Bacillus Subtilis

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Bacillus Subtilis Das Phagenschock-Protein LiaH aus Bacillus subtilis Dissertation der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Vorgelegt von aus Leisnig München April 2012 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thorsten Mascher 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Ute Vothknecht Tag der Abgabe: 10.04.2012 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 31.10.2012 Eidesstattliche Versicherung und Erklärung Hiermit versichere ich an Eides statt, dass die vorliegende Dissertation von mir selbständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfe angefertigt wurde. Zudem wurden keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen verwendet. Außerdem versichere ich, dass die Dissertation keiner anderen Prüfungskommission vorgelegt wurde und ich mich nicht anderweitig einer Doktorprüfung ohne Erfolg unterzogen habe. München, den 10.04.2012 ____________________________ Diana Wolf „Nichts beflügelt die Wissenschaft so, wie der Schwatz mit Kollegen auf dem Flur.“ Arno Penzias (*1933), amerik. Physiker, 1978 Nobelpreis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Publikationsliste IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis V Zusammenfassung VII Summary IX Kapitel I: Einleitung 1 I.1. Aufbau der bakteriellen Zellwand 1 I.2. Zellwandbiosynthese 2 I.3. Die Zellwand als Ziel von antibiotisch wirkenden Substanzen 5 I.4. Die Zellhüllstressantwort in Gram-positiven Bakterien am Beispiel B. subtilis 8 I.5. Das LiaFSR-Dreikomponentensystem in B. subtilis 11 I.5.1. Induktion des LiaFSR-3KS 12 I.5.2. Regulation und Funktion des LiaFSR-3KS 12 I.6. Die Zellhüllstressantwort in Gram-negativen Bakterien am Beispiel E. coli 14 I.7. Die Phagenschock-Antwort in E. coli 16 I.7.1. Induktion der Phagenschock-Antwort 17 I.7.2. Regulation der Phagenschock-Antwort 18 I.7.3. Rolle der Phagenschock-Antwort im Energiestoffwechsel 20 I.8. Die Phagenschock-Antwort in anderen Organismen 20 I.8.1. -Proteobakterien I.8.2. Actinobakterien 22 I.8.3. Cyanobakterien und Pflanzen 22 I.9. Zielsetzung der Arbeit 23 Kapitel II: In-depth profiling of the LiaR response of Bacillus subtilis (Originalpaper-Erstautor) 26 Kapitel III: Bacitracin sensing in Bacillus subtilis (Originalpaper-Zweitautor) 41 Kapitel IV: Zelluläre Lokalisation und Interaktion der Stress- Induzierbaren Proteine LiaIHG in Bacillus subtilis 60 IV.1. Einleitung 60 IV.2. Material und Methoden 61 IV.2.1. Bakterienstämme, Oligonukleotide und Plasmide 61 IV.2.2. Allgemeine Anzucht- und Wachstumsbedingungen 64 I Inhaltsverzeichnis IV.2.3. DNA-Manipulation und Klonierung 65 IV.2.4. Konstruktion einer markerlosen liaI-Deletionsmutante 66 IV.2.5. Bestimmung der Topologie durch PhoA/LacZ-Aktivitäts- Analysen 66 IV.2.6. in vivo Crosslink-Experimente (SPINE) 66 IV.2.7. Zell-Fraktionierung 67 IV.2.8. Western Blot 67 IV.2.9. Bacterial-Two-Hybrid-Analyse (BACTH) 68 IV.2.10. Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie 68 IV.2.11. Vergleichende genomische Analysen 69 IV.3. Ergebnisse 69 IV.3.1. LiaI ist ein kleines Membranprotein 69 IV.3.2. Zelluläre Lokalisation von LiaI und LiaH in B. subtilis 70 IV.3.3. Dynamik von LiaH unter induzierenden Bedingungen 72 IV.3.4. LiaH interagiert mit LiaI 73 IV.3.5. Die Membran-Lokalisierung von LiaH ist zum größten Teil LiaI-abhängig 76 IV.3.6. Identifizierung weiterer funktionell relevanter potentieller LiaH-Interaktionspartner 78 IV.3.7. LiaG ist ein Membranprotein mit einem extrazellulären -Propeller-Motiv 81 Kapitel V: Rolle von LiaH in der Proteinsekretion und im Energiestoffwechsel von Bacillus subtilis 85 V.1. Einleitung 85 V.2. Material und Methoden 86 V.2.1. Bakterienstämme, Oligonukleotide und Plasmide 86 V.2.2. Anzucht- und Wachstumsbedingungen 88 V.2.3. DNA-Manipulation und Klonierung 88 V.2.4. Markerlose Deletion von liaR und wapA 89 V.2.5. Chronotranskriptom-Analyse 89 V.2.6. Bestimmung der Promotor-Aktivität durch -Galaktosidase- Assays 89 V.2.7. Präparation extrazellulärer Proteine (Sekretom) 90 V.2.8. Zweidimensionale (2D)-Gelelektrophorese 90 V.2.9. Sequenzanalysen 91 V.3. Ergebnisse 91 V.3.1. Untersuchung des extrazellulären Proteoms von B. subtilis 91 V.3.2. WapA ist ein Zellwand-assoziiertes Protein 93 V.3.3. Chronotranskriptom-Analyse bestätigt den Zusammenhang zwischen LiaH und WapA 93 V.3.4. Untersuchung der Regulation von PwapA durch -Galaktosidase- Assays 95 V.3.5. PliaI wird nicht durch die Ionophore CCCP und Valinomycin induziert 98 Kapitel VI: Diskussion 101 II Inhaltsverzeichnis VI.1. Die LiaR-vermittelte Zellhüllstressantwort in B. subtilis 101 VI.2. Das Lia-System in B. subtilis im Vergleich mit dem Psp-System in E. coli 102 VI.3. Die zelluläre Lokalisation und Interaktion von LiaI und LiaH 106 VI.4. Identifizierung weiterer potentieller Interaktionspartner von LiaH 107 VI.5. Rolle von LiaH in der Proteinsekretion 111 VI.6. Rolle von LiaH im Energiestoffwechsel 114 VI.7. Ausblick 115 Referenzen 118 Anhang 131 Danksagung 136 III Publikationsliste Publikationsliste Originalpaper, die in dieser Arbeit präsentiert werden: Kapitel II Wolf, D., Kalamorz, F., Wecke, T., Juszczak, A., Mäder, U., Homuth, G., Jordan, S., Kirstein, J., Hoppert, M., Voigt, B., Hecker, M., and Mascher, T. 2010. In-depth profiling of the LiaR response of Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteriology 192: 4680-4693 Kapitel III Rietkötter, E., Hoyer, D., and Mascher, T. 2008. Bacitracin sensing in Bacillus subtilis. Molecular Microbiology 68: 768-785 Originalpaper, das nicht in dieser Arbeit präsentiert wird: Wolf, D., Domínguez-Cuevas, P., Daniel, R.A., and Mascher, T. 2012. Cell envelope stress response in cell wall-deficient L-forms of Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56(11): 5907-5915 IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis % (v/v) Volumenprozent % (w/v) Massenprozent °C Grad Celsius AAA+ ATPase associated with various cellular activities Abb. Abbildung ABC ATP-binding cassette ATP Adenosintriphosphat B. Bacillus bla Ampicillin-Resistenz ble Bleomycin-Resistenz bzw. beziehungsweise cDNA Complementary DNA CCCP Carbonylcyanid-m-chlorophenylhydrazon D-Ala D-isomere Form der Aminosäure Alanin Da Dalton DCCD N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid d.h. das heißt DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid DTT Dithiothreitol E. Escherichia ECF Extracytoplasmic function factor EMSA Electrophoretic mobility shift assay f. für Fa. Firma g Gramm h Stunde His Aminosäure Histidin HK Histidin-Kinase HSP Hitzeschock-Protein IPTG Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranosid Kan Neomycin/Kanamycin Phosphotransferase KAP kationische antimikrobielle Peptide l Liter L. Lactococcus