Coreopsis tinctoria uses temporal gaps to avoid interspecific competition with a

C4 grass.

Texas Society for Ecological Restoration 14 November 2015 Introduction

BS, Landscape Architecture Purdue University, 1993

MS, Environmental Science UTSA, 2013

Pima County Introduction

Coreopsis tinctoria (Asteraceae)

Common names include: •coreopsis •goldenwave •calliopsis •golden tickseed Introduction

Distribution Coreopsis tinctoria (Asteraceae) Introduction

Commonly found in: •disturbed areas •nutrient poor areas

Poor competitor against

C4 grasses. Introduction

Hypothesis Test • Coreopsis tinctoria uses ° De Wit Replacement temporal gaps to avoid Series interspecific competition ° Simulated Temporal with C4 grasses. Gaps

• Temporal gaps combined with spatial vegetation gaps offer a synergistic effect. Methodology

Simulated Temporal Gaps - February

+60 +30 +0 -30 -60 Mono Gaps Methodology

Simulated Temporal Gaps - March

+60 +30 +0 -30 -60 Mono Gaps Methodology

Simulated Temporal Gaps - April

+60 +30 +0 -30 -60 Mono Gaps Results

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 Mean total dry mass pot(g) per mass dry totalMean

+60 10:2 +30 8:4 +0 6:6 Gap 4:8 -30 2:10 Frequency Ratio -60 Results

Coreopsis tinctoria Bouteloua curtipendula 100 100 100

80 84

70 60 68

40 45 38 38 20

Percentage of maximum of Percentage 8 mean total mass produced meantotal 13 0 +60 +30 +0 -30 -60 Gap Results

8.0 0:12 2:10 4:8 6:6 d 8:4 10:2 12:0 6.0

c c 4.0 b b c b a c c b b c 2.0 b b b *

a a 0.0

24.0 a

20.0 a a a a b b b a 16.0 b b 12.0 b

* b b b Mean total dry mass pot(g) per mass dry totalMean 8.0 c c c

4.0 c

c c 0.0 +60 +0 -60 Gap Results

14 Bouteloua curtipendula 12 Coreopsis tinctoria A 10 B 8

6 C CD 4 DE DE

Mean total mass/pot (g) mass/pot total Mean E 2 E E E 0 +60 +30 +0 -30 -60 Gap Relative Competitive Intensity

(Pmono – Pmix )/ Pmono -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 028466482:10 4:8 6:6 8:4 10:2 Frequency Ratio (Ct:Bc)Frequency Ratio +60 -30 028466482:10 4:8 6:6 8:4 10:2 Ct Bc +30 -60 Results Conclusions

• Suppression of coreopsis mass when sideoats grama has a head start support that coreopsis is not a good competitor.

• Avoids most interspecific competition effects with a 60 day growth advantage.

• Avoids competition by establishing in temporal gaps before environmental conditions favor growth of sideoats grama.

• Establishing in both temporal and vegetative gaps further decreases interspecific competition effects. Future Research

How does increased atmospheric CO2 concentration affect plant competition?

• Shift in temporal gaps

• Change in spatial gaps

• Thelesperma filifolium (greenthread, C 3)

• Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama, C 4)

• Nassella leucotricha (Texas wintergrass, C 3) Questions?

Thank you. PHOTO CREDIT All photos by Kevin Eddy, unless otherwise noted. WORKS CITED

Böhm W. 1979. Methods of studying root systems. Springer-Verlag, New York. Borer E.T., Seabloom E.W., Gruner D.S., Harpole W.S., Hillebrand H., Lind E.M., Adler P.B., Alberti J., Anderson T.M., Bakker J.D., Biederman L., Blumenthal D., Brown C.S., Brudvig L.A., Buckley Y.M., Cadotte M., Chu C., Cleland E.E., Crawley M.J., Daleo P., Damschen E.I., Davies K.F., DeCrappeo N.M., Du G., Firn J., Hautier Y., Heckman R.W., Hector A., HilleRisLambers J., Iribarne O., Klein J.A., Knops J.M.H., La Pierre K.J., Leakey A.D.B., Li W., MacDougall A.S., McCulley R.L., Melbourne B.A., Mitchell C.E., Moore J.L., Mortensen B., O'Halloran L.R., Orrock J.L., Pascual J., Prober S.M., Pyke D.A., Risch A.C., Schuetz M., Smith M.D., Stevens C.J., Sullivan L.L., Williams R.J., Wragg P.D., Wright J.P. and Yang L.H. 2014. Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation. Nature 508: 517-520.

