DOCSLIB.ORG

Ferghana Valley the Heart of Central Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ferghana Valley the Heart of Central Asia Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia With some twelve million inhabitants, the Ferghana Valley is one of the most densely populated places in the world. It is also the most volatile region of Central Asia. Not only is the area ethnically and linguistically diverse, it is politically divided, with parts ruled by three different states—Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and the Kyrgyz Republic—whose distant capital cities all relegate Ferghana to their respective peripheries. These complexities make a comprehensive, multidimensional understanding of the Ferghana region all the more elusive. In order to construct such an analysis, the Central Asia–Caucasus Institute assembled an international, interdisciplinary team of thirty scholars with the requisite expertise. Their carefully planned, collaboratively authored chapters cover the historical and topical terrain with unmatched depth and breadth and balance. STUDIE S OF CENTRAL AS IA AND THE CAU C A S U S Books in this series are published in association with the Central Asia– Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program Joint Center at the Johns Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, DC, and the Institute for Security and Development Policy in Stockholm, under the editorship of Svante Cornell. Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia Edited by S. Frederick Starr with Baktybek Beshimov, Inomjon I. Bobokulov, and Pulat Shozimov M.E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England Copyright © 2011 by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program Joint Center All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. The EuroSlavic and Transroman fonts used to create this work are © 1986–2011 Payne Loving Trust. EuroSlavic and Transroman are available from Linguist’s Software, Inc., www.linguistsoftware. com, P.O. Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 USA, tel (425) 775-1130. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Starr, S. Frederick. Ferghana Valley : the heart of Central Asia / edited by S. Frederick Starr with Baktybek Beshimov, Inomjon I. Bobokulov, and Pulat Shozimov. p. cm. — (Studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-2998-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Fergana Valley—History. 2. Fergana Valley—Geography. 3. Fergana Valley—Social conditions. I. Beshimov, Baktybek. II. Bobokulov, Inomjon I. III. Shozimov, P.D. IV. Title. DK919.F47S73 2011 958—dc22 2010044468 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. ~ EB (c)â 10ââ 9ââ 8ââ 7ââ 6ââ 5ââ 4ââ 3ââ 2ââ 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introducing the Ferghana Valley S. Frederick Starr ix 1. The Ferghana Valley: The Pre-Colonial Legacy Abdukakhor Saidov (Tajikistan), with Abdulkhamid Anarbaev (Uzbekistan) and Valentina Goriyacheva (Kyrgyz Republic) 3 2. The Rise and Fall of the Kokand Khanate Victor Dubovitskii (Tajikistan), with Khaydarbek Bababekov (Uzbekistan) 29 3. Colonial Rule and Indigenous Responses, 1860–1917 Ravshan Abdullaev (Uzbekistan), with Namoz Khotamov (Tajikistan) and Tashmanbet Kenensariev (Kyrgyz Republic) 69 4. Soviet Rule and the Delineation of Borders in the Ferghana Valley, 1917–1930 Sergey Abashin (Russia), with Кamoludin Abdullaev (Tajikistan), Ravshan Abdullaev (Uzbekistan), and Arslan Koichiev (Kyrgyz Republic) 94 5. The Ferghana Valley Under Stalin, 1929–1953 Kamoludin Abdullaev (Tajikistan), with Ravshan Nazarov (Uzbekistan) 119 6. The Ferghana Valley in the Eras of Khrushchev and Brezhnev Ravshan Nazarov (Uzbekistan), with Pulat Shozimov (Tajikistan) 140 7. Cultural Life in the Ferghana Valley Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev Zukhra Madamidzhanova (Tajikistan), with Ildar Mukhtarov (Uzbekistan) 164 v viââcont 8. The Ferghana Valley During Perestroika, 1985–1991 Pulat Shozimov (Tajikistan), with Baktybek Beshimov (Kyrgyz Republic) and Khurshida Yunusova (Uzbekistan) 178 9. A New Phase in the History of the Ferghana Valley, 1992–2008 Baktybek Beshimov (Kyrgyz