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Augmented Virtuality. Transforming Real Human Activity Into Virtual

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Augmented Virtuality. Transforming Real Human Activity Into Virtual C531etukansi.kesken.fm Page 1 Wednesday, June 3, 2015 11:13 AM C 531 OULU 2015 C 531 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O. Box 8000 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS OULUENSISOULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTAACTA TECHNICATECHNICACC Matti Pouke Matti Pouke Professor Esa Hohtola AUGMENTED VIRTUALITY University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen TRANSFORMING REAL HUMAN ACTIVITY INTO VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila Professor Olli Vuolteenaho University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen Director Sinikka Eskelinen Professor Jari Juga University Lecturer Anu Soikkeli Professor Olli Vuolteenaho UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SCIENCE; CENTER FOR INTERNET EXCELLENCE ISBN 978-952-62-0833-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0834-3 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Print) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS C Technica 531 MATTI POUKE AUGMENTED VIRTUALITY Transforming real human activity into virtual environments Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP auditorium (L10), Linnanmaa, on 21 August 2015, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2015 Copyright © 2015 Acta Univ. Oul. C 531, 2015 Supervised by Professor Petri Pulli Doctor Seamus Hickey Reviewed by Professor Tapio Takala Professor Yoshitsugu Manabe Opponent Professor Kunihiro Chihara ISBN 978-952-62-0833-6 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0834-3 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2015 Pouke, Matti, Augmented virtuality. Transforming real human activity into virtual environments University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Department of Information Processing Science; Center for Internet Excellence Acta Univ. Oul. C 531, 2015 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract The topic of this work is the transformation of real-world human activity into virtual environments. More specifically, the topic is the process of identifying various aspects of visible human activity with sensor networks and studying the different ways how the identified activity can be visualized in a virtual environment. The transformation of human activities into virtual environments is a rather new research area. While there is existing research on sensing and visualizing human activity in virtual environments, the focus of the research is carried out usually within a specific type of human activity, such as basic actions and locomotion. However, different types of sensors can provide very different human activity data, as well as lend itself to very different use-cases. This work is among the first to study the transformation of human activities on a larger scale, comparing various types of transformations from multiple theoretical viewpoints. This work utilizes constructs built for use-cases that require the transformation of human activity for various purposes. Each construct is a mixed reality application that utilizes a different type of source data and visualizes human activity in a different way. The constructs are evaluated from practical as well as theoretical viewpoints. The results imply that different types of activity transformations have significantly different characteristics. The most distinct theoretical finding is that there is a relationship between the level of detail of the transformed activity, specificity of the sensors involved and the extent of world knowledge required to transform the activity. The results also provide novel insights into using human activity transformations for various practical purposes. Transformations are evaluated as control devices for virtual environments, as well as in the context of visualization and simulation tools in elderly home care and urban studies. Keywords: 3D user interfaces, healthcare information technology, information vi- sualization, mixed reality, urban planning, virtual reality Pouke, Matti, Lisätty virtuaalisuus. Tosimaailman ihmistoiminnan heijastaminen virtuaalitodellisuuteen Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Tieto- ja sähkötekniikan tiedekunta, Tietojenkäsittelytieteiden laitos; Center for Internet Excellence Acta Univ. Oul. C 531, 2015 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjatyön aiheena on ihmistoiminnan muuntaminen todellisesta maailmasta virtuaa- litodellisuuteen. Työssä käsitellään kuinka näkyvästä ihmistoiminnasta tunnistetaan sensoriverk- kojen avulla erilaisia ominaisuuksia ja kuinka nämä ominaisuudet