Volume 6 No.2 July-December 2016 ISSN : 0973-1865
Society for Conservation of Domestic Animal Biodiversity PRESIDENT Dr Arjava Sharma, NBAGR, Karnal
VICE PRESIDENTS Dr MS Tantia, NBAGR, Karnal Dr P Kumarasamy, TANUVAS, Chennai Dr GC Gahlot, RAJUVAS, Bikaner Dr RS Gandhi, ICAR, New Delhi
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JOURNAL OF LIVESTOCK BIODIVERSITY VOLUME 6, NUMBER 2, 2016
Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield from fortnightly test milk yields in hill 40 cattle under ield conditions R K Pundir
Evaluation of sires using different sire evaluation methods in Sahiwal cattle 47 Abbas Sikandar, C V Singh and R S Barwal
Characterization and Evaluation of Tibetan Sheep: a key source of livelihood in 51 alpine ecosystem of Sikkim Himalaya Brijesh Kumar, RK Avasthe, R Islam, Passang Bhutia, AK Mishra and MS Tantia
Evaluation of draughtability in Hool buffalo of Birbhum (West Bengal) 56 Aruna Pal, Paresh Nath Chatterjee, Purnendu Biswas, Amit Soren, Vikas Vohra and Arjava Sharma
Effect of ginger (Zingiber of icinale) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)on 60 physiological and heamto-biochemical parameters of broiler Sonali Shinde, RG Burte, Shalu Kumar, BG Desai, N N Prasade, JS Dhekale and DJ Bhagat
Morpho-metric measurement and management of Beetal goats in Ambala District 64 of Haryana Maroof Ahmad and PK Singh
Morphological and morphometric features of Non-descript cattle in Raigad district 67 of Maharashtra MG Thalkar, DJ Bhagat, Shalu Kumar, RG Burte, BG Desai, A J Mayekar and N N Prasade
G-banding homologies of a tandem fusion in Paralakhemundi (Swamp) and 70 Crossbred (Murrah x Swamp) buffalo chromosome PK Mallick and AK Ghosh
Ef iciency of different sire evaluation methods for irst lactation traits in Sahiwal 78 cattle Jaswant Singh and CV Singh
Genetic polymorphisms within coding region of insulin like growth factor-1 gene in 82 six indigenous draught cattle A Gogoi, SMK Karthickeyan and P Chabukdhara
A new methodology for characterization of dog genetic resources of India 87 Raja KN, PK Singh, AK Mishra, I Ganguly and P Devendran
Corrigendum 97
Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield from fortnightly test milk yields in hill cattle under ield conditions
R K Pundir* ICAR- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) India
ABSTRACT The present investigation was undertaken to predict 305 days lactation milk yield from fortnightly test day milk yields using regression and principal component analysis approaches. Accuracy of different methods i.e. simple and multiple regression and principal component analysis using simple and cumulative fortnightly test milk yields was accessed by predicted value, standard error of predicted value, adjusted predicted value, studentized residual, deleted residual, studentized deleted residual, mahaboliny distance, cook's distance and centred leverage values. Test day milk yield were recorded on 688 cows during September, 2009 to June 2010 from 27 villages of Ukhimath block (Kedarnath valley), Rudarpryag district, Uttarakhand, India. Test day milk yields were recorded by fortnightly after 5- 10 days of calving. Daily milk yield (Test day) were computed as sum of morning and evening milk yield on test day. A total of 200 cows completed 20 test day recordings under the study. The 305 days lactation milk yield was estimated from the selected data set (200 cows) those had completed 20 test day yields records using Test Interval Method. Prediction equations were developed considering 305 days lactation milk yield as dependent variable and irst 12 fortnightly test day yields as independent variables. All the analysis was carried out by SPSS and SAS programs. It was concluded that for prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield, principal components analysis method using fortnightly test day milk yields was best.
Keywords: Cattle, Lactation milk yield, Test day milk yield, Multiple Regression, Principal Component Analysis *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION 305 days lactation milk yield was estimated from the In dairy cattle improvement programs, selection has been selected data set (200 cows) those had completed 20 test focused on lactation milk yield (Haile, 2006). Prediction of day yields records using Test Interval Method (ICAR, 305 days lactation milk yield from the test day yields with 2003). Descriptive statistics in terms of fortnightly test an appropriate accuracy helps in selection of animals at an day milk yield mean with number of observations, early stage of life which increase the genetic gain through minimum, maximum and standards error and estimated decreasing the generation interval and cost of recording. lactation milk yield are presented in Table 1. Prediction Similar studies conducted in cattle and buffaloes (Das and equations were developed considering 305 days lactation Sadana 1995; Saini et al. 2005) revealed high correlation milk yield as dependent variable and irst 12 fortnightly between test day milk yields and 300 days lactation milk test day yields as independent variable using simple and yield suggesting that test day milk yield can be used in multiple regression and principal component analysis. All prediction of lactation milk yield. The present the 12 test day milk yields were used in principal investigation was undertaken to formulate principal component analysis to develop synthetic variables. The component scores or synthetic variables and to predict resulting eigen values and the percentage of variance lactation milk yield on the basis of these scores and to explained by each principal component were compare the ef iciency of this criteria using early test milk subsequently used to decide those components to be used yields with simple and multiple regression analysis in hill in regression analysis. Principal component with eigen cattle of Uttarakhand. value more than one were considered signi icant and used for prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield. The MATERIALS AND METHODS accuracy of prediction was determine by the coef icient of Test day milk yields were recorded from September, 2009 determination (R2) values, standard error of predictive to June 2010 from 27 villages of Ukhimath block value, adjusted predictive value, deleted residual, (Kedarnath valley), Rudarpryag district, Uttarakhand on studentised deleted residual and Mahalabony distances. 688 cows by 5 enumerators. Test day milk yields were The 305 days lactation milk yield of remaining cows was recorded by fortnightly after 5 to 10 days of calving. Daily predicted by best developed prediction equations under milk yield (Test day) were computed as sum of morning the study as these cows did not complete all 20 test and evening milk yield on test day. A total of 200 cows recordings. All the analysis was carried out by SPSS (2007) completed 20 test day recordings during the study. The and SAS (2002).
40 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION from 0.400 kg (20th fortnight) to 6.90 kg (Ist fortnight). The Hill cows of Uttarakhand average test day milk yield was maximum as 1.579±0.391 kg on the second fortnight. The minimum average test Cows were small in size with cylindrical type of body. milk yield was observed on last 20th fortnight as Animals were well built and compact with strong legs. 0.632±0.018 kg. The 305 days lactation milk yield was Black body colour predominates in the area. Skin was tight estimated 603.98 kg using Test Interval Method (ICAR, and eyes lids were black. The colours of hoof and muzzle 2003). The 305 days lactation milk yield was estimated were black in most of the cases. Dewlap and hump were from the test day milk yield which was the sum of AM and small. Head was small and poll prominent. Horns were P M m i l k y i e l d t o avo i d ove re s t i m a t i o n a n d present. The colour of horn was black and length was underestimation when it was based on morning or small. Face was short and concave. Ears were small to evening milk yield as reported by Schaeffer and Rennie moderate in length and horizontal in orientation. Neck (1976). Gantner et al. (2009) also reported maximum was short in length and thin. Udder was small, touching to accuracy for prediction of lactation milk yield from test the body, not well developed and milk veins were not day milk yield using both morning and evening test milk prominent. Tail was up to the hock with black, brown and yield in place of any one of them. They also concluded that white switch. Temperament was docile. Milk productivity usages of simply doubling method gives overestimation of hill cows is low and daily milk yields ranged from 2.0 to and underestimation of daily yields when estimating 3.0 kg only. Cows were reared on extensive system of based on morning or evening records, respectively. management i.e. grazing from morning to evening with some amount of feeds at home in the evening (Pundir et al. Phenotypic correlations 2013). The phenotypic correlations between 305 days Descriptive statistics lactation milk yield and different test day milk yields (T1 to T12) were signi icant, positive and ranged from 0.681 Descriptive statistics of different test day milk yield are th (T12) to 0.938 (T5). The estimates of phenotypic given in Table 1. On the 20 fortnight there were only 200 correlations between 305 days lactation milk yield with cows available. The average test day milk yield ranged T4, T5 and T6 was almost similar (0.936 to 0.938). The
Table 1. Average fortnightly daily milk yield (kg) and estimated milk yield at different fortnight
Fortnightly No. of obs. Mean Minimum Maximum 305 days milk yield* milk yield available T1 688 2.415 0.680 6.50 T2 688 2.553 0.900 6.90 62.90 T3 688 2.575 0.900 6.80 101.15 T4 688 2.537 0.900 6.90 137.67 T5 686 2.342 0.700 6.10 172.24 T6 684 2.276 0.700 5.90 205.99 T7 680 2.235 0.650 5.90 238.84 T8 666 2.159 0.630 4.10 271.01 T9 636 2.145 0.600 4.03 302.66 T10 619 2.086 0.500 3.80 333.56 T11 577 2.043 0.450 3.40 364.08 T12 545 2.026 0.450 3.00 393.85 T13 506 1.951 0.430 0.25 422.57 T14 480 1.887 0.300 2.00 450.24 T15 438 1.811 0.300 2.00 477.24 T16 377 1.793 0.300 1.90 503.79 T17 347 1.756 0.250 1.90 529.81 T18 320 1.723 0.300 1.90 555.23 T19 295 1.675 0.250 1.60 579.83 T20 200 1.615 0.240 1.70 603.98
*Test interval method 41 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 amount of phenotypic correlation of 305 days lactation from different fortnightly test milk yield are given in Table milk yield was declined after T5 to T12 records. Positive 2. All the prediction equations had signi icant F values. The phenotypic correlations between 305 days lactation milk regression coef icients of 305 days lactation milk yield on yield and different test day milk yields were obtained by different test day milk yields (from T1 to T12) showed Hatisa et al. (2007) in Sahiwal cattle and Chakaraborty et increasing trends from 123.732±3.821 to 264.80±20.214, al. (2010) in Murrah buffaloes. The phenotypic respectively based on single independent variable. The correlations between 305 days lactation milk yield and accuracy of prediction (R2) was maximum with T5 as cumulative fortnightly milk yield ( irst 2 to all 12) were in 0.880 and thereafter it was declined as the record of test increasing order from 0.924 ( irst 2) to 0.982 (all 12). The day milk yield increased. increment in the amount of correlation between 305 days The prediction accuracy with T4 and T5 was almost lactation milk yield and irst 3 to irst 4 and irst 4 to irst 5 similar (0.875). Deb and Gurnani (1994) reported similar cumulative test day milk yields was maximum as 0.009 estimates of R2 for T5 and T6 records. The accuracy of and after irst 5 it has showed declining trends. The high different prediction equations was higher than the reports correlation coef icient between 305 days lactation milk of Gokhale and Nagarcenkar (1979) and Singh and Rana yield and a particular test day milk yield indicated the high (2008). The low R2 values were observed at the terminal prediction accuracy. phase of test day milk yields (T10, T11 and T12). It Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield from single indicated that the terminal part of lactation explained independent variable least of the total variance of the lactation milk yield as The constant, regression coef icient, F value and accuracy compared to rest of the test day milk yield. This could be (R2) for the estimation of 305 days lactation milk yield due to the higher components of temporary
Table 2. Regression coefficients and constants for estimating 305 days lactation milk yield from different fortnightly milk yields
Fortnightly milk yield R square F value Constant±SE Coefficient±SE Single independent trait T1 .841 1048 177.333±8.817 123.732±3.821 T2 .844 1070 168.553±8.967 129.224±3.950 T3 .814 865.383 159.812±10.195 136.244±4.631 T4 .875 1390.332 147.582±8.397 150.607±4.039 T5 .880 1446.516 124.309±8.787 173.043±4.550 T6 .876 1392.510 118.045±9.104 185.869±4.981 T7 .860 1212.578 120.311±9.682 189.779±5.450 T8 .781 706.007 112.514±12.858 210.880±7.937 T9 .719 505.920 93.533±15.882 231.013±10.271 T10 .657 379.029 101.169±17.880 245.00±12.584 T11 .582 275.420 102.288±20.763 259.437±15.633 T12 .464 171.606 107.595±25.621 264.80±20.214 Cumulative test day milk yields First2 .854 1156.48 169.61±8.60 64.06±1.88 First3 .862 1233.83 160.06±8.50 44.64±1.27 First4 .878 1420.22 153.21±8.17 34.94±0.93 First5 .894 1672.88 143.21±7.76 29.61±0.72 First6 .907 1934.52 134.74±7.46 25.98±0.59 First7 .916 2170.81 128.11±7.12 23.24±0.49 First8 .932 2711.40 116.92±6.58 21.60±0.41 First9 .943 3282.94 104.87±6.12 20.39±0.35 First10 .952 3942.05 93.72±5.84 19.45±0.31 First11 .959 4641.73 82.54±5.50 18.74±0.27 First12 .963 5207.46 70.51±5.35 18.20±2.52
42 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 3. Regression coefficients and constants for estimating 305 days lactation milk yield from different first 12 fortnightly milk yield by stepwise procedure Fortnightly milk yield R square F value Constant±SE Coefficient±SE Test day milk yield T5 .880 1446.516 124.309±8.787 173.043±4.550 T5, T9 .929 1293.595 73.237±8.030 127.043±5.247 91.112±7.750 T5, T9, T2 .947 1165.425 81.001±7.039 77.684±7.622 83.608±6.794 44.703±5.534 T5, T9, T2, T12 .956 1053.144 55.346±7.641 81.953±7.010 54.316±7.790 42.049±5.083 54.524±8.734 T5, T9, T2, T12, T8 .961 957.800 55.360±7.187 71.386±6.905 30.972±8.618 40.884±4.786 51.363±8.237 39.100±7.602 T5, T9, T2, T12, T8, T3 .963 842.197 50.492±7.153 63.452±7.134 33.333±8.428 26.351±6.367 55.809±8.137 35.133±7.502 22.924±6.836 T5, T9, T2, T12, T8, T3, T7 .965 745.772 51.489±7.052 52.767±8.085 26.642±8.669 27.105±6.275 55.466±8.012 34.064±7.397 18.751±6.910 22.300±8.360 T5, T9, T2, T12, T8, .965 663.163 50.906±7.004 44.889±8.943 T3, T7, T11 23.786±8.721 30.672±6.478 43.786±9.875 28.115±7.923 17.768±6.874 28.305±8.826 21.201±10.632 Cumulative test day milk yields First12 .963 5207.462 70.513±5.350 18.201±0.252 First12 and First 4 .966 2799.537 58.449±6.017 21.858±.966 -7.602±1.943
43 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 environmental effects in the later part of the lactation Cumulative test day milk yields were also used for (Saini et al. 2005). The accuracy of different prediction prediction of 305 days milk yield. There were only two equations based on simple regression suggested that test combinations resulted from stepwise regression milk yield record at T5 is enough for prediction of 305 procedure i.e. all 12 and all 12 and irst 4. The days lactation milk yield with a reasonable accuracy. corresponding coef icient of determination (R2) was 0.963 Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield from and 0.966, respectively. It may be concluded that simple cumulative test day milk yields i.e. irst 2, irst 3 etc. test day milk yield T5 and T9 together revealed better Indicated that R2increased from irst 2 to all 12 and ranged combination for prediction of 305 days lactation milk from 0.854 to 0.963. The increment in R2was maximum yield while considering the all traits and their time of from irst 3 to irst 4 and from irst 4 to irst 5 (0.016). The recording or expression. R2 value with irst 5 and single T5 was 0.894 and 0.880 Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield using principal showing slight improvement (0.006) when sum of all irst component analysis (PCA) procedure ive test milk yields considered for prediction of 305 days 2 The estimated factors loading extracted by factor analysis, lactation milk yield. The increment in R was declined after eigen values and variation explained by each factor are irst 8 to all 12, at the terminal phase of the lactation. presented in table 4. The scree plot and factor components Prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield using stepwise developed from different fortnightly milk yields are given regression procedure in Figures 1&2, respectively. There were only two factors The constant, regression coef icient, F value and accuracy extracted with eigen values greater than 1 using all 12 test (R2) for the estimation of 305 days lactation milk yield day milk yields independently. from different fortnightly test milk yields using stepwise Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. regression are given in Table 3. It was observed that when Factor 1 and 2 accounted for 79.387% and 90.155% of two variable T5 and T9 considered together for prediction 2 total variation in the lactation milk yield, respectively. of 305 days lactation milk yield, the R value was 0.929 These two factors were used to predict 305 days lactation which gave maximum gain in accuracy as 0.049 as milk yield. Factor 1 and Factor 1&2 together gave the compared to single independent variable T5. The second 2 2 accuracy (R ) of prediction as 91.4% and 96.6%, maximum gain was 0.018 in R , when three variable T5, T9 respectively (Table 5). When cumulative test day milk and T2 considered together for the prediction of 305 days yields were used only one factor was developed which lactation milk yield which explained around 94.7 of total explained 98.793% of total variation in the 305 days variance in the lactation milk yield. Increasing the lactation milk yield. This factor was used to predict 305 variables (test day milk yields) more three did not add days lactation milk yield which explained 92.5% of total more than 0.009% of accuracy in the prediction of 305 variation in lactation milk yield i.e. less than simple days lactation milk yield. It was observed that there was independent test day milk yield. It may be concluded that no use of increasing the variable more than 2 (T5 and T9) 2 simple test day milk yields were better for prediction of because of minor improvement in R value. It may be 305 days milk yield as compare to cumulative test yields in concluded that test milk yield at 2 and 9 fortnights may be the present study. Vaidya (2002) used PCA to predict irst pooled for prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield with lactation milk yield and lifetime milk yield in crossbred an accuracy of 93%. The estimates of accuracy of cattle and observed that PCA were capable for prediction predictions were comparable with those reported by Saini of lactation milk yield from test day milk yield with R2 of et al. (2005) and Singh and Rana (2008). 99% in the farmer herds. He also emphasized the
Scree Plot Component plot in Rotated Space
Figure 1: Scree plot for different factors developed Figure 2: Factor components developed from from different fortnightly milk yields different fortnightly milk yields
44 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 4. Different component factors and variance explained developed factors from different fortnightly milk yields Component Eigen values Extraction Sums of Rotation Sums of Squared Squared Loadings Loadings(a) Total % of Cumulative Total % of Cumulative % Total Variance % Variance 1 9.526 79.387 79.387 9.526 79.387 79.387 8.942 2 1.292 10.768 90.155 1.292 10.768 90.155 7.432 3 .300 2.496 92.651 4 .248 2.067 94.718 5 .167 1.389 96.106 6 .140 1.163 97.269 7 .103 .860 98.129 8 .069 .577 98.707 9 .060 .498 99.205 10 .043 .355 99.560 11 .034 .282 99.842 12 .019 .158 100.000
Table 5. Regression coefficients and constants for estimating 305 days lactation milk yield from different synthetic factors developed by PCA Factor R square F value Constant±SE Coefficient±SE From fortnightly milk yield Factor1 .914 2108.454 427.116±3.139 144.503±3.147 Factor 1 and 2 .966 2791.051 427.116±1.983 110.992±2.776 48.013±2.776 From Cumulative fortnightly milk yield Factor1 .925 2456.552 427.116±2.926 145.390±2.933
Table 6. Residuals Statistics by different procedures for estimation of 305 days lactation milk yield Parameter Regression method Principal component analysis (PCA) Fortnightly Cumulative fortnightly Fortnightly Cumulative fortnightly milk yield milk yield milk yield milk yield Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Predicted Value 627.11 148.48 627.11 148.54 627.11 145.39 627.11 148.53 Standard Error of 5.14 3.19 3.93 3.21 Predicted Value Adjusted Predicted 427.47 147.28 427.06 148.39 427.11 145.42 427.09 148.38 Value Studentized. Residual -.006 .001 .000 .000 Deleted Residual -.357 .0480 -.0024 .024 Studentized Deleted -.002 .005 .000 .004 Residual Mahal. Distance 7.96 1.99 .995 1.99 Cook's Distance .00 .006 .005 .005 Cantered Leverage .040 .010 .005 .010 Value
45 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 advantage of PCA in reducing the number of traits with a Gantner V, Jovanovac S, Kovac M, Malovrh S and Kompan D. minor loss of accuracy as compared to multiple 2006. Various approaches to daily milk yield regressions. There are few limited studies those predict prediction from alternative milk recording scheme. performance of dairy cattle using PCA from the body Acta Agraria Kaposvariensis. 10:105-112. weights, age at conception and calving, service period etc. Gokhale SB and Nagarcenkar R.1979. Inheritance of part (Bhattacharya and Gandhi, 2005; Haile et al. 2008). yield and their role in selection of buffaloes. Tropical Regression analysis and PCA was compared by Haile et al. A n i m a l H e a l t h a n d P r o d u c t i o n . d o i : (2008) and recommended that the parameter estimates 10.1007/BF02237887 generated with multiple regression were unreliable because of the multicollinearity among dependent Haile A. 2006. Genetic and economic analysis of zebu cattle variables. They suggested that PCA may be used to and their crosses with Holstein Friesian in central determine more reliable estimates by reducing the effects Ethiopia, Ph.D. thesis, NDRI, Deemed University, Karnal, of multicollinearity. India. The accuracy of prediction of 305 days lactation milk yield Haile A, Joshi BK, Ayaleq W, Tegegne A, Singh A and by different methods i.e. regression (T5), stepwise Chakarvarti AK. 2008. Prediction of irst lactation milk regression (T5 and T9) and PCA (all 12 cumulative and yield of Boran cattle and their crosses with Holstein- factor 1&2) was determine by the R2 values, standard Friesian in central Ethiopia using multiple regression error of predictive value, adjusted predictive value, and principal component analysis. Indian Journal of deleted residual, studentised deleted residual and Animal Sciences. 78 (1): 66-69. Mahalabony distances, Cook's Distance and Cantered Hatisa ED, Muasya WB and Kahi AK. 2007. Genetic and Leverage Value (Table 6). Based on different statistical phenotypic parameters for test day milk yield of parameters it may be concluded that PCA with test day Sahiwal cattle in semi arid tropics. Animal. 1:185-92. milk yields is the best method in the present study. Based ICAR, 2003. International Agreement of Recording on these prediction equations and available records (test Practices. International Committee for Animal day milk yield), 305 days lactation milk yield was Recording ed., Interlaken, Switzerland. predicted. The predicted lactation milk yield by different Ptak E and Schaffer LR.1993. Use of test day yields for methods i.e. regression (T5), stepwise regression (T5 and genetic evaluation of dairy sires and cows. Livestock T9) and PCA (all 12 cumulative and factor 1&2) was Production Science. 34: 23-34 657.21±5.31 kg (686), 667.59±6.23 kg (545), 668.15±6.15 kg (545) and 627.12±5.06 kg, (545), respectively. The Pundir RK, Singh PK, Neelkant, Sharma D, Singh CV and lower standard error was with PCA with test day milk Prakash B. 2013. Uttara- A new cattle germplasm from yields further suggested that this method is the best Uttarakhand hills. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 83 among the studied. (1): 51-58. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Saini T, Gahlot GC and Kachwaha RN. 2005. Prediction of 300 days lactation yield on the basis of test day milk Sincerely thanks are due to the Director, ICAR- National yields in Rathi cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal and 75 (9): 1087-89. Director and Staff, Animal Husbandry Department, Uttarakhand for providing necessary facilities and their SAS .2002. Statistical Analysis System for mixed models, support during the study. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA. REFERENCES Schaeffer LR and Rennie JC. 1976. Am-pm testing for estimating lactation yields. Canadian journal of Bhattacharya, TK and Gandhi RS. 2005. Principal Animal Sciences. 56:9 components versus multiple regression analysis to predict lifetime production of Karan Fries cattle. Singh A and Rana JS. 2008. Prediction of 305 day milk yield Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 75 (11): 1317-20. based on test day values in Murrah Buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 78(10): 1131-33 Chakaraborty D, Dhaka SS, Pander BL, Yadav AS and Dandapat A. 2010. Genetic studies of 305 days and test SPSS. 2007. Statistical Package for Social Sciences. SPSS day milk yield records in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Inc., 444 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Journal of Animal Sciences. 80 (8): 729-32 Vaidya MS. 2002. Genetic evaluation of crossbred cows in Das G and Sadana DK. 2003. Predictability of lactation milk Konkan region of Maharashtra state, Ph.D. thesis, yield based on test day values in Murrah buffaloes. NDRI, Deemed University, Karnal, India. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 37 (2): 136-38
46 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Evaluation of sires using different sire evaluation methods in Sahiwal cattle Abbas Sikandar, CV Singh* and RS Barwal Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar – 263145 (Uttarakhand) India
ABSTRACT The performance records of 927 Sahiwal cattle daughters of 72 sires maintained during 1978 to 2007 at State Livestock Farm Chak Ganjaria, Lucknow were used to evaluate sire for irst lactation and life time traits. The traits included were irst lactation milk yield, irst dry period, irst calving interval, irst service period and life time milk yield. The breeding values of sire were estimated by two methods viz. least squares and best linear unbiased prediction methods. The estimated breeding values (EVB’S) showed large genetic variation between sires for all the traits under study. The ranks of sires for different traits revealed that 4-5 % top sires had similar rank for all the traits. The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method using single trait viz. irst service period (FSP) , irst dry period (FDP), irst calving interval (FCI), irst lactation milk yield (FLMY) and life time milk yield (LTMY) is having lowest error variances as compare to the least squares method (LSM) this indicates that BLUP is the most ef icient sire evaluation method.
