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Tese Sonia Montaño UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS – UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO NÍVEL DOUTORADO SONIA ESTELA MONTAÑO LA CRUZ PLATAFORMAS DE VÍDEO: APONTAMENTOS PARA UMA ECOLOGIA DO AUDIOVISUAL DA WEB NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE SÃO LEOPOLDO 2012 1 Sonia Estela Montaño La Cruz PLATAFORMAS DE VÍDEO: APONTAMENTOS PARA UMA ECOLOGIA DO AUDIOVISUAL DA WEB NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Comunicação da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – Unisinos. Área de atuação: Comunicação Orientadora: Prof. a Dr. a Suzana Kilpp São Leopoldo 2 2012 Sonia Estela Montaño La Cruz M765p Montaño La Cruz, Sonia Estela. Plataformas de vídeo : apontamentos para uma ecologia do audiovisual da web na contemporaneidade / Sonia Estela Montaño de La Cruz. – 2012. 174 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação, 2012. "Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Suzana Kilpp.” 1. Contemporaneidade. 2. Audiovisualidades. 3. Ecologia audiovisual. 4. Audiovisual da web. 5. Plataformas de vídeo. 6. YouTube. 7. Justin TV. I. Título. CDU 659.3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Bibliotecário: Flávio Nunes – CRB 10/1298) PLATAFORMAS DE VÍDEO: APONTAMENTOS PARA UMA ECOLOGIA DO AUDIOVISUAL DA WEB NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE 3 Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor, pelo 4 AGRADECIMENTOS A construção de um fato é um processo tão coletivo que uma pessoa sozinha apenas constrói sonhos, alegações e sentimentos, mas não fatos, diz Bruno Latour. De fato, esta tese foi construída coletivamente. A Associação Porticus e o programa Prolic me concederam a bolsa, sem a qual não poderia ter feito esse doutorado. Agradeço também à Comunidade Missionária e ao Instituto Humanitas Unisinos (IHU) por ter feito a mediação para a obtenção da bolsa, pela confiança e pelo incentivo. Minha família, embora a distância, fortaleceu os laços de afeto e o estímulo a este projeto em todo momento. Incluo aí meus pais, irmãos, cunhadas e sobrinhos, mas também minha rede de primos e os amigos de toda a vida de Pando e Montevidéu. Meus amigos no Brasil, especialmente Carolina Cerveira e Cida Valadão, e amigos da Argentina, especialmente Alejandra Isasa, foram importantes. Ainda em um âmbito mais pessoal, nos bastidores desta tese, foi David Lynch quem me falou pela primeira vez da meditação transcendental quando o entrevistei em Porto Alegre, Mário José Pinto Neto quem me ensinou a praticá-la e Marta Beckmann quem me apresentou os florais de Bach, dois grandes auxílios para não perecer nestas viagens sem retorno. A equipe do Fronteiras do Pensamento me oportunizou entrevistas e encontros com os pensadores mais diversos da cultura. Muitos deles me abriram pontos de vista sobre a contemporaneidade, até então impensados, que hoje permeiam essa tese. Agradeço especialmente à amiga Michele Mastalir Salgueiro por essa parceria. Os meus alunos do Curso de Comunicação Digital da Unisinos me demonstraram quanto a pesquisa cresce quando compartilhada. Com os colegas e professores do Programa de Pós-graduação de Ciências da Comunicação da Unisinos e dos Grupos de Pesquisa em Audiovisualidades (GPAv) e Audiovisualidades e Tecnocultura: Comunicação, Memória e Design (TCAv), vivemos momentos de debate importantes que, sem dúvida, contribuíram para complexificar o rumo deste trabalho. Destaco, entre os professores, Gustavo Fischer, que contribuiu com esta tese na banca de qualificação e foi um importante incentivador na minha inserção docente. Entre os colegas, Cybeli Moraes e Tiago Lopes foram amigos para todas as horas – desde quebra-galhos básicos a altos debates, momentos de tensão ou distensão – e com certeza tornaram esse caminho mais prazeroso. O maior dos agradecimentos vai para Suzana Kilpp, amiga e mestre, pela terceira vez orientadora, quem teve um lugar decisivo na construção da pessoa que me fui tornando e na pesquisadora e professora que começo a me tornar. Com ela aprendi a ensinar aprendendo e perceber, nessa dinâmica, o ar fresco da vida, da liberdade, de uma pesquisa que cria novas imagens do mundo. 