Republic), with Pulat Shozimov (Tajikistan) and Murat Bakhadyrov (Uzbekistan) 205 10. Economic Development in the Ferghana Valley Since 1991 Sayidfozil Zokirov (Uzbekistan), with Khojamahmad Umarov (Tajikistan) 232 11. Land, Water, and Ecology Christine Bichsel (Switzerland), with Kholnazar Mukhabbatov (Tajikistan) and Lenzi Sherfedinov (Uzbekistan) 253 12. Culture in the Ferghana Valley Since 1991: The Issue of Identity Pulat Shozimov (Tajikistan), with Joomart Sulaimanov (Kyrgyz Republic) and Shamshad Abdullaev (Uzbekistan) 278 13. Islam in the Ferghana Valley: Between National Identity and Islamic Alternative Bakhtiyar Babadjanov (Uzbekistan), with Kamil Malikov (Kyrgyz Republic) and Aloviddin Nazarov (Tajikistan) 296 14. The Ferghana Valley and the International Community Inomjon I. Bobokulov (Uzbekistan) 373 Conclusion S. Frederick Starr 393 About the Editors, Authors, and Contributing Authors 405 Index 411 Acknowledgments This book was conceived by Drs. Pulat Shozimov of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, and Dr. Inomjon Bobokulov of Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Shozimov, having achieved early fame as a chess master and athlete, was already one of the most broadly gauged and internationally acclaimed anthropologists and ethnographers from Central Asia. Bobokulov, with his mild manner and fast-rising fame in the field of international relations, brought an encyclopedic knowledge of the region’s best social scientists, historians, and economists. At the time, both were fellows of the Central Asia– Caucasus Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, DC. They burst into my office, carefully closed the door and, not even bothering to seat themselves, announced the plan. Now, in the context of the early twenty-first century, it is nothing short of amazing that scholars from two countries that maintain rocky relations with each other might conceive a joint study on one of the most sensitive topics that divides them. So much the better, we agreed. But we immediately realized that the project would be incomplete without participation from the third country into which the Ferghana Valley has been divided since 1991, the Kyrgyz Republic. Dr. Bakty- bek Beshimov was the obvious choice. A native of Osh and former rector of the university in that city, Beshimov had coordinated the United Nations’ program of research and assistance in the Ferghana Valley in the early 1990s. To our delight, Beshimov agreed to join us. This book is the product of a remarkable team effort involving Shozimov, Bobo- kulov, and Beshimov, a feat of cooperation that should be the envy of, and model for, political leaders in all three Ferghana countries. As the book’s editor, I know better than anyone else the generous yet rigorous spirit in which all three went about their assignments. It has been an honor to collaborate with them. Once the general issues and topics had been laid out, the four of us began seek- ing qualified scholars to contribute to the project of which we dreamed. Our plan was to have a “lead author” for each chapter, with the key people coming from the three Ferghana states. They were to be assisted by “contributing authors” for each chapter, who would be drawn from the other two countries. In selecting authors and contributors, we faced an abundance of riches and difficult choices had to be made. The resulting team proved remarkable in every respect. Little did we imagine when we began that the Ferghana book would include the best study ever written vii viiiâ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS on the Kokand Khanate or that it would present astonishingly new material on recent religious groups. The editors join me in thanking all the authors for their generous contributions. Even though the “Ferghana Project” was conceived in the Internet age, it nonetheless posed complex problems of coordination. These were ably handled by Katarina Lesandric and Roman Muzalevsky at the Central Asia–Caucasus Institute. Their task was as thankless—until now—as it was endless, with drafts to be elicited from several dozen very busy scholars, comments to be shared, cor- rections to be made, and then more drafts