Keywords: Breeding value, irst lactation milk yield, lifetime milk yield, genetic variation *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION from the study. Each year was divided into four seasons The primary objective of animal breeder is to maximize viz. summer (April – June), rainy (July – September), genetic improvement in economically important traits, autumn (October – December) and winter (January – which can be achieved through proper selection and March) based on climatological conditions. The period of utilization of breeding system. Selection for enhancing calving was divided into 6 period on the basis of period in milk production in dairy animals has been practiced for which their irst daughter was born. First lactation and life many years because of economic importance. For bringing time traits included in this study were irst service period about over all genetic improvement in production, (FSP), irst dry period (FDP), irst calving interval (FCI), reproduction and growth traits of dairy cattle; the irst lactation milk yield (FLMY) and life time milk yield selection in females has limited scope due to in suf icient (LTMY). number of replacement stock. On the contrary, intensive Breeding values of sires for irst lactation traits were selection can be practiced in case of males, as a few males estimated by least squares method as described by Harvey are required for breeding purpose (Robertson and Randel, (1990) and Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) 1954). method as proposed by Henderson (1973). The The selection of the superior sires with maximum effectiveness of different sire evaluation methods was accuracy is also of utmost importance for any breed judged by within sire variance (error variance). The improvement programme. An early and accurate method having lowest error variance showed higher appraisal is essential for maximum genetic gain for ef iciency and was considered most appropriate. The computation of breeding value of sire. The various ef iciency of other methods relative to the most ef icient methods based on simple average, daughter dam method under the present study was calculated as. comparison, herd mate comparison, daughter Error variance of most efficient method Relative efficiency = X 100 contemporary herd comparison to highly complicated, of a method (%) Error variance of any other method Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) could be used to evaluate sires for a single traits RESULTS AND DISCUSSION i.e. milk yield (Meyer, 1998). The main object of this study Estimated breeding value of sires by least squares and best was to obtain an accurate, ef icient sire evaluation method linear unbiased prediction methods for irst lactation and and ranking of sires according to their merit to enable the life-time traits are given in table 1. The estimated overall breeder to choose the best bull. average breeding values of sires, by LSM for irst service MATERIALS AND METHODS period, irst dry period, irst service period, irst dry period irst calving interval, irst lactation milk yield and The performance records of 927 Sahiwal cattle daughters life time milk yield were 248.47 days, 186.93 days, 527.56 of 72 sires, maintained at State Livestock Farm Chak days, 1432.30 kg and 7944.68 kg respectively. Ganjaria, Lucknow, during 1978 to 2007 were used to estimate sire breeding value for irst lactation traits. Cows Out of 72 sires 24 (33.33%), 7 (9.22%), 15 (20.83%), 18 with abnormal and incomplete records were excluded (25.0%) & 30 (41.67%) were having values above the average breeding values while 58 (66.67%), 65 (90.28%),
47 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 57 (79.17%), 54 (75 %) and 42 (58.33%) sire had the revealed that 4-5% of top sires almost had similar ranks below the average breeding value (Table – 2). for all the traits under study. Sires of top 10 ranks on the The estimated breeding values by BLUP method for irst basis of EBV'S of sires for irst lactation traits and lifetime service period, irst dry period, irst calving interval, irst milk yield are presented in Table- 3. The result revealed lactation milk yield and life time milk yield were 248.47 that the ranks for all the sires are not similar for all the days, 186.93 days, 527.56 day, 1432.30 kg and 7944.68 kg. traits. Similar results were also reported in different studies (Pundir and Raheja, 1994; Deul kar and Kathekar, By least squares method the estimated breeding value for 1999; Dalal et al. 1999, Chander et al. 2004; Dahiya et al. irst service period ranged from 93.64 to 372.89 days, for 2005; Dubey et al. 2006; Singh and Singh, 2011). irst dry period 52.9 to 466.37 days, for irst calving interval 394.67 to 635.51 days, for irst lactation milk yield Top 10 sires ranked on the basis of FSP revealed that sire 64 ranked 1st followed by sire, 21, 61 ,56, 57, 60, 5, 51 & 31. 472.92 to 2636.04 kg and for life-time milk yield 7944.68 st to 10544.72 kg, respectively. While under BLUP method, sire 37 ranked 1 position followed by 12, 31, 21, 61, 64, 59, 5, 51 & 49. Sire ranked on By best linear unbiased prediction method the estimated the basis of FDP revealed that sire 20 occupied 1st position breeding value for irst service period 148.74 to 305.67 by LSM. While under BLUP method sire 52 ranked irst, days for irst dry period 146.95 to 262.89 days, for irst sire ranked on the basis of FCI revealed that sire 21 ranked calving interval 462.92 to 585.45 days, for irst lactation 1st under LSM under BLUP method sire ranked 37 ranked milk yield 1090.16 to 1772.92 kg and for life-time milk 1st sire ranked on the basis of FLMY observed that the sire yield 7254.43 to 8956.68 kg respectively. EBV'S for sires 13 ranked 1st under LSM. While under BLUP method sire did not showed any systematic trend for all the traits 69 ranked 1st. Sires ranked on the basis of LTMY revealed under study. The estimated breeding values of sires that sire 59 ranked 1st under LSM. While under BLUP estimated for irst lactation traits and lifetime milk yield method sire 69 ranked 1st. The error variances of breeding by LSM and BLUP methods revealed that EBV'S of sire values of sires were calculated and used in the computing estimated by LSM showed small genetic variation in the relative ef iciency by BLUP and least squares method. comparison to BLUP method. The sire evaluation method, which estimated the breeding In the present investigation the estimated breeding values values of sires with the least error variance was taken as of sires for irst lactation yield and lifetime milk yield the best and most ef icient method. In the present showed large variation between estimated breeding investigation, the BLUP using single trait viz. FSP, FDP, FCI, values of sires with revealed more genetic variation in the FLMY and LTMY were having lowest error variances as herd. Large genetic variation the estimated breeding compared to the least squares method (LSM). On the basis values of sires was also observed (Dalal et al. 1999; of the results in the present study BLUP was considered as Chandra et al. 2004; Dahiya et al. 2005; Dubey et al. 2006; the most ef icient method of sire evaluation. Various Moges et al. 2009; Singh and Singh, 2011). workers also described BLUP method is the most ef icient There were changes in the rank of irst few top sires by than the other methods (Taneja and Rai, 1990; Raheja, different methods of sire evaluation. The results of present 1992; Singh and Singh, 1999: Tailor et al. 2000; Dahiya et investigation reveal that all sires would not rank same for al. 2005; Bajetha, 2006; Moges et al. 2009; Singh and all the traits. However, the rank of sires for different traits Singh. 2011).
Table 1. Average breeding value estimates and genetic variation for first lactation traits and life-time milk yield by least squares and BLUP Methods
Traits Sire evaluation Average Minimum Maximum Numbers of value Number of sires method breeding breeding breeding value sires above below average value value average breeding breeding value FSP LS 248.47 93.64 372.89 39 (54.17) 33 (45.83) BLUP 248.47 184.74 305.67 24 (33.33) 58 (66.67) FDP LS 186.93 52.9 466.37 40 (155.56) 32 (44.44) BLUP 186.93 146.95 262.89 7 (9.72) 65 (90.28) FCI LS 527.56 394.67 655.51 11 (15.23) 61 (84.72) BLUP 527.56 462.92 585.45 15 (20.83) 57 (79.17) FLMY LS 1432.30 472.92 2636.04 35 (48.61) 37 (51.39) BLUP 1432.30 1090.16 1772.94 18 (25.0) 54 (75.01) LTMY LS 7944.68 5114.94 10544.72 33 (45.83)) 39 ()54.17 BLUP 7944.68 7254.43 8956.68 30 (41.67) 42 (58.33)
48 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 2. Sires of top 10 ranks on the basis of estimated breeding values of sires for first lactation and life-time traits under least-squares and BLUP methods
Rank Least square (Sire number) BLUP (sire number) FSP FDP FCI FLMY LTMY FSP FDP FCI FLMY LTMY 1. 64 20 21 13 59 37 52 37 69 69 2. 21 21 64 69 69 12 49 12 27 59 3. 61 46 61 72 13 31 20 21 58 71 4. 59 52 59 70 71 21 21 31 13 53 5. 56 19 57 38 63 61 27 61 38 27 6. 57 2 56 58 60 64 10 5 53 11 7. 60 27 60 53 58 59 19 64 59 39 8. 5 9 51 60 28 5 37 51 50 22 9. 51 4 5 48 72 51 46 49 72 20 10. 31 28 45 63 57 49 35 59 18 52
The present study indicated that estimated breeding Edward J. 1932. The progeny test as a method of evaluating values (EVB'S) showed large genetic variation between the dairy sire. Journal of Agriculture Science. 22: sires for all the traits under study. The ranks of sires for 81. different traits revealed that 4-5 % top sires had similar Harvey WR. 1990. User guide for LSMLMW and MIXMDL rank for all the traits. The EBV's of sire revealed that BLUP pakage. Mixed model least squares and maximum method showed small genetic variation in comparison to likelihood computer programme. PC-2 Version. Least Squares method. Because of its desirable properties, Mimeograph, Columbia, Chio, USA. the BLUP method may be considered to be more Henderson CR. 1986. Recent development invariance and appropriate than that of Least Squares method. covariance estimation. Journal of Animal Science. REFERENCES 63: 208 – 216. Bajetha G. 2006. Selection of sires by using different sire Henderson CR. 1973. Sire evaluation and genetic trends. evaluation methods in crossbred cattle. Ph. D. In: proceeding of Animal Breeding & Genetics Thesis, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agri. & Technology, Symposium in Honour of Dr. J.L. Lush, American Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Society of Animal Science & Dairy Science Chander R, Singh D, Dalal DS and Malik ZS. 2004. Genetic Association, Blackberg, Campaign, Illinois, US evaluation of sires for life time performance traits APP 10 – 41. in Sahiwal cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Meyer K. 1998. DFREML (Derivative Free Restricted Sciences. 74 (11): 1155 – 1157. Maximum Likelihood) Programme Version 3.0 β Dahiya AS, Khanna AS and Singh RP. 2005. Effectiveness of users note. University of New England, Armidale. sire evaluation for milk yield with auxiliary traits NSW 2351, Australia. in Hariana cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Moges TG, Singh CV, Barwal RS, Kumar D and Singh CB. Sciences. 75: 518 – 523. 2009. Evaluation of sires using different Dalal DS, Rathi SS and Raheja KL.1999. Relationship multitrait sire evaluation method in crossbred between sire's estimated breeding values for irst cattle. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 44: 203 – lactation and lifetime traits in Hariana cattle. 206. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 69: 592 – 592. Pundir RK and Raheja KL. 1994. Relationship between Deulkar PB and Kathekar M D. 1999. Sires evaluation sire's estimated breeding values for irst lactation considering irst lactation yield for improvement and life time traits in Sahiwal and Hariana Cattle. of lifetime production in Sahiwal. Indian Journal Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 64: 1219 – of Animal Sciences. 69: 240 – 242. 1225. Dubey PP, Singh CV and Prasad RB. 2006. Relationship Raheja KL. 1992. Comparison of progeny testing of between sires estimated breeding values for irst Sahiwal sires by the different methods of sire lactation and life time traits and ranking of sires in evaluation. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. Indian Sahiwal and its cross. Indian Journal of Animal Journal of Dairy Science. 45: 64 – 69. Sciences. 76: 824 – 828. Robertson A and Randel JM. 1954. The performance of
49 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 heifer got by arti icial insemination. Journal of model and conventional methods for milk Animal Science. 44: 184-192. production in crossbred cattle. Indian Journal of Singh PK and Singh BP.1999. Ef icacy of different methods Dairy Science. 81 : 71 – 79. in genetic evaluation of Murrah sires. Indian Tailor SP, Banerjee AK and Yadav SBC. 2000. Comparison Journal of Dairy Science. 69: 1044 – 1047. of different methods of sire evaluation. Indian Singh VK and Singh CV. 2011. Sire evaluation using animal Journal of Dairy Science. 70: 73 – 74.
50 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Characterization and Evaluation of Tibetan Sheep: a key source of livelihood in alpine ecosystem of Sikkim Himalaya
Brijesh Kumar*, RK Avasthe, R Islam, Passang Bhutia, AK Mishra1 and MS Tantia1 ICAR-National Organic Farming Research Institute, Tadong, Gangtok -737102 (Sikkim) India
ABSTRACT The Tibetan sheep is one of the key sources of livelihood for the Dokpas; the high altitude tribal community, designated as the poorest of poor and remotest of the remote in India. Tibetan sheep is very hardy and thrives well in very harsh climatic conditions of Tibetan plateau. At higher altitude, sheep is reared under transhumance system (seasonal cyclic movement) with almost zero input and their movements are mostly governed by weather and pasture availability. Their migratory patterns include alpine pastures at altitude of 4754.88 m above msl in Phalung valley to as high as at altitude of 5638.8 m above msl of cold desert region near the border of Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. The Tibetan sheep is medium size breed with height of adult male and female 77 cm (70 to 80 cm) and 64 cm (60 to 67 cm), respectively and average adult weight 42 kg (37 to 50 kg).The coat colors of Tibetan sheep are mostly white with black or dark brown neck and face. The ewes are polled while the rams are horned with average horn size of 18.40 ± 0.73 cm. Their ears are drooping with average length of 11.09 ± 0.20 cm and 6.29 ± 0.06 cm for male and female respectively. The sheep also acts as rejuvenator of the whole alpine agro-ecosystem as its act of grazing prunes of the vegetation, maintaining soil fertility through urine and its pallets. It also helps in seed dispersal, pollination and seed germination. Presently, Tibetan sheep population is declining and only 235 animals are present in Sikkim, which is very alarming for the existence of this valuable sheep and needs immediate conservation.
Key Words: Tibetan sheep, Transhumance, highlanders Present address: 1ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION meat of Tibetan sheep and yak that was exchanged with Sikkim is a small, beautiful and land locked state of India, cloth, rice, sugar, wooden items, natural dye and bamboo surrounded by vast stretches of the Tibetan plateau in the crafts etc. north, Nepal on the west, Bhutan and Chumbi valley of The Tibetan sheep is well adapted to temperate climate Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the east and and providing livelihood to the people in the region since Darjeeling District of West Bengal in the south. At higher time immemorial as their traditional occupation was wool altitudes where agriculture practices are subtle; nomadic trade and nomadic pastoralism. These animals are reared pastoralism or transhumance and agro-pastoralism are under transhumance pattern where the herdsmen practiced as primary means of livelihood. Although yaks migrate along with their sheep lock from pasture to characterize agro-pastoralism at higher reaches of North pasture depending upon season and availability of green Sikkim yet sheep are usually economically as well as fodder (Kumar et al. 2015). Tibetan sheep plays key role in ecologically more important. The Tibetan sheep breed, sustaining the production system and maintaining locally known as “Luk” synonymous to Goddess Laxmi balance in high altitude agro-ecology along with yak (Goddess of wealth) is reared by the nomadic highland (Kumar et al. 2015). These sheep are unique and being herdsmen of Tibetan origin i.e. Dokpas and Lachenpas adapted to the very harsh climate of alpine and cold (Schedule Tribe of North Sikkim) in the alpine meadows of desert; characterized by frequent snow fall, seasonal Phalung and cold desert area of Dongkong, Yumchho, fodder availability, high speed wind, enhanced ultraviolet Gurudongmar, Cho-Lhamu and Dorjila ranges in North exposure and relatively oxygen tense environment. Sikkim (Kumar et al. 2015). The breed is originally native The Tibetan sheep is considered as most rustic breed of to Tibet, which later migrated to Sikkim along with sheep surviving in very harsh climate and partially starved Tibetan traders and herdsmen and is well adapted to condition during peak winter and providing livelihood North Sikkim agro-climatic conditions. Before the closure security and ecological sustenance in alpine agro- of the border in 1962, the area/route was very much ecosystem. However, population of Tibetan sheep important for trade in the barter system that was decreased drastically in recent past (Banerjee, 2009) due practiced. Tibetan traders visited Sikkim and Darjeeling to lack of regulated market, transport linkage, shrinkage with Tibetan salt, tea, carpet, gold, stone ornaments and pasture land, inbreeding, occurrence of diseases and very
51 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 harsh climate, geographical isolation all of which leads to Morphometric measurement failure to retain younger generation in sheep herding. The coat colors of Tibetan sheep are mostly white with Population have gone down from 30,000 (Acharya, 1982) black or dark brown neck and face. The face is black or to less than 250 in Sikkim (Livestock Census, 2012; Kumar, brown spotted with white or complete white with black 2015; Sharma et al. 2016). Despite huge contribution to eyes are observed in the lock. The Tibetan sheep is the livelihood of Dokpas; the high altitude sheep herding medium size breed with height of adult males and females tribal community has been designated as the poorest of the 77 cm (70 to 80 cm) and 64 cm (60 to 67 cm) respectively poor and remotest of the remote in India and yet, ensure and average adult weight 42 kg (37 to 50 kg).The ewes are ecological sustenance to one of the most fragile Himalayan polled while the rams are horned with average horn length ecosystem. The Tibetan sheep had not given due attention, 18.40 ± 0.73 cm. Their ears are drooping with average either by researchers or policy makers. It is irst study length and width 11.09 ± 0.20 cm and 6.29 ± 0.06 cm for under taken to describe the breeds, its rearing practices, males and 10.33 ± 0.25 cm and 5.65 ± 0.09 cm, for females role in sustaining the livelihood of high landlers and alpine respectively. Tibetan sheep have typical Roman nose with agro-ecosystem. average Roman height 13.49 ± 0.24 cm in males and 12.41 MATERIALS AND METHODS ± 0.15 cm in females. The tail is short and thin type with The distribution of the breed was identi ied through length and base circumference is 13.47 ± 0.61 cm and 6.93 personal discussion with of icers of the Department of ± 0.39 cm respectively in males and 13.93 ± 0.30 cm and Animal Husbandry Livestock Fisheries and Veterinary 7.57 ± 0.41 cm, in females respectively. Services and interaction with farmers in the different part The Tibetan sheep is medium size breed and average adult of Sikkim. The hamlet visit was followed with the common male weight 46 kg (39 to 50 kg) and average adult female principle of rapid rural appraisal (Chambers, 1994) to weight 44 kg (37 to 49 kg). The Tibetan sheep inhabit area collect information on transhumance sheep production in where agriculture practices subtle to nil and clear alpine and cold desert of North Sikkim. Data on vegetation dynamics exist at higher altitude. During morphological traits color, shape and physical appearance winter season especially in month of January and were studied. Metric traits were measured with the help of February area experiences heavy snow fall and virtually hanging animal weighing scale, measuring tape, meter no pasture or very little dried grass is present in the cold sticks Varnier Calliper and digital camera. Ecological desert forcing sheep to live in partially starved condition observations were taken through personal observation. apart from coping with severe snow fall. This leads to a The market price of the items and cost of shepherding weight loss of approximately 14 percent (12 to 16 percent) were initially collected from focus group discussion and in adult sheep. further validated with in consultation with shepherd. Data Housing and feeding is presented in the form of mean and standard errors. Tibetan sheep is housed in stone fenced enclosures during RESULTS AND DISCUSSION nights without any roof or any special weather protection Distribution strategies despite very harsh climate prevailing in their Tibetan sheep are reared in transhumance manner by habitat. The Tibetan sheep is totally maintained on Dokpas (Sheep and Yak herders) and these migratory grazing over the alpine pasture and cold desert region families live along with sheep in Thangu, Phalung, with zero external input. Tibetan sheep is housed in stone Dongkong, Gurudongmar and Cho-Lhamo area of North fenced enclosures during nights without any roof or any Sikkim. The Dokpas have very limited per capita land special weather protection strategies despite very harsh holding and pay nominal royalty per unit sheep to the climate prevailing in their habitat. State Forest Department or their local governing body Migration pattern known as the “Dzumsa”. Rearing of Tibetan sheep is very Detailed study of migratory pattern of sheep revealed that dif icult and demands enormous sacri ice from the sheep remain six months in cold desert pasture i.e. herdsmen since they have to live with sheep for long Dongkong and Gurudongmar area and six months in duration under harsh climatic conditions away from alpine pasture especially in Phalung valley. Though their families and friends. The current population of sheep is migratory pattern is mainly governed by fodder 235 and details distribution explained in Table 1. availability but it is equally in luenced by climatic
Table 1. Population distribution of Tibetan sheep in breeding tract S. N. Altitude No. of Animal Range (Flock Size) No. of ownership 1. Lower altitude <4,266 m above msl 40 (5-15) 4 2. Higher altitude >4,266 m above msl 195 195 1 3 Total 235 - 5
