two popular leaders in women’s suffrage attempts were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. b. 19TH Amendment- gave women the right to vote in 1920. This is said to have been the best accomplishment of WW1. At first people didn’t support women voting, but was appreciative of their war efforts at home. .
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