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Digital Inclusion and Mobile Sector Taxation in Colombia Reforming Sector-Specific Taxes and Regulatory Fees to Drive Affordability and Investment

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Digital Inclusion and Mobile Sector Taxation in Colombia Reforming Sector-Specific Taxes and Regulatory Fees to Drive Affordability and Investment Digital Inclusion and Mobile Sector Taxation in Colombia Reforming sector-specific taxes and regulatory fees to drive affordability and investment OCTOBER 2016 GSMA IMPORTANT NOTICE FROM DELOITTE This final report (the “Final Report”) has been Accordingly, no representation or warranty, express prepared by Deloitte LLP (“Deloitte”) for the or implied, is given and no responsibility or liability GSMA on the basis of the scope and limitations is or will be accepted by or on behalf of Deloitte set out below. or by any of its partners, employees or agents or any other person as to the accuracy, completeness The Final Report has been prepared solely for or correctness of the information contained in this the purpose of assessing the economic impacts document or any oral information made available of mobile sector taxation in Brazil by modelling and any such liability is expressly disclaimed. the potential impacts that could be realised by a change in mobile taxation under a set of agreed All copyright and other proprietary rights in the assumptions and scenarios. Final Report are the property of the GSMA. No party other than GSMA is entitled to rely on This Final Report and its contents do not constitute the Final Report for any purpose whatsoever and financial or other professional advice, and specific Deloitte accepts no responsibility or liability or duty advice should be sought about your specific of care to any party other than the GSMA in respect circumstances. In particular, the Final Report does of the Final Report or any of its contents. not constitute a recommendation or endorsement by Deloitte to invest or participate in, exit, or The scope of our work has been limited by the time, otherwise use any of the markets or companies information and explanations made available to referred to in it. To the fullest extent possible, both us. The information contained in the Final Report Deloitte and the GSMA disclaim any liability arising has been obtained from the GSMA and third out of the use (or non-use) of the Final Report and party sources that are clearly referenced in the its contents, including any action or decision taken appropriate sections of the Final Report. Any results as a result of such use (or non-use). from the analysis contained in the Final Report are reliant on the information available at the time of Deloitte contact writing the Final Report and should not be relied Davide Strusani upon in subsequent periods. TMT Economic Consulting, London [email protected] www.deloitte.co.uk DIGITAL INCLUSION AND MOBILE SECTOR TAXATION IN COLOMBIA CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 1 THE MOBILE INDUSTRY IN COLOMBIA 10 2 TAXATION ON THE MOBILE SECTOR 17 3 IMPACTS OF TAX REFORMS ON AFFORDABILITY, INVESTMENT 29 AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 4 REFORMING TAXATION ON THE MOBILE SECTOR IN COLOMBIA 39 APPENDIX A - METHODOLOGY 41 3 GSMA Executive Summary Mobile services today connect over 33 million people in Colombia, and are a key economic and social contributor in the country Colombia has the third highest Gross Domestic Product subscription,1 making Colombia the fourth largest (GDP) and population in Latin America. The mobile mobile market in Latin America. Whilst mobile internet industry plays a major role in the country with revenues has developed rapidly, with penetration of subscribers of USD 5.7bn in 2015, representing almost 2% of GDP. at 47% in Q1 2016, this is lower than the averages for Latin America and OECD countries. Mobile penetration by connection was approximately 100% in Q1 2016, with 66% people holding a mobile FIGURE 1 Penetration rate of mobile internet subscribers and GDP per capita in selected countries, 2014 60% USD 40K USD 35K 50% USD 30K 40% USD 25K 30% USD 20K USD 15K 20% USD 10K 10% USD 5K 0% USD 0 Peru Chile Brazil OECD Bolivia Mexico LATAM LATAM average average Ecuador Colombia Argentina Venezuela Guatemala PENETRATION MOBILE INTERNET BROADBAND (3G/4G) GDP/CAPITA Source: GSMA Intelligence and World Bank 1. Mobile penetration by connections is calculated as the number of SIM cards per inhabitants, while mobile penetration by unique subscribers is the share of individuals owing a mobile subscription. Given that an individual may own more than one SIM card, the former is typically larger than the latter. 