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Kinematic Variables of Table Vault on Artistic Gymnastics

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Kinematic Variables of Table Vault on Artistic Gymnastics Kinematic variables of table vault Kinematic variables of table vault on artistic gymnastics CDD. 20.ed. 796.023 Sarah Maria Boldrini FERNANDES* *Escola de Educa- 796.41 * ção Física e Esporte, Paulo CARRARA Universidade de São http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092016000100097 Júlio Cerca SERRÃO* Paulo, São Paulo, SP, * Brasil. Alberto Carlos AMADIO **Escola de Artes Ciên- Luis MOCHIZUKI** cias e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Abstract The table vault is an event of male and female Artistics Gymnastics. Although it can be performed in a variety of rotations and body positions in different phases, it can be separated in three groups: handspring, Yurchenko and Tsukahara. It is believed that kinematic variables of vault may vary according to group of vault or gymnast body position, but few studies compares the real differences among the three groups of vaults, comparing and describing the variables in different phases. Vault kinematic variables could be diversifying according to the approach or position of the vaulting, but little has been studied about the biomechanical differences, comparing and describing behaviours at different stages. The aim of this study was to organize critical, objective and to systematize the most relevant kinematic variables to performance on vaulting. A Meta analysis over the basis Pubmed, Sport Discus and Web of Science were performed about this issue. From the selected references, we described and analyzed the kinematics of the table vault. Vault can be characterized in seven phases of analysis. Most of the studies are descriptive, and some do not descript all phases. Differences among vault variables according to group vaults, technical level and gender were analysed only in recent studies. There still gaps of knowledge about kinematic variables of table vault, in order to provide comprehensive information about all possibilities of vaults in this gymnastic event. It is concluded that kinematic variables of table vault depends upon vault group and may be considered to the improvement of technical performance. More researches are needed to approach the coaching interface with biomechanics applicable knowledge. KEY W ORDS: Gymnastic; Vaulting; Kinematics. Introduction Vault is one of the artistic gymnastics events, either in group the rst ight phase, Nemov) and 14 on for males and females competitions. Since 2001, vault group V (round o entry with turn in the rst ight regulations include an approach running of 25 m, a phase of the jump, Scherbo), in a total of 107 vaults springboard and a rectangular table with a surface coded1. For females, the number of vaults coded in measuring 1.20 m x 0.95 m. e table height is each group are: 24 in group I (handspring), 14 in di erent among males (1.35 m) 1, females (1.25 m) 2 group II (handspring and salto), 12 in group III (¼ and juniors categories (1.15 m) 3. e competition or ½ turn in the rst ight phase, Tsukahara), 19 regulations require from a gymnast to perform two in group IV (round o entry and salto, Yurchenko) vaults from ve groups, characterized by di erent and 11 on group V (round o entry with ½ turn in approaching positions on the table (FIGURE 1) 1. the rst ight phase), in total of 80 vaults coded 2. For males, the number of vaults coded in each Due to those coded vaults, research would group are: 34 in group I (forward handspring), 24 in be needed about general concepts of vaulting group II (handspring with ¼ turn in the rst ight biomechanics, to develop principles for qualitative phase, Tsukahara), 19 in group III (round o entry, application of biomechanics to improve movement Yurchenko), 16 in group IV (round o entry with performance and to reduce the risk of injury 4. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, (São Paulo) 2016 Jan-Mar; 30(1):97-107 • 97 Fernandes SMB, et al. erefore, one main need for research in gymnastics competition requirements. It is necessary to organize and biomechanics is to present objective and biomechanical-based classi cation for the exercises systematic knowledge about the apparatus and in artistic gymnastics 7-11 . In order to approach provide information to the coaches in eld 5. such proposal, is there biomechanics di erences An understanding of the biomechanics variables regarding the vault types and table height? Is there related to the vault groups, body position (tucked, the group vault more preferable or e! cient? e piked or stretched), the number of rotations understanding of the performance variables in a around the transversal and longitudinal body sportive movement is fundamental to improve axis, gymnasts sectors and categories would gymnasts technical achievements4. Such variables, provide information about the research gaps. when interpreted and manipulated, are important Also, to present coaches with a comprehensive to understand the adaptations and limitations of understand about what is already known 6. If there movement patterns, by complete characterization