5 Nenhum aprendizado dispensa a viagem. Ao atravessar o rio e entregar-se completamente nu ao domínio da margem à frente, ele acaba de aprender uma coisa mestiça. O outro lado, os novos costumes, uma língua estrangeira, é claro. Mas, acima disso, acaba de aprender a aprendizagem nesse meio branco que não tem sentido para encontrar todos os sentidos. No lugar-meio onde se integram todas as direções. Ninguém sabe nadar de fato antes de ter atravessado, sozinho, um rio largo e impetuoso. Parta, mergulhe. Filosofia mestiça , Michel Serres 6 RESUMO Esta tese aborda o audiovisual contemporâneo que passa pelas plataformas de vídeo YouTube e Justin TV e, em seu percurso, vai realizando uma ecologia do audiovisual da web , entendendo-o como meio. O conceito de ecologia construído nesta tese parte de autores como McLuhan, Benjamin, Bergson e Latour, entre outros. Durante o encontro do princípio ecológico com os materiais audiovisuais em questão, vai se formando uma imagem dialética do audiovisual da web . Isto é, formam-se constelações que imobilizam esse audiovisual na sua duração e dão a ver sua audiovisualidade atualizada no conjunto: vídeos, interfaces, usos e ambientes. A ecologia aponta para o banco de dados como a ontologia da contemporaneidade. Não só vídeos e usuários se tornam bancos de dados nas interfaces audiovisuais da web . Eles fazem parte de um ambiente, o dispositivo contemporâneo, dotado de urgência por trânsito e por conectividade, que cria outros dispositivos dos quais emerge um audiovisual - cuja característica mais destacada é seu valor de uso e cujos efeitos mais apontados nesta tese são a audiovisualização da cultura e a softwarização do audiovisual. Palavras-chave: contemporaneidade, ecologia audiovisual, audiovisualidades, audiovisual da web , plataformas de vídeo, YouTube, Justin TV. 7 ABSTRACT This thesis addresses the contemporary audiovisual that passes through the video platforms YouTube and Justin TV and, throughout the route, performs an ecology of the audiovisual on the web, regarding this as a medium. The concept of ecology built in this thesis comes from authors such as McLuhan, Benjamin, Bergson and Latour, among others. A dialectical image of the audio-visual on the web is formed during the meeting of the ecological principle with the audiovisual materials under consideration. That is, a set of constellations that immobilize such audio-visual in its duration and enable to see its audiovisuality expressed in the whole: videos, interfaces, uses and environments. The ecology points to the database as the ontology of contemporariness. Not only videos and users become databases in the web’s audiovisual interfaces: they are part of an environment, the contemporary device, provided with urgency for transit and connectivity. This creates other devices from which an audio-visual emerges. Its most notable characteristic is its use value and its most noticed effect in this thesis is the audio visualization of the culture and the softwarization of the audio-visual. Keywords: contemporariness, audiovisual ecology, audiovisualities, audio-visual on the web, video platforms, YouTube, Justin TV. 8 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 - Comercial da HP produzido e protagonizado por Michel Gondry 37 Figura 2 - Making of do comercial de HP de Michel Gondry 40 Figura 3 - O stop motion segura a cabeça do live action 41 Figura 4 - O Gondry live action pendurado da tela de computador onde inseriu um quadro 43 Figura 5 - Comercial da HP, os três Gondrys e a música 43 Figura 6 - Comercial da HP, clonagem e cópia 43 Figura 7 - Vídeo True Skool, da dupla Cold Cut 48 Figura 8 - Vídeo True Skool, da dupla Cold Cut 48 Figura 9 - Vídeo True Skool, da dupla Cold Cut: figuras e fundos 48 Figura 10 - Sexo Oposto , programa do núcleo Guel Arraes – Rede Globo 52 Figura 11 - Dois quadros do Jornal Nacional, com destaque para o lugar da bancada, e a diferença da bancada de Sexo Oposto . Um quadro do desenho Os Flintstones, com destaque para a estética, e suas relações com a estética do quadro em questão 54 Figura 12 - Sexo Oposto- imagens de diversas naturezas 55 Figura 13 - Página sem link s 74 Figura 14a - Home do YouTube com nova interface Figura 14b – Home do YouTube na interface anterior 81 Figura 15a- Relações entre YouTube e Google: montagem feita no programa Prezi da barra de navegação principal da home do YouTube (parte superior) e às páginas correspondentes a dois links da barra de navegação, com chamada para a nova política de privacidade (à esquerda) e a página correspondente do link “Criar conta” (à direita) 82 Figura 15b - Montagem no programa Prezi: na parte superior, a barra de navegação principal sem login e as páginas às quais ela dá acesso. Na montagem inferior, a barra de navegação principal com login e as páginas às quais ela dá acesso. 83 Figura 16 - Doodle sobre o aniversário de John Lennon na página do YouTube 85 Figura 17 - Doodle com temas de nazismo feito pelo artista Piotr Parda 95 Figura 18 - Projeto Google Gravity mostra página desabando e vai sobrepondo as sucessivas buscas 95 Figura 19 - Informações na hora de publicar um vídeo no YouTube 96 Figura 20 - Home do YouTube com destaque para o canal/usuário 98 Figura 21 - Home da antiga interface do YouTube com destaque para a janela do canal/usuário
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