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A Guide to the Study of Social and Economic Groups and Stratification in ICRISAT's Indian Village Level Studies

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A Guide to the Study of Social and Economic Groups and Stratification in ICRISAT's Indian Village Level Studies A Guide to the Study of Social and Economic Groups and Stratification In ICRISAT'S Indian Village Level Studies Victor S. Doherty Economics Program International Crops Research Institute For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru Andhra Pradesh 502 324, INDIA November 1992 A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS" AND . STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL:STUDIES ABSTRACT Because it directly affects crucial processes 'including production, demand, and distribution, social stratification occurring in agricultural societies is an important phenomenon. This paper deals with the •study of that system of stratification known as caste, which up to the present has been dominant in many SoUth Asian societies and especially in India. It aims to provide a brief, non-technical introduction to.turther reading on the'subject. It defines and dis- cusses basic aspects of caste, and presents a number of measures for study of the social and economic dyna-. mics and effects of‘caste in selected Indian agricul- tural villages. , ii , TABLE OF CONTENTS Page, ABSTRACT SECTION I s THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA INTRODUCTION • • CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN INDIA 2 SECTION II : THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES THE VLS AREAS AND SAMPLES SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR THE SAMPLE VILLAGE AREAS SECTION III : ANALYSIS OF CASTE IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES BACKGROUND TO THE USE OF CASTE RANK CLUSTERS IN VLS ANALYSIS 12 DERIVATION OF THE VLS CASTE RANKING SYSTEMS 13 NOTES ON TERMINOLOGY AND RANKING 15 SECTION IV : DESCRIPTION OF•CASTE RANK MEASURES IN THE VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES THE VLS-C DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION TAPE 17 VLS CENSUS DATA ON CASTES .. 17 .CASTE CODES AND VILLAGE CODES (CASCODE AND VILCODE) . 19 ADJUSTED CASTE RANK (ADJRANK) 20 SAMPLE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (SAMRANK) 22 VILLAGE-WEIGHTED CASTE RANK (VILRANK) 23 CONSOLIDATED RANKS (CONRANK) 23 cont d. Table of Contents (cont'd.) Page REFERENCES 25 APPENDIX 32 . 1. Destription of Data, with Location . on VLS-C '33 Demographic and Household infdrmation Tape 2..VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census 34 Dates 3. Caste Descriptions 35 4. CASCODE 67 5. ADJRANK 77 6. SAMRANK 87 7. VILRANK 97 8. Sample Castes by CONRANK 107 9. Other Castes by CONRANK 108 10. :Number of Sample Caste Households by ADJRANK 109 11.-Number of Sample Caste Households by CONRANK 110 A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS AND STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL STUDIES Victor S. Doherty* SECTION I THE STUDY OF CASTE IN INDIA INTRODUCTION Most of the coding systems discussed in the following pages involve the ranking of caste groups against each other. Yet the discussion beloWempha- sizes the fact that many educated, urbanized Indians do not recognize present or. continuing validity for caste separation and inequality. Most inhabi- .tants of farming, villages, also, whether they are educated or uneducated, 'recognize clearly that change has already occurred and that there is potential for further, even more wide-ranging change. Caste is nevertheless still important in these villages. It is a means of regulating marriage, and a means of social solidarity and co- operation in the serious business of social mobility. It is a factor in political alliance across and within groups. In understanding an area, a .knowledge of the castes in that area assists in identifying the present- - , t-v ■ t• day effects of earlier inequalities in rights to hold or control land and to hold , office. One must understand the past, and how it has helped to shape the present, before one can understand what is new in the present or what the future is likely to be. * Principal Social Anthropologist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. This paper collects and comments on information to which a number of persons have contributed or have assisted in collection.. Among these are Jere R. Behrman and James G. Ryan, who each devised a ranking system; R.P. Singh, Head of the Village. Level Studies Unit in the Economics Program; B.L. Jain, VLS Research Officer in Madhya Pradesh; and many of the economlc and anthropological Investigators in the Program: S.S. Badhe, T. Balaramaiah, V. Bhaskar Rao, M.J. Bhende, N.B. Dudhane, R.R. Kashikar, K.L. Khanna, K.G. Kshirsagar, B.R. Patel, M.A. Patel, P.S.S. Raju, R. Shinde, and M.S. Yagnils, CASTE-BASED SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN INDIA Comparative studies of economic and social activity allow us to understand how human beings, placed in similar circumstances, react in similar ways. Examination of the differences among societies can show us how these com- mon human reactions combine to make up different patterns according to • history and