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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Oftrypanosoma Evansiin

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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Oftrypanosoma Evansiin Hindawi Veterinary Medicine International Volume 2020, Article ID 6172560, 6 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6172560 Research Article Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Trypanosoma evansi in Camels in Ethiopia Based on Parasitological Examinations Bekalu Gerem,1 Muhammed Hamid,2 and Ayalew Assefa 3 1Abergelle District Agricultural Office, Abergele, Ethiopia 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, P.O. Box 132, Samara, Ethiopia 3Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Sekota, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Ayalew Assefa; [email protected] Received 8 March 2020; Revised 3 June 2020; Accepted 4 June 2020; Published 27 August 2020 Academic Editor: Remo Lobetti Copyright © 2020 Bekalu Gerem et al. *is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Camel trypanosomosis (surra), caused by Trypanosoma evansi , is a life-threatening disease with negative impacts on health, production, and working efficiency of camels in different camel-rearing areas of the world, including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2016 to May 2017 to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis (surra) and assess the associated potential risk factors in Dubti and Asayita districts of Afar region, Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 200 camels. Wet film and Giemsa-stained blood smears were used for the detection of trypanosomes. Out of 200 examined, 9(4.5%) were positive for Trypanosoma evansi. *e higher prevalence of the disease was observed in Dubti (6.97%) than in Asayita (2.63%) districts. Highest infection was observed in the age group >4 years old camels (7.47%), followed by <4 years old camels (1.07%). Previously aborted camels were found at higher risk (P � 0:03; OR � 5.11, 95% CI � 1.174–22.317) than camels without an abortion history. *ere was no statistically significant difference in between body condition categories and herd size of camels with the occurrence of the disease (X2 � 3.839; P � 0:147 and X2 � 0.718; P � 0:698), respectively. *e result of the current study revealed that camel trypanosomosis is substantially prevalent in the study area, indicating the need for designing control and prevention strategies. 1. Introduction estimated to be the third-largest camel herd in the world after Somalia and Sudan [5]. *e camels (Camelus dromedarius) are the most numerous Camels are believed comparatively to be less susceptible species of animal in the arid areas of Asia and Africa, to many of the devastating diseases that affect other livestock particularly in the arid lowlands of east African counties species, such as rinderpest, contagious pleuropneumonia, (Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Djibouti) [1]. and foot and mouth disease, but yet they are affected by Ethiopia is known for possessing the most significant many other disorders [6]. Among the constraints of the number of livestock population ranking 9th in the world and disease, parasitism is one of the significant problems that 1st in Africa [2]. In Ethiopia, the importance of the animal is affect the productivity of camels. Of these parasitic diseases, increasing from time to time both at local and global camel trypanosomosis continues to be a significant problem markets. Moreover, camel husbandry is the primary source in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia [7]. of living for millions of pastoralists in the arid and semiarid Camel trypanosomosis, also known as Surra caused by zones of Ethiopia [3]. In Ethiopia, camels inhabit almost all Trypanosoma evansi, is the most important and serious peripheral drier lowlands that generally fall below 1,500 pathogenic protozoan disease of the camel. *is is trans- metres above sea level. *ese areas include the major parts of mitted mechanically by haematophagous biting flies, espe- the Somali and Afar National Regional States and some parts cially tabanids [8]. Trypanosoma evansi which multiplies in of the Oromia National Regional State [4]. Ethiopia is blood and other body fluids is the most widely spread 2 Veterinary Medicine International endemic disease (surra) of camels and different domestic information about physiological status (dry, lactating, or animals throughout the world [9, 10]. From two strains of T. pregnant) and the previous abortion history of sampled evansi, types A and B, both are believed to be found in animals in the herd. Ethiopia [11]. *e disease is highly prevalent in Ethiopia and an im- portant single cause of economic losses, causing morbidity 2.4. Sampling Methods. *e sampling method was supposed of up to 30.0% and mortality of around 3.0% camels in to be a multistage cluster sampling approach. However, due Ethiopia [1]. In camels, the disease induces anaemia, fever, to the absence of information about variation between depression, dullness, weakness, and