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ABSTRACT SITES of STRUGGLE: CIVIL RIGHTS and the POLITICS of MEMORIALIZATION by Adrienne Elyse Chudzinski This Thesis Explores T

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ABSTRACT SITES of STRUGGLE: CIVIL RIGHTS and the POLITICS of MEMORIALIZATION by Adrienne Elyse Chudzinski This Thesis Explores T ABSTRACT SITES OF STRUGGLE: CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORIALIZATION by Adrienne Elyse Chudzinski This thesis explores the politics of commemoration surrounding three sites of struggle related to the civil rights movement. By contrasting the accepted civil rights narrative with the counter- memory of the these contentious spaces, I illustrate how and why the Black Panther Party headquarters in Chicago, the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, Tennessee and various sites related to Emmett Till in both Chicago and Mississippi fail to fit into the official narrative and memory of the civil rights movement. Using each site as a case study, I challenge the traditional assumption that civil rights memorials are thorough and complete by exposing significant spaces that are actively neglected in the collective memory. Through analysis and interpretation of these contentious landscapes, I demonstrate the ways in which these sites serve as both literal and symbolic battlegrounds for not only civil rights, but also the constant struggle for representation and commemoration. SITES OF STRUGGLE: CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORIALIZATION A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Adrienne Elyse Chudzinski Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2012 Advisor Dr. Marguerite Shaffer Reader Dr. Helen Sheumaker Reader Dr. Nishani Frazier Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1-12 2. Exposing the Politics of Commemoration: The Chicago Police Department and Fred Hampton…………………………………………………………………………..13-37 3. Reconciling History and Collective Memory: Pulaski, TN and the Ku Klux Klan………………………………………………………………………….……38-64 4. Cultural Memory and the Legacy of Emmett Till………………………………...65-94 5. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………....95-108 ii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Peggy Shaffer for challenging me to explore new theories and approaches related to historical interpretation. I appreciate your unending support, enthusiasm and patience. I am grateful to my committee members Dr. Helen Sheumaker and Dr. Nishani Frazier for their continued involvement throughout the entire process of developing and writing my thesis. A special thank you to Christopher Voigt for helping me gain access to invaluable resources and archives and also, for keeping me motivated with promises of Giordano‘s and Ghirardelli. Finally, thank you to my parents for providing me with constant support and encouragement. iii Introduction “Rosa sat down, Martin stood up, and the white kids came down and saved the day.” -Julian Bond1 National Narrative of Civil Rights For many Americans, the events surrounding the civil rights movement symbolize conflict, revolution, and finally progress. The collective civil rights narrative reflects the accepted national narrative which glorifies the victories of the civil rights movement by memorializing sites where activists and protesters emerged triumphant.2 Voter registration drives and desegregation campaigns saturate the historical narrative and represent moments of interracial collaboration and success. Emphasis on sites in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma, create the appearance that civil rights workers achieved this success without tribulation. The current historical memory links the civil rights movement to a larger national story which glorifies the United States‘ legacy of democracy. In the established national narrative, Americans celebrate their unique ability to confront injustice, create a revolution, and demand a more just democratic republic. Just as revolutionary colonists overcame the tyrannical British government, civil rights activists acted on the promises of democracy, overcame racist politicians and police forces, as well as system related inequalities and injustices, and achieved freedom and equality. Sites of Struggle Despite numerous celebrated civil rights memorials throughout the South, there are countless spaces in the American landscape that challenge the United States‘ inspirational ideal of freedom. Sites of struggle are characterized by their departure from the national narrative, 1Julian Bond, founding member of SNCC and former chairman of the NAACP, describes the way in which most Americans perceive of the civil rights movement. Wesley C. Hogan, Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 418. 2 See, Christopher Metress, ―Making Civil Rights Harder: Literature, Memory, and the Black Freedom Struggle,‖ Southern Literary Journal v. XL no. 2: Spring 2008 and, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall ―The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,‖ The Journal of American History March 2005. Dowd Hall argues that American memory has effectively diluted the narrative of the civil rights movement by constraining it to the 1960‘s, while ignoring changes beginning in the 1930s and lasting throughout the late 20th century. Metress expands on Dowd Hall‘s argument by using literary sources to argue that the traditional narrative and memory of the civil rights movement is too narrow and uncomplicated. 1 focusing on more complicated aspects of the movement such as violence, hatred, apathy, and structural inequalities within the American system of government. The accepted national narrative describes American activism and revolution in a precise and carefully constructed manner. Rather than focusing on violent and ineffective rebellions, the accepted public history emphasizes instances in which Americans democratically enacted change. The national narrative of civil rights centers on fundamental themes that bolster and support the American system of constitutional democracy. The accepted history emphasizes events and individuals that represent instances of successful, democratic legal change and progress provoked by non-violent activism. Sites of struggle challenge and complicate the established civil rights narrative by revealing inherent contradictions and inconsistencies within the national history. In addition, these sites expose unresolved complexities concerning the collective memory of key civil rights events and individuals. Representing places where activists and protestors failed to enact change or were met with state sanctioned violence, sites of struggle are ignored in the national memory as they disrupt America‘s progressive victory narrative. Historical Background For the past fifty years, the historical narrative has privileged the stories of ―acceptable‖ or mainstream civil rights sites such as Kelly Ingram Park in Birmingham. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC launched a campaign in Birmingham aimed at desegregating local businesses and instituting fair hiring practices. During several of the nonviolent marches organized by King and SCLC, police used fire hoses and dogs to disperse demonstrators and children gathered at Kelly Ingram Park. Newspapers like the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune produced images that both outraged the nation and highlighted the necessity of effective civil rights legislation. In 1992, the city created a memorial at the park, bringing some closure to those involved in and affected by the demonstrations and protests. Today, Kelly Ingram Park is heralded as ―A Place of Revolution and Reconciliation,‖ displaying several expressive sculptures which depict the harsh realities of the civil rights movement from the eyes of a nonviolent protester. Visitors to the memorial walk on a circular path, first entering a jail cell with a young girl and boy from the children‘s march who proudly declare, ―I ain‘t afraid of no jail.‖ Visitors then experience the terror and inhumanity of facing 2 snarling police dogs as they lunge through two parallel walls of a walk-through sculpture. The freedom walk continues with a depiction of a young female demonstrator pinned to a wall by the immense pressure of fire hoses. The memorial tour is concluded with a towering sculpture of Martin Luther King Jr. that overlooks 16th Street and the eminent Civil Rights Institute. For historians, the memorial at Kelly Ingram Park is paradoxical; it is emotionally engaging yet perpetuates the notion that the civil rights movement ended in the 1960s with victories over segregation and other forms of legal discrimination such as Jim Crow. While memorials like that at Kelly Ingram Park mark progress in the United States‘ attempt to face its legacy of legalized racism, there is undeniably a current trend of selectivity in the memorial making process. Most memorials focus on some aspect of Martin Luther King Jr. and the nonviolent strategy he utilized in the South. This complexity is even present at Kelly Ingram Park, as the large statue honoring King is situated at the park‘s entrance, while a much smaller statue honoring Fred Shuttlesworth, one of the original organizers of Project ―C‖, is relegated to a less traveled space in front of the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute. As evidenced through the memorial at Kelly Ingram Park, public interpretations of history, like memorials, often have a tendency to streamline historical events into a singular, palpable story line, void of confusing intricacies. Sites that are complex, contentious, or focus too heavily on the culpability of mainstream, white Americans do not fit into the acceptable civil rights narrative of progress and reconciliation. The civil rights movement is marked by instances of Klan violence,
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