52 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 conditions in the pasture area. sometimes they eat one or two raw pieces of sheep meat Disease prevalence and it is believed that to be more bene icial for health due to its medicinal values. Sometimes they mix pieces of Limping is one of the major problems of higher altitude sheep meat in pulses and other vegetable preparation for and recent study revealed that about 11.8 % of animals enhancing the taste. Reticulum of the sheep is used for suffered with extremities gangrene because of frost bite. prolonged storage of processed/raw yak fat. Sometimes, a Other diseases like ectoparasitic infestation (45 %), horn along with skull of ram is retained as trophy at home diarrhea (8 %) and parasitological screening of fecal for worship. samples revealed 26.53 % animal suffering with various gastrointestinal parasites. Veterinary care are not reached Production system at higher altitude that compelled Dokpas (sheep and yak The Tibetan sheep and yak are the key sources of herders) to rely on indigenous technological knowledge, livelihood for the Dokpas. The sheep also acts as which has been transferred from generation to rejuvenator of the whole alpine agro-ecosystem as its act generations without any documentation. of grazing prunes of the vegetation which is very much Wool and wool product required for proper growth and maintenance of the pasture. It also helps in seed dispersal, pollination and First shearing of the lamb is done at age of six months and seed germination because some plant seed with very hard adult animals are sheared once in a year in the month July coating require priming which is sometimes ful illed by in Phalung valley when Dokpas tribe celebrate their the Tibetan sheep. Occasionally sheep is also hunted by important festival i.e. Drukpa Tshechi. The average wool canines of the high altitudes. The sheep hooves are small, yield 700 gm per sheep average staple length and iber stiff cloven footed animals and graze in group and walk in diameter are 11.86 cm and 29.08 µm respectively with multiple rows fashion which form mini tracks and micro 3.83 percent medulation. The quality trait of wool is sub ridges and rills on hill slopes which prevents soil erosion, white, full of glass, equal and long iber. It is found that especially from wind, as these areas experience high wind wool of Tibetan sheep ef iciently utilized in making velocity throughout the year. traditional attire and blankets; like making coats, bhakku (traditional attire) and blankets. It is believed that carpet The Tibetan sheep is totally maintained by grazing over made from the Tibetan sheep wool is one of the best the alpine pasture and cold desert region with zero qualities in the world. The various wool products and their external input. It is found that every part of the Tibetan Tibetan name are: Shemay Chhuba; (It is traditional attire sheep is utilized; like wool for making coat, bhakku made of pure sheep wool colored with vegetable dye and (traditional attire) and blankets, meat for self quite costly and used by people at higher position in consumption and sale; beads as fertilizer for agricultural society), Chuktoo (It is a blanket made up of pure sheep production. Generally, while grazing sheep manure the wool and the outer layer covered with sheep wool and whole alpine agro-ecosystem with their beads and urine, inner surface bare) and Pakcha (similar to chuktoo but while the night shelter manure accumulated over the inner lining coated with lamb wool). months is taken to lower altitudes by Bhutia ponnies for cultivation of vegetables, like potato, leafy mustard, pea, Meat and meat products french bean and cereals like millets and maize apart from The Dokpas mostly slaughter their sheep in the month of manuring their apple and peach orchards. November when sheep have maximum body weight and Economic of transhumance sheep farming also occasionally slaughter during the festivities. The sheep meat is air dried and stored suf icient quantities for Instead of declining of transhumance sheep population, long duration for self consumption without any chemical the system is dependent on the natural vegetation and cost preservative. It is found that the Dokpas use small amount of meat almost daily in their diet as seasoning agent and also for wholesome nutrition. The cut making of sheep carcass is different from the usual practice (Figure 1) and they name each part differently. Their utilization pattern is also ixed and generally start from the head goes to the back region. Sometimes, Dokpas remove the meat around the skull completely, boil it and thereafter sundries the skull. Such preserve skull is used in their prayer as sacred thing. Intestines are used in sausage preparation with stuf ing of clotted blood, minced meat and fat. The smoke dried sausages are used for prolong periods. They make sheep meat curry with spices and sheep fat but most often they cut the sheep meat in small pieces and cook with water and adding some amount of salt. It is also noticed that Figure 1. Different meat (Lukshya) cut parts Tibetan sheep
53 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 2. Economic analysis of establishment of one flock unit (200 No.) of sheep in Alpine-Cold desert pasture under traditional (transhumance) pattern of rearing in North Sikkim
S. N. Particulars Rate (in rupees) 1st Year 2nd Year (Lakh rupees) (Lakh rupees) A. Capital Investment 1. Procurement of adult sheep @ of Rs. 6000 200 ×6000 1.20 0.00 2. Transportation Charges 1,00000 1.00 - 3. Cost of construction, stone fenced wall in 4×3000 0.12 0.00 migratory route of sheep @ Rs. 3000 4. Utensils and shearing items 10,000 0.10 0.00 Total 2.42 0.00 B. Operating Cost/Losses 1. Even in lean period very little additional feeding 10000Rs. 0.10 0.00 2. Little amount of conc. with salt during lean period 10000 0.10 0.11 3. Cost of medicine and vaccine 0.00 0.00 0.00 4. Shepherd charges @ Rs. 7000/month 7000×12 0.84 0.92 5. Adult Mortality losses 5 % 10 ×6000 0.60 0.66 6. Lamb Mortality losses 10% 20×2500 0.50 0.55 7. Contingencies 10000 0.10 0.11 Total 2.24 2.35 C. Gross Return 1. Sale of yearling lamb with 60 % lambing and 50 % 50×5000 2.50 2.75 lambs sale @of Rs. 5000/lamb as prized meat 2. 15% sale of old stock @ rate Rs. 7000/ sheep 20×7000 1.40 1.54 as prized meat 3. Sale of wool average 650 gm per sheep/year at cost 0.650×290×400 0.75 0.83 of Rs. 400/ kg wool 4. Sale of quality sheep manure a 350gm manure 0.35×290×365×15 5.56 6.12 /sheep and sale @ Rs. 15/Kg Total 10.21 11.24 Net Return C-(A+B) 5.55 8.89 Benefit : Cost 2.19: 1 4.78:1 very little to the unit sheep production. Concentrate input. However, sheep herding failed to attract younger feeding is not practiced in the traditional transhumance generation and the sheep population is declined sheep farming except feeding of salt. The sheep herding is drastically in recent past and at present only 235 no in dependent merely upon natural seasonal pasture and has Sikkim which is very alarming. Seeing the importance of been recognized to be the low input system of rearing. The sheep herding at alpine zone in livelihood and ecological economics of sheep farming with traditional way of sheep sustenance, this valuable sheep germplasm needs rearing is given in table 2. immediate conservation. The details of bene it cost ratio revealed that in second ACKNOWLEDGMENT year the bene it is just doubled of irst year bene its The authors acknowledge the inancial assistance (4.78:1) under transhumance system of rearing in North provided under the Network Project on Animal Genetic Sikkim. Resources (ICAR). We sincerely thank Dr. Karma T. Bhutia, The sheep rearing at higher altitude is quite economical as Joint Director, Department of Animal Husbandry, it is maintained under transhumance system with zero Livestock, Fisheries and Veterinary Sciences, Govt. of
54 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Sikkim. Co-operation received from Pipon (Dzumsa head) participatory rural appraisal. World Development. is dualy acknowledged. The Dokpas (Sheep herders) also 22: 953-969. deserve our heartfelt thanks and gratitude for providing Kumar B, Avasthe RK, Singh M, Bhutia P and Handique S. all support including shelter in the dif icult terrain of 2015.Tibetan sheep: a unique endangered breed North Sikkim. of Eastern Himalaya. In: nation symposium on REFERENCES Sustaining Hill Agriculture in Changing Climate: 19th Livestock Census, 2012. Ministry of Agriculture abstract pp 297-298. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Kumar B, Singh M, Avasthe RK, Islam R, Bhutia P and F i s h e r i e s K r i s h i B h a wa n , N e w D e l h i . Handique S. 2015. Yak and Tibetan Sheep http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/statistics/livestock- husbandry in Sikkim Himalaya: Challenges and census.aspx. Strategies. In: Technological options for climate Banerjee S. 2009. Shift from Transhumance and Subtle resielient hill Agriculture pp.246-258. Livelihood Patterns of the Bhotia Community and Sharma R, Kumar B, Arora R, Ahlawat S, Mishra AK and its Impact on Tibetan Sheep Population in Sikkim Tantia MS. 2016. Genetic diversity estimates (India). World Applied Sciences Journal. 7: 1540- point to immediate efforts for conserving the 1546. endangered Tibetan Sheep of India. Meta Gene. 8: Chambers R. 1994. The origins and practice of 14-20.
55 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Evaluation of draughtability in Hool buffalo of Birbhum (West Bengal) Aruna Pal*, Paresh Nath Chatterjee, Purnendu Biswas, Amit Soren1, Vikas Vohra2 and Arjava Sharma2 West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, K.B.Sarani, Kolkata-37(West Bengal) India
ABSTRACT Hool buffaloes are native to dry arid region of the Birbhum district of West Bengal and used primarily for draught purpose. The most unique trait identi ied for this buffalo is extreme draughtability, disease resistance ability and its ability to rear on minimum input system. The buffaloes are observed to be extremely tolerant to drought and good tolerant to heat. They are able to work better in night pulling cart with average load carrying capacity of 39 quintal for a distance of 72 km. It was observed that Hool buffaloes were able to pull load continuously for 9 hrs hardly taking rest for 1-2 hours. Incidences of systemic diseases, blood protozoan diseases and parasitic infestations were less in Hool buffalo bullock compared to cattle bullock. Socioeconomic impact was observed to be large enough for the farmers rearing Hool buffaloes in the native tract.
Key words: Draughtability, buffalo, Birbhum Present address: 1Animal Resource Development Department, Govt. of West Bengal 2ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resource, Karnal, Haryana *Corresponding author : [email protected]
INTRODUCTION can play a very important role in Indian agriculture. At Livestock provides a large share of draught power. Since least 200 days of work was necessary to get the breakeven ancient times man has utilized animals like cattle, point considering the cost of maintenance and market hire buffaloes, horses, elephants etc. for carrying out different rate for draught animals. The annual use of Draught types of work. At the turn of this century, more than 300 Animal Power should be expanded through haulage and million cattle were employed as draught animals around rotary mode of operation for agro processing and the world (Wilson, 2003 and Conroy, 2007) and Oxen electricity generation and the new research indings continue to be an important, yet overlooked draught should be communicated to the farmers through training. power source (FAO, 2010). It offers the greater population Indian agriculture is characterized by small and marginal of developing nations a means of sustenance in food farm holders with the population of more than 60 million production and inseparable part of agriculture. Draught bovine for draught power (Singh 2002). India has about 70 animal power (DAP) is a classic example of large- scale million draft animals (Shastry and Thomas, 2006). There application of appropriate technology concepts to was a decline of more than 20 million number of working millions of small and marginal farmers for cultivation and animals at all–India level between 1972 and 2007. small-scale transportation. DAP is still relevant and useful In 1996-97, the contribution from animal power reduced due to the fact that it is suitable to the needs of the farmers to 14% while mechanical and electrical power increased with small land holding and the areas where mechanized to 79%. But in terms of area coverage, draught animals implements cannot be put to use (Singh et al. 2007). The continue to dominate with more than 54.3% area work bullocks not only contribute manure, conserve cultivated by them and only 19.6% by tractor and power natural resources like fossil fuel, but also create tiller (Singh 1999). With nearly 83 million land holding employment opportunities and generate income (more than 75% of the land holding) being less than 2 ha in particularly for the small scale farmers in India (Akila et al. size, the animal power can play a very important role in 2011). Indian agriculture (Rao and Dass, 2005). In India, the energy for ploughing two-thirds of the The Birbhum district of West Bengal is situated 23032'30" cultivated area comes from animal power and they haul up to 24035'0" N attitude and 8705'25" to 8801'40" E to 15 per cent of the total freight in the available 14 million longitude with the average temperature ranges from 15 animal drawn carts. Thus the stock of 60 million working to 400 C with scanty rainfall. The agro-climatic zone is dry cattle and buffaloes were used for various agricultural arid and the soil texture is red laterite and due to water operations, saving fossil fuel worth Rs 60 billion, annually. scarcity, limited agriculture is practiced only once in a year. With nearly 83 million land holding (more than 75% of the Draught buffaloes form a major source of livelihood land holding) being less than 2 ha in size, the animal power generation for the rural farmers. According to latest
56 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 1. Population data of pure bred Hool buffalo in Birbhum district
Blocks of Birbhum district Hool buffalo population Dubrajpur 5416 Khoyrasole 3088 Rajnagar 1591 Suri-I 1345
Census, the pure bred Hool buffalo is present in the four (Echinococcus granulosus), Lung worm (Dictyocaulus blocks of Dubrajpur, Khoyrasole, Rajnagar and Suri-I with viviparous), Nasal granuloma (Schistosoma nasalis), the population data being 11440 (18th Livestock Census). Humpsore/Legsore (Stephano ilaria assamensis) and Considering the importance of draught animal power in Ectoparasite (Ticks/mites) infestations. dry arid region of West Bengal, particularly in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION socioeconomically backyard region, in coal mine areas and Scanty report are available on development of this breed. in places of restricted agriculture, draught buffalo is very It is assumed that the utility of the animal as draught important. In the present study, the draught buffalo of animal, topography of the area, evolution and selective Birbhum district were studied and analysed its breeding through several generation and has brought up draughtability traits. the Hool buffalo through the process of domestication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Although, Hool buffalo is distributed in the entire The present study was conducted on Hool buffalo (n Birbhum district, however, pure kind of animals are =1311). The traits under consideration were the mainly available in Dubrajpur, Khoyrasole, Rajnagar and economically important traits as draughtability and Suri-I blocks.. The block wise population data for Hool disease resistance traits. Draughtability for Hool buffalo buffaloes is presented in Table 1. In other parts of the were measured by the standard protocol (Upadhyay and district, the animals are graded, due to extensive Grading Madan, 1985) along with some other protocols developed. up programme with Murrah germplasm as per the The traits under consideration are the physiological guidelines of National project on Cattle and Bufalo parameters as rectal temperature, respiration rate, pulse breeding. rate before and after work, draughtability score Draughtability traits were mostly measured for castrated developed, draught power, average duration of work per male buffaloes which were used for pulling cart containing day, drought tolerance and heat tolerance. Other drought load. In some restricted places, they were also used for parameters studied were distance travelled per day , ploughing land. Hool buffaloes being native to this place, average weight carrying capacity for a pair of bullock they are well adapted to local dry arid agroclimatic (tonnes), speed of travelling (km per hour), working conditions, their drought tolerance is excellent. As period during agriculture (hr), working period other than revealed from the physiological parameters, Hool during agriculture (hr), month of work round the year, buffaloes were observed to be more tolerant to work. They working area ploughed per day, speed of ploughing, are persistent worker and can work for 9.5 hrs at night drought tolerance and heat tolerance. pulling cart (Table 2). Buffaloes are heavy animals than Susceptibility to diseases and epidemiological study was castrated cattle bullock, so they are some what slow conducted from the case studies in Veterinary hospital worker compared to cattle. from the period of 2006 to 2011. The diseases were Average weight carrying capacity (as a paired bullock's broadly classi ied as systemic infection, parasitic cart) was observed to be 39.4 quintal based upon infestation, blood protozoan diseases, digestive or weighing on weigh bridge present in the village. The ruminal disturbances, nutritional de iciencies, wound, actual working area ploughed per day was observed to be localized eye/ear infection. The parasitic infestation 1807.85 sq m (Table 2). During rainy season, Hool buffalo s t u d i e d we re s u b - c l a s s i i e d a s Tre m a to d e are used for ploughing paddy ield. The ploughed area was (Amphistomiasis and Fascioliasis), Hydatid cyst measured in cultivation ield for the data. As observed,
Table 2. Draught Performance (mostly power, ploughing to some extent) of Hool buffalo
Physiological parameter Before work after work Rectal temperature(0F) 99-100 101-102 Respiration (rate / min) 22.5 30 Pulse (rate/min) 43.25 56.25
57 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 3. Draught parameters (transportation of cart, ploughing/threshing) of Hool buffalo
Attributes Values Distance travelled per day (km) 72.35± 0.57 Average weight carrying capacity for a pair of bullock (tonnes) 39.4± 0. 67 Speed of travelling (km per hour) 9.05± 0.04 Working period during agriculture (hr) 8.12± 0.07 Working period other than during agriculture (hr) 9.5±0.04 Months of work round the year 12 Working area ploughed per day (m) 1807.85 ±13.483 Speed of ploughing (km per hour) 5.25 ± 0.025 Drought tolerance Excellent Heat tolerance Good Average duration of work per day during cart pulling at night 9.5 ± 0.04 hrs Average duration of work per day during daytime for agriculture 8.12 ± 0.07 hrs
they were slow worker but persistent worker compared to draughtability method and horse power (hp) generation cattle. Hool buffaloes were observed to work round the method (Vinool et al. 2010). Singh (1999) have described year, thus providing sustainable livelihood generation to draughtability of cattle through various parameters rural farmers, mostly belonging to socioecomically including fatigue score, range of fatigue parameter, effect weaker section. of draught load on walking speed of a pair of oxen for Hool buffaloes were observed to be good tolerant to indigenous cattle breeds. Draftability of Motu bullock of drought, but not excellent tolerant to heat. So they were Orissa had been described (Ghosal et al., 2016). able to work better at night when temperature is on lower Draughtability of Hool buffalo was observed to be better to side. In this region, the farmers are mostly of indigenous cattle. socioeconomically poor background. One of their major Disease resistance ability of Hool buffalo occupation is transportation of coal from mines. Hool Epidemiological study for Hool buffalo was also conducted buffaloes were of extreme importance to transport load in through a period of about six years. Buffaloes were cart. The other draught parameters are listed in Table 3. observed to be more resistant to systemic diseases, So far, no buffaloes from India are reported to be draught compared to cattle (Table 4). Hool buffaloes were mostly buffalo. However, some draught cattle have been resistant to most of the commonly occurring parasitic registered from different parts of the country, viz. Hallikar, infestations (Table 5). None of the animals under present Amritmahal, Khillari, Kangyam, Bargur, Umblachery, study was observed to have the infection of lung worm Pullikulam etc. Some reports are available for (Dictyocaulus viviparous) and nasal granuloma comparative performance of draughtablity of cross bed (Schistosoma nasalis). On the contrary, the prevalence of cattle with that of indigenous cattle. Comparative studies these two diseases were much abundant in cattle on draft performance of Red Kandhari bullock with counterpart. However as regard to other endo parasitic pneumatic and iron bullock cart had been done (Ingle et infestations as amphistomiasis, fascioliasis, hydratid cyst, al., 2016), where they have estimated amount of load stephanophilariasis, Hool buffalo were reported to have carried, speed of travelling, and horse power. The draught lesser incidences compared to cattle counterpart. ability of Ongole bulls were evaluated by overall Hool buffalo were also observed to be better resistant to
Table 4. Comparison of epidemiological data of cattle and buffalo bullocks Species Systemic Wound Total Blood Digestive/ Nutritional Localized infection (Fresh/ maggot parasitic protozoan ruminal deficiency eye/ear / ulcerated) infestation disease disturbances (Vit A & others) infection Cattle bullock 29.18 9.96 41.77 0.59 6.15 7.34 2.34 Buffalo Bullock 13.38 16.97 21.42 0.24 2.42 15.15 4.48 (% out of total diseases) 58 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 5. Parasitic incidences (in percentage) of cattle and buffalo bullocks Species Trematode Lung worm Hydatid cyst Nasal Humpsore/ Ectoparasite granuloma Legsore (Ticks/mites) Cattle Bullock 26.39 0.146 1.2 0.439 7.33 6.27 Buffalo Bullock 12.3 - 0.87 - 2.65 5.32 ectoparasites as ticks or mites. This buffalo breed is lesser Food and Agriculture. (www.fao.org.in) known and resistance to ectoparasites are a blessing for Conroy Drew. 2007. Oxen, A Teamster's Guide. Storey the socioeconomically backward people to rear them with Publishing, North Adams, Massachusetts, USA. almost minimum input. DAD-IS, FAO have reported a buffalo breed, named as Thai from South East Asia, which FAO. 2010. Draught Animal Power: An Overview. is resistant or tolerant to Tick burden. Epidemiological Agricultural Engineering Branch, Agricultural study of Hool Buffalo revealed that they were mostly Support Systems Division. resistant against common diseases in comparison to cattle Ghosal MK, Behera D and Mohapatra AK. 2016. bullocks of the region .They were rather effected by wound Draftability study on small size Mottu bullocks of since mostly used for draught purpose. They were affected Odisha with OUAT developed agricultural by nutritional de iciencies. Four buffalo breeds reported implements on Test track vis-a vis ield track. to DAD-IS as having resistance or tolerance to speci ic Animal Science Reporter. 10:19-25. diseases or parasites distributed world wide, out of which, Rao MK and Dass DN. 2005. Genetic improvement of one is resistant to ticks, another one is resistant to draught cattle and buffaloes in India. In: internal parasites or worms, and rest two are resistant to proceedings of the National symposium 'Draught fascioliasis. Three buffalo breeds from South East Asia as Animal Breeding and development for ef icient Papua New Guinea buffalo, Kerbau-Kalang (fascioliasis), utilization under Indian farming systems. April Kerbau Indonesia (fascioliasis) had been observed to be 20-21,Bangalore, Karnataka, India. pp4-8. resistant or tolerant to internal parasites as Fascioliasis Sastry NSR and Thomas CK. 2006. Livestock Production (Anon,2016). Similar studies on Hool buffalo revealed Management, IV. Edn. Kalyani Publishers, p-449. resistance to most systemic infection and against parasitic infestations. Singh G. 1999. Characters and use of draught animal power in India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. Buffalo reared at dry arid region of the Birbhum district 69:621-627. may emerge as a new breed with distinctly better draughtability and disease resistance, named as Hool Singh G. 2002. Spatial distribution and use of draught buffalo. Pure bred Hool buffaloes are distributed in mainly animal power in India. Indian Journal of Animal four dry arid blocks as Dubrajpur, Khoyrasole, Rajnagar Sciences. 72:689-694. and Suri-I blocks. The major threat for these buffaloes is Singh, SV, Upadhyay, RC and Parveen Kumar. (2007). Effect rapid declining of breeding stock due to unrestricted of carting on physiological and pulmonary castration of males and slaughter of females, since milk dynamics in Haryana bullocks during summer yield is of least importance. Hool buffalo are extremely and winter season. Indian Journal of Animal resistant to common diseases in comparison to cattle and Sciences. 60:202-205. can thrive well with full productivity in these agro climatic Upadhyay RC and Madan ML. 1985. Draught performance region. Hool buffalo has been the best choice for the of Hariana and crossbred bullocks in different farmers providing livelihood security to them. Since seasons. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 55: 50- agriculture is very much restricted, a greater portion of 54. farmers are engaged through unorganised coal mines. Their livelihood depends upon selling and transportation Ingle VS, Siddiqui MF, Channa GR and Kankarne YG. 2016. of coals. Hool buffaloes are a major source for them for Comparative studies on draft performance of Red carrying out such operations. Kandhari bullock with pneumatic and iron bullock. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 50: REFERENCES 152-155. Akila Natarajan, Mahesh Chander and N. Bharathy. 2016. Vinool, R, Rao, GN, Gupta BR and Babu K. 2010. Estimation Relevance of draught cattle power and its future of Draught ability of Ongole Bullocks by Different prospects in India : A review. Agricultural Reviews. methods. Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal 37: 49-54. Sciences. 6 : 24-30. Anonymous. 2016. Animal genetic resources and Wilson RT. 2003. The environmental ecology of oxen used resistance to disease. In the Proceedings of The for draught owner. Agriculture. Ecosystems and state of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Environment. 97: 211-37.
