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Revised Master Plan for Yakima Subbasin Summer- and Fall-Run Chinook, Coho Salmon and Steelhead

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Revised Master Plan for Yakima Subbasin Summer- and Fall-Run Chinook, Coho Salmon and Steelhead Revised Master Plan for Yakima Subbasin Summer- and Fall-Run Chinook, Coho Salmon and Steelhead VOLUME I September 2019 Submitted by The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation Toppenish, Washington Suggested Document Citation: Yakama Nation. 2019. Revised Master Plan for Yakima Subbasin Summer-and Fall-Run Chinook, Coho Salmon, and Steelhead. Prepared by the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation for the Bonneville Power Administration and Northwest Power and Conservation Council. Toppenish, WA. September 2019. Cover photos by Mary Edwards Photography Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. xix Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................ xx 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Proposed Hatchery Programs .......................................................................................... 1 1.3 Northwest Power and Conservation Council’s Three-Step Review Process .................... 5 1.4 Document Overview and Organization ............................................................................ 5 2.0 Proposed Hatchery Programs for Coho ..........................................................................7 2.1 Population Status ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Habitat Context ................................................................................................................ 8 2.3 Current Hatchery Program ............................................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Yakima Coho Program Phase 1 (1996-2003) ....................................................... 10 2.3.2 Yakima Coho Program Phase 2 (2004-present) ................................................... 11 2.3.3 Hatchery Releases ................................................................................................ 12 2.3.4 Natural Production .............................................................................................. 17 2.3.5 Harvest ................................................................................................................. 23 2.4 Proposed Hatchery Programs ........................................................................................ 24 2.4.1 Program Need and Justification ........................................................................... 26 2.4.2 Program Goals and Objectives ............................................................................. 26 2.4.3 Yakima Integrated Coho Program ........................................................................ 26 2.4.4 Yakima Segregated Coho Program ...................................................................... 33 2.4.5 Summary of Proposed Coho Programs ................................................................ 34 2.5 Scientific Framework...................................................................................................... 34 2.5.1 Biological Objectives ............................................................................................ 34 2.5.2 Key Assumptions .................................................................................................. 35 2.5.3 Expected Outcomes by Phase based on AHA Modeling ...................................... 40 2.6 Other Alternatives Considered ...................................................................................... 43 2.7 Consistency with NPCC Scientific Principles .................................................................. 44 2.7.1 Principle 1: The abundance, productivity and diversity of organisms are integrally linked to the characteristics of their ecosystems. ............................... 44 2.7.2 Principle 2: Ecosystems are dynamic, resilient and develop over time .............. 45 2.7.3 Principle 3: Biological systems operate on various spatial and time scales that can be organized hierarchically .................................................................... 45 2.7.4 Principle 4: Habitats develop, and are maintained, by physical and biological processes ............................................................................................. 46 2.7.5 Principle 5: Species play key roles in developing and maintaining ecological conditions ........................................................................................... 47 2.7.6 Principle 6: Biological diversity allows ecosystems to persist in the face of environmental variation ...................................................................................... 47 Yakama Nation Summer/Fall Chinook, Coho and Steelhead Hatchery Master Plan – September 2019 Page i Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation 2.7.7 Principle 7: Ecological management is adaptive and experimental ................... 48 2.7.8 Principle 8: Ecosystem function, habitat structure and biological performance are affected by human actions ...................................................... 48 2.8 Subbasin-wide Risk Assessment .................................................................................... 49 2.9 Consistency with NPCC Artificial Production Principles ................................................. 50 2.10 Hatchery and Genetic Management Plan ...................................................................... 57 3.0 Proposed Hatchery Programs for Yakima Summer And Fall-Run Chinook and Yakima Upriver Bright Chinook .................................................................................... 57 3.1 Population Status ........................................................................................................... 57 3.2 Habitat Context .............................................................................................................. 62 3.3 Current Hatchery Program ............................................................................................. 64 3.3.1 Hatchery Releases ................................................................................................ 64 3.3.2 Natural Production .............................................................................................. 66 3.3.3 Harvest ................................................................................................................. 72 3.4 Proposed Hatchery Program .......................................................................................... 74 3.4.1 Program Need and Justification ........................................................................... 76 3.4.2 Program Goals and Objectives ............................................................................. 77 3.4.3 Yakima Integrated Summer/Fall Chinook Hatchery Program .............................. 77 3.4.4 Yakima Segregated URB Fall Chinook Harvest Program ...................................... 82 3.4.5 Summary of Proposed Chinook Programs ........................................................... 83 3.5 Scientific Framework ...................................................................................................... 83 3.5.1 Biological Objectives ............................................................................................ 84 3.5.2 Key Assumptions .................................................................................................. 84 3.5.3 Expected Outcomes by Phase based on AHA Modeling ...................................... 89 3.6 Other Alternatives Considered ...................................................................................... 92 3.7 Consistency with NPCC Scientific Principles .................................................................. 93 3.7.1 Principle 1: The abundance, productivity and diversity of organisms are integrally linked to the characteristics of their ecosystems ................................ 93 3.7.2 Principle 2: Ecosystems are dynamic, resilient and develop over time ............... 94 3.7.3 Principle 3: Biological systems operate on various spatial and time scales that can be organized hierarchically .................................................................... 95 3.7.4 Principle 4: Habitats develop, and are maintained, by physical and biological processes ............................................................................................. 96 3.7.5 Principle 5: Species play key roles in developing and maintaining ecological conditions ........................................................................................... 96 3.7.6 Principle 6: Biological diversity allows ecosystems to persist in the face of environmental variation ...................................................................................... 97 3.7.7 Principle 7: Ecological management is adaptive and experimental .................... 97 3.7.8 Principle 8: Ecosystem function, habitat structure and biological performance are affected by human actions ...................................................... 98 Yakama Nation
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