to be sent out for more comments and more corrections, ad nauseam. And so, on behalf of all the editors, I want to send warm thanks to these two heroes of virtual labor. Without them this book would never have seen the light of day. All the members of the Ferghana team join me in expressing our deep gratitude to M.E. Sharpe’s Irina Burns, whose meticulous and highly professional editing brought unity to the work of authors from six countries and as many scholarly traditions. The Ferghana Project was made possible through a generous grant to the Central Asia–Caucasus Institute from the Sasakawa Peace Foundation. Its Washington director, Mr. Keiji Iwatake, had to endure the multiple delays that were inevitable in so complex a project, and he did so with patience and understanding. Finally, warm thanks to Anna Starr Townsend for her splendid design of the cover. Selected by the editors from a bouquet of half a dozen alternatives she of- fered, this one appealed because it suggested that Ferghana was somehow still the center of Central Asia and also a bright and colorful place, rather than the grim and conflicted zone we imagine based on all
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Final Evaluation of the Building a Constituency for Peace Project
    2016 Final Evaluation of the Building a Constituency for Peace Project FINAL REPORT [НАЗВАНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ] | [Адрес организации] 0 Final Evaluation of the Building a Constituency for Peace Project Final Report December 2016 Prepared by: Natalia Kosheleva International Consultant E-mail: [email protected] Elmira Kerimalieva National Consultant E-mail: [email protected] 1 Content List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Object and context of evaluation ............................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Project Theory of Change and expected results ............................................................................... 10 2.2 Project implementation .................................................................................................................... 11 2.3 Project reach ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Steppe Nomads in the Eurasian Trade1
    Volumen 51, N° 1, 2019. Páginas 85-93 Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena STEPPE NOMADS IN THE EURASIAN TRADE1 NÓMADAS DE LA ESTEPA EN EL COMERCIO EURASIÁTICO Anatoly M. Khazanov2 The nomads of the Eurasian steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts played an important and multifarious role in regional, interregional transit, and long-distance trade across Eurasia. In ancient and medieval times their role far exceeded their number and economic potential. The specialized and non-autarchic character of their economy, provoked that the nomads always experienced a need for external agricultural and handicraft products. Besides, successful nomadic states and polities created demand for the international trade in high value foreign goods, and even provided supplies, especially silk, for this trade. Because of undeveloped social division of labor, however, there were no professional traders in any nomadic society. Thus, specialized foreign traders enjoyed a high prestige amongst them. It is, finally, argued that the real importance of the overland Silk Road, that currently has become a quite popular historical adventure, has been greatly exaggerated. Key words: Steppe nomads, Eurasian trade, the Silk Road, caravans. Los nómadas de las estepas, semidesiertos y desiertos euroasiáticos desempeñaron un papel importante y múltiple en el tránsito regional e interregional y en el comercio de larga distancia en Eurasia. En tiempos antiguos y medievales, su papel superó con creces su número de habitantes y su potencial económico. El carácter especializado y no autárquico de su economía provocó que los nómadas siempre experimentaran la necesidad de contar con productos externos agrícolas y artesanales. Además, exitosos Estados y comunidades nómadas crearon una demanda por el comercio internacional de bienes exóticos de alto valor, e incluso proporcionaron suministros, especialmente seda, para este comercio.