Bush J.K. and Van Auken O.W. 1991. Importance of time of germination and soil depth on growth of Prosopis glandulosa (Leguminosae) seedlings in the presence of a C 4 grass. American Journal of Botany 78: 1732-1739.

Bush J.K. and Van Auken O.W. 1995. Woody plant growth related to planting time and clipping of a C 4 grass. Ecology 76: 1603-1609. Bush J.K. and Van Auken O.W. 2014. Soil depth and changes in dry mass and competitive intensity of two C 4 grasses. American Journal of Plant Sciences 5: 138. Cahill J.F., Jr. and Casper B.B. 2000. Investigating the relationship between neighbor root biomass and belowground competition: field evidence for symmetric competition belowground. Oikos 90: 311-320. Correll D.S. and Johnston M.C. 1979. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas. de Wit C.T. 1960. On competition. Verslagen van Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen 66: 1-82. Eddy K. and Van Auken O. 2014. Importance of mass and light levels for germination of achenes of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.(coreopsis, goldenwave, Asteraceae). Phytologia 96: 159-166. Eddy K.C. 2013. Are temporal gaps necessary for the establishment of the native wildflower, Coreopsis tinctoria ? University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Eickmeier W.G. and Schussler E.E. 1993. Responses of the spring ephemeral Claytonia virginica L. to light and nutrient manipulations and implications for the "vernal-dam" hypothesis. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120: 157-165. Elliott S.A. 1999. Coreopsis tinctoria : Germination requirements and competitive ability with a perennial grass. The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas. Elliott S.A. and Van Auken O.W. 2014. Competition and niche requirements of Coreopsis tinctoria : A widespread but local high density annual Asteraceae. Madrono 61: 290-298. Enquist M. 1987. Wildflowers of the Texas Hill Country. Lone Star Botanical, Austin, Texas.

Fargione J. and Tilman D. 2005. Niche differences in phenology and rooting depth promote coexistence with a dominant C 4 bunchgrass. Oecologia 143: 598-606. Fargione J.E. 2004. Biodiversity and community structure in a tallgrass prairie: Consequences of resource competition in space and time. University of Minnesota, United States -- Minnesota, pp. 174-174 p. Folgate L.A. and Scheiner S.M. 1992. Distribution of a restricted locally abundant species: Effects of competition and nutrients on Coreopsis lanceolata . American Midland Naturalist 128: 254-269. Gardner T.A. 2006. SPECIAL ISSUE: Tree-grass coexistence in the Brazilian cerrado: demographic consequences of environmental instability. Journal of Biogeography 33: 448-463. Hautier Y., Niklaus P.A. and Hector A. 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science 324: 636-638. Klemmedson J.O. and Tiedemann A.R. 1986. Long-term effects of mesquite removal on soil characteristics: II. Nutrient availability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50: 476-480. Levin S.A. and Carpenter S.R. 2009. The Princeton guide to ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton. McKinley D.C. and Blair J.M. 2008. Woody Plant Encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a Mesic Native Grassland Promotes Rapid Carbon and Nitrogen Accrual. Ecosystems 11: 454-468. Menninger H.L. and Palmer M.A. 2006. Restoring ecological communities: From theory to practice. In: Falk D. A., Palmer M. A. and Zedler J. B. (eds), Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Island Press, Washington, D.C, pp. 88-112. Native Plant Information Network. 2009. Coreopsis tinctoria . Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas, Austin, Texas. SAS Institute. 2011. JMP Pro. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. Smith T.M. and Smith R.L. 2012. Elements of ecology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. In: United States Department of Agriculture N. R. C. S. (ed), Washington, DC. Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Official soil series descriptions. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Strother J.L. 2006. Coreopsis tinctoria . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed), Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol 21: Asteraceae. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 185, 194, 197-198. Turkington R. and Mehrhoff L.A. 1990. The role of competition in structuring pasture communities. Perspectives on Plant Competition. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, pp. 307-340. USDA. 2012. The PLANTS database (plants.usda.gov, 4 November 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, North Carolina. Van Auken O.W. 2000. Shrub invasions of north american semiarid grasslands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 197-215.