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Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) Del Norte Del Caribe

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Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) Del Norte Del Caribe Lepidochitona pseudoliozonis, una nueva especie de quitón (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) del norte del Caribe Cedar I. García-Ríos Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, 100 Carr 908, Estación Postal CUH, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791; [email protected] Recibido 24-VI-2014. Corregido 30-IX-2014. Aceptado 31-X-2014. Abstract: Lepidochitona pseudoliozonis, a new species of chiton (Polyplacophora: Ischnochitonidae) from the North of the Caribbean. The genus Lepidochitona (Gray 1821) contains relatively small chitons with a dis- tinctive girdle, dorsally clothed with non-overlapping calcareous corpuscles. In the Caribbean, it is represented by four species: L. liozonis (Dall, & Simpson, 1901), L. rosea Kaas, 1972, L. rufoi García-Ríos, 2010 and L. bullocki García-Ríos, 2011. A rutinary morphological inspection of 10 specimens of a Lepidochitona species from the Florida Keys was concordant with L. liozonis (the only species of the genus informed for Florida). They did not show many morphological differences that could justify its separation from the specimens from Puerto Rico (the type locality). However, the comparison of sequences of the mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) of L. liozonis from Puerto Rico and the Florida specimens showed a divergence of 14%. This divergence is incompatible with a reproductively connected species. In addition to their genetic differences, the new species differs from L. liozonis in having bigger size, longer marginal spicules and a postmucronal slope very concave. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 369-384. Epub 2015 June 01. Key words: Mollusca, chiton, Lepidochitona, Caribbean, sibling species. El género Lepidochitona (Gray, 1821) evidencia una divergencia incompatible con agrupa a quitones relativamente pequeños que especies reproductivamente conectadas. se pueden encontrar bajo rocas a profundi- Algunos de nuestros ejemplares de lepi- dades menores de dos metros. El género está doquitones de la Florida son similares a un representado en el Caribe por cuatro especies: ejemplar que aparece fotografiado en 1940, L. liozonis (Dall, & Simpson, 1901), L. rosea en The Nautilus 53(3) y se identifica como Kaas, 1972, L. rufoi García-Ríos, 2010 y L. Lepidochitona tropica Pilsbry. De ese ejemplar bullocki García-Ríos, 2011. La inspección de solo se indica que mide 13.8mm de largo y que una muestra de diez ejemplares de los cayos fue recolectado en Bonefish Key, Florida. Esta de la Florida permite distinguir ejemplares de especie, sin embargo, no fue descrita, por lo lepidoquitones que podrían clasificarse como que se le considera un nomen nudum. L. liozonis (la única especie del género infor- Kaas (1972) reconoce la existencia de la mada para la Florida) por no presentar diferen- fotografía y examina cuatro ejemplares secos cias morfológicas que justifiquen su separación de la misma localidad del ejemplar de Pilsbry de los de Puerto Rico (localidad del tipo). Sin (Bonefish Key, Florida; actualmente Fat Deer embargo, la comparación de secuencias del gen Key). Reconoce que los ejemplares son más mitocondrial que codifica para el citocromo grandes que los de la especie Lepidochitona oxidasa I (COI) de los ejemplares de la Florida liozonis, pero advierte que, excepto que son con ejemplares de L. liozonis de Puerto Rico más grandes, no puede establecer ninguna Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 63 (2): 369-384, June 2015 369 diferencia de valor taxonómico para justificar medir. Todas las medidas de las estructu- la separación de los ejemplares examinados de ras expuestas se corroboraron con fotografías la especie L. liozonis. Concluye que L. tropica del MEB. se puede considerar una variedad local de L. Dos ejemplares fueron totalmente desar- liozonis y presenta su descripción. ticulados para el examen de la rádula, de las De acuerdo al Código Internacional de valvas y del cinturón, usando un MEB. Los Nomenclatura Zoológica (International Code ejemplares se sumergieron en una solución de of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), para publi- KOH 2N, para disolver el tejido blando. Una caciones posteriores al 1960, el uso del término vez que las estructuras estuvieron limpias se “variedad” representa una categoría infrasub- enjuagaron con agua destilada y se almacena- específica (Artículo 45.6.3). El nombre de la ron en etanol al 95%. variedad “tropica” no puede volverse dispo- Las estructuras seleccionadas para prepa- nible por acción posterior, como lo sería una rar las microfotografías, utilizando el MEB, elevación de categoría (Artículo 45.5.1). se secaron al aire y se fijaron en bases de El objetivo de este estudio fue describir aluminio usando un adhesivo de carbón. Estos una nueva especie de lepidoquitón. Esta nueva ejemplares se cubrieron con una película de oro especie es hermana de L. liozonis y probable- usando un evaporador. La determinación de la mente incluye la “variedad robusta” de la Flo- densidad de los estetos se realizó utilizando rida que tanto Pilsbry (1940) como Kaas (1972) fotografías de la superficie del tegumento con reseñaron en su momento. Para establecer la magnificaciones de 400X. Sobre las fotos se distancia genética entre las especies utilizamos dibujaron cuadrantes de 250x100μm y se reali- secuencias del gen mitocondrial COI. zó el conteo de los poros. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Obtención de datos moleculares: La extracción del ADN se realizó utilizando el Recolección y análisis morfológico de Kit de QIAGEN DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit. los ejemplares: Diez ejemplares de L. pseu- La muestra se tomó de tres ejemplares, usando doliozonis sp. nov. fueron recolectados en el el pie completo (aproximadamente 10mg). El sublitoral somero (<2m), bajo rocas y escom- ADN extraído fue diluido en agua estéril (200 bros en el sur de Pigeon Key, la Florida, en los µL) y se almacenó a 4ºC. alrededores de 24°42’10.81” N - 81°9’18.16” La reacción en cadena de polimerasa W. La ubicación geográfica de los ejemplares (PCR) se realizó con el ADN extraído y los recolectados se determinó mediante la lectura iniciadores universales del COI: LCOI 1490 y de la latitud y longitud de un punto cercano HCOI 2198 (Folmer, Black, Hoeh, Lutz, & Vri- al lugar de recolección, usando un GPS. Los jenhoek, 1994). Las reacciones de PCR (25µL) quitones fueron relajados y aplanados para su incluyen 0.5µL del ADN del ejemplar, 0.5µL preservación usando alcohol etílico al 95%. de cada iniciador (5pmol/µL), 2µL de mezcla Los organismos preservados fueron exa- de dNTP (2.5mM cada uno), 5µL amortigua- minados, medidos y fotografiados utilizando dor de PCR (5X) (Promega), 2.5µL de 2.5mM un microscopio de disección Nikon SMZ1500 MgCl2 (Promega) y 0.25µL de Taq ADN con un micrómetro en el ocular. Los elementos polimerasa (5U/µL) (Promega). Las reacciones del cinturón tienen una parte embebida en una de PCR se realizaron usando un termocicla- base de quitina transparente, que es opaca para dor de Applied Biosystems modelo 2720. Las el microscopio electrónico de barrido (MEB), condiciones térmicas del ciclo iniciaban con pero visible en el microscopio de luz. Para desnaturalización de 5 min a 95°C, seguido determinar las dimensiones y colores de esos de 35 ciclos que incluyen desnaturalización a elementos se utilizó un microscopio compuesto 95°C durante 30s, alineamiento a 45°C durante (Olympus BH-2) con gradilla calibrada para 30s y la extensión a 72°C durante 1 minuto, 370 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 63 (2): 369-384, June 2015 con un paso de extensión final a 72°C durante Sistemática: Según la clasificación de 1 minuto. Kaas y Van Belle (1998): Los productos PCR se purificaron por precipitación con polietilenglicol (PEG). La Clase POLYPLACOPHORA Gray, 1821 secuenciación del producto de PCR se realizó Orden NEOLORICATA Bergenhayn, 1955 con un secuenciador multicapilar (16) ABI Suborden ISCHNOCHITONINA Bergenhayn, PRISM 3130XL (Applied Biosystems). Las 1930 condiciones de los ciclos de secuenciación Familia ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Dall, 1889 fueron: 96°C por 5 minutos, seguido por 45 Subfamilia LEPIDOCHITONINAE Iredale, ciclos de 96°C durante 10s, 50°C durante 5s, 1914 60°C durante 4 minutos y almacenaje indefi- Género Lepidochitona Gray, 1821 nido a 4°C. Subgénero Lepidochitona s.s. Lepidochitona (L.) pseudoliozonis García- Edición y análisis de las secuencias de Ríos, sp. nov. nucleótidos: Se determinaron las secuencias de (Figs. 1-11) consenso alineando por lo menos dos secuen- cias complementarias, utilizando el programa MATERIAL EXAMINADO BioEdit 7.0.9.0 (Hall, 1999). Todas las posi- ciones fueron corroboradas mediante los cro- Holotipo: ZSM Mol 20130734: Ejem- matogramas. Las secuencias resultantes fueron plar completo, aplanado, preservado en eta- alineadas utilizando ClustalW 1.4 (Thompson, nol, 12.3mm de longitud. Estados Unidos de Higgins, & Gibson, 1994), incluido en el América, Florida, Pigeon Key (24°42’10.81” programa BioEdit. Las alineaciones fueron N- 81°9’18.16” W), bajo roca en pradera de corroboradas manualmente y las regiones con hierbas marinas y fondos arenosos, 1m de pro- alineaciones ambiguas fueron descartadas. Las fundidad, recolectado por Migdalia Álvarez- comparaciones de la secuencia entre pares Ruiz y el autor el 18 de noviembre de 2007. se realizaron mediante el programa MEGA4 (Tamura, Dudley, Nei, & Kumar, 2007). Para Paratipos: ZSM Mol 20130735: Ejem- la determinación de la divergencia entre las plar completo, aplanado, preservado en etanol, especies se determinó el porcentaje de diferen- 11.3mm de longitud. Estados Unidos de Amé- cia, utilizando todas las bases disponibles en rica, Florida, Pigeon Key (24°42’14.97” N- secuencias de igual longitud. El por ciento de 81°9’21.98” W). Bajo roca en fondo arenoso, divergencia fue la base para el análisis filoge- 1m de profundidad, recolectado por Migdalia nético posterior, construyendo árboles usando Álvarez-Ruiz y el autor el 20 de noviembre el método de vecino más cercano (Neighbor- de 2007. CBUPRH #2465: Ejemplar comple- Joining) (Saitou, & Nei, 1987). El programa to, preservado en etanol, 6.2mm de longitud.
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