LB Luria Bertani (Medium) LFH Long flanking homology LPS Lipopolysaccharid M molar (mol l-1) MALDI-TOF Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation - time of flight min Minuten mRNA Messenger RNA MW Molecular weight V Abkürzungsverzeichnis MH Müller-Hinton (Medium) ml Milliliter MLS Macrolid-Lincosamid-Streptogamin ODx Optische Dichte bei einer Wellenlänge von x nm ORF Open reading frame PBP Penicillin binding protein PEG Polyethylen-Glykol PCR Polymerase chain reaction pH negativ dekadischer Logarithmus der Konzentration an H+-Ionen RBS Ribosomen-Bindestelle RNA Ribonucleic acid rpm Rounds per minute sec Sekunde SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Natriumdodecylsulfat Tab. Tabelle TIRFM Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy Tris Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan Tyr Aminosäure Tyrosin u.a. unter anderen UE Untereinheit UDP Uridindiphosphat ÜN über Nacht USA United States of America Verd. Verdünnung vgl. vergleiche WT Wildtyp z.B. zum Beispiel X-Gal 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-Indolyl--D-Galactopyranosid Y. Yersinia 2KS Zwei-Komponenten-System 3KS Drei-Komponenten-System Vorsätze k kilo; 103 m milli; 10-3 M mega; 106 µ mikro; 10-6 n nano; 10-9 Nukleotide A Adenin C Cytosin G Guanin T Thymin VI Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Für das Überleben von Bacillus subtilis ist eine verlässliche Überwachung der Integrität der Zellhülle essentiell, um diese zu schützen und bei Schäden adäquat zu reagieren. Neben den ECF Faktoren spielen Zwei-Komponenten-Systeme (2KS) in der Zellhüllstressantwort von B. subtilis eine zentrale Rolle. Eines dieser Systeme, das LiaRS- 2KS reagiert auf eine große Anzahl verschiedener Zellwand-Antibiotika sowie andere zellhüllstress-auslösende Substanzen. Die zelluläre Funktion und Rolle des Lia-Systems konnte bisher nicht genau definiert werden. In der hier vorliegenden Dissertation wurde das Lia-System erstmals hinsichtlich seiner funktionalen Rolle in B. subtilis untersucht. Im ersten Teil der Ergebnisse wurde eine detaillierte Analyse der LiaR-vermittelten Zellhüllstressantwort in B. subtilis vorgenommen. Transkriptom-Studien dienten zur Identifizierung des LiaR-Regulons. Hierbei wurde die Genexpression des Wildtyps mit zwei Mutanten, die den „ON“ (liaF) und „OFF“ (liaR) Zustand des Lia-Systems repräsentierten, verglichen. Von den dabei identifizierten drei potentiellen LiaR-Zielloci (liaIH, yhcYZ-ydhA, ydhE) konnten durch anschließende Folgeuntersuchungen nur die Gene liaI und liaH als in vivo relevante Zielgene für LiaR verifiziert werden. Umfangreiche phänotypische Analysen zeigten, dass liaIH-Mutanten nur schwach sensitiv auf einige Antibiotika sowie oxidativen Stress reagierten. Ebenso vermittelt eine Überexpression von LiaH in einer liaF-Mutante keine Resistenz gegenüber stress- auslösenden Substanzen. LiaH gehört zur Familie der Phagenschock-Proteine. Weitere Mitglieder dieser Familie sind PspA aus Escherichia coli und Vipp1 aus Arabidopsis thaliana, die große oligomere Ringstrukturen bilden. Die strukturelle Untersuchung von LiaH ergab, dass auch dieses Protein große Ringe bildet (>1MDa). Der zweite Ergebnisteil befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Stimuluswahrnehmung der Zellhüllstress-detektierenden Systeme in
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