59 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Effect of ginger (Zingiber of icinale) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) on physiological and heamto-biochemical parameters of broiler Sonali Shinde1, RG Burte2*, Shalu Kumar1, BG Desai1, NN Prasade, JS Dhekale3 and DJ Bhagat1 Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli– 415 712 (Maharashtra) India
ABSTRACT One hundred and sixty eight (168) ‘Vencob’ day-old broiler chicks were used in an experiment to determine the effects of ginger (Zingiber of icianale) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) powder on the physiological and heamto- biochemical parameters of broilers. The birds were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) consisting of 24 birds per treatment with 6 birds per replicate in a feeding trial that lasted for a period of 42 days. Zingiber of icinale and Elettaria cardamomum at 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% were added to the basal diet and their effects determined on physiological and heamto-biochemical parameters. At the end of the experiment, 1 birds were randomly picked from each replication and their blood samples were collected for haematological assay and serum analysis. Results showed that haematological parameters were signi icantly in luenced by the treatment. Serum components such as haemoglobin (Hb), serum triglyceride, serum HDL cholesterol, serum LDL cholesterol, serum protein, serum glucose, total cholesterol, body temperature and respiration rate of broilers were signi icantly in luenced by 1 per cent ginger powder. The results of this investigation therefore, demonstrate that the inclusion of ginger at 1 per cent level reduced serum cholesterol, triglyceride, sugar and increased protein and HDL level when compared to the control diet and normal anatomical and physiological function of birds was not disrupted. Key Words: Broiler chicks, heamto-biochemical, physiological parameters. Present address: 1Departement of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, 2College of Agriculture, 3Department of Agricultural Economics. *Corresponding address : [email protected]
INTRODUCTION feed additives in animal feed which justi ies the study of Ginger is the rhizome of the plant Zingiber of icinale, the feed additive effects of graded levels of Ginger and consumed as a delicacy, medicine, or spice. The use of Cardamom on haematology, serum chemistry and ginger and cardamom as substitute for antibiotic growth performance of broiler. promoters is desirable for greater productivity of poultry, MATERIALS AND METHODS increased palatability of feed, nutrient utilization, appetite 168 day-old broiler chick (Vencob) were purchased from a stimulation, increase in the low of gastric juice and Venketshwra hatchery Pune, weighed (43±0.35 g) and piquancy to tasteless food (Owen and Amakiri, 2012). randomly allocated into seven treatment groups with four Herbs, plant extracts and species can be valuable replicates of six chickens based on a completely alternatives for the health and nutrition of the chicken. randomized design. The concentrations of the They have a wide range of activities such as stimulation of administered supplements in the seven experimental feed intake and endogenous secretions or have diets were as follows: control diet (no additive) T ; basal antimicrobial, coccdiostatic or anathematic activity. The 0 diet supplemented 1% cardamom (T1), 2% cardamom blood constituent of an animal re lects the physical (T ), 3% cardamom (T ), 1 % ginger (T ), 2% ginger (T ) responsiveness of the animal to its internal and external 2 3 4 5 and 3% ginger (T6). Proximate analysis of Ginger and environment (Esonu et al. 2001), they are very essential in Cardamom powder were performed for the components diagnosing pathogenic and metabolic disorders and are of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), vital tools to assessing the health status of an individual or crude ibre (CF) and ash, according to AOAC (1990) lock. The changes in heamto-biochemical parameters are procedures (Table 1). Birds were vaccinated routinely often used to determine the effects of stress or toxic against infectious Ranikhet (lasota), Infectious Bursal condition due to environmental, nutritional or other Disease at 8 and 18 days, respectively through the eye drop factors. Normal ranges of haematological parameters can and drinking water. In addition all the birds were given be altered by the ingestion of plant constituents such as medicine Groviplex for three days from 2nd day and on 20th Ginger (Ajagbonna et al. 1999). The use of feed additives day onward for 3rd days through fresh water at the 1ml/lit such as Ginger which is a substitute for antibiotic growth of water. Blood samples were collected at end of promoters is desirable for greater productivity in poultry, experiment from the wing vein with syringe from one bird increased palatability of feed, nutrient utilization, appetite in each replication for blood heamto-biochemical study stimulation, increased gastric juice low etc. (Owen and viz., haemoglobin, Serum glucose, total plasma cholesterol Amakiri, 2012), it is therefore necessary to investigate the
60 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and reported that increment in the serum haemoglobin with high density lipoprotein (HDL). The blood collected in supplementation of ginger in broiler diets of 0.4 (9.45 sterilized glass test tube keeping in a slant position and mg/dl) and 0.8 per cent (9.16 mg/dl ) level, respectively. serum was separated. All the serum samples were stored Kausar et al. (1999) also recorded the supplementation of in a deep freeze at -20 ºC until it processed. Blood cardamom had non-signi icant effect on haemoglobin cholesterol and serum triglyceride were estimated by concentration than control level. Godkar (1994), serum HDL cholesterol by Richmond The overall glucose level highly signi icant was found in T0 (1973), LDL cholesterol by Friedwald et al. (1972). (188.50 mg/dl) as compared to others treatment groups. Physiological parameters i.e. respiration rate was Thus, there was signi icant reduction (P<0.05) in serum recorded at weekly interval by holding the birds in hands glucose values in treatment T L (145 mg/dl) as compared with counting the breath rate per bird per minute and 2 1 to T0, T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L2 and T2L3. The present indings body temperature inserting the mercury thermometer were in agreement with Mohamed et al. (2012) who into the anus in morning. Data were subjected to statistical showed reduction of serum glucose at 0.1 (153.56 ± 1.090 analysis using randomized block design and Duncan's mg/dl) and 0.2 (150.21 ± 1.070 mg/dl) per cent of ginger multiple range test procedures within (Snedecor and than control (164.21 ± 1.040 mg/dl). Similar indings Cochran 1994). were also reported by Zomrawi et al. (2013) showed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reduction in serum glucose when supplemented with 1 Chemical composition of experimental diets (168.25 mg/dl), 1.5 (176.0 mg/dl) and 2 (144.50 mg/dl) per cent ginger powder as compared to control (183.5 The result of chemical composition of cardamom and mg/dl). ginger powder and broiler and inisher feed are presented in table 1 and Table 2. The values for dry matter, ether The overall mean of serum total protein was higher in T2L1 extract, crude protein, crude iber, ash and nitrogen free (2.92mg/dl) followed by T 2 L 2 (2.65 mg/dl), T 1 L 2 extract were 77.19, 10.87, 13.83, 17.65, 15.50 and 42.15 (2.48mg/dl), T1L1 (2.33mg/dl), T1L3 (2.28mg/dl), T2L3 per cent, respectively in cardamom powder. Composition (2.18mg/dl) and T0 1.93mg/dl), respectively. Thus, there of cardamom powder observed in the present was signi icant increase (P<0.05) in serum total protein investigation was in agreement with that reported by values in treatment T2L1 (2.92 mg/dl) than to other Elamin et al. (2008) and while the 79.30, 1.12, 4.33, 3.41, treatments and control group. The present indings were 4.78 and 86.36 per cent of dry matter, ether extract, crude in agreement with Elamin et al. (2011) who showed protein, crude iber, total ash and NFE, respectively in dietary cardamom had no effect on total serum protein at ginger powder. These values were closely similar to the 0 (3.17 mg/dl), 0.15 (2.93 mg/dl), 0.30 (3.30 mg/dl) and values reported by Ademola et al. (2009) for ginger 0.45 (3.27 mg/dl) per cent of cardamom powder. powder. The average total serum cholesterol were 169.35, 149.63, Heamto-biochemistry of broilers 139.43, 151.83, 120.08, 151.33 and 135.2 mg/dl for the treatment T0, T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L1, T2L2 and T2L3, The results on haematology and Serum chemistry of birds respectively. Thus, there was signi icant reduction are presented in Table 2. Heamto-biochemical parameters (P<0.05) in serum total cholesterol values in treatment studied include haemoglobin, Serum glucose, total plasma T L (120.08 mg/dl) as compared to other treatments. cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low density 2 1 Treatment T0 (169.35 mg/dl) showed highest cholesterol lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL). level as compared to all others treated groups. Our results
The average serum haemoglobin value of group T2L2 were almost similar with Mohamed et al. (2012) who (11.68 mg/dl) was signi icantly higher than control reported that total serum cholesterol was decreased in 0.1 groups. While T0 (10.03 mg/dl) had lowest serum per cent (119.30 mg/dl) and 0.2 per cent (115.89 mg/dl) haemoglobin value. The present indings were in ginger than control (126.40 mg/dl) group. Higher value of agreement with Naja i and Taherpour (2014) who total serum cholesterol was observed by Naja i and
Table 1. Chemical composition of experimental feed ingredients (DM basis) Items DM CP NFE Fat CF Ash Proximate principle Broiler starter 91.24 21.28 65.65 4.56 6.59 1.92 Broiler finisher 88.96 19.34 68.55 4.73 5.63 1.75 Feed additive Ginger 79.30 1.12 4.33 3.41 4.78 86.36 Cardamom 77.19 10.87 13.83 17.65 15.50 42.15
DM= dry matter, CP=crude protein, EE=ether extract, CF= crude fibre; Nitrogen free extract (NFE) = 100-(moisture + CP +EE +CF + Ash)
61 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 2. Effect of feed additives on heamto-biochemical parameters of broilers Treatment Haemoglobin Serum Serum LDL HDL Triglyceride Total (Hb)(mg/dl) glucose protein cholesterol Cholesterol (mg/dl) Cholesterol (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) T0 10.03defg 188.50a 1.93g 57.47a 74.50f 88.60a 169.35a T1L1 10.73c 155.00cde 2.33cd 43.82bc 80.00cde 79.03b 149.63bc T1L2 10.18cdef 145.25def 2.48bc 52.78ab 89.75b 55.68ef 139.43bcd T1L3 10.53cd 173.75abc 2.28cde 39.94cde 82.50bcd 69.43cd 151.83b T2L1 11.60ab 145.00efg 2.92a 28.62g 96.50a 47.76fg 120.08f T2L2 11.68a 163.50bcd 2.65b 30.81def 82.50bcd 60.63de 151.33b T2L3 10.48cde 185.50ab 2.18def 40.86cd 83.00bc 72.50bc 135.20de ±SEm 0.23 8.27 0.08 3.66 2.76 3.19 4.75 C. D. at 5 % 0.69 24.82 0.25 10.98 8.27 9.56 14.24
(Value with different superscripts in a row differ significantly P<0.05).
Taherpour (2014) supplemented by 0.4 per cent ginger. The overall highest low density lipoprotein content was in
While lowest value also reported by Naja i and Taherpour control group (57.47 mg/dl), followed by T 1 L 2
(2014) who reported that the serum total cholesterol (52.78mg/dl), T1L1 (43.82mg/dl), T2L3 (40.86mg/dl), T1L3
(107.26 mg/dl) with supplementation of 0.8 per cent (39.94mg/dl), T2L2 (30.81 mg/dl) and T2L1 (28.62mg/dl), ginger. respectively. The average LDL cholesterol value of group The overall serum triglyceride were 88.60, 79.03, 55.68, T2L1 (28.62 mg/dl) was signi icantly decreased (P<0.05) 69.43, 47.76, 60.63 and 72.50 (mg/dl) for the groups T , than control (57.47 mg/dl) group and there was a 0 signi icant reduction in serum LDL cholesterol values in T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L1, T2L2 and T2L3, respectively. Thus, there was signi icant decrease in serum triglyceride values in all T2L2 (30.81 mg/dl), T1L3 (39.94 mg/dl) and T2L3 (38.62 mg/dl when compared with control. Ademola et al. (2009) groups as compared to control group (T0). The average serum triglyceride value of group T L (47.76 mg/dl) was recorded the reduction in serum LDL cholesterol values in 2 1 1.5 per cent (26.83 mg/dl) followed by 2 per cent (32.78 signi icantly lower than all groups. Hence, treatment T2L1 was signi icant over other treatments. The present mg/dl), 1 per cent (42.78 mg/dl) and 0 per cent (86.95 indings were in agreement with Mohamed et al. (2012) mg/dl) of ginger in diet. Barazesh et al. (2013) and Naja i who reported the reduction in the serum triglyceride with and Taherpour (2014) also reported that low density supplementation of ginger powder in broiler diets 116.10, lipoprotein was reduced in ginger supplemented broiler 108.20 and 107.42 for the levels of 0, 1 and 1.5 per cent, diet. Our indings of present study were in accordance respectively. Elamin et al. (2011) and Ra iee et al. (2014) with results of Omidi et al. (2014) who reported decreased also reported the decrease in the serum triglyceride with low density lipoprotein when supplementation of supplementation of cardamom and ginger, respectively in cardamom essential oil (CEO) 50 or 100 mg/kg in the broilers. broiler diet as compared to control. The average serum HDL cholesterol values (mg/dl) in Body temperatures different groups are presented in Table 2. The high density The average body temperature values (°C) in different lipoprotein (HDL) were 74.50, 80.00, 89.75, 82.50, 96.50, groups are presented in Table 3. The highest body 0 82.50 and 83.00 (mg/dl) for the groups T0, T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, temperature of broilers was found in T2L2 (41.16 C) and
T2L1, T2L2 and T2L3, respectively. The average HDL T2L3 (41.16 °C) by supplemented 2 and 3 per cent of ginger cholesterol value of group T2L1 (96.50 mg/dl) was as compared to control and other treated groups, 0 signi icantly higher (P<0.05) than T0 treatment after respectively. Hence, treatment T2L2 (41.16 C) and T2L3 supplemented with 1.0 per cent ginger. Our results were (41.160C) were at par with each other. Almost similar agree with Naja i and Taherpour (2014) who reported indings were reported by Hermes et al. (2011). The that the HDL value highest in 0.4 per cent (43.58 mg/dl) results of present were in agreement with Ali et al. (2010) ginger than 0.8 per cent (34.50 mg/dl) ginger and control who reported that increment in the body temperature group (31.31 mg/dl). Ademola et al. (2009) also reported with supplementation of turmeric (41.74±0.280C) in the signi icant increase in high density lipoprotein broiler diets at ive weeks than control (40.37±0.010C). cholesterol in broiler with supplementation 1.0 (71.79 Respiration rate mg/dl), 1.5 (79.19 mg/dl) and 2 (73.12 mg/dl) per cent of ginger powder than control (66.10 mg/dl). The overall mean of respiration rate values were 44.00, 43.21, 44.04, 41.08, 44.29, 41.42 and 43.21 for the groups
62 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016
T0, T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L1, T2L2 and T2L3, respectively. The Estimation of concentration of low density average respiration rate value of group T2L1 (44.29 lipoprotein in plasma without use of ultrafuge. Clin. breath/min) was signi icantly higher than all groups. Chem., 18:449-502. Hence, treatment T0 (44.00 breath/min) and T1L2 (44.04 Godkar Praful B. 1994. Textbook of medical laboratory breath/min) were at par with each other. The results of technology. Bhulani publishing house, Mumbai. pp: present inding almost similar to Hermes et al. (2011). The 219-222. present indings were in agreement with Ali et al. (2010) who reported that the increment in the body temperature Hermes IH, Attia FM, Ibrahim KA and EL-nesr SS. 2011. with supplementation of Curcuma longa (55.00±0.57 Physiological responses of broiler chickens to dietary breath/min) in broiler diets at ive weeks than control different forms and levels of Nigella sativa L., during (66.00±1.00 breath/min).\ Egyptian summer season. J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 4(1):17-33. It can be concluded that feeding of 1 per cent ginger Jastrzebski M, Pietras M and Barowicz T. 1977. The effect powder signi icantly improved performance and reduced of short term thermal stress on the heart and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, sugar and increased respiration rates of conscious and anaesthetized protein and HDL level with economic production of chickens. Acta Physiol. Pol., 28(4):359-364. broilers. More studies required in this ield to con irm the Kausar R, Rizvi F and Anjum AD. 1999. Effect of mechanism and mode of action of active ingredients of carminative mixture on health of broiler chicks. ginger powder. It may be suggested that the 1 per cent Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 2(3):1074-1077. ginger powder is more bene icial for broilers because after Mohamed AB, Mohammed AMA and Jalil AQ. 2012. Effect supplementation by 1 per cent ginger, farmers gain more of Ginger (Zingiber of icinale) on performance and pro its. blood serum parameters of broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci., ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 11(2):143-146. The authors are highly thankful to The Head, Department Naja i S and Taherpour K. 2014. Effects of Dietary Ginger, of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science of Dr. B.S. Konkan Cinnamon, Synbiotic and Antibiotic supplementation Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli – 415712 Maharashtra for on performance of broilers. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., providing necessary facilities during this experiment. 4(1):658-667. REFERENCES Omidi M, Taherpour K, Cheraghi J and Ghasemi HA. 2014. AOAC, 2005. Association of Of icial Agriculture Chemists, In luence of cardamom essential oils and seeds on Of icial Methods of Analysis, 14th Edn., Washington, D. growth performance, blood characteristics and C. immunity of broilers. Animal production Science. 55(5) 573-579. Ademola SG, Farinu GO and Babatunde GM. 2009. Serum lipid, growth and haematological parameters of Owen OJ and Amakiri. 2011. Serological and broilers fed Garlic, Ginger and their mixtures. World Haematological Pro ile of Bitter Leaf (V. Amgdalina) Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 5(1):99-104. Meal. Adv. in Agric. Biotech., 1:77-81. Ajagbonna OP, Onifade KI and Suleiman U. 1999. Ra iee A, Kheiri F, Rahimian Y, Faghani M, Valiollahi MR and Haematological and biochemical changes in rats given Miri Y. 2014. The effect of ginger root (Zingiber water extract of Calotropis procera. Sokoto Journal of of icinale) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) powder on Veterinary Science. 1(1). performance, some haematological traits and intestinal morphology of broiler chicks. Res. Opin. Ali MN, Qota EMA and Hassan RA. 2010. Recovery from Anim. and Vet. Sci., 4(2):96-100. adverse effects of heat stress on slow-growing chicks using natural antioxidants without or with sulphate. Richmond W. 1973. HDL cholesterol Kit for determination Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9(2):109-117. of HDL cholesterol in serum/plasma. Clin. Chem. 19- 1350. Barazesh H, Pour MB, Salari S and Abadi TM. 2013. The Snedecor GW and Cochran WG. 1994. Statistical methods effect of ginger powder on performance, carcass th characteristics and blood parameters of broilers. Int. (8 Ed.). The Iowa state college perss, Ames, IOWA, J. Adv. Biol. Biom. Res., 1(12):1645-1651. Oxford and I. B. H. publication Co., Culcatta. Elamin RF, Abdel Atti KA and Dousa BM 2011. Response of Zomrawi WB, Abdel Atti KAA, Dousa BM and Mahala AG. broiler chicks to dietary Cardamom (Elettaria 2013. The effect of dietary Ginger root powder cardamomum) as a feed additive. U of K. J. Vet. Med. & (Zingiber of icinale) on broiler chick's performance, Anim. prod., 2(2):33-48. carcass characteristics and serum constituents. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 3(2):42-47. Friedwald WT, Levy RL and Redrickson DS. 1972.
63 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Morphometric measurement and management of Beetal goats in Ambala district of Haryana Maroof Ahmad* and PK Singh1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tepla, Ambala – 133 104, Haryana, India. ABSTRACT Data on 153 adult Beetal goats belonging to 6 villages of 4 blocks of Ambala district were utilized for the present study. The mean ± S.E. of body length, height at withers, chest girth, paunch girth, ear length, ear width, tail length, udder circumference, length of teat and body weight were estimated to be 71.43 ± 0.36, 74.29 ± 0.38, 78.35 ± 0.53, 87.14 ± 0.64, 22.18 ± 0.38, 10.32 ± 0.14, 19.22 ± 0.21, 28.84 ± 0.22, 11.63 ± 0.34 cm and 44.06 ± 0.44 kg respectively in adult females. Average of body weight at sexual maturity, age at irst conception, age at irst kidding, kidding interval and gestation length were observed as 26.85 ± 2.11 kg, 372.29 ± 4.48, 516.33 ± 3.19, 348.72 ± 4.41 and 147.52 ± 2.64 days, respectively. Beetal goats were raised under grazing system of management and some prophylactic treatments of the goats were practiced by the farmers in Ambala district.