nervous symptoms and cluster and sampling frame, the sample size was not able to are responsible for major economic losses in terms of poor be determined using a cluster sample formula. *erefore, the production (milk, meat, fertility, draught power, and ma- representative zones, kebeles (Peasant Associations), were nure) and sometimes abortion or death in case of no selected purposely based on camel population, willingness of treatment [12]. It may occur in both acute and chronic pastoralists, and accessibility to vehicles. *e primary and forms; the acute form of the disease is usually fatal within a second stages were the sampling of zones and woredas, respectively. Selection of kebeles, herds, and individual few weeks, but the chronic form lasts for years and is as- rd th th sociated with a secondary infection [13]. camels within the herds was the 3 , 4 , and 5 stages, Despite all its ecological and economic importance and respectively. From the five administrative zones of Afar significant role in the life of the pastoral community, until region, zone one was selected, and then two districts (Asayita recently, the animals were neglected by researchers and de- and Dubti) were selected based on convenience and camel velopment planners in Ethiopia. Moreover, there is no well- population. Accordingly, 114 (57%) and 86 (43%) the camel documented information about camel trypanosomiasis and was sampled from Asayita and Dubti district, respectively. associated risk factors in Afar regional state, northern Ethiopia, Every camel was selected from a given herd by using a simple particularly in this study area. *e current study was designed random sampling approach. to fulfil this gap in the country and, in particular, in the study area with the objectives of determining the prevalence and 2.5. Sample Size Determination. Cluster sampling is a suit- associated risk factors of camel trypanosomiasis. able method for this study as constructing a sample frame for random sampling is not possible in the pastoral production 2. Materials and Methods system. However, to apply the formula, there is no infor- mation about the variation between clusters (VC) in the 2.1. Description of the Study Area. Afar regional state is study areas. *erefore, it is necessary to look for other al- located in the Great Rift Valley, comprising semiarid ran- ternatives. *e formula given by *rusfield determines the geland in northeastern Ethiopia. According to regional es- size of the study animal [16] within a 95% confidence in- timates, the livestock population of Afar is about 10.12 terval (CI) at 5% desired precision level: million tropical livestock units, and out of this, about 1:962∗ pexp(1 − pexp) 859,580 (8.5%) are camels. *e Afar regional state has five n � ; (1) 2 administrative zones, which are further subdivided into 32 d districts. Pastoralism and agropastoralism are the two major where n stands for the sample size, pexp is the expected livelihood ways practiced in the region. *e population of prevalence, and d2 is the desired level of precision. Expected the region is estimated to be about 1.2 million of which 90% prevalence was taken as 2% as reported by Fikru et al. [17]; are pastoralists and 10% agropastoral [14]. *e study was we calculated 30 animals to be the minimum sample size; conducted in three purposively selected districts of the however, to increase the precision, 200 camels were sampled. central zone of the Afar region, namely, Asayita and Dubti. 2.6. Sample Collection Procedure. After physical restraining, 2.2. Study Population. *e study animals were indigenous the jugular furrow of each selected camel was cleaned with one-humped camel which varies with age, body condition, and alcohol, and a jugular vein was punctured with a suitable district that reared under the extensive husbandry system. Herd instrument (lancet and needle). Samples were collected from size was classified into three categories as small (Up to 10 200 camels by puncturing the jugular vein into 5 ml eth- camels in a herd), medium (11–20 camels), and large (>20 ylenediamene tetraacetic acid- (EDTA-) coated vacationer camels in the herd) by considering both the minimum and tubes, then kept in a cooler box, and transported to Samara maximum herd size presented in the study areas [15]. *e body University Veterinary Multipurpose Laboratory for lab ac- score of camels was categorized from 5 (excellent) to 0 (very tivities. *in blood smears were prepared following air-dried poor). Estimation of age was both on a subjective basis and thin smears from the whole blood. based on information obtained from the owner. 2.7. Laboratory Examination Procedures 2.3. Study Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis and 2.7.1. Hematological Examination. Blood samples were assess the associated potential risk factors in Asayita and drawn into paired heparinized microhaematocrit capillary Dubti from November 2016 to May 2017. Owners provided tubes up to ¾th of their length. One end of the tubes was then Veterinary Medicine International 3 sealed with crista seal (Hawaksly, England).
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