4 | Executive Summary DIGITAL INCLUSION AND MOBILE SECTOR TAXATION IN COLOMBIA The OECD and other international observers suggest benefits. A World Bank study has found that in that Colombia’s telecommunication policies and developing world economies, such Colombia, every regulatory framework are advanced.2 A third of 10% increase in broadband subscriber penetration Colombians remain, however, unconnected and market accelerates economic growth by 1.38%.4 penetration, as well as the voice market, has plateaued in recent years, suggesting a different approach may • Contribution to the Colombian government’s be needed for underserved populations.3 revenues. Mobile operators paid over USD 1.36bn in taxes and regulatory fees to the government Key economic benefits that mobile connectivity can in 2014, representing over 26% of their revenues.5 provide to Colombia are: In addition, through payments made to secure spectrum, mobile operators further contributed • The facilitation of communications and fostering USD 400m in the last three years alone.6 It is of economic exchanges across the entire economy. estimated that the mobile sector’s share of tax Economic studies and the academic literature have payments is over 1.3 times its share of GDP, making found strong positive relationships between mobile the sector a more than proportionate contributor penetration and economic growth. Broadband, in to the public finances.7 particular, is critical to the delivery of economic Higher taxation on mobile services compared to other standard goods and services risks limiting connectivity for the poorest Colombians In addition to general taxation, the Colombian mobile Mobile services in Colombia are taxed at a higher rate sector is subject to a number of sector-specific taxes than similar services offered on fixed networks for the and regulatory fees levied both on mobile consumers 60% of the population in the two most disadvantaged and operators, notably: socio-economic classifications, who are exempted from paying VAT on fixed telephony. Additionally, while • Consumption Tax: consumers of mobile voice mobile handsets and smartphones are subject to VAT, services in Colombia are subject to an additional personal computers and laptops are exempted, in 4% tax on top of general VAT of 16%. recognition of the importance of internet connectivity. • A FONTIC (Fund for information and In Colombia, sector specific taxation represented 37% communication technologies) contribution of of mobile services’ total tax payments in 2014; a larger either 2.2% or 5% of operators’ revenue.8 share, with the exception of the Dominican Republic, than in any other Latin American country surveyed in • Other operators’ regulatory fees such as the the GSMA’s 2016 mobile taxation survey. regulatory commission fee and recurring spectrum fees aimed to cover the costs of the regulator and of managing spectrum. 2. OECD, 2014, ‘Review of Telecommunication Policy and Regulation in Colombia’ 3. GSMA-I, 2016 4. Qiang and Rossotto, 2009, ‘The economic impact of broadband’ 5. Deloitte, GSMA, ‘Mobile Taxation Global Survey, 2016’ 6. Budde, 2016, ‘Colombia - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband and Digital Media 7. Deloitte analysis on OECD and operators’ data 8. The FONTIC is Colombia’s Universal Service Fund (USF) Executive Summary | 5 GSMA FIGURE 2 Sector-specific taxes share of total taxes in selected LATAM countries for which data is available, 2014 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Peru Brazil Mexico Jamaica Ecuador Uruguay Republic Colombia Argentina Dominican Guatemala Source: Deloitte GSMA Mobile taxation survey 2016 Taxation over and above that which applies to other A basic smartphone represents 6% of the standard goods and services is not fully aligned with annual income of the poorest quintile while a the best practice principles of taxation, set out by premium smartphone represents approximately international organisations such as the World Bank, IMF 24% of income. and OECD that recommend taxation to be levied on broad bases. This creates a number of issues: • Disincentives for investment: sector specific taxation reduces the returns on investment, potentially • Reduced affordability of mobile services: sector- leading to inefficient investment decisions, which specific taxes and regulatory fees can be passed could slow the development of the sector and onto consumers either directly, through retail delivery of the positive effects of mobile on the prices, or indirectly, through quality reductions. wider economy. The Colombian Government has Colombia has the second highest level of economic a target of achieving 100% 4G coverage by 2018, inequality in Latin America. This inequality may and gaps remain to achieve this objective. Industry contribute to make mobile services unaffordable sources report that operators in Colombia have for the poorest consumers: invested 70% of their profits in networks.11 Traditional voice and SMS services cost 3.1% of The OECD, in its assessment of Colombia’s average annual income per capita, which is 47% telecommunication policy, states that “Colombia should higher than the Latin American average, and refrain from adding a “luxury” VAT tax for mobile 19% of annual income for the poorest 20% of services [‘the Consumption Tax’] and should decrease
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