Keywords: Growth performance, Beetal goats, management practice Present address: 1 ICAR-National Bureau of Genetic Resources, Karnal *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION ground. The body weight was recorded with the help of Goat has been an integral component of farming system 125 kg weighing balance with 100 g accuracy. All the and support a large segment of rural population in Ambala observations were taken in the morning before grazing or district of Haryana. The Beetal goat, locally known as being allowed feed or water to the animals. The Amritsari offers a high potential for meat and milk Reproductive parameters viz. body weight at sexual production. The breeding tract of the breed is Gurdaspur, maturity (BWM), age at irst conception (AFC), age at irst Amritsar, Taran Taaran and Firozpur districts of Punjab. kidding (AFK), kidding interval (KI), gestation length (GL), This breed is also reared by the farmers of Haryana state. kidding pattern were recorded. Information on The Beetal is usually black, red and black/red with white management practices of goats were collected from the patches on the body of variable size. Beetal is a good dairy goat owners through observation and questionnaire. All breed, second to Jamnapari and more proli ic and easily animals were maintained under a semi extensive adaptable to different agro-ecological conditions of India. management system. Animals were grazed 6-7 hrs in the It is famous for its dairy characteristics as well as mutton day time. Data recorded were compiled and analyzed as production. Its males are especially preferred for per Snedecor and Cochran (1994). sacri icial purposes. The ef iciency of Beetal goats for RESULTS AND DISCUSION mutton production can be increased by adopting various Morpho-metric measurements and body weight methods like increasing the reproduction rate, exploiting the potential of breeds with superior genetic makeup. The The body measurements indicate the skeletal growth of present study was carried out to investigate the growth the animals. Body length and height at withers are the performance and management practices of Beetal goats in measures of bone growth while chest girth is a measure of Ambala district of Haryana. development of muscles, bones and fat and it had close relationship with the live weight. The mean ± S.E. of MATERIALS AND METHODS morpho-metric measurements and body weight for Data on 153 adult Beetal goats belonging to 6 villages of 4 various traits under the study have been presented in blocks of Ambala district were utilized for the present table 1. The mean ± S.E. of body length , height at withers, study. Nine different body measurement and body weight chest girth, paunch girth, ear length, ear width, tail length, of the goat were recorded. The body measurements udder circumference, length of teat and body weight were recorded included body length (BL), height at withers estimated to be 71.43 ± 0.36, 74.29 ± 0.38, 78.35 ± 0.53, (HW), chest girth (CG), paunch girth (PG), ear length (EL), 87.14 ± 0.64, 22.18 ± 0.38, 10.32 ± 0.14, 19.22 ± 0.21, 28.84 ear width (EW), tail length (TL), udder circumference ± 0.22, 11.63 ± 0.34 cm and 44.06 ± 0.44 kg respectively in (UC), length of teat (LT) and body weight (BW). The body adult females. The indings of present study coincide with measurements were taken for various age groups with a the observation of Ahmad et al. (2009) in Beetal goats. standard measuring tape of 1 mm accuracy after the Almost similar observations were also reported (Iqbal et animals were allowed to stand squarely on an even al. 2013) for body length (67.50 cm), height at withers
64 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 1. Means ± S.E. of morpho -metric measurements (cm) and body weight (kg) of adult Beetal goats S.No. Traits Mean ± S.E. 1 Body length 71.43 ± 0.36 2 Height at withers 74.29 ± 0.38 3 Chest girth 78.35 ± 0.53 4 Paunch girth 87.14 ± 0.64 5 Ear length 22.18 ± 0.38 6 Ear width 10.32 ± 0.14 7 Tail length 19.22 ± 0.21 8 Udder circumference 28.84 ± 0.22 10 Length of teat 11.63 ± 0.34 11 Body weight (kg) 44.06 ± 0.44
(70.00 cm) and chest girth (67.5) in Beetal female goat for age at irst conception were reported in Beetal goats under farm condition. Higher value for body length (Mehla and Mishra, 1980; Kanaujia et al. 1987). The reported as 79.13 cm (Chopra and Rana, 1977) under farm inding of present study for age at irst kidding was close condition. The result of body weight was in close agreement with those reported earlier (Ahmad et al. 2007; agreement with those reported by Ahmad et al. (2009) Kaushish et al. 1994). However, higher values were under ield condition. However, lower body weight than reported as 776.00 (Singh and Acharya, 1983) and 735.55 the present study was reported by Mishra and Khan days (Kanaujia et al. 1987) under farm condition. Similar (1985). Similar observations for udder circumference and results for average kidding interval were also observed in length of teat were observed in Beetal goats (Alam et al. earlier in Beetal goats (Singh and Acharya, 1983; Kanaujia 2011) under ield condition. and Balaine, 1985; Kaushish et al. 1994; Ahmad et al. Reproductive performance of Beetal goats 2007). The inding of gestation length coincides with observations reported by Kanaujia and Balaine (1985), Mean ± S.E. of body weight at sexual maturity, age at irst Kaushish et al. (1994) and Ahmad et al. (2007). The conception, age at irst kidding, kidding interval and kidding patters in Beetal goats reported were 31.90, 57.4, gestation length were observed as 26.85 ± 2.11 kg, 372.29 and 9.60 percent (Kanaujia and Balaine, 1985) and 10.05, ± 4.48, 516.33 ± 3.19, 348.72 ± 4.41 and 147.52 ± 2.64 77.76 and 12.19 percent (Ahmad et al. 2007) as single, days, respectively (Table 2). The kidding patterns were twin and triplet, respectively. The indings of quadruplets found to be 12.22, 64.36, 6.38 and 1.02 percent as single, in Beetal goat were 0.35 percent (Gupta and Gill, 1983) twin, triplet and quadruplets, respectively under ield and 1.47 percent (Ahmad et al. 2007) condition. Management practices Higher body weight at sexual maturity and AFC, were reported in the same breed (Ahmad et al. 2007). However, Management practices play an important role in lower body weight at sexual maturity was observed by production potential of the animals. The Beetal goats are Kaushish et al. (1994) under farm condition. Lower values being managed by the farmers on grazing system for 5-6
Table 2. Means ± S.E. of Reproductive parameters of Beetal goats S.No. Traits Mean ± S.E. 1 Body weight at sexual maturity (month) 26.85 ± 2.11 2 Age at first conception (days) 372.29 ± 4.48 3 Age at first kidding (days) 516.33 ± 3.19 4 Kidding interval (days) 348.72 ± 4.41 5 Gestation length (days) 147.52 ± 2.64 6 Kidding pattern (%) Single 12.22 Twin 64.36 Triplet 6.38 Quadruplets 1.02
65 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 hrs in winter and 7-8 hrs in summer seasons on natural Research. 7: 170-172. grasses, crops residues and shrubs available in the area. Gupta SC and Gill GS. 1983. Studies on some economic Flock size of the breed ranged from 8-24. Pakka goat traits of Alpine, Beetal and Alpine × Beetal goat under houses were provided to the animals. During the study it stallfed condition. Indian Veterinary Journal. 60: 944- was found that 65% farmers had separate goat house 945. whereas, 35% housed the goat as part of their residence. Kachcha type loor was provided in the shed. Farmers Iqbal M, Javed K and Ahmad N. 2013. Prediction of body selected their own breeding buck from the lock on the weight through body measurements in Beetal goats. basis of growth performance. Common diseases observed Pakistan Journal of Science. 65: 458-461. among kids were pneumonia, pneumoenteritis, Kanaujia AS and Balaine DS 1985. Evaluation of genetic enterotoxaemia and anaemia. potential of some Indian breed of goats. Annual The results of the present indings revealed that growth Progress Report (1984-85). Dept. of Animal Breeding, performances and reproductive performance of the breed College of Animal Science, CCS, HAU, Hisar, Haryana. is high. Effort should be made for its genetic improvement Kanaujia AS, Pander BL and Vinayak AK. 1987. in the farmers lock. Incentives should be provided to Reproductive traits of Beetal and Black Bengal does encourage the farmers. Scienti ic training on goat and their reciprocal crosses. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 41: husbandry should be organized through state husbandry 351-352. department and KVKs. Kaushish SK, Singh D and Satya Pal. 1994. Productive and REFERENCES reproductive performance of different breeds of goats Ahmad M, Singh PK, Sadana DK, Alam S, and Chahal D. under semi-arid conditions. Indian Veterinary Journal. 2007. Reproductive performance of Beetal goats in its 71: 565-568. breeding tract. Indian J. Small Ruminants. 13(2): 182- Mehla RK and Mishra RR. 1980. Note on age at irst 185. conception in Beetal, Alpine× Beetal and Saanan × Ahmad M, Singh PK, Sadana DK, Singh Gurmej, Alam S, and Beetal crossbred goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 50: 777- Chahal D. 2009. Morphological characteristics and 779. husbandry practices of Beetal goats. Indian Veterinary Mishra RK and Khan BU. 1985. Souvenir published at VIII Journal. 86: 832-834 workshop on goats at CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura, U.P. Alam S, Singh U, Singh PK, and Khan BU. 2011. Beetal Goat- Singh RN and Acharya RM 1983. Optima for age at irst The pride of Punjab. Extension Bulletin-19 KVK, Tepla kidding, irst lactation length and irst kidding Ambala. interval in relation to lifetime production. Indian Chopra SC and Rana ZS. 1977. A note on the body size of Journal of Dairy Science. 36:298-301. Beetal goat and its crosses with Alpine and Anglo- Snedecor GW and Cochran WG. 1994. Statistical Methods. Nubian. Haryana-Agricultural-University-Journal-of- 8th Edn. Iowa State
66 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Morphological and morphometric features of Non-descript cattle in Raigad district of Maharashtra MG Thalkar, DJ Bhagat*, Shalu Kumar, RG Burte1, BG Desai, AJ Mayekar and NN Prasade Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli – 415 712 (Maharashtra) India ABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken to study the morphological and morphometric features of non-descript cattle in Raigad district of Maharashtra. The data were recorded on 360 non-descript cattle. The morphological features included colour pattern of body coat, muzzle, tail switch, hoof and horn, body length, height at wither, heart girth and length of head were taken up for morphometric characterization. The main body coat colour of non-descript cattle was brown (39.72%) followed by black (25.83%), white (17.22%), grey (03.89%) and mixed (13.33%). Most of animals had black muzzle (80.55%), black eyelid (76.66%), black pupil (88.58%),black hooves (71.11%) and black switch of tail (74.44%). The means morphometric characteristics viz., body weight, body length, chest girth, height at withers, face length, horn length, circumference at base of horn, ear length and hair length were found 228.30±1.942 kg, 95.69±0.41 cm, 139.55±0.69 cm, 85.10±0.12 cm, 39.96±0.24 cm, 18.35±0.50 cm, 10.84±0.07 cm, 18.16±0.22 cm and 9.06±0.02 mm, respectively. The morphological and morphometric features of the non-descript indicated that these animals are small in size having variation in colour pattern. The data generated for non-descript cattle of Raigad district would be useful to characterize them. It was concluded that the animals in the district are small in size, suitable for develop dual purpose breed, to support the farming as well as milk production. Key Words: Morphometric measurement, non-descript cattle, physical character. Present address: 1College of Agriculture Dapoli, Dr. B. S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Maharashtra *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION were classi ied according to location, age group and sex of With the vast bovine genetic resources, India possesses 40 the animal. Details of the observation containing physical registered cattle breeds besides large proportion of non- and morphological traits were recorded in the prescribed descript cattle. As per 19 t h Livestock Census of format of National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources Maharashtra, 2012, Maharashtra possesses 23.70 million (NBAGR, Karnal) for evaluation of breed under ield cattle out of which 3.32 million are non-descript in Raigad conditions was modi ied as per need of the study in the district of Konkan region (Anonymous 2007). India context of Maharashtra. possesses 57% of world's buffalo and 16% of the cattle Collection of data population. Out of cattle population, non-descript cattle The collection of data on morphological characters of non- constitutes 86 per cent (Reddy et al. 1995). The milk descript cattle from the district, three stage strati ied production of non-descriptcow is about 1.50 kg/day. random sampling method was followed. At irst stage, 5 Although milk production of non-descript cattle is low, but tahsils were selected randomly from the district and from importance of these animals lies in their draught power each tahsil, 10 villages were selected randomly in second capacity, heat tolerance, disease resistance, adaptability to stage. In the third stage, 4 farmers having cattle from all harsh agro-climatic conditions and ability to survive and the villages were selected randomly. Thus, total sample perform under scarce feed and fodder. All these favourable size was 360 cattle in the present study. For the present traits made these cows as popular (Kayastha et al. 2011). It investigation, a set of questionnaire relevant to the is therefore, necessary to improve upon the non-descript subjects of the study was specially designed to collect the animal pool through selection. The present investigation information. The data of the non-descript cattle were was undertaken to study the morphological and morpho- collected by personal interview method. After interview metric mesurements of non-descript cattle as part of with the farmers, all the morpho-metric traits and physical strategy for breed improvement programme. characters were recorded on non-descript cattle. MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present investigation was carried out in Raigad A sample survey was conducted in Raigad district of district of south Konkan region. Investigation pertaining Konkan region of Maharashtra to study the morphological to physical characteristics under ield conditions were and morphometric features of non-descript cattle for recorded by observation. Morphological traits were improving their production potential. recorded in centimeter with the help of measuring tap and
67 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016
Figure1. Non-descript cattle of Raigad (Maharashtra) Figure 2. Non-descript bull of Raigad (Maharashtra)
Morphological features results indicated that in non-descript cattle black switch of The present study reveals that the majority of the cattle tail was the most common. The results of the present were brown (39.72%), followed by black (25.83%), white investigation were agreement with the results reported by (17.22%), grey (03.89%), while mixed coat colour Khirari et al. (2014) and Yewale (2011) in non-descript (13.33%) was less prominent (Fig.1 and Fig 2). The results cattle of Ratnagiri and Thane district. The most commonly obtained in this study were in good agreement with the observed horn shape in non-descript cattle was curved in indings of Khirari et al. (2014) in non-descript cattle of backward direction (84.25%) and only in 9.46 per cent Ratnagiri district and Yewale (2011) in non-descript cattle straight horns. Pundir et al. (2009) observed that the of Thane district. In study area most of the animal were curved horn with backward and upward with pointed tips found grey (67.12%) skin colour, followed by brown in Bargur cattle of Tamil Nadu. The poll was non- (26.25%) and black (6.67%), respectively. These results prominent (90.53%) and only in 9.46 per cent cattle, it was indicated that grey skin colour was the most common in prominent. The orientation of ears was found horizontal. non-descript cattle under study. The results on the trends The horizontal orientation of ears indicates the alertness of distribution of skin colour were similar to the indings of the animals. Joshi and Philips, (1953) and Pundir et al. of Khirari et al. (2014) in non-descript cattle but different (2007) recorded similar type of horizontal orientation of from those reported by Singh et al. (2007) and Pundir et al. ears in Amritmahal cattle and Kenkatha cattle, (2007) in Gangatiri and Kenkatha cattle. The predominant respectively. Khirari et al.(2014) and Yewale, (2011) also muzzle colour was found to be black (80.55%) followed by reported similar results in local non-descript cattle of brown colour (12.49%), grey (4.14%) and white (2.77%). Ratnagiri and Thane district of Maharashtra. These results indicated that black muzzle colour was the The average hair sheen, eye type, horn shape and poll most common in non-descript cattle. The present characters in non-descript cattle were also recorded in investigation were found agree with to the indings of different tahsils of Raigad district. The results indicated Gokhale et al. (2009) in Khillar cattle, Pundir et al. (2007) that most of the non-descript cattle were having dull hairs and Singh et al. (2007) noticed white, grey and black (70.77%), whereas only 29.22% cattle had glossy hair. muzzle colour in Kenkatha and Gangatiri cattle. Similar This may be due to poor intake of green fodder, worm indings were observed by Yewale (2011) in non-descript infestation, vitamins and mineral de iciency. The eyes cattle of Thane district. Majority of the animals were found condition observed were glossy (73.74%) and dull to have black eyelid colour (76.66%), followed by grey (26.54%). A dull eye condition was observed due to green (11.94%), brown (6.11%) and white (5.27%) eyelid fodder is not adequately available in this area. Further, colour. The results of present investigation were black and brown pupil colour was observed in 88.58 and agreement with indings of Khirari et al. (2014) and 11.36% animals, respectively. Yewale (2011). The horn colour was found to be grey The udder shape of non-descript cattle of Raigad district (85.84%) and black (14.11%). Black was the most was observed in bowl, round, pendulous and trough in common hooves colour across all the animals (71.11%). 28.46, 25.65, 25.33 and 20.54% animals, respectively. Similar studies done elsewhere have also reported that Khirari, (2010) and Yewale, (2011) recorded the similar there was a predominant occurrence of black colour type of results in local non-descript cattle of Ratnagiri and hooves among non-descript cattle (Khirari et al. 2014 and Thane district of Maharashtra. The teat characters of the Yewale (2011). The colour of the switch of tail was black non-descript cattle were observed cylindrical (11.45%), (74.44%), brown (17.77%) and white (7.77%). These funnel (11.75%) and small shape (76.69%). These
68 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 observations indicated that non-descript cows of the Joshi NR and Philips RW.1953. Zebu cattle of India and district are low yielder. The present results were Pakistan FAO Agric., Studies No. 19 204-227-80. agreement with Khirari et al. (2014) and Yewale, (2011). Challenges and Strategies pp. 150. Pundir et al. (2007) and Singh et al. (2007) noticed Karthikeyan SMK, Saravanan R and Thangaraju. 2008. cylindrical teat shape in Kenkatha, and Gangatiri cattle. Krishna Valley cattle in India: status characteristics The results of teat tips shapes of present investigation and utility. National Bureau of Animal Genetic were found in pointed (43.34%), rounded (30.62%) and Resources. No 39: 25-37. lat (26.80%). The result of teat tips shapes were agreement with Khirari et al. (2014) in local cattle of Kayastha RB, Zaman G, Goswami RN andHaque Ratnagiri district. A.2011.Physical and morphometric characterization of indigenous cattle of Assam. Open Vet. J.1: 7-9 Morphometric measurements Khirari PB, Bharambe VY and Burte, RG. 2014. Physical The average body weight (BW), body length (BL), chest and morphological characterization of non-descript girth (CG), height at withers (HW), face length (FC), horn cattle in Ratnagiri district of Konkan Region of India. length (HL), circumference at base of horn (CH), ear length Livestock Res. Int.2(1): 16-18. (EL) and hair length were found 228.30±1.942 kg, 95.69±0.41 cm, 139.55±0.69 cm, 85.10±0.12 cm, Khirari PB. 2010. Study of morphological characteristics 39.96±0.24 cm, 18.35±0.50 cm, 10.84±0.07 cm, of non-descript cattle in Ratnagiri district of Konkan 18.16±0.22 cm and 9.06±0.02 mm, respectively. These region in Maharashtra. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis submitted traits indicated that the animals were in small size and to Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth shape. This may be due to typical agro climatic conditions Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. and poor availability of feeds and fodder in the district. Pundir RK and Ahlawat SPS. 2007. Indigenous Breeds of The morpho-metric measurements were in close Cattle and Buffalo. Dairy India Yearbook. 6thedn. pp agreement with the reports of Khirari et al. (2014) in non- 261–71. descript cattle, Pundir et al. (2013) in Uttara cattle, Yewale Pundir RK, Singh PK, Prakash B and Ahalawat SPS. 2007. (2011) in non-descript cattle, Karthikeyan et al.(2008) in Characterization and evaluation of Kenkatha breed in Krishna valley cattle, Pundir et al. (2009) in Bargur cattle. its native tract. Indian J Anim. Sci.,77(2) Pp.177-180 The estimates of body length, height at wither and chest Pundir RK, Kathiravan P, Singh PK and Manikhandan VA. girth in cattle were lower than the Sahiwal, Kankrej, 2009.Bargur cattle; status, characteristics and Hariana, Red Sindhi and Bargur breeds and within the performance. Indian J. Anim. Sci.,79(7):681-685. range as in smaller breeds like Vechur and Punganaur (Pundir and Ahlawat, 2007). Pundir RK, Singh PK, Neelkant, Sharma D, Singh CV and Prakash B. 2013. Uttara -A new cattle germplasm from The present study reveled that the features of the non- Uttarakhand hills. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 83 (1): 51–58. descript cattle of Raigad district of Maharashtra are small in size having variation in colour pattern (black, brown, Reddy TVL, Sreemanarayana O and Rao AVM. 1995. grey, and mixed-white with black), medium size curved Studies on reproductive trains of non-descript of horns with backward orientation, black coloured hooves, crossbred bovine under rural conditions of Andra horizontal ear orientation, lack of prominent poll, poorly Pradesh. Indian Vet. J.,72: 410-411. developed udder with small teats and low body weight. Singh PK, Gaur GK, Pundir RK and Singh A. 2007. However, through rigorous selection, dual purpose breed, Characterization and evaluation of Gangatiri cattle having small size with less feed requirement can be breed in its native tract. Indian. J. Anim. Sci., 77(1):66- developed to support the farming as well as milk 70 production of the region. Vij PK, Nivsarkar AE, Tantia MS, Vij RK, Kumar P, Joshi BK REFERENCES and Sahai R.1994. National Bureau of Animal Genetic Anonymous (2007) Raigad Zilha Parishd, census of Resources bulletin NO, 2:235-237. livestock in Raigad district of Konkan region of Yewale SS. 2011. Study of morphological characteristics of Maharashtra state. non-descript cattle in Thane district of Konkan region Gokhale SB, Bhagat RL, Singh PK and Singh G 2009. in Maharashtra. M.Sc. (Agri.) thesis submitted to Dr. Morphometric characteristics and utility pattern of Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Khillar cattle in breeding tract.Indian J Anim. Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. Sci.79(1); 47-51
69 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 G-banding homologies of a tandem fusion in Paralakhemundi (Swamp) and Crossbred (Murrah x Swamp) buffalo chromosome PK Mallick* and AK Ghosh Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar- 263145 (Uttarakhand) India ABSTRACT
Present cytogenetic study was conducted on Paralakhemundi and crossbred (MurrahXSwamp) buffaloes in Gajapati district of Orissa state. The whole blood culture technique was followed for morphological study of chromosome and for identi ication and characterization of individual chromosome conventional Giemsa stain solution (pH 6.8) and G- banding procedures were employed in this study. The diploid chromosome number obtained in G-banding procedure in Paralakhemundi and crossbreed buffaloes were 48 (24 pairs) and 49 (24 pairs+1), respectively, in both the sexes and both of them possessed 10 sub-metacentric chromosomes. The chromosomes of crossbred buffalo possessed a longer sub-metacentric autosome at 4th pair in both the sexes in comparison to Paralakhemundi. It is due to homologous translocation and the numerical polymorphism to a balanced tandem fusion between both members of chromosomes 4 and 9 of the Murrah karyotype. A break in the vicinity of the centromere of acrocentric chromosome 9 resulted in fusion of this chromosome to the short arm of the sub-metacentric chromosome 4, which probably broke in its telomeric regions. In morphological study comparison of mean relative percentage length of chromosome between Paralakhemundi and crossbred buffalo in the conventional Giemsa stained, G-banded metaphase chromosome showed that the Giemsa stained chromosomes were smaller than the G-banded chromosomes (not considering the sex chromosome). The mean relative percentage length varied from 1.187±0.002 to 7.231±0.004 in Giemsa stained and 1.211±0.002 to 9.817±0.004 in G-banded Paralakhemundi chromosome however; in crossbred buffaloes it varied from 1.107±0.002 to 11.714±0.005 in Giemsa stained and 1.295±0.003 to 12.510±0.004 in G-banded chromosome. The higher length in the upper side in crossbred (i.e. 11.714 and 12.51) was due to translocation. The centomeric index (%) and the arm ratio of irst ten pairs of sub-metacentric chromosomes varied from 37.61 to 47.82 and 1.090 to 1.398 in Paralakhemundi and 34.93 to 48.28 and 1.081 to 1.498 in crossbred buffalo, respectively. The present indings on G- Banding pro ile could be important in physical gene mapping studies, which can be consider as one of the most important steps for molecular genetics improvement of the domestic animal. Key Words: G-banding, relative length, tandem fusion, Paralakhemundi buffalo Present address: 1SRRC ICAR-(CSWRI), Mannavanur, Kodaikanal-624103, TamilNadu *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION programme and open the door for further molecular The cytogenetic studies with the advent of banding genetic characterization of breeds. Paralakhemundi is techniques of livestock species have given a new well-recognized buffalo breed of Gajapati district of dimension to animal breeding particularly in Orissa state. It is a potential buffalo breed with distinct unequivocal identi ication of chromosomes in a body features. Upgrading of this breed with Murrah has karyotype. The science of cytogenetics is developed for been taken up in its habitat. Studies on genetic structure, identi ication of individual chromosomes within and particularly the chromosome identi ication and between different species and breeds of livestock. characterization of various Indian buffaloes like riverine Chromosome morphology and gross anatomical or and swamp, utilizing the advanced banding techniques physiological functions of the animals were also and molecular cytogenetic markers approach assume con irmed by this study (Ford et al. 1980). Karyotype greater importance. Banding the chromosome, which is reveals the sex of an embryo at a very early stage, which also helpful to study the evolution of karyotype of many is helpful in ETT. Further, chromosomal study can also species, can identify the reciprocal or non-reciprocal help in analyzing the segregation of chromosomes translocation. The indigenous buffaloes of Orissa have though the crossbreds. Till date, 79 loci are mapped on been classi ied as swamp buffalo possessing 2n=48 buffalo, which are assigned to 16 autosomes and one sex chromosome (Bidhar et al. 1986), whereas, Murrah chromosome 'X' (Iannuzzi et al. 1999). Karyotyping possesses 2n=50 chromosome. Reports indicated that helps in the identi ication of correct position of loci on there is reduction in chromosome number of swamp the chromosomes. In non-descript breeds of livestock it buffalo owing to a reciprocal translocation involving two will equip us with information to design breeding chromosome pairs. Keeping in view the above facts, the