are di erences between vault groups would explain of sportive movement, and to elaborate a plan of individual gymnast performance needing to attend action to improve performance 12 . A) Handspring; B) Tsukahara; C) Yurchenko; D) Nemov and; E) Scherbo. FIGURE 1 - Vault groups1. e scienti c questioning about the reference Coaches’ access to applied biomechanics knowledge parameters that base coaches actions6. Due to the is also limited because the youth of biomechanics complexity and variability of motor actions in means there are fewer narrative or meta-analysis review gymnastics, it is pertinent to analyze each event papers on sport biomechanics issues 4. In Artistic sports separately. Close monitoring of the evolution of where it is important the presentation, the technical skill on table vault apparatus is paramount for level and the increase of complexity, it is necessary gymnastics coaching13 . to analyse kinematic aspects of performance, and 98 • Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, (São Paulo) 2016 Jan-Mar; 30(1):97-107 Kinematic variables of table vault determine the variables which can lead to performance measuring 18-19 . Sport coaches naturally want the best improvement or score increase 6. for their athletes to help them improve performance Besides being recognized as empiric by great and reduce their risk of injury4, 6. part of scienti! c community, importance of such After these considerations, the question arises from variables, most of the studies are descriptive, some this scenario: what are the main parameters or vault are comparative among vault parameters to the phases that should be considered about gymnastics ! nal score 5, 14 . ere are few studies comparing the table vault? Are there essential variables which predict main variables in the vault event 15-16, in special over vault performance? Do the kinematic variables of di erent vault groups, in which the biomechanical vault vary over vault group, gender or technical level? factor is di erent 17 . It is believed that the kinematic e aim of this study is to present comprehensive variables of vault may vary according to the vault information about the movement patterns of table group, gender or technical level, but still lack of vault, discuss the most relevant kinematic variables knowledge about the real di erences among vault of vault performance and point out lacking points groups, mainly when considering direct methods of in research about this gymnastics event. Method This meta-analysis research was conducted Variables based in papers within the data basis: Pubmed, Sport Discus and Web of Science. is search was For an adequate understanding, the studies performed in those databases from 1980 up to describing the characteristics and predictors of 2015. Moreover, book of abstracts with reviewing performance in vaults were grouped variables. e process from International Society of Biomechanics, dependent variables were the vault group (group International Society of Biomechanics in Sports and one to ! ve) and body posture (tucked, picked or Brazilian Society of Biomechanics were included. extended), as during vault 2nd " ight phase it is e keywords used in English were: “gymnastics” another factor of differentiating and increasing and “vault” and “kinematic”; and in Portuguese: complexity and vault value. The independent “ginástica” and “salto” and “cinemática”. From the variables were the gender (male or female), category resulting references, papers that have considered (seniors, juniors or beginners) and technical level vault kinematics were selected for analysis in the (Olympic, World Championship, international or present study. Biomechanics and kinematics are national). Some studies refer to the former horse used adequate to characterize the mechanics of causes and for vault. ey were included to allow observing the e ects of movements and variables of performance 12 . interdependence and relations among vault phases. Results and discussion The gymnastics table FIGURE 2, each vault can be divided into seven phases: 1) running; 2) jumping on springboard; e table vault is composed by a sequence 3) springboard support; 4) ! rst " ight phase; of complex movements and is presented on 5) table support; 6) second " ight phase and 7) male and female competitions 1-2, 20 . As shown in landing 5, 17, 21-23 . Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte, (São Paulo) 2016 Jan-Mar; 30(1):97-107 • 99 Fernandes SMB, et al. 1: run; 2: jump on springboard; 3: springboard support phase; 4: fi rst fl ight phase; 5: support; 6: 2nd fl ight phase and; 7: landing. FIGURE 2 - Vault seven phases24 . e vaults may be categorized in: a) continuous and the vault phases duration 5, 27 (described in rotation (were the movement rotations happen FIGURE 1). e score attributed by a judge is on the gymnast transversal plane) handspring and highly related with the 1st ight duration, 2nd ight Yurchenko; and b) change of direction, which the duration and height peak 23, 29 ; while for T 21 the movement rotation axis of the 2nd ight is reverted centre of mass (CM) horizontal displacement reach at in relation to the rst ight 25 .
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