    [Show full text]
  • UZBEKISTAN In-Depth Review
    UZBEKISTAN In-Depth Review of the Investment Climate and Market Structure in the Energy Sector 2005 Energy Charter Secretariat ENERGY CHARTER SUMMARY AND MAIN FINDINGS OF THE SECRETARIAT Uzbekistan, a Central Asian country located at the ancient Silk Road, is rich in hydrocarbon resources, especially natural gas. Proved gas reserves amount to about 1.85 trillion cubic meters, exceeding the confirmed oil reserves of about 600 million barrels nearly 20-fold on energy equivalent basis. Most of the existing oil and gas fields are in the Bukhara-Kiva region which accounts for approximately 70 percent of Uzbekistan’s oil production. The second largest concentration of oil fields is in the Fergana region. Natural gas comes mainly from the Amudarya basin and the Murabek area in the southwest of Uzbekistan, making up almost 95 percent of total gas production. The endowment with oil and gas offers considerable potential for further economic development of Uzbekistan. Its recent economic performance has been promising, with a GDP growth of above 7 percent in 2004, and an outlook for continuous robust growth in 2005 and beyond. To what extent it can be realised depends crucially on how the government will pursue its policies concerning investment liberalisation and market restructuring, including privatisation, in the energy sector. While the Uzbek authorities recognize the critical role that foreign investment plays for the exploitation of the hydrocarbon resources and the overhaul of the existing energy infrastructure progress has been relatively slow concerning the establishment of a favourable investment climate for many years. However, the Government has recently adopted a far more positive stance that has already brought about tangible results.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 -- Ancient China
    lr Chapter Previeu This chapter will introduce you to the history of ancient China. Section I The Geography of China's River Valleys Sectlsm 2 Confucius and His Teachings Sec&iom 3 Warring Kingdoms Unite Seetiom 4 Achievements of Ancient China Target Reading Skill Main ldea ln this chapter you will focus on skills you can use to iden- tify the main ideas as you read. ) The Great Wall of China & Location Notice that the boundaries of ancient China marked are rco a&nline by seas and mountains. ldentify What other geographical features HHSchool.com Use Web Code do you notice about ancient China? Draw Conclusions Choose a lbp-251 1 for step-by-step place on the map where you think Chinese civilization might have map skills practice. begun, and explain your choice. +."t e".a;= i'f , ;* ils * 'ft-,fr', il ' m #- ffi ,ffi ,,'r3 : .' =.i ; .*.%ffi= Chapter 5 135 ;M,?,i Objectives Target Key Terms ln this section you will Reading Skill . Ioess (loH es) n. yellow- 1. Examine the geography of ancient China. ldentify Main ldeas brown soil 2. Find out about early civilization in China. The main idea is the . dike (dyk) n. a protective 3. Learn about the importance of family ties most important point wall that controls or in early Chinese society. in a section of text. On holds back water page 137, the main idea . extended family (ek srrru Taking Notes for the section titled The did ranlt uh lee) n. closely As you read, look for details about China's Geography of Ancient related people of several river valleys.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Central Asia and the Preservation of History
    humanities Article Soviet Central Asia and the Preservation of History Craig Benjamin Frederik J Meijer Honors College, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA; [email protected] Received: 23 May 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 20 July 2018 Abstract: Central Asia has one of the deepest and richest histories of any region on the planet. First settled some 6500 years ago by oasis-based farming communities, the deserts, steppe and mountains of Central Asia were subsequently home to many pastoral nomadic confederations, and also to large scale complex societies such as the Oxus Civilization and the Parthian and Kushan Empires. Central Asia also functioned as the major hub for trans-Eurasian trade and exchange networks during three distinct Silk Roads eras. Throughout much of the second millennium of the Common Era, then under the control of a succession of Turkic and Persian Islamic dynasties, already impressive trading cities such as Bukhara and Samarkand were further adorned with superb madrassas and mosques. Many of these suffered destruction at the hands of the Mongols in the 13th century, but Timur and his Timurid successors rebuilt the cities and added numerous impressive buildings during the late-14th and early-15th centuries. Further superb buildings were added to these cities by the Shaybanids during the 16th century, yet thereafter neglect by subsequent rulers, and the drying up of Silk Roads trade, meant that, by the mid-18th century when expansive Tsarist Russia began to incorporate these regions into its empire, many of the great pre- and post-Islamic buildings of Central Asia had fallen into ruin.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007