70 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 present investigation was undertaken to study the into 15ml sterilized centrifuge tube after discarding few chromosome compliment of Paralakhemundi and drops of blood near lame to avoid contamination. crossbred buffaloes by using conventional Giemsa Culturing of leucocytes and banding staining and G-banding techniques to identify the h o m o l o g o u s c h r o m o s o m e s a n d s t r u c t u r a l Sterile culture tubes of 30ml capacity were used for abnormalities. culture of leucocytes. To each tube 5 ml of culture media TC-199, 0.2 ml of mitotic agent Phytohaemagglutinin-M MATERIALS AND METHODS (Difco), 1.2 ml of autologous plasma and 0.1 ml of Cytogenetic studies were conducted on Paralakhemundi antibiotic solution containing (5000 I.U of Benzyl and crossbred buffaloes. The crossbreds were produced penicillin/ml) was added aseptically and then incubated by the local farmers of Paralakhemundi by crossing at 380C (body temperature of buffalo) for 72hrs. The Murrah males with Paralakhemundi females. Whole culture tubes were shaked at hourly interval for the irst blood culture technique developed by Ratnasabhapathy 69 hours of incubation. Then 0.2ml (0.002mg) of and Ganesh (1980) with little modi ication made by colchicines was added to each tube and again incubated Barpujari and Bhende (1991) was employed. 10 ml of for three hours to help for the accumulation of cells at blood was collected from each of 20 Paralakhemundi (10 metaphase. After 72 hours of incubation the contents of males and 10 females) and 18 crossbred (8 males and 10 each tube were transferred into graduated centrifuge f e m a l e s ) b u ff a l o e s i n h e p a r i n i s e d s y r i n g e tube and centrifuged at 1,800 for 8 minutes. The (5000I.U/10ml) with maximum aseptic precautions. supernatant was removed and the cell bottom was The blood from the syringe was immediately transferred treated with hypotonic solution (0.075M KCL) for 10
Table 1. Mean relative percentage length of Giemsa stained and G-banded chromosome in Paralakhemundi buffalo Chromosome Giemsa stained chromosome G-banded chromosome Male Female Male Female 1st pair 7.231±0.004 6.897±0.004 9.817±0.004 9.112±0.004 2nd pair 7.082±0.004 6.711±0.004 7.332±0.004 6.957±0.004 3rd pair 6.892±0.004 6.301±0.004 7.167±0.004 6.882±0.004 4th pair 6.501±0.003 5.989±0.004 6.987±0.004 6.439±0.004 5th pair 5.928±0.003 5.897±0.003 6.013±0.003 5.901±0.003 6th pair 5.737±0.003 5.213±0.003 5.821±0.003 5.333±0.003 7th pair 4.827±0.002 4.982±0.003 4.802±0.003 5.012±0.003 8th pair 4.012±0.003 4.098±0.003 4.082±0.002 4.123±0.003 9th pair 3.729±0.003 3.019±0.002 3.827±0.003 4.001±0.002 10th pair 3.456±0.003 3.308±0.002 3.466±0.003 3.709±0.002 11th pair 3.129±0.003 3.018±0.003 3.225±0.003 3.129±0.003 12th pair 2.987±0.003 2.709±0.002 3.035±0.003 2.892±0.003 13th pair 2.798±0.003 2.405±0.003 2.895±0.003 2.519±0.002 14th pair 2.427±0.003 2.201±0.003 2.507±0.003 2.314±0.003 15th pair 2.220±0.003 2.018±0.003 2.230±0.002 2.219±0.003 16th pair 2.013±0.003 1.999±0.003 2.101±0.003 2.012±0.003 17th pair 1.902±0.003 1.897±0.003 2.003±0.003 1.903±0.003 18th pair 1.798±0.003 1.654±0.003 1.897±0.003 1.719±0.003 19th pair 1.652±0.002 1.503±0.002 1.775±0.002 1.609±0.002 20th pair 1.609±0.002 1.487±0.002 1.703±0.002 1.517±0.002 21st pair 1.456±0.002 1.329±0.002 1.559±0.002 1.499±0.002 22nd pair 1.302±0.002 1.298±0.002 1.429±0.002 1.391±0.002 23rd pair 1.203±0.002 1.187±0.002 1.303±0.002 1.211±0.002 X 5.982±0.004 5.519±0.004 6.038±0.004 5.629±0.004 X or Y 1.011±0.002 5.498±0.004 1.121±0.002 5.501±0.004
71 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 minutes and ixed thrice in 1:3 glacial acetic acid and 0.25% trypsin in buffer solution for 45 seconds. Each methanol as a ixative. The slides were prepared by slide was then rinsed with buffer, air-dried and stained dropping the cell suspension from a height of 60cm by in Giemsa satin [1ml of stock Giemsa solution (BDH) + Pasteur pipette in such a manner that there was no 9ml of phosphate buffer at pH 6.8] for 4 minutes. overlapping of drops on the slides. The slides were air Morphological study of chromosome dried and stained with Giemsa stain solution (pH 6.8). Good quality metaphase spreads were photographed by a) Relative percentage length of chromosome using Carl-Zeiss photomicroscope (Fuke et al. 2004). The relative percentage length of the chromosomes was For identi ication and characterization of individual calculated by using the formula: Average length of two homologous chromosome x 100 chromosome G-banding procedures were employed in Relative = this study. The modi ied trypsin digestion method was length (%) Total length of haploid set of chromosomes used for obtaining G-banding (Sumner et al. 1971 and The above lengths were analyzed statistically as per the Seabright, 1972). In this method previously air-dried procedures of (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967). The glass slides were immersed in 2X SSC solutions transformed values were used for the calculation of (17.59gm of sodium chloride + 8.8 gm of distilled water) 0 standard error. It permits comparative analysis of an for 1 hour at 60 C. Then the slides were looded with a
Table 2. Mean relative percentage length of Geimsa stained and G-banded chromosome in crossbred (Riverine x Swamp) buffaloes
Chromosome Giemsa stained chromosome G-banded chromosome Male Female Male Female 1st pair 7.681±0.005 7.576±0.005 8.698±0.004 8.586±0.004 2nd pair 7.318±0.005 7.293±0.004 7.918±0.004 7.415±0.004 3rd pair 7.102±0.005 7.019±0.004 7.239±0.004 7.215±0.004 4th a 11.714±0.005 11.719±0.004 12.510±0.004 12.008±0.004 4th b 6.781±0.004 6.615±0.004 7.008±0.004 6.798±0.004 5th pair 6.579±0.004 6.681±0.003 6.919±0.004 6.697±0.003 6th pair 6.201±0.003 6.112±0.003 6.398±0.004 6.227±0.003 7th pair 5.119±0.003 5.017±0.003 6.009±0.004 5.219±0.002 8th pair 4.987±0.004 4.798±0.003 5.117±0.003 4.819±0.003 One of 9th pair 4.717±0.004 4.519±0.003 4.729±0.003 4.695±0.003 10th pair 4.609±0.004 4.485±0.002 4.698±0.003 4.591±0.003 11th pair 4.417±0.004 4.219±0.002 4.529±0.003 4.329±0.003 12th pair 4.211±0.003 4.007±0.003 4.311±0.003 4.119±0.003 13th pair 4.008±0.005 3.917±0.003 4.118±0.003 4.005±0.002 14th pair 3.678±0.003 3.549±0.003 3.801±0.003 3.659±0.002 15th pair 3.171±0.003 3.016±0.003 3.311±0.004 3.116±0.003 16th pair 2.901±0.003 2.817±0.003 3.011±0.003 2.917±0.003 17th pair 2.797±0.003 2.591±0.003 2.895±0.003 2.691±0.003 18th pair 2.697±0.003 2.415±0.003 2.798±0.003 2.559±0.003 19th pair 2.598±0.002 2.393±0.003 2.698±0.003 2.427±0.003 20th pair 2.297±0.003 2.199±0.004 2.314±0.004 2.309±0.003 21st pair 2.008±0.002 1.889±0.002 2.109±0.002 1.995±0.002 22nd pair 1.817±0.003 1.415±0.002 1.987±0.002 1.629±0.002 23rd pair 1.697±0.002 1.297±0.002 1.798±0.003 1.419±0.002 24th pair 1.601±0.003 1.107±0.002 1.705±0.002 1.295±0.003 X 6.981±0.004 6.589±0.005 7.001±0.004 6.775±0.004 X or Y 1.118±0.003 6.003±0.004 1.218±0.002 6.221±0.004
72 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 3. Centromeric index and arm ratio of sub-metacentric chromosomes of Paralakhemundi and Crossbred buffaloes Chromo-some No. Centromeric Index Arm Ratio Paralakhemundi Crossbred Paralakhemundi Crossbred Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 1st 42.87 38.30 45.17 45.74 1.332 1.099 1.213 1.186 2nd 43.94 46.91 42.88 43.37 1.275 1.332 1.332 1.385 3rd 43.44 41.52 38.27 43.38 1.299 1.244 1.498 1.282 4th 43.04 46.89 42.94 44.74 1.323 1.206 1.328 1.236 5th 44.89 42.77 34.93 44.79 1.227 1.398 1.451 1.232 6th 45.74 46.30 38.31 46.23 1.186 1.281 1.441 1.162 7th 41.74 42.25 48.28 36.84 1.395 1.345 1.081 1.451 8th 42.82 42.67 41.36 37.74 1.335 1.098 1.417 1.461 9th 45.93 37.61 44.41 43.40 1.117 1.118 1.251 1.389 10th 47.82 45.82 44.44 45.45 1.090 1.301 1.258 1.288 individual cell and individual subject. conventional staining techniques fail to identify the b) Centromeric Index individual autosome pairs with the exception of the largest and the smallest in the genome. But, with the The centromeric index (%) of the individual metacentric recent advancements of technology several chromosome was calculated by using the formula: investigators have attempted to carry out unequivocal Length of Short Arm (p) Centromeric = x 100 identi ication of the bovine chromosome through Inde x (C.I) Chromosome lenght banding techniques. The G-banding was known to identify the homologous chromosomes in normal c) Arm ratio karyotype and also helpful for the identi ication of small The morphology of a chromosome depends upon its parts of chromosomes involving translocation, deletion total length and the position of the centromere. The and in structural rearrangements (Rowley, 1973; Lin et position of the centromere is also indicated by the arm al. 1977; Long, 1985). It had been postulated that DNA in ratio, which is expressed by- G-positive band was A-T rich and in G-negative bands Length of long Arm (q) was G-C rich. Characteristic dark and light bands Arm = x 100 Ratio Length of Short Arm (p) representing the heterochromatin and euchromatin area respectively had been observed in the present RESULTS AND DISCUSSION study. The euchromatin area (light bands) contains In buffaloes most of autosomes and sex chromosomes functional genes and DNA, which replicate early in S- are acrocentric in structure; therefore, identi ication phase. G-banding pattern indicated the centromeric problems are encountered while comparing with heterochromatin unlike other heterochromatin did not international standard (Gustavsson, 1999). As a result, take G-staining, however X-chromosome centromere
Figure 1. Mitotic metaphase spread of Giemsa stained Figure 2. Mitotic metaphase spread of Giemsa stained chromosome of Paralakhemundi female buffalo chromosome of crossbred female buffalo
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Figure 3. G-banded karyotype of Paralakhemundi Figure 4. G-banded karyotype of Paralakhemundi buffalo in male buffalo in female
Figure 5. G-banded karyotype of crossbred (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) Figure 6. G-banded karyotype of crossbred (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) buffalo in male (Tandem fusion) buffalo in female (Tandem fusion)
Figure 7. Diagrammatic presentation of the G-banded karyotype Figure 8. Diagrammatic presentation of the G-banded of Paralakhemundi buffalo in male karyotype of Paralakhemundi buffalo in female
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Figure 9. Diagrammatic presentation of the G-banded karyotype Figure 10. Diagrammatic presentation of the G-banded karyotype of of crossbred (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) buffalo in male crossbred (Paralakhemundi x Murrah) buffalo in female
Figure 11. Idiogram of Giemsa stained and G-banded Figure 12. Idiogram of Giemsa stained and G-banded chromosome of Paralakhemundi male buffalo chromosome of Paralakhemundi female buffalo
Figure 13. Idiogram of Giemsa stained and G-banded Figure 14. Idiogram of Giemsa stained and G-banded chromosome of Crossbred male buffalo chromosome of Crossbred female buffalo
took G-staining, which were in agreement with the chromosome showed different degree of contraction earlier results (Evans et al. 1973; Bharti and Verma, due to different effects of trypsin treatment as presented 2004). in the diagrams (Figs. 7-10). The pale band represents The present study described the Giemsa stained the lighter band, where as, the dark band is deeply chromosome (Figs 1 and 2), the karyotypes (Figs.3-6), stained and there is no stain in negative band. The diagrammatic presentation (Figs.7-10) and ideograms difference between positive and negative G-band may be ( F i g s . 1 1 - 1 4 ) o f G - b a n d e d c h ro m o s o m e s o f due to distribution of chromosomal protein and DNA. Paralakhemundi and crossbred buffaloes. It revealed Lin et al. (1977), Iannuzzi and Di-Meo (1995) and that each sub-metacentric chromosome consists of two Nagpure et al. (2006) in cattle karyotypes and Long arms. Each arm (p=small arm and q=large arm) (1985) in sheep karyotypes reported different G- possessed different distinct G-banded regions. banding regions on the haploid chromosomes. The Paralakhemundi male buffalo has got seven bands in the In G-banding it was found that the variable bands like 'p' arm and six bands in 'q' arm (Fig.7), whereas, the dark, pale and negative (no band) bands on the females possessed 6 bands on both p and q arm (Fig.8).
75 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 In the crossbred, the picture is completely different. Both higher length in the upper side in crossbred (i.e. 11.714 male and female possessed two regions in the p arms, and 12.51) was due to translocation. In males the mean whereas, in q arm there were ive regions in male (Fig.9) relative percentage length is comparatively more than and four regions in female in the q arm (Fig.10). These the females irrespective of the banding patterns types of differential banding patterns with different (Tables1 and 2). The Y-chromosome was the smallest regions were also observed in all haploid chromosomes acrocentric chromosome irrespective of breed and sex of Paralakhemundi and crossbred buffaloes in both (Tables 1 and 2; Figs. 11 and 13), which was in sexes (Fig.7-10). agreement with the indings of Samal (1991), Gaikwad The diploid chromosome number obtained in G- and Narayankhedkar (1995) and Shinde et al. (1997), banding procedure in Paralakhemundi and crossbreed and the X-chromosome was the largest acrocentric buffaloes were 48 (24 pairs) and 49 (24 pairs+1), chromosome (Tables 1 and 2; Figs. 14 and 15), which respectively, in both the sexes and both of them agreed well with the reports of Prakash (1993), Naqvi possessed 10 sub-metacentric chromosomes (Figs. 3-6). and Baig (1994), Gaikwad and Narayankhedkar (1995) These indings were in agreement with the results and Shinde et al. (1997). The centomeric index (%) of obtained by Di-Beradino and Iannuzzi et al. (1990) and irst ten pairs of sub-metacentric chromosomes varied Bongso and Hilmi (1982). The chromosomes of from 37.61 to 47.82 in Paralakhemundi and 34.93 to crossbred buffalo possessed a longer sub-metacentric 48.28 in crossbred buffalo (Table 3), which was similar autosome at 4th pair in both the sexes in comparison to with the report of Chauhan (2002). The arm ratio of irst Paralakhemundi (Figs.5 and 6). It was a case of ten pairs of sub-metacentric chromosomes varied from homologous translocation. It is evident that the 1.090 to 1.398 in Paralakhemundi and 1.081 to 1.498 in numerical polymorphism is due to a balanced tandem crossbred buffalo (Table 3). Thus, information on G- fusion between both members of chromosomes 4 and 9 Banding pro ile could be important in physical gene of the Murrah karyotype. A break in the vicinity of the mapping studies, which can be consider as one of the centromere of acrocentric chromosome 9 resulted in most important steps for molecular genetic fusion of this chromosome to the short arm of the sub- improvement of the domestic animal. metacentric chromosome 4, which probably broke in its REFERENCES telomeric regions (Figs. 5 and 6). Using the G-banding Barpujari D and Bhende SV. 1991. MVSc Thesis technique, Rommelt-Vaster et al. (1978) reported that submitted to the Punjabrao Desmukh Krishi the tandem fusion occurred between chromosomes 2 Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra. and 9 in the Asian water buffalo. It was recently shown from R-banding patterns that the large metacentric Bharti and Verma SK. 2004. Chromosome homology and chromosome of a Swamp buffalo in the Rome zoo abnormalities studied by GTG banding in cattle. resulted from a telomere-cetromere tandem fusion National Symposium on Livestock Production between 4p and 9 of the Murrah karyotypes (Di- Sustainable food Security and Livelihoods in Bererdino and Iannuzzi, 1981). Das et al. (2000) also Mountain areas, GBPUAT, Pantnagar. reported the translocation as a telomere-centromere Bidhar GC, Pattnaik GR, Rao PK and Patra BN. 1986. type tandem fusion between chromosomes 4 and 9 of Chromosome number and morphology of the river buffalo (2n=50). Further, the results con irm Paralakhemundi buffaloes in Orissa. Buffalo the hypothesis of Wurster and Benirschke (1968), who Bulletin. 5: 54-56. suggested that a tandem fusion may have been Bongso TA and Hilmi M. 1982. Chromosome banding responsible for the differentiations of the Swamp from homologies of tandem fusion in river swamp and the Murrah buffalo. crossbred buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Canadian Comparison of mean relative percentage length of Journal of Genetics and Cytology. 24: 667-673. chromosome between Paralakhemundi and crossbred Chauhan AK. 2002. Karyotyping of Tarai (Riverian) buffalo in the conventional Giemsa stained, G-banded buffaloes. A M.V.Sc Tesis submitted G.B.P.U.A.T., metaphase chromosome (Tables 1 and 2) showed that Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. the Giemsa stained chromosomes were smaller than the Das D and Gogoi PK. 2000. Karyotyping of swamp G-banded chromosomes (not considering the sex buffaloes of Assam. Indian Veterinary Journal. 77: chromosome). The mean relative percentage length 499-500. varied from 1.187±0.002 to 7.231±0.004 in Giemsa stained and 1.211±0.002 to 9.817±0.004 in G-banded Di Beradino D and Iannuzzi L. 1981. Chromosome Paralakhemundi chromosome (Table 1), which was in banding homologies in swamp and Murrah agreement with the reports of Bidhar (1986), Pradhan buffalo. Journal of Heredity. 72: 183-188. (1986) and Samal (1991) in swamp buffaloes. However, Evans HJ, Buckland RA and Sumner AT. 1973. in crossbred buffaloes it varied from 1.107±0.002 to Chromosome homology and heterochromatin in 11.714±0.005 in Giemsa stained and 1.295±0.003 to goat, sheep and ox studied by banding techniques. 12.510±0.004 in G-banded chromosome (Table 2). The Chromosoma. 42: 383.
76 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Ford CE, Pollock DL and Gustavasson I. 1976. In: Holstein Friesan and their crossbreds. Indian J. Proceedings of irst international conference for Anim. Sci., 76 (10): 810-815. standardization of banded karyotype of domestic Naqvi AN and Baig MA. 1994. Karyotype of Nill-Ravi animal. Hereditas. 92: 145-162. buffalo. Buffalo Bulletin. 13:61-63. Fuke NH, Sirothia AR, Sirothia KA and Joshi DK. 2004. Pradhan JK. 1986. Chromosome studied on some local Chromosome number and morphology of varieties of buffalo in Orissa. M.V.Sc Thesis Purnathadi buffaloes of Maharshtra- Centromeric submitted to Orissa University of Agriculture and Index. Livestock international. 2: 5-7. Technology, Bhubaneswar. Gaikwad SM and Narayankhedkar SG. 1995. Prakash B, Balain DS, Lathwal SS and Mallick RK. 1994. Chromosomal evaluation of Murrah buffaloes. Trisomy-X in a sterile river buffalo. Vet. Rec., 134: Journal of Bombay Veterinary College. 4: 57-58. 241-242. Gustavsson I. 1980. Chromosome aberrations and their Rathnasabapathy V and Ganesh TN. 1980. White blood in luence on the reproductive performance of cell culture technique for the display of d o m e s t i c a n i m a l s – a rev i e w. Z . T i e r z . chromosomes in buffaloes. Cherion. 9: Pp.45. Zuchtungsbiol. 97: 176-195. Rommelt-Vaster C, Scheurmann E and Jainudeen MR. Iannuzzi L, Meo, RD, Perucatti A and Ferrara L. 1990. The 1978. Chromosomes of Indian water buffalo high resolution of G- and R- banding patterns in (Bubalus bubalis). Kajian Veterianary. 10 (1): 8-14. chromosome of river buffalo (Bubalua bubalis). Heriditas Landskrona. 112: 209-215. Rowely. 1973. Genetics, Wiley Eastern Limited. New Delhi, Bangalore, Bombay, Calcutta, Chenai and Iannuzzi, L. and Di-Meo, G. P. (1995). Chromosomal Hyderabad, pp 249-250. evolution in bovids: a comparision of cattle, sheep and goat G- and R- banded chromosomes and Samal DD. 1991. Cytogenetic studies on the crossbred cytogenetic divergence among cattle, goat and (indigenous X Murrah) buffaloes of Orissa. M.V.Sc river buffalo sex chromosomes. Chromosome Thesis submitted to Orissa University of Research. 3: 291-299. Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar. Iannuzzi L, Gallagher DS, Di-Meo, Yang GPY, Womack JE, Seabright M and Sumner AT. 1972. A rapid banding Davies SK and Taylor JF. 1999. Comparative FISH technique for human chromosome. The Lancet. 2: mapping of six expressed gene loci to river buffalo 971-972. and sheep chromosome. Cytogenetics and cell Shinde AS, Narayanhedkar SG, Nehta SB, Umirkar UD Genetics. 84: 161-164. and Swane MP. 1997. A study on Murrah buffalo Lin CC, Netwton DR. and Church RB. 1977. Identi ication chromosomes. Cherion. 26: 182. and nomenclature for G-banded bovine Snedecor GW and Cochran WG. 1967. Statistical chromosomes. Candian Journal of Genetics and methods. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, Cytology. 19: 271-282. India. Long SE. 1985. Standard nomenclature for the G-banded Sumner AT, Evans HJ and Buckland RA. 1971. New karyotype of the domestic sheep Ovis aries. technique for distinguishing between human Heredita. 103: 165-170. chromosomes. Nature (London), New Biol., 232: Nagpure NS, Kharche SD and Koul GL. 2006. 31-32. Comparative C- and G-banding studies in Hariana,
77 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Relationship between sire’s estimated breeding values for production traits and ranking of sires in Sahiwal cattle Jaswant Singh*1 and CV Singh G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar, - 263145 (Uttarakhand)
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was undertaken on 1367 irst lactation records of Sahiwal cattle maintained at GLF, Chak Ganjaria, Lucknow over a period of 71 years (1944-2014). The study was conducted for estimation of breeding value of sires for different irst lactation traits using daughter’s average, least-squares and best linear unbiased prediction methods. Ef iciency of different methods was estimated by rank correlation and product moment correlation. The rank correlation coef icients and product moment coef icient between the sires evaluated by various methods were very highly signi icant (P<0.01) for irst lactation milk yield, irst lactation length and age at irst calving. The comparison of different method of sire evaluation for irst lactation traits showed that all the methods are equally ef icient to rank the sires for these traits. Key Words: BLUP, Rank correlation, Lactation trait, Sahiwal Present address: 1Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229 (UP) *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION various methods was used to judge the effectiveness of The effectiveness of sire evaluation is the backbone of any different methods. The rank correlation was estimated as breed improvement programme. This investigation was per methods developed by Steel and Torrie (1960). The planned to evaluate Sahiwal sires as its performance is signi icance of rank correlation was estimated by t-test. remarkable in hot climate and has been recognized The simple product moment correlations (r) between the worldwide as one of the best milch breed (Ilatsia et al., estimated breeding values of bulls by different sire 2011). Various sire evaluation methods viz. daughter’s evaluation methods were also calculated. average, least-squares analysis and best linear unbiased RESULTS AND DISCUSSION prediction (BLUP) were used to evaluate the sires and The estimates of rank correlations and product moment their effectiveness were compared for Sahiwal cattle. The correlation for breeding value of irst lactation traits by information on the production of irst lactation is mainly different methods of 112 sires is depicted in table 1. The required for getting genetic improvement through rank correlation between the sires evaluated by various selection since it serves as an index of life time production methods were very high and ranged from 0.74 ( and in dairy cows. Therefore, it is very much essential for the BLUP) to 0.92 (LSM and BLUP) for FLMY, 0.61 (LSM and ) sire evaluation to correlate the irst lactation milk yield to 0.83 (LSM and BLUP) for FLL and 0.63 ( and LSM) to with life time milk production. So, the daughter’s standard 0.98 (LSM and BLUP) for AFC; all these values were highly irst lactation traits are suggestive to improve the overall signi icant (P<0.01) . These results revealed that ranking lifetime productivity. of sires using any one of these method could result in MATERIALS AND METHODS similar ranking ranging from 72 to 93 per cent for FLMY The data for the present investigation were collected over and 59 to 88 per cent for FLL and 63 to 98 per cent for AFC. a period of 71 years (1944-2014) of 1367 Sahiwal cows The correlation coef icients between other irst lactation born to 112 sires maintained at Government Livestock traits evaluated by different methods reported as 0.07 ( Farm, Chak Ganjaria, Lucknow. Only the sires having the and LSM), 0.56 ( and BLUP) and 0.79 (BLUP and LSM) for records on at least three or more daughters were included FCI; whereas, 0.08 (LSM and ), 0.40 ( and BLUP) and 0.92 in the present study. The standard procedures for (LSM and BLUP) for FDP.Similar to the present indings, estimation of breeding value of sires by daughter’s Raheja (1992), Sahana (1996), Gaur and Raheja (1996), average ( ), least squares method (LSM) and Best Linear Singh and Singh (1999), Dhaka and Raheja (2000), Gaur et Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) was used for age at irst al. (2001), Dubey (2004), Mukherjee (2005) and Banik calving, irst lactation length, irst dry period, irst calving and Gandhi (2006)reported high rank correlations interval and irst service period. between LSM and BLUP method and suggested that these methods were more or less similar in ranking of dairy sires After estimation of breeding value of sires the sires were for irst lactation milk yield.In the present investigation, given rank as per their genetic merit. The Spearman’s rank least- squares method is equally ef icient for ranking of correlation between breeding values of sires derived by