voidaan esittää eri tavoin vir- tuaaliympäristöissä. Ihmistoiminnan muuntaminen virtuaaliympäristöihin on kohtalaisen uusi tutkimusalue. Ole- massa oleva tutkimus keskittyy yleensä kerrallaan vain tietyntyyppisen ihmistoiminnan, kuten perustoimintojen tai liikkumisen, tunnistamiseen ja visualisointiin. Erilaiset anturit ja muut data- lähteet pystyvät kuitenkin tuottamaan hyvin erityyppistä dataa ja siten soveltuvat hyvin erilai- siin käyttötapauksiin. Tämä työ tutkii ensimmäisten joukossa ihmistoiminnan tunnistamista ja visualisointia virtuaaliympäristössä laajemmassa mittakaavassa ja useista teoreettisista näkökul- mista tarkasteltuna. Työssä hyödynnetään konstrukteja jotka on kehitetty eri käyttötapauksia varten. Konstruktit ovat sekoitetun todellisuuden sovelluksia joissa hyödynnetään erityyppistä lähdedataa ja visuali- soidaan ihmistoimintaa eri tavoin. Konstrukteja arvioidaan sekä niiden käytännön sovellusalu- een, että erilaisten teoreettisten viitekehysten kannalta. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että erilaisilla muunnoksilla on selkeästi erityyppiset ominaisuu- det. Selkein teoreettinen löydös on, että mitä yksityiskohtaisemmasta toiminnasta on kyse, sitä vähemmän tunnistuksessa voidaan hyödyntää kontekstuaalista tietoa tai tavanomaisia datalähtei- tä. Tuloksissa tuodaan myös uusia näkökulmia ihmistoiminnan visualisoinnin hyödyntämisestä erilaisissa käytännön sovelluskohteissa. Sovelluskohteina toimivat ihmiskehon käyttäminen ohjauslaitteena sekä ihmistoiminnan visualisointi ja simulointi kotihoidon ja kaupunkisuunnitte- lun sovellusalueilla. Asiasanat: 3D käyttöliittymät, informaatioteknologia terveydenhuollossa, kaupunkisuunnittelu, sekoitettu todellisuus, tiedon visualisointi, virtuaalitodellisuus Acknowledgements First, I would like to express my gratitude towards my two supervisors. My official supervisor, Prof. Petri Pulli, not only aided me in the writing of this dissertation, but also enticed me into the career of a researcher in the first place. Prof. Pulli encouraged me to carry out a great deal of my studies, both Master’s and Doctoral, in Japan. These research visits to Japanese universities were unforgettable experiences that also had a huge impact on my career. While Dr. Seamus Hickey could act as my official thesis supervisor only for a few months, he also had a great influence on this work. I was a co-worker of Dr. Hickey for years, and without his help in both scientific and practical matters, I would have had great difficulties finishing this work. I would also like to thank the external reviewers, Prof. Tapio Takala and Prof. Yoshitsugu Manabe, for providing their expertise to help in the completion of this work. I would also like to thank several other people who have significantly helped me during my doctoral studies. Prof. Tomohiro Kuroda, Dr. Haruo Noma and Dr. Masahiro Tada have all made significant effort to help me at multiple phases of my studies, and beyond. I would also like to thank Dr. Risto Honkanen, Mr. Antti Karhu, Dr. Leena Arhippainen, Prof. Jonna Häkkilä, Prof. Vassilis Kostakos, Mr. Jorge Goncalves and Dr. Denzil Ferreira for co-authoring the articles that constitute this dissertation. I also want to express my gratitude towards all my co-workers at the Department of Information Processing Science, as well as at the Center for Internet Excellence. I would also like to thank Nokia Foundation, as well as the Academy of Finland for providing me funding for my research visits. I would like to thank my parents Airi and Reijo for providing me support, financial and otherwise, throughout various phases of my studies. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife Anne for her endless support. Oulu, April 2015 Matti Pouke 7 8 Abbreviations 2D Two-dimensional 3D Three-dimensional 6DOF Six Degrees of Freedom EPM Extent of Presence Metaphor EWK Extent of World Knowledge FG Focus Group HMD Head Mounted Display InfoVis Information Visualization IoT Internet of Things MUD Multi-user dungeon/dimension NetVE Networked Virtual Environment RF Reproduction Fidelity VE Virtual Environment VW Virtual World 9 10 List of original publications This dissertation is based on the following articles, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals (I–VII): I Pouke M, Hickey S, Kuroda T & Noma H (2010) Activity recognition of the elderly. In: Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Context-Awareness for Self- Managing Systems (CASEMANS ’10). Article No. 7. DOI=10.1145/1858367.1858374 II Pouke M & Honkanen RT (2011) Comparison of nearest neighbour and neural network based classifications of patient’s activity. In: Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2011) 5th International Conference on pp. 331-335. c 2011 IEEE III Pouke M, Karhu
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