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Archipielago-Juan-Fernandez-Sitio-Prioritario-Para-La-Conservacion-De-La-Biodiversidad 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................ 3 2. ANTECEDENTES DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO .................................................................................................. 4 2.1. HISTORIA GEOLOGICA DE LAS ISLAS ................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. CLIMATOLOGIA .................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.3. ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS DEL ARCHIPIELAGO ...................................................................................................... 6 2.4. POBLACIÓN Y ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA ............................................................................................................. 6 2.5. EL PARQUE NACIONAL Y RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA ........................................................................................... 6 3. ARCHIPIÉLAGO JUAN FERNÁNDEZ, SITIO PRIORITARIO PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD GLOBAL ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 4. FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN DEL ARCHIPIELAGO JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ......................................................... 10 4.1. FLORA .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 4.2. VEGETACION .................................................................................................................................................... 11 4.3. IMPORTANCIA DE LA FLORA ............................................................................................................................ 18 4.4. ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LA FLORA ....................................................................................................... 21 4.5. FENÓMENOS EVOLUTIVOS Y BIOGEOGRÁFICOS DE LA FLORA DEL ARCHIPIELAGO ......................................... 24 5. FAUNA DEL ARCHIPIELAGO JUAN FERNÁNDEZ ................................................................................ 28 5.1. VERTEBRADOS ................................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2. INVERTEBRADOS .............................................................................................................................................. 29 5.3. IMPORTANCIA DE LA FAUNA ........................................................................................................................... 31 5.4. ESTADOS DE CONSERVACION DE FAUNA ......................................................................................................... 33 6. AMENAZAS ..................................................................................................................................... 35 6.1. INTRODUCCION DE ESPECIES ........................................................................................................................... 35 6.2. OTRAS AMENAZAS ........................................................................................................................................... 39 7. PROYECTOS DE CONSERVACIÓN DESARROLLADOS .......................................................................... 41 7.1. PROYECTO CONSERVACION, RESTAURACION Y DESARROLLO DEL ARCHIPIELAGO JUAN FERNÁNDEZ. .......... 41 7.2. CONSERVACIÓN EX SITU EN EL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO NACIONAL ........................................................................ 42 7.3. PROYECTO OIKONOS CONSERVACION DE LAS ISLAS JUAN FERNÁNDEZ .......................................................... 42 7.4. PROYECTO PICAFLOR DE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ. ................................................................................................... 43 7.5. PROYECTO ECOLOGIA Y CONSERVACION DEL LOBO FINO DE JUAN FERNÁNDEZ. ........................................... 43 8. CONCLUSIÓN .................................................................................................................................. 45 9. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................. 46 10. ANEXO A LISTADO DE LA FLORA DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO ....................................................................... 49 11. ANEXO B LISTADO DE LA FAUNA DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO ...................................................................... 61 2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Siendo mundialmente conocido por la novela de Daniel Defoe “Robinson Crusoe”, basada en la historial real de Alejandro Selkirk, el Archipiélago Juan Fernández es el lugar de más alta prioridad para la conservación de la biodiversidad nacional y uno de los seis más prioritarios a nivel mundial. Lo anterior se basa principalmente en la particularidad y valor de la flora aquí existente y el crítico riesgo de extinción que hay sobre la biodiversidad en general. Estas islas oceánicas, con la mayor densidad de especies endémicas por superficie, son las de mayor valor a nivel mundial. Los procesos evolutivos que se han dado en el Archipiélago la han llevado a ser denominada la Galápagos de la Flora, encontrándose especies que pueden ser claves para dar respuesta a misterios de la evolución como la Lactoris fernandeziana, fósil viviente del Archipiélago. Por otro lado, la actividad humana y actualmente las especies exóticas invasoras han ocasionado la extinción de 5 especies en el último siglo y que al menos 14 especies se encuentren con menos de 10 individuos vivos en la naturaleza y la totalidad de las especies del Archipiélago se encuentren en alguna categoría de conservación. La comunidad científica ha comprendido el valor del Archipiélago lo que se ha traducido en cientos de publicaciones, sobre diferentes elementos de la biodiversidad, pero con escasos esfuerzos para dar cuenta de ella de una manera ecosistémica y sistemática que permitan tomar decisiones para la conservación. Este valioso patrimonio del país requiere de esfuerzos públicos y privados internacionales, nacionales y locales para su conservación y para asegurar la mantención de los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que la hacen tan particular. Es por esto que en un esfuerzo público privado Fundación Biodiversa, CONAMA, CONAF, SAG, FIA, PMS y DIRECTEMAR se encuentran trabajando en el Programa de Conservación de la Biodiversidad del Archipiélago Juan Fernández. En esta línea de trabajo, el presente documento es un primer esfuerzo por sistematizar e integrar la información referente a la flora, la fauna, las especies exóticas invasoras, así como las iniciativas de conservación que se han realizado a la fecha en el Archipiélago. Para esto, se recopiló la información bibliográfica de registros disponibles en estudios y reportes técnicos, sobre la biodiversidad presente en el archipiélago. Cada especie fue cotejada a la base de datos de Kew Botanical Garden y la base de datos de UICN para determinar su correcta taxonomía. En lo que respecta a la distribución de las especies y aspectos relacionados con las poblaciones, se incorporó el conocimiento local del equipo de guardaparques de CONAF que administra el parque nacional. La información acerca del estado de conservación de las especies endémicas corresponde el proceso de clasificación ejecutado por CONAMA. La información de las experiencias de conservación fue recopilada de los reportes técnicos de los proyectos. 3 2. ANTECEDENTES DEL ARCHIPIÉLAGO 2.1. HISTORIA GEOLOGICA DE LAS ISLAS La cadena volcánica de Archipiélago Juan Fernández se extiende en forma casi paralela a la de Isla de Pascua por el paralelo 33° 41’ S, componiéndose de tres islas: Robinson Crusoe, Alejandro Selkirk y Santa Clara, que forman parte de una cadena submarina de mayor extensión perpendicular a la fosa Chile-Perú. En su conjunto las tres islas tienen una superficie de 99,66 km2. Cuatro millones de años atrás, los efectos del volcanismo en el fondo marino perforaron la corteza oceánica desde donde emergieron las Islas Robinson Crusoe y Santa Clara, la primera continuó su evolución con nuevas erupciones volcánicas hasta alrededor de 3.1 Millones de años. Luego fenómenos geológicos provocaron un derrumbamiento que separa a ambas islas (Danton, 2004 citando a Nathland, 2003). Alejandro Selkirk surge como isla más joven con una data de 1.3 millones de años y una formación persistente hasta hace 0.85 millones de años atrás. 2.1.1. ROBINSON CRUSOE Se le conoce como Isla de Masatierra (33°38’S – 78°49’W) y se encuentra a 667 kilómetros del puerto de Valparaíso alcanzando a cubrir una superficie de 47,93 km2. Su conformación volcánica da origen a dos unidades geomorfológicas, la primera y más grande presenta una dirección Nororeste de 12 kilómetros de longitud por tres de ancho y se une al extremo Oeste por una península de seis kilómetros de longitud por uno de ancho. Actualmente se encuentra fuertemente erosionada por efectos marinos y subaéreos que han modificado la mayor parte de la forma volcánica original. El relieve es escarpado hacia la parte Norte de la Isla, cuya altura máxima es el Cerro El Yunque (922 msnm), el cual se encuentra limitado en todas sus laderas por una gran pared rocosa y profundas quebradas que limitan con cordones y cuchillas. La zona de Bahía Cumeberland, según Quesnel (1912) y Skottsberg (1920) corresponde
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