78 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 sires as BLUP and BLUP method. Similarly, Singh and Singh (1999) and The estimates of correlation were ranged from 0.72 ( and Banik and Gandhi (2006) found BLUP method had high BLUP) to 0.93 (LSM and ) for FLMY, 0.59 (LSM and ) to 0.88 and signi icant product moment correlation than LSM. ( and BLUP) for FLL and 0.68 ( and LSM), to 0.98 (LSM and The breeding values of 112 Sahiwal sires with three or BLUP) for AFC and all these values were highly signi icant more daughters were estimated for the irst lactation (P<0.01). The correlation coef icients between other irst traits viz. AFC, FLMY, FLP, FDP, FCI and FSP by applying lactation traits evaluated by different methods were three sire evaluation methods i.e. simple daughter’s reported to be very low and non-signi icant 0.24 ( and average ( ), least- squares method (LSM) and BLUP. The LSM) to highly signi icant 0.82 (BLUP and LSM) for FCI and highest overall breeding value for AFC (1299.54 days) was -0.09 (LSM and ) to 0.61 ( and BLUP) for FDP. These obtained by daughter’s average and lowest breeding value indings indicated that in almost all the irst lactation traits (1281.25 days) was obtained by BLUP method. The ranking of sires by and LSM had similarity and lower to highest overall breeding value for FLMY (1941.16 kg) was highly signi icant correlation which was moderately over obtained by least-squares method and lowest breeding and above the BLUP method.Singh and Singh (1999) Banik value (1711.63 kg) was obtained by daughter’s average (2004) and Banik and Gandhi (2007) reported higher method. The highest overall breeding value for FLP simple correlation coef icients of least-squares with BLUP (321.60 days) was obtained by least-squares method and with their values being 0.967 and 0.850 respectively, while lowest breeding value (313.70 days) was obtained by Deulkar and Kothekar (1999) found comparatively BLUP method. The highest overall breeding value for FDP smaller value (0.64) of simple correlation between LSM (207.60 days) was obtained by daughter’s average and
Table 1. Centromeric index and arm ratio of sub-metacentric chromosomes of Paralakhemundi and Crossbred buffaloes
First Lactation Milk Yield (FLMY) Methods D LSM BLUP D 1.0 0.88** 0.74** LSM 0.93** 1.0 0.92** BLUP 0.72** 0.88** 1.0 First Lactation Length (FLL) Methods D LSM BLUP D 1.0 0.61** 0.80** LSM 0.59** 1.0 0.83** BLUP 0.88** 0.79** 1.0 First Calving Interval (FCI) Methods D LSM BLUP D 1.0 0.07 0.56** LSM 0.24 1.0 0.79** BLUP 0.67** 0.82** 1.0 First Dry Period (FDP) Methods D LSM BLUP D 1.0 0.08 0.40** LSM -0.09 1.0 0.92** BLUP 0.61** -0.27 1.0 Age at First Calving (AFC) Methods D LSM BLUP D 1.0 0.63** 0.67** LSM 0.68** 1.0 0.98** BLUP 0.73** 0.98** 1.0
D = Daughter’s Average, LSM = Least-Squares Method, BLUP = Best Linear Unbiased Prediction ** Significant at 1% level
79 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 2. Rank of Top 10 Sahiwal sires for their estimated breeding values (EBVs) for FLMY and Life-time traits
FLMY LTMY LTLL Rank D LSM BLUP D LSM BLUP D LSM BLUP SIRE CODE 1 52 52 52 18 18 18 18 18 73 2 9 18 9 7 7 87 73 73 18 3 7 7 18 38 38 73 8 8 112 4 2 9 7 73 73 112 112 112 87 5 18 38 87 52 52 92 19 19 92 6 48 2 94 48 48 38 25 25 88 7 38 51 54 9 9 88 60 60 24 8 51 48 38 60 60 56 77 77 60 9 31 54 26 31 31 94 87 87 8 10 26 26 88 112 112 7 24 24 55
D = Daughter’s Average, LSM = Least-Squares Method, BLUP = Best Linear Unbiased Prediction FLMY = First Lactation Milk Yield, LTMY = Lifetime Milk Yield, LTLL = Lifetime lactation length lowest breeding value (194.46 days) was obtained by Breeding values of 112 Sahiwal sires having three or more BLUP method. The highest overall breeding value for FCI daughters were estimated for lifetime traits viz. LTMY, (524.25 days) was obtained by daughter’s average and LTLL applying three different methods (( , LSM and BLUP) lowest breeding value (508.56 days) was obtained by of sire evaluation. The average breeding value of sires for BLUP method. The highest overall breeding value for FSP LTMY was 8803.58 kg, 9262.50 kg and 9815.95 kg, (240.61 days) was obtained by daughter’s average and respectively, using , LSM and BLUP methods of sire lowest breeding value (225.28 days) was obtained by evaluation. Whereas, the average breeding value for BLUP method. So, the estimated breeding values of sires lifetime lactation length was 1543.20 days, 1534.28 days for irst lactation traits by different methods of sire and 1547.30 days, respectively, using , LSM and BLUP evaluation showed a large genetic variation between sires. methods of sire evaluation. So, the estimated breeding Considering irst lactation milk as principal irst lactation values of sires for lifetime traits by different methods of trait in this study, ive sires (Sire code 7, 9, 18, 26 and 52) sire evaluation showed a large genetic variation between were present in top ten sires on the basis of estimated sires. Considering, LTMY as principal lifetime trait in this breeding values from FLMY in all the three methods of sire study, ive sires (Sire code 7, 18, 38, 73 and 112) were evaluation table 2. present in the list of top ten sires on the basis of estimated
Table 3. Percent of common sires in top ten sires with respect to different method of sire evaluation for FLMY and Life-time traits
Traits FLMY LTMY LTLL Methods D LSM BLUP D LSM BLUP D LSM BLUP FLMY D 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.70 0.70 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 LSM 1.0 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 BLUP 1.0 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.30 LTMY D 1.0 1.0 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.40 LSM 1.0 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.40 BLUP 1.0 0.40 0.40 0.60 LTLL D 1.0 1.0 0.70 LSM 1.0 0.70 BLUP 1.0
D = Daughter’s Average, LSM = Least-Squares Method, BLUP = Best Linear Unbiased Prediction FLMY = First Lactation Milk Yield, LTMY = Lifetime Milk Yield, LTLL = Lifetime lactation length
80 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 breeding values from LTMY in all the three methods of sire Gaur GK and Raheja KL. 1996. Comparison of sire evaluation table 3. evaluation procedures and relationships The rank correlation coef icients and product moment between estimates of sires breeding value for coef icient between the sires evaluated by various production traits in Sahiwal. Indian Journal of methods were very highly signi icant (P<0.01) for irst Animal Science 66 : 735-737. lactation milk yield, irst lactation length and age at irst Gaur GK,Tripathi VN, Mukherjee S and Chaudhary VK. calving. The comparison of different method of sire 2001. Ef iciency of sire evaluation procedures in evaluation for irst lactation traits showed that least- Frieswal cattle. Indian Journal of Veterinary squares method is equally ef icient for ranking of sires as Research 10: 1-6. BLUP for irst lactation milk yield, irst lactation length Ilatsia ED,Roessler R,Kahi AK,Piepho HP and Zarate V. and age at irst calving. 2011.Production objectives and breeding goals of REFERENCES Sahiwal cattle keepers in Kenya and implication Banik S. 2004. Sire evaluation in Sahiwal cattle. Ph.D. for a breeding programme.Tropical Animal Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Karnal, India. Health and Production. DOI 10.1007/s11250- 011-9928-8 Banik S. and Gandhi RS. 2006. Animal model versus conventional models of sire evaluation in Sahiwal Mukherjee S. 2005. Genetic evaluation of Frieswal cattle. cattle. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Ph.D. Thesis, NDRI Deemed University, Karnal, Science19: 1225-1228. India. Banik S and Gandhi RS.2007. Effectiveness of DFREML Raheja KL. 1992. Comparison of progeny testing of versus conventional methods of Sahiwal sire Sahiwal sires by the different methods of sire evaluation. Indian Journal of Animal Science 77: evaluation. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 45: 1143-1147. 64-69. Deulkar PB and Kothekar MD. 1999. Sire evaluation Sahana G. 1996. Effectiveness of sire evaluation methods considering irst lactation yield for improvement for milk production alongwith auxiliary traits vis- of lifetime production in Sahiwal. Indian J. Anim. à-vis other methods in crossbred cattle.Ph.D. Sci., 69: 240-242. Thesis, National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, India. Dhaka SS and Raheja KL. 2000. A comparison of sire evaluation methods. Indian Journal of Animal Singh PK and Singh BP. 1999. Ef icacy of different methods Science70 : 643-644. in genetic evaluation of Murrah sires. Indian Journal of Animal Science 69: 1044-1047. Dubey PP. 2004.Comparison of different sire evaluation methods in dairy cattle. M.Sc. Thesis, G.B. Pant Steel RGD and Torrie JH. 1960. Principles and Procedure of University of Agriculture and Technology, Statistics with Special Reference to the Biological Pantnagar, India. Sciences. McGrew Hill Book Company Inc, New York, 550.
81 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Genetic polymorphisms within coding region of insulin like growth factor-1 gene in six indigenous draught cattle A Gogoi*1, SMK Karthickeyan2 and P Chabukdhara3 Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to detect genetic polymorphisms in the coding regions of bovine insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) gene in six indigenous draught cattle breeds viz., Bargur, Hallikar, Kangayam, Ongole, Pullikulum and Umblachery. A total of 312 blood samples (52 samples from each breed) were collected and genomic DNA was isolated. Four sets of primers were designed for the expressed regions of the IGF-1 gene. The presence of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was detected after sequencing and analysis. The sizes of amplicons (607, 454, 518 and 671 bp) obtained covered the exons one to four with intronic sequences on either sides. The SNPs in exon 1 were at positions g. 213G>A (transition) and g. 244C>A (transversion) between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. The variation at irst position resulted in non-synonymous mutation, replacing the amino acid ‘Serine’ with ‘Asparagine’. Whereas the mutation at position g. 244C>A, resulted in a stop codon (TGA). At position g. 4827 in exon 2, a ‘G’ to ‘A’ transition was observed, which resulted in synonymous mutation. In exon 3, three SNPs were observed at positions g. 56233G>A (transition), g. 56317G>T (transversion) and g. 56354A>T (transversion). These variations resulted in non- synonymous changes in amino acid sequences, i.e. from ‘Arginine’ to ‘Lysine’, ‘Lysine’ to ‘Asparagine’ and ‘Methionine’ to ‘Leucine’ respectively. This region exhibited maximum polymorphisms at different loci whereas; the fourth exon exhibited the greatest homology between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle, showing no variation in any of the positions. Genotyping these SNPs in larger number will give signi icant information on the role of these SNPs among Indian draught cattle. Key Words: Genetic polymorphism, draught cattle, Insulin-like growth factor 1 gene, SNPs Present address: 1Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, 2Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 3Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION markers related to draught power has not been The Indian cattle, popularly known as zebu cattle have attempted so far. Hence the present study was planned to speci ic merits like disease resistance, heat tolerance, characterise the bovine Insulin-like growth factor – 1 endurance and ability to produce under stress and low (IGF-1) gene and to explore the polymorphisms of the feed input. At present around 100 million hectares of farm gene involved in the main metabolic pathway related to land are ploughed by draught animals, which form 55 per physical performance of draught cattle. In the research, cent of total cultivable area (Singh, 1999). According to six popular draught breeds of south India viz. Bargur, 19th Livestock Census Report (2012) it becomes obvious Hallikar, Kangayam, Ongole, Pullikulum and Umblachery that draught animal population in India has been steadily were selected. Insulin like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is declining. The population of draught animals in ield considered as one of the potential candidate markers for operations has shown a negative annual growth rate from muscle strength and muscle mass in cattle due to their 54.32 million in 2003 - 2007 to 39.85 million in 2012. The role in regulation of cell proliferation and animal growth working group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying, 11th (Siadkowska et al. 2006). It is also known as ive year plan (2007- 12) revealed that although use of Somatomedin C, a member of insulin superfamily. The mechanical and electrical power has increased over the primary source of IGF-1 is the liver, from which it is years, the draught cattle shall continue to be a major released into the blood and acts as an endocrine mode on source of farm power in India in future for small and other tissues. IGF-1 is a polypeptide of molecular weight marginal farmers. However, critical review of literature 7.5 kDa, built of 70 amino acids (Daughaday and Rotwein, revealed that extensive studies had been carried out on 1989) and is identical in human, cattle, dogs and pigs physical characteristics, work performance and (Nixon et al. 1999). The mature IGF-1 in cattle is biochemical parameters of work bullocks. But the work expressed from a gene consisting of 4 exons (exon 1-4) on genetic improvement of draught cattle and molecular and spanning more than 71 kb of genomic DNA. The IGF -1 gene was localized on chromosome 5 in cattle by Bishop
82 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Table 1. Primer sequences designed for amplifying IGF – 1 gene Region Primer Sequence (5’-3’end) Annealing Temperature (⁰C) 1 Forward ttt gcc aga aga ggg aga ga 62.0 Reverse caa gcc ctg aag aag tgg ag 2 Forward tag cat gat gcc aag acc tg 53.8 Reverse gct cgc att aag gtg agg aa 3 Forward gaa aaa cct ggg agg gtc a 59.9 Reverse cct ctc agg gga gaa tgg a 4 Forward cca tgc cat caa ggg aaa 52.4 Reverse caa gcc tgc tga atg aat g et al. (1991) and Miller et al. (1991). A recent study in Tris EDTA buffer in 1 in 25 or 50 or 100 dilutions to obtain humans suggested that polymorphism in IGF-1 gene the template DNA (working DNA) concentration of might in luence the muscle strength in response to approximately 20 to 50 ng per μl and stored at -20⁰C till prolonged physical exercise (Kostek et al., 2005). Thus, further processing. Using “Primer3” online software tool bovine IGF-1 gene was considered to contribute to (http://primer3.wi.mit.edu/), four sets of primers were exercise tolerance in these draught breeds. designed to amplify the expressed regions of the IGF-1 MATERIALS AND METHODS gene (1 to 262, 4735 to 4894, 56190 to 56371 and 71601 to 71821 nucleotide positions corresponding to GenBank A total of 312 blood samples (52 samples from each breed) accession No. AC_000162.1) (Table 1). The most critical were collected from respective breeding tracts of the six variables considered while designing the primers were breeds in sterile vacutainers, containing EDTA as an primer length (18-24 bp), melting temperature (55⁰C to anticoagulant and stored at 4⁰C till further processing. 80⁰C), speci icity, complementary primer sequence, GC Genomic DNA was isolated using standard phenol- content (40 per cent to 60 per cent) and 3'-end sequence. chloroform extraction procedure (Sambrook et al., 1989) PCR was performed by following the protocol given in with slight modi ications using DNAzol reagent for lysis Table 2. The PCR amplicons were analysed on a 2% prior to phenol-chloroform extraction and then DNA was agarose gel and bands were documented. The bands diluted to 50 ng/μl. The purity and concentration of DNA developed were observed in a GelDoc (Bio-Rad,USA) samples were estimated by Biospectrophotometer system. The amplicons were sequenced in both forward (Eppendorf, USA). Based on the bands observed in the and reverse directions at M/s. Ocimum Biosolutions, agarose gel and concentration determined by Hyderabad. The instrument used for sequencing was ABI spectrophotometer measurement, DNA was diluted using
Table 2. PCR protocol for IGF -1 gene amplification Step Process Temperature Duration 1 Initial denaturation 95⁰C 5 min 2 Denaturation 95⁰C 45 sec 3 Annealing : Exon 1 62.2⁰C 1 min 30 sec Exon 2 53.8⁰C 40 sec Exon 3 59.9⁰C 1 min 30 sec Exon 4 52.4⁰C 45 sec 4 Extension : Exon 1 72⁰C 1 min 15sec Exon 2 72⁰C 40 sec Exon 3 72⁰C 1 min Exon 4 72⁰C 1 min 15 sec 5 Back to steps 2 to 4 35 cycles 6 Final extension 72⁰C 10 min 7 Hold 4⁰C Until the samples are removed
83 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 3730XL DNA analyser (Applied Biosystems, U.S.A). The ampli ied along with -89 bases upstream and +256 bases variations in sequences among the six cattle breeds and down the exon which forms the part of second intron. Two individual animals within a breed were determined using polymorphisms detected in this region were g. 213G>A DNA Lasergene Version 2.1 software. The *.ab1 iles (transition) and g. 244C>A (transversion); the former obtained were fed to “Seqman module” of Lasergene (g.213 G>A) resulted in a non-synonymous variation and software for multiple sequence analysis. The Bos taurus latter (g. 244 C>A) resulted in a nonsense mutation. The sequence was considered as the reference sequence and consequence of g.244 C>A would be the termination of was aligned with the query sequences of Bos indicus. This protein, since this region with 42 nucleotides could only software created the consensus sequence and highlighted code for 14 amino acids as against 154 amino acids by the the SNPs, which were veri ied by base calling using normal IGF-1 gene. The variation of g. 244C>A ensuing a chromatogram. The SNP position was noted down from stop codon was also detected in Kangayam cattle, which is the reference sequence and marked as a SNP. an excellent draught breed of south India. No phenotypic RESULTS AND DISCUSSION difference was found in animals harbouring this SNP that resulted in premature termination of this protein. This All together, four exons of IGF-1 gene were ampli ied could be explained by the heterozygous nature at this generating amplicons of sizes 607, 454, 518 and 671 bp. locus and possibility of differential expression levels of However, the actual sizes of exons were 262, 160, 182 and bovine IGF-1 gene as class 1 and class 2 mRNAs (Wang et 2 2 1 b p ( N C B I ; G e n e I D 2 8 1 2 3 7 ; h t t p : / / al., 2003). The second exon of 160 bp was ampli ied and a www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The four numbers of expressed variation at position g. 4827G>A (transition) was regions of bovine IGF-1 gene sequenced in the present observed. However, this variation was synonymous and it study, based on NCBI website, concurred with indings of did not result in any amino acid change. Presence or Francis et al. (1986) and Honneger and Humbel, (1986). absence of this mutation will not change the functional The SNPs found in the nucleotide sequences of expressed property of the gene, even though such variations have regions among the south Indian cattle breeds and Bos been detected in Bargur, Ongole and Pullikulum cattle. On taurus cattle are presented in Table 3. The genotype and the contrary, three different mutations were detected by gene frequencies of SNPs obtained through population Gao et al. (2009) who sequenced the bovine IGF-1 gene genetic analysis are tabulated in Table 4. In exon 1, the and analysed a 357 bp fragment of exon 2 in Chinese beef allele frequencies of 'A' allele at SNP positions g.213 and cattle. Two mutations of A-to-G transition at positions g.244 were 15.00 percent and 11.92 percent respectively. 3620 bp and 3842 bp and one C-to-T transitions at 3628 bp Whereas, the frequencies of SNPs 3, 4, 5 and 6 were less were observed. The mutations at 3620 and 3628 were than 10 per cent. Moreover, all the three possible non-sense mutations; whereas the mutation at 3842 genotypes were also observed in the huge number of resulted in change of amino acid ('Glutamic acid' to samples screened for genotyping of SNPs. In general, the 'Glycine'). The third exon, which was highly polymorphic, alleles 'A' and 'T' were found replacing the other alleles in exhibited three variations at position g. 56233G>A the SNPs detected. The exon 1 (1 to 262 nucleotide) was (transition), g. 56317G>T (transversion) and g. 56354A>T
Table 3. SNPs found in expressed regions of IGF-1 gene between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle Locus (Position Bos taurus Bos indicus Type of variation in bp) Bargur Hallikar Kangayam Ongole Pulikulum Umblachery Exon 1 213 G AG AG AG AG AG AG Non-synonymous (Ser to Asn) 244 C AC AC AC AC AC AC Protein terminated Exon 2 4827 G AG AG AG AG AG AG Synonymous (Glu) Exon 3 56233 G AG AG AG AG AG AG Non-synonymous (Arg to Lys) 56317 G GT GT GT GT GT GT Non-synonymous (Lys to Asn) 56354 A AT AT AT AT AT AT Non-synonymous (Met to Leu)
84 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016
Figure 1. Chromatogram displaying SNP 6 (56354A>T) of exon 3 in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle
(transversion). All these variations resulted in non- goats), which were of silent in nature. synonymous changes in the amino acid sequence of IGF-1. Overall six SNPs in four exons of IGF – 1 gene were The coding domain of exon 3 codes for 28 amino acids; of found to be characteristics of Bos indicus cattle. This study which, three amino acids are changed. The irst variation, is irst of its kind in India to characterise the IGF-1 gene in which caused the change in amino acid from 'Arginine' to Bos indicus cattle and to explore the polymorphisms of 'Lysine' is replacement of basic amino acid with a basic IGF-1 gene involved in the main metabolic pathway one; the second change from 'Lysine' to 'Asparagine' is a related to physical performance of draught cattle. A replacement of basic with neutral; and the third change candidate gene approach would pave the way for selecting from 'Methionine' to 'Leucine' is a replacement of neutral animals with better draught quality, i.e. selection based on with neutral type of amino acid. Though, Hallikar and molecular tool. Further, it will also help in implementing Ongole exhibited no variation in sequence at position g. rational decisions for conservation and improvement of 56233, they seem to differ in the nucleotide sequences our treasured genetic resources. from the rest of Bos indicus breeds (Bargur, Kangayam, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Pullikulum and Umblachery) of Tamil Nadu. Similarity in sequences of fourth exon between Bos indicus and Bos The authors are thankful to the Indian Council of taurus cattle indicates that this region is highly conserved Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi for the inancial across different breeds of these two bovine species. There assistance provided to the Department of Animal Genetics was no earlier study pertaining to exon 3 and exon 4 in and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai under bovines. But two mutations were reported in exon 4 of the scheme 'Core Laboratory' functioning through caprine IGF-1 by Wang et al. (2011) in Chinese goat breeds National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal. (Xinjiang, Bogeda Cashmere and Nanjiang Cashmere
Table 4. Genotype frequency of SNPs in exons of IGF-1 gene among six breeds of south Indian cattle Locus Genotype Cattle breeds and genotype frequency (position in bp) Bargur Hallikar Kangayam Ongole Pulikulum Umblachery Exon 1 213 GA 0.40 0.00 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.60 GG 0.60 1.00 0.75 0.66 0.60 0.40 244 CA 0.20 0.00 0.66 0.33 0.20 0.20 CC 0.80 1.00 0.33 0.66 0.80 0.80 Exon 2 4827 GA 0.37 0.37 0.00 0.20 0.50 0.00 GG 0.62 0.62 1.00 0.80 0.50 1.00 Exon 3 56233 GA 0.57 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.57 1.00 GG 0.42 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.42 0.00 56317 GT 0.57 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.57 0.66 TT 0.42 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.42 0.33 56354 AT 0.42 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.42 0.66 TT 0.57 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.57 0.33
85 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 REFERENCES adults. Journal of Applied Physiology. 98: 2147- Bishop MD, Tavakkol A, Threadgill DW, Simmen FA, 2154. Simmen RC, Davis ME and Womack JE. 1991. Livestock Census Report, 2012. 19th Livestock Census. Somatic cell mapping and restriction fragment Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal length polymorphism analysis of bovine insulin- Husbandry and Dairying, New Delhi. like growth factor-I. Journal of Animal Science. 69: Miller JR, Thomsen PD, Dixon SC, Tucker EM, Konfortov BA 4306-4311. and Harbitz I. 1991. Synteny mapping of the Daughaday WH and Rotwein P, 1989. Insulin-like growth bovine IGHG2, CRC and IGF-1 genes. Animal factors I and II, peptide, messenger ribonucleic Genetics. 23: 51-58. acid and gene structures, serum and tissue Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD and Sandell LJ. 1999. Primary concentrations. Endocrinology Review. 10: 68-92. nucleotide structure of predominant and Francis G.L, Read LC, Ballard FJ, Bagley CJ, Upton DM, alternate splice forms of equine insulin-like Gravestock PM and Wallace JC. 1986. Puri ication growth factor-I and their gene expression and partial sequence analysis of insulin-like patterns in tissues. American Journal of Veterinary growth factor-I from bovine colostrums. Journal Research. 60(10): 1234-1241. of Biochemistry. 233: 207. Sambrook JE, Fritsch F andManiatis T. 1989. Molecular Gao X, Shi M, Xu X, Li J, Ren H and Xu S. 2009. Sequence cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring variations in the bovine IGF1 and IGFBP3 genes Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, USA. and their association with growth and Siadkowska E, Zwierzchowski L, Oprządek J, Strzałkowska development traits in Chinese beef cattle. N, Bagnicka E and Krzyżewski J. 2006. Effect of Agricultural Sciences in China. 8(6): 717-722. polymorphism in IGF-1 gene on production traits GoI (Government of India). 2007. Report of the Working in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle. Animal Science Group on Animal Husbandry and Dairying for the Reports Paper. 24(3): 225-237. XI Five-Year Plan (2007-12). Planning Singh G. (1999). Characters and use of draught animal Commission, New Delhi power in India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. Honneger A and Humbel R. 1986. Insulin-like growth 69:621-627 factors I and II in fetal and adult bovine serum: Wang Q, Fang C, Liu WJ, Fang Y and Yu SG. 2011. A novel p u r i i c a t i o n , p r i m a r y s t r u c t u r e a n d mutation at exon 4 of IGF-1 gene in three immunological cross-reactivity. The Journal of indigenous goat breeds in China. Asian Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261: 569. Animal Veterinary Advances. 6(6): 627-685. Kostek MC, Delmonico MJ, Reichel JB, Roth SM, Douglass L, Wang Y, Price SE and Jiang H. 2003. Cloning and Ferrel RE and Hurley BF. 2005. Muscle strength characterization of the bovine class 1 and class 2 response to strength training is in luenced by insulin-like growth factor-I mRNAs. Domestic insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype in older Animal Endocrinology. 25: 315-328.