circumstances. These patterns vary in their durability, and in the degree to which they, promote overall human well-being in a given society. Stratification, which is to say ascribed and structured social inequality (Heller 1967, Fried 1968) is and has been a widespread phenomenon in many human societies, seemingly at least from the time of the post-neolithic on. This inequality usually proscribes or reinforces differential access to and use of the means of production and their benefits. Social stratification is important where it occurs in agricultural societies, since it directly affects such crucial processes as produCtion, demand, and distribution. This paper deals with the study of that system kpown as caste, which up to• the present. has beeri a dominant system of stratification in many South Asian, societies and especially in India. It aims ' to provide a brief, non- technical introduction to further reading on the subject; and to discuss some means devised to study different aspects of the socioeconomic nature and effects of caste in selected Indian agricultural villages. Although undergoing change today, caste in India still manifests , itself in hardened, institutionalized combinations of economic and poli- tical stratification. It is strongly•associated with economic and craft specialization. It limits marriages to alliances among the member fami- lies of relatively small groups claiming a common history and status. 3 In South Asia the system is most closely associated with Hinduism and India, but the influence of castelike principles is seen to permeate the society of even non4lindu groups in many parts of the subcontinent. Useful summaries on the subject of caste and guides to writings on it include those by Bailey (1968) and Mencher (1974). A good ethnographic picture of its operation at the village level is found in a number of works including books by Srinivasl (1976) and Berreman (1972). A useful, working definition of caste, taking into account its major aspects in India but deliberately phrased broadly enough to allow for cross- cultural interpretation as well, might be as follows: Caste refers to sociall inherited olitical and'economic ine ualit and s ecialization, based on and operating through'endogamous groups, which taken together com- prise 'a single; complex society. Widespread conflict and competition for .political and economic position, among and within ethnic groups, seems to ..have been important for the origin of these divisions, specializations, and inequalities in India. In anthropological discussions the caste system is sometimes referred •• to as thejati-Varna system, in order to emphasize the fact that it has two major facets. These are the endogamous group into which one is born, one's jati; and the varna (Sanskrit "color", by extension "class") or broad group of occupations with which a jati is associated. Rank enters into both concepts. Jatis have standing in society according to their . ,actual political and economic power. They are also ranked according to the standing of the occupation which the majority of their members follow or followed until recent times. TratRtionaily, the four main varna cate gories for occupations were priest, t-evior, merchant, and farmer or 4 laborer. Untouchable jatis were traditionally considered to be outside the varna scale. This seems to havd been importantly a political fact, due as much or more to their lack of power and subsequent relegation to menial and'"unclean" occupations, as to their association per se with these jobs. The word caste, as well as its common modern day.euphemism, "community", refers today. in India and elsewhere to both jati and varna, as they are intertwined in day-to-day, practical life. The ideas.Of occupatiOn, occupational rank, and marital exclusiveness are all expressed by this one word. In Indian languages various other terms are available for reference. to these or related meanings. Although the distinction is not always clear, in English the word "caste" can often refer more specifically to a hereditary occupational group or a regional quasi-ethnic group, such as the Kunbi farmers in villages E and F below. "Subcaste" refers to endoga- mous units within such .a group: the Tirale and Ghatod, in this example. • I. A fuller discussion of the development of the ideas , of jati and varna is . , 'in Basham (1959: - Chapter V). Useful discussions on other aspects of case ' is and of Indian history and culture are found in the same volume. The.study of caste calls for caveats. , The first is that in any particular analytic context one must always be specific about what one is referring to when using the term. Caste is a multifaceted topic and has attracted study by analysts from many countries, who have provided expla- nations• and studies emphasizing many different , aspects. Caste in India is or has been a highly complex system, with much local variation. At the same time, there is much regulari ty, throughout India, in the religious and cultural justifications offered to support it. There are also strong similarities, from a comparative sociological point of view, between the caste system in India and systems of'socially inherited and culturally rationalized inequality elsewhere in the world.
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