    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Tajikistan, January 2007 COUNTRY PROFILE: TAJIKISTAN January 2007 COUNTRY Formal Name: Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston). Short Form: Tajikistan. Term for Citizen(s): Tajikistani(s). Capital: Dushanbe. Other Major Cities: Istravshan, Khujand, Kulob, and Qurghonteppa. Independence: The official date of independence is September 9, 1991, the date on which Tajikistan withdrew from the Soviet Union. Public Holidays: New Year’s Day (January 1), International Women’s Day (March 8), Navruz (Persian New Year, March 20, 21, or 22), International Labor Day (May 1), Victory Day (May 9), Independence Day (September 9), Constitution Day (November 6), and National Reconciliation Day (November 9). Flag: The flag features three horizontal stripes: a wide middle white stripe with narrower red (top) and green stripes. Centered in the white stripe is a golden crown topped by seven gold, five-pointed stars. The red is taken from the flag of the Soviet Union; the green represents agriculture and the white, cotton. The crown and stars represent the Click to Enlarge Image country’s sovereignty and the friendship of nationalities. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Early History: Iranian peoples such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians are the ethnic forbears of the modern Tajiks. They have inhabited parts of Central Asia for at least 2,500 years, assimilating with Turkic and Mongol groups. Between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C., present-day Tajikistan was part of the Persian Achaemenian Empire, which was conquered by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. After that conquest, Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state to Alexander’s empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia: Confronting Independence
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY UNLOCKING THE ASSETS: ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – APRIL 1998 CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE Introduction After the euphoria of gaining independence settles down, the elites of each new sovereign country inevitably stumble upon the challenges of building a viable state. The inexperienced governments soon venture into unfamiliar territory when they have to formulate foreign policy or when they try to forge beneficial economic ties with foreign investors. What often proves especially difficult is the process of redefining the new country's relationship with its old colonial ruler or federation partners. In addition to these often-encountered hurdles, the newly independent states of Central Asia-- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-- have faced a host of particular challenges. Some of these emanate from the Soviet legacy, others--from the ethnic and social fabric of each individual polity. Yet another group stems from the peculiarities of intra- regional dynamics. Finally, the fledgling states have been struggling to step out of their traditional isolation and build relations with states outside of their neighborhood. This paper seeks to offer an overview of all the challenges that the Central Asian countries have confronted in the process of consolidating their sovereignty. The Soviet Legacy and the Ensuing Internal Challenges What best distinguishes the birth of the Central Asian states from that of any other sovereign country is the incredible weakness of pro-independence movements throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzbekistan Embraced Tour Duration – 12 Days
    Tour Notes Uzbekistan Embraced Tour Duration – 12 Days Tour Rating Fitness ●●●○○ | Off the Beaten Track ●●●○○ | Culture ●●●●○ | History ●●●●● | Wildlife ○○○○○ Tour Pace Busy Tour Highlights The splendour of the Museum City of Khiva. The unique art gallery at Nukus The stunning architecture of Samarkand, in particular the Registan Square. A night at a yurt camp at Lake Aydarkul Tour Map - Uzbekistan Embraced Tour Essentials Accommodation: Mix of hotels and one night in a yurt camp. Included Meals: Daily breakfast (B), plus lunches (L) and dinners (D) as shown in the itinerary. Group Size: Maximum of 12 Start Point: Tashkent End Point: Tashkent Transport: Private cars or minibuses, domestic flight and train. Countries: Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Embraced The Silk Road cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, and the Khanates of Bukhara, Khiva are all names that have resonated through the centuries, heavy with exoticism and remoteness. It’s surprising to see that most are now linked by high speed ‘Bullet Train’. Elsewhere, Amir Timur - ‘Tamerlane’ - an undefeated military genius from the 15th century, still occupies a revered place in Uzbek psyche, while more recent Soviet icons, even the hammer and sickle motifs on the subway walls, have already faded. Uzbekistan is rightly renowned as a remarkably rich repository for the past. Visiting its outstanding architectural heritage, it’s difficult to be unmoved by beauty inherent in the design and execution of mosques, minarets, mausoleums and madrassas. However, listen too for contemporary tales of national unity over ethnic division, and of political liberalisation over authoritarianism. Uzbekistan already possesses a wealth of history but its story isn’t over.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth of Tajikistan : National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
    THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN i THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN ii THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN For Suzanne Published in 2007 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin's Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Paul Bergne The right of Paul Bergne to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. International Library of Central Asian Studies 1 ISBN: 978 1 84511 283 7 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author THE BIRTH OF TAJIKISTAN v CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Transliteration ix Acknowledgements xi Maps. Central Asia c 1929 xii Central Asia c 1919 xiv Introduction 1 1. Central Asian Identities before 1917 3 2. The Turkic Ascendancy 15 3. The Revolution and After 20 4. The Road to Soviet Power 28 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 38 the Impact of the Construction of The
    International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education (IJSRME) Impact Factor: 7.137, ISSN (Online): 2455 – 5630 (www.rdmodernresearch.com) Volume 4, Issue 1, 2019 THE IMPACT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TRANSCASPIAN RAILWAY ON THE ECONOMIC AND TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND BUKHARA A. Gafurov Professor of the Department, Social-Humanitarian Sciences and Physical Training Cite This Article: A. Gafurov, “The Impact of the Construction of the Transcaspian Railway on the Economic and Trade Relations between Russia and Bukhara”, International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern Education, Volume 4, Issue 1, Page Number 38-39, 2019. Copy Right: © IJSRME, 2019 (All Rights Reserved). This is an Open Access Article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract: The article focuses on the role of the Trans-Caspian (Central Asian) Railroad to increase the trade turnover between Russia and Bukhara in the late XIX-early XX centuries. Key Words: Trans-Caspian Railway, Kagan, Cotton, Factories, Trade, Sale, Cotton Cleaning Machines & Pressing The Impact of the Construction of the Transcaspian Railway on the Economic and Trade Relations between Russia and Bukhara: The transformation of Turkestan into a colony, the Bukhara and Khiva khanates into semi-colony opened wide opportunities for the penetration of Russian industrial goods to Central Asia and export of local raw materials to Russia. But traditional historical caravan transportations could not ensure the uninterrupted delivery of a growing scale of goods turnover from one end to the other and back. Of great importance in resolving this matter was the construction of the first major railway line, Transcaspian, which connected Russian industry with Central Asian raw materials and sales market.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction on the Book Review Roundtable
    CIVIL WARS 2018, VOL. 20, NO. 3, 436–437 BOOK REVIEW Introduction on the Book Review Roundtable The Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan: Nationalism, Islamism and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space, by Tim Epkenhans, Lanham et al.: Lexington Books, 2016, 401 p, £84.63 (Hc). ISBN: 978-1-4985-3278-5 Located in Central Asia and bordering the north of Afghanistan, post-communist Tajikistan experienced a vicious five-year (1992–97) civil war only months into its independence from the Soviet Union, a war which, according to Islam, Iran and Central Asian historian, Professor Tim Epkenhans of the University of Freiburg, took anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 lives out of a then population of 5.5 million. Tajikistan’s civil war thus took the second highest toll by way of body count in the post-Soviet space after the two Chechnya–Russia wars in the 1990s, which had resulted, according to The New York Times, in an estimated 160,000 dead. It is fair to state that the causes of the Tajik civil war were multiple, including the spread of Islamism among a segment of the population which had been inspired by their Persian speaking kin in Afghanistan and Iran, in addition to serious economic dislocation in the immediate aftermath of communist rule, and the consequent scramble for control of state-owned resources on the local and national levels by armed groups strengthened by ethno-regional and ideological fervour. The war pitted an alliance of neo-Soviets primarily based in the capital city Dushanbe and the southern Kulob region against Islamists largely made up of individuals of mountainous eastern Gharm origins, many of whose parents and grandparents had voluntarily moved in the Soviet era to the newly irrigated southern Vakhsh valley to become state cotton farmers in Tajikistan’s southern Qurghonteppa region, which became the violent epicentre of clashes during the civil war.
    [Show full text]