86 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 A new methodology for characterization of dog genetic resources of India Raja KN*, P K Singh, AK Mishra, I Ganguly and P Devendran1 National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal-132001 (Haryana) India ABSTRACT
India with a total of 160 registered breeds of livestock and poultry, also possesses a large number of lesser known/ undocumented/ unde ined populations of farm animals. In country, there are about eight indigenous dog populations, which are mainly utilized for guarding of agriculture farm and shepherding. However, due to lack of proper methodology speci ic to dog, the characterization of most of populations is remained uncompleted so far. Based on a pilot survey for Rajapalayam and Chippiparai dog breeds of Tamil Nadu, a survey questionnaire was developed for characterization and a breed descriptor for documentation of the indigenous dog breeds. Kennel club of India, Chennai has registered few of the Indian dog breeds including Rajapalayam and Mudhol Hound. However, this newly evolved survey questionnaire and breed descriptor may be universally used for characterization and documentation of indigenous dog populations/breeds and may be registered further through breed registration procedure at National level. Key Words: Biometric traits, dog breeds, phenotypic characterization Present address: 1Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai *Corresponding author: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION and reproduction parameters within their native India possess 160 registered domestic animal/poultry environment including management practices, utility of breeds belonging to cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, camel, the animals, as well as social and economic factors such as horses & ponies, pig and poultry (www.nbagr.res.in). In market orientation, niche-marketing opportunities and addition to well defined and documented livestock gender issues. The phenotypic characterization of dog breeds, there are numerous lesser known breeds needs to be started with the delineation of population/breeds including dog, which have not been breeding tract of breeds concerned followed by survey for properly characterized and documented, so far. In native environment, physical, morphometric, biometric, general, different dog breeds in world are classified based reproduction parameters and management practices on their utility like protection/guarding, herding, followed and finally the utility of the breed for which it flocking, mountain, companion, fighting, scent, toy etc. In was developed. The information about native India, some breeds of dogs viz., Caravan Hound, Combai, environment like altitude, latitude and longitude, annual Chippiparai, Rajapalayam, Rampur Hound, Kanni, rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature, humidity, Mudhol Hound, Indian Mastiff (Bulli), Himalayan sheep major agriculture crops etc., should be collected during dog, Bhutia dogs (Gandhi, 2010) etc., contributing to the the survey. domestic animal biodiversity of our country. Combai, Delineation and survey: The breeding tract should be Chippiparai, Rajapalayam and Kanni are the dog breeds of delineated to know about the distribution of the dog Tamil Nadu (Thiruvenkadan et al., 2012). Indigenous dog breed or population. In survey of Rajapalayam dog, breeds are mainly utilized for guarding and shepherding Virudhunagar district Tamil Nadu was delineated as of livestock and agriculture farm, in comparison to exotic breeding tract of that dog (Raja et al., 2013), although the breeds, which are reared a fancy and as companion dogs were also available with kennels and private animal at home. Very scanty information is available breeders also. Once the breeding tract is known the regarding the phenotypic characters of our indigenous survey has to be conducted in the densely populated area. dog breeds and their utility by the livestock keepers. The breeding tracts may be given in terms of name of Hence, characterization, documentation and registration places along with approximate area of distribution in of Indian dog genetic resources needs to be undertaken. square kilometers. METHODOLOGY FOR PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION General information: The general information like Phenotypic characterization is the practice of breeder/owner name, family members involved in systematically documenting the observed characteristics, rearing/taking care the dogs, since when the breed is geographical distribution, production environment and known, age of the animal etc., should be collected during utility of these resources (FAO, 2012). It also refers to the the survey. Age of the animal can be estimated either process of identifying distinct breed populations and through the pedigree information available with the describing their physical, body biometry and production breeders (if the animal is registered with Kennel Club) or
87 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 through dentition of the animal. golden in color. The ears can be defined based on its Physical traits: Canine breeds are well differentiated length viz., short, medium, long; based on shape like, through physical traits. The physical traits which are to be round, flat or tubular; based on orientation like straight, recorded for canine breed identification includes, body semi-dropping and dropping. It is a myth among the size, coat color, skin color, hair length, head shape, size, breeders of Chippiparai dog that the animals with eye color and shape, ear length, shape and orientation; straight/erect ears will be always alert, more active and top line, tail shape, abdomen, teat numbers, nail numbers aggressive (Raja et al. 2015). The top line of the dog etc. The details are given in the breed descriptor format breeds may be straight or concave; the abdomen may and breed survey questionnaire. tucked-up, round or complete. The hound type dogs mostly have tucked-up abdomen e.g. Saluki, Grey Hound The body size of dogs can be classified as small, medium Whippet etc. whereas, companion dogs, toys breeds and large; coat color indicates the color of the hair which usually have round or complete abdomen. The chest may may be single or mixed colors; whereas, skin color be broad or narrow; hunting dogs usually have broad indicates the color of the skin and both the traits may be chest with high lung capacity. different in any breed. For example, Rajapalayam dog of south India had pink skin with white coat color (Raja et al. Morphometric traits: The morphometric traits for 2014). The hair length may be small, medium or long. phenotypic characterization of dog breeds may be Head shape of dogs may be straight, trapezoid or wedge; considered as per the studies of Sutter et al. (2008) with straight, concave or convex nasal bridge and short or applicable for judging a dog breed. Before starting long snout. Head shape ranges from the long-headed measurements, the animal should be restrained properly dogs, called "dolichocephalic" (Afghan hound or the by applying a knot around the snout and make the animal Greyhound), broader wide-skulled dogs called to stand on even ground with squarely placed legs. The "brachycephalic" (Pug or French Bulldog) and various measurements can be recorded using graduated "mesocephalic" (sometimes called "mesaticephalic"), as measuring tape and body weight can be recorded by using in Golden Retriever or the Beagle (Stone et al. 2016). The a digital weighing balance with an accuracy of one or two muzzle, nostrils and nose may be pigmented or non- grams. Following morphometric traits should be pigmented. The eyes can be classified as brown, black or recorded for characterization of canine breeds:
F G A C E H I J K
L
B D
1 S 2 3 M
T N O U V W Q P
X R
Figure. 1. Various biometric measurements of dog (Sutter et al. 2008).
88 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Height at the withers: It is the distance from the ground up measured. to the point where the two shoulder blades meet; Upper hind leg length: The maximum length measured measuring tape should not be curved (A-B in figure 1). from the knee cap to where the base of the tail meets the Height at base of tail: The distance measured from the body i.e. up to last sacrum and first coccygeal vertebra floor straight up to the base of the tail i.e. where the meets (Figure 1; S-T), measurement should done on both coccygeal vertebra meets last sacral vertebra (C-D in the legs. figure-1). Fore foot length (Metacarpals): Measurement of the Eye width: The distance measured between the inner maximum length from the wrist bone to the end of the canthus of the eyes. claw based third digit of the foot counting from inside out Snout length: The distance measured from the tip of nose (the claw or fur should not be included in the to just between the eyes, where the inside corners of the measurement). The animal’s foot has to be lifted off the eyes meet. ground to take this measurement, same procedure to be followed in right and left leg (Figure 1; Q-R). Neck length: The distance measured from boney process on the back of the head down the back of the neck to the Lower fore leg length (Radius): Measure from the wrist point where the shoulder blades meet on the back (G-H) bone (as in fore foot length) to the elbow joint. Measure as shown in figure 1. both the right and left legs (Figure 1; O-P). Body length: It is the distance measured from the point of Upper fore leg length (Humerus): Measure the maximum shoulder blades meet in the middle of the back (withers), length from the elbow joint to the shoulder point most down along the spine to where the lumbo-sacral vertebra prominent in the chest (head of the humerus). The meets the first coccygeal vertebra (Figure 1; I-J). shoulder bones are the same bones used to measure chest width. Measure both right and left upper legs (Figure 1; Tail length: The distance measured from the base of the M-N). tail (first coccygeal vertebra joins with the lumbo-sacral vertebra to the last coccygeal vertebra) to the tip of the tail Body weight: The body weight should be recorded by (the extra hairs at the tip of the tail should not be using a weighing balance with minimum error. Digital included) as shown in the figure 1 (K-L). If tail docking is balance with accuracy to weigh 1 or 10 grams may be practiced, it needs to be recorded. used. Ear length: It is the measurement from the base of the Reproduction traits: The reproduction traits in dogs needs outside of the ear (where it meets the skull) straight up to to be recorded through personal interview with the dog the tip of the ear and don’t include hairs at the tip of the owner as per survey questionnaire and also through the ear. If ear cropping is done, it needs to be recorded with pedigree record, if the individual dog is registered in any specific reason for the practice. kennel club. The reproduction traits considered for characterization of dog breeds (for the bitches) includes, Ear width: The measurement made at widest part of the age at first estrous, duration of estrous, major and minor ear perpendicular to orientation of the ear or the measure breeding season, age at first mating, gestation length, age of length. at first whelping, litter size, age at weaning, whelping Neck girth: It is the measurement of the circumference or interval, number of whelping, life time litter production, distance all the way around the neck (Figure 1; circle 1). litter mortality and longevity of the animal. In case of Chest girth: It is the circumference around the deepest males (dogs) age at first mating, number of years in part of the chest located just behind the foreleg (Figure 1; service etc., should be collected. circle 2). Information on management: Recording various Paunch girth: It is the circumference around the abdomen information on management practices includes housing, measured just before the hind limb (Figure 1; circle 3). feeding, breeding and health aspects of the dog breed. This measurement shall indicate the abdomen shape like, Type of housing provided to the animal, area per animal tucked-up, round and complete. available, floor of the animal house, any special bedding material provided etc. should be collected housing Hind foot length (Metatarsals): On the hind foot starting management. Similarly, under feeding management from the inside of the body count 3 toes out, and measure recording type of food provided, quantity of food, underneath the foot from the tip of the toe (the claw or fur frequency of feeding, utensils used for providing food, should not be included in the measurement) to the hock quantity and frequency of water provided to the animal (this is the boney projection off the back of the heel, W-X). etc. should be included. The information about For this lift the dog’s foot off the ground. Measurement deworming and vaccination, vaccination schedule, type of should be made on both the right and left feet. vaccines used against specific disease etc. needs to be Lower hind leg length (Tibia): The measurement made collected. The information on other common diseases from the hock (heel, as in hind foot length) to the knee cap affected, bathing of the animal, type of soap/shampoo (Figure 1; U-V). Both the right and left legs should be used for bathing, frequency of bathing, nail trimming, hair
89 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 grooming etc. should also be incorporated. However, it is also possible to develop new set of markers Utility: The utility of dog breed needs to be recorded in the specific to Indian dog breeds, to have high utility in vetro- survey questionnaire through interview with the legal cases. farmer/breeder. Kennel Club of India (KCI), Chennai has started Genetic diversity analysis registering the Indian dog breeds. The single dog registration and litter registration are being done by KCI, The study unraveling the genetic basis of phenotypes and Chennai along with three to five generation of pedigree. their inheritance from generation to generation and to The indigenous breeds are being registered by KCI, establish relationships between breeds are referred to as Chennai includes Rajapalayam (Tamil Nadu) and Mudhol molecular genetic characterization, which is Hound (Karnataka) dog breeds of southern India. complementary to phenotypic characterization (FAO, However, Indian Council of Agricultural Research under 2011). Genetic characterization of dog breeds can be done the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, through microsatellite markers diversity analysis. Government of India, a recognized body for registration of International Society for Animal Genetics and Breeding indigenous livestock and poultry breed, has yet to has provided list of microsatellite markers which can incorporate registration of dog breeds as followed for used for genetic diversity study among the exotic dog other livestock and poultry. It is appropriate time that the breeds. There has not been separate set of markers indigenous dog breeds needs to be characterized, developed for microsatellite diversity of Indian dog documented scientifically and registered at National level breeds. Using the reported set of markers, it is possible to to benefit the farmers and kennel clubs rearing the study the diversity in Indian dog (unpublished data). indigenous dogs.
90 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 SURVEY PROFORMA ON INDIAN DOG BREEDS Schedule -1 General Information and Management Practices Name of the Farmer/breeder______Code: ______Date: ______Village______Block: ______District: ______Family Size: Total: ______Male ______Female ______Literate ______No. of Animals: Dog:______Cattle ______Buffalo ______Goats ______Fowl ______Others______Dog: Total ______Bitch______Dog ______Pups ______breed ______ND ______Income: Land ______Sale of pups______Sale of adult______Both ______Any other ______Land holding ______A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1. Name of the breed 2. Synonyms for breed name 3. Background for such a name/origin 4. The breed is known since------years 5. Grouping based on utility of the breed (Guarding/Shepherding/herding/sporting/toy/working/others) 6. a. Communities responsible for developing the breed b. Description of community (Farmers/nomads/isolated/tribals) 7. Kennel club registered (Yes/No) 8. Information about native environment: Altitude, latitude and longitude, district, state etc., B. BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERS 1. Behaviour (excited/aggressive/play full/bold/docile) 2. Temperament (active/ dull) 3. Herding behavior (giving eye/stacking/chasing) 4. Obedience (very good/good/disobedience) 5. Trainability (easy/difficult) 6. Barking (low pitch/medium pitch/high pitch) 7. Behaviour with stranger (polite/attacks/barks) C. MANAGEMENT 1. Housing (separate/part of the owners house) 2. Design of housing (katcha housing/pacca housing/katcha floor/pacca floor) 3. Exercise (walking/running) Duration (hrs) Time (M/E) 4. Feeding a. Food preference - b. Frequency of feeding (twice/thrice/no restriction) c. Feeding schedule - S. No. Items Quantity Morning Noon Evening
d. Utensils used for feeding - 5. Bath & combing/grooming a. Materials used for bathing - b. frequency of bathing - c. cloth used after bath drying -
91 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 d. materials used for combing/grooming - e. frequency of combing/grooming - 6. Nail cutting practised (yes/no) if yes a. frequency of nail cutting - 7. Restraining of the animal a. easy to restrain (yes/no) b. appliances used for restraining - c. animal is kept tied always/ left loose - 8. Bedding (yes/no) if yes a. type of bedding material used - b. ventilation of the room - 9. Disease prevalence & prophylactic measures a. Disease prevailing - b. Vaccination schedule - c. Deworming - 10. Utility 1. Shepherding/guarding/herding ability 2. Any other information specific to the breed 11. Any other information
Schedule-II Physical traits & Reproduction Performance
Trait/animal no./owners code AGE/Sex Coat Colour Body colour Hair length (S/M/L) Head Shape (straight/trapezoid/wedge) Size (S/M/L) Fore head (normal/prominent) Nasal bridge (Straight/convex/concave) Snout (small/medium/long) Muzzle colour (Black/brown/greyish) Nose colour (Pink/black/brown) Nostrils (Pigmented/non- pigmented) Eyes Colour (Red/black/white/golden) Shape (Oval/round) Ears Length (short/medium/long)
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Orientation (horizontal/drooping) Shape (Round/flat/tubular) Ear cropping (Yes/no) Body size (small/medium/large) Top line (Straight/concave) Chest (Broad/narrow) Abdomen/belly (tucked-up/round/complete) Tail shape (Straight/semi -curved/curved/coiled) Nail no. Colour Size No. of teats in female AFO (months) Estrus cycle length AFM-Males (months AFM- Females Main Breeding Season Duration of estrus Age at first Whelping Whelping interval Litter size Age at weaning
Sire Dam Age/DOB Sex Height at Height at Body Chest Paunch Head Snout Head Neck Neck Withers base of tail Length girth Girth Width Length Length Length Girth
93 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 BREED DESCRIPTOR FOR REGISTRATION OF DOG GENETIC RESOURCES
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 1. Name of the breed 2. Synonyms 3. Background for such a name/origin 4. The breed is known since 5. Group (Guarding/Shepherding/herding/sporting/toy/working) 6. a. Native tract of distribution in terms of longitude and latitude b. Approximate area of distribution (sq km) c. Place(s) State District 7. Estimated population a. Year of estimation b. Population c. Source / Reference 8. a. Communities responsible for developing the breed b. Description of community (Farmers/nomads/isolated/tribals) 9. Kennel club registered (Yes/No) 10. Utility of the breed (Shepherding/Guarding/Herding) 11. Herding (giving eye/stacking/chasing) 12. Temperament (Active/ Dull) 13. Behaviour (excited/aggressive/play full/bold) 14. Any other information II. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 1. Obedience (very good/good/disobedience) 2. Trainability (easy/difficult) 3. Barking (low pitch/medium pitch/high pitch) 4. Behaviour with stranger (polite/attacks/barks) 5. Exercise (walking/running) Duration (hrs) Time (M/E) 6. Feeding a. Food preference (Veg/non-veg type/both) b. Frequency of feeding (M/N/E) c. Mode of feeding (on the floor/special utensils) 7. Housing (separate/part of the owners house) 8. Design of housing (katcha housing/pacca housing/katcha floor/pacca floor) 9. Disease prevalence & prophylactic measures a. Disease prevailing b. Vaccination schedule c. Deworming III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERS Male Female 2. Coat colour 3. Body colour
94 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 4. Hair length (Small/ Medium/ Long) 5. Head a. Shape (straight/trapezoid /wedge) b. Size (Small/ Medium/ Large) c. Fore head (Normal / Prominent) d. Nasal bridge (straight/convex/concave) e. Snout (small/medium/long) f. Muzzle colour (black/brown/greyish) g. Nose colour (pink/black/brown) h. Nostrils (pigmented/non-pigmented) 6. Eyes a. Colour (red/black/white/golden) b. Shape (oval/round) 6. Ears a. Length (short/medium/long) b. Orientation (horizontal/drooping) c. Shape (round/flat/tubular) d. Cropped (yes/no) If no 7. Body size(Small/ Medium/ Large) 8. Top line (straight/concave) 9. Chest (broad/ narrow) 10. Abdomen/belly (tucked up/ round/complete) 11. Tail docking (yes/no) 12. Tail shape (straight/semi-curved/curved/coiled) 13. Number of teats 14. Any other information
IV. MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERS/REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE . Body weights (kg) and measurements (cm)
Parameter Male Female Average Range Average Range Birth weight Adult weight Height at the Withers Head Width Snout Length Head Length Neck Length Body Length Tail Length Neck Girth Chest Girth Paunch Girth Hind Foot Length Right Left Lower Hind Leg Length Right Left Upper Hind Leg Length Right
95 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Left Fore Foot Length Right Left Lower Fore leg Length Right Left Upper Fore leg Length Right Left Reproduction Average Range N a. Age at first mating in males (mo) b. Age at first mating in females (mo) c. Age at first Oestruos (mo) d. Oestruos cycle length (mo) e. Main breeding/whelping season (Seasonality) e. Duration of oestrus (days) f. Age at first whelping (mo) g. Whelping interval (mo) h. litter size V. UTILITY 1. Shepherding/guarding/herding ability 2. Utilized for Species Breeds 3. Any other information specific to the breed Source:
REFERENCES of Chippiparai Dog breed- An unexplored Canine FAO. 2011. Molecular genetic characterization of animal Genetic Resource of India. In the proceedings of genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and international conference on “Sustainable Health Guidelines. No. 9. Rome. Management of Animal genetic Resources for Livelihood security in Developing Countries”, Madras FAO. 2012. Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic Veterinary College. pp: 75. resources. FAO animal production and health guidelines no. 11. Rome. Stone HR, McGreevy PD, Starling MJ and Forkman B. 2016. Associations between Domestic-Dog Morphology Gandhi M. 2010. Breeds of Dog in India. The Bihar Times and Behaviour Scores in the Dog Mentality (epub: http://www.bihartimes.in /Maneka/ Assessment. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149403. BreedsofdoginIndia.HTML dated 11/12/2010). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149403. Raja KN. 2013. Rajapalayam Dog Breed. Breed Saviour Sutter, N. B., Mosher, D. S., Gray, M. M., & Ostrander, E. A. Awards. Livestock Keepers’ Profile, pp-59-61. 2008. Morphometrics within dog breeds are highly Raja KN, Singh PK, Mishra AK, Ganguly I, Devendran P, reproducible and dispute Rensch’s rule. Mammalian Saravanan R, Kathirvel S and Srinivasan G. 2014. Genome : Official Journal of the International Characterization of Rajapalayam Dog breed- An Mammalian Genome Society, 19(10-12): 713–723. unexplored Canine Genetic Resource of India. In the Thiruvenkadan, A. K, Ravimurugan, T, Devendran, P and proceedings of National Conference of SOCDAB at Sivakumar, K. 2012. Dog Breeds of Tamil Nadu. A NBAGR, Karnal. pp: 101. leaflet published by Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Raja KN, Singh PK, Mishra AK, Ganguly I, Devendran P, Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Saravanan R and Kathirvel S. 2015. Characterization India.
96 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 CORRIGENDUM
Revised version Volume 6 No. 1 (2016)
The following provides a description of the changes made to the publication since the original version was printed.
Page 11:
In the second paragraph, the following text appears:
"The distribution area of the breed lies between 160 to 200N latitude and 720 to 780E longitude."
This should read:
"The distribution area of of the breed lies between 160 to 200N latitude and 720 to 780E longitude."
Page 12:
In Figure 1, the following text appears as figure's caption:
"Distributor Area of Lonard Sheep"
This should read:
"Distribution Area of Lonand Sheep"
97 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016 Volume 6 Number 2, 2016