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Water and Indigenous Peoples water and indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples from all corners of the globe continue to struggle for acknowledgement and recognition of their unique visions of water, both at home and in national, regional and international forums. But almost without exception, their voices remain obscured by a mainstream discourse rooted in the conception of water as a mere commodity. Water and Indigenous Peoples is based on the papers delivered on the occasion of the Second and the Third World Water Forums (The Hague in 2000 and Kyoto in 2003). It brings to the fore some of the most incisive indigenous critics of interna- tional debates on water access, use and man- agement, as well as indigenous expressions of generosity that share community knowledge and insight in order to propose remedies for the global water crisis. water and indigenous peoples Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems water and indigenous peoples UNESCO – LINKS Water and indigenous peoples This book should be cited as: UNESCO, 2006, Water and Indigenous Peoples. Edited by R. Boelens, M. Chiba and D. Nakashima. Knowledges of Nature 2, UNESCO: Paris, 177 pp. Co-editors Rutgerd Boelens Coordinator, Water Law and Indigenous Rights Programme (WALIR), Wageningen University (Nieuwe Kanaal 11, 6709 PA, Wageningen, the Netherlands) Moe Chiba Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS), UNESCO Douglas Nakashima Leader, Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS), UNESCO English Reviser Peter Coles Graphics and Cover Design Stéphane Rébillon www.stephanerebillon.com Acknowledgements (alphabetical order) Ken-ichi Abe (Japan Centre for Area Studies, Osaka, Japan) Teresa Callihoo Samuel Dubois Mailin Fauchon (Secretariat of the Third World Water Forum) Noriko Iizuka and team (Japan Centre for Area Studies, Osaka, Japan) Melisande Middleton Ouri Scott Central America Global Water Partnership 06 Centre for Research on Life and Environment (CRLE) (USA) Fundación Solón (Bolivia) Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Promotion of International Cooperation and Mutual Understanding Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tebtebba Foundation (Philippines) United Nations – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Water Law and Indigenous Rights Programme (WALIR) Wageningen University (Netherlands) Printed in 2006 by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7 Place du Fontenoy, 73752 Paris 07 SP, France The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this text and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) project was launched by UNESCO in 2002. Website: www.unesco.org/links For further information, please contact: Douglas Nakashima / Moe Chiba UNESCO-LINKS 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris Cedex 15 France E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] (SC-2006/WS/3) Foreword Foreword By adopting the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2001, the international community has demonstrated its commitment to recognise the “contribution of traditional knowledge, particularly with regard to environmental protection and the management of natural resources, and fostering synergies between modern science and local knowledge” (Action Plan No 14 of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity). Yet in the domain of water, a large gap remains between policy and practice. Indigenous peoples from all corners of the globe continue to struggle for acknowledgement and recognition of their own visions of water, both at home and in national, regional and international forums. Almost without exception, their voices remain obscured by a mainstream discourse rooted in a conception of water as a mere commodity. This publication brings some of those indigenous voices to the fore. It includes words from some of the most incisive indigenous critics participating in current international debates on water access, use and management, as well as expressions of indigenous knowledge and transdisciplinary insights with a view to proposing remedies for the global water crisis. It also benefits from the contributions of numerous specialists who share expertise and experience in the fields of anthropology, political science and law. Water and Indigenous Peoples is the second volume in the Knowledges of Nature series of UNESCO’s Local and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (LINKS) project. This cross-cutting project brings together UNESCO’s Sectors for Culture, Natural Sciences, Social and Human Sciences, Education, and Communication and Information. Launched in 2002, the LINKS project works with local knowledge hold- ers to promote recognition of their expertise about the natural environment and to reinforce their con- tribution to a more equitable governance policy for natural resources. This volume is based upon the papers delivered during the official sessions on water and indigenous peo- ples organized on the occasion of the Third World Water Forum held in Kyoto in 2003, with additional contributions from the Second Water Forum in The Hague in 2000. The official session on indigenous 07 peoples at the Second World Forum was convened by UNESCO’s cross-cutting LINKS project. At the Third World Water Forum, under the overall theme of Water and Cultural Diversity, UNESCO-LINKS coordi- nated two official sessions on indigenous peoples in close partnership with: Central America-Global Water Partnership (Costa Rica), Centre for Respect of Life and Environment (CRLE, USA), ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America), Fundación Solón (Bolivia), Tebtebba Foundation (Philippines) and the WALIR program, (coordinated by Wageningen University, the Netherlands and ECLAC). In addition to the official sessions, indigenous participants at the Third World Water Forum organized an indigenous caucus that brought together participants throughout the Forum. They held preparatory meetings and formulated a collective message to decision makers that became the Indigenous Peoples Kyoto Water Declaration, which is presented in the final chapter of this publication. UNESCO warmly thanks the indigenous participants, advocates and experts from the Second and Third World Water Forums whose contributions have made this publication possible. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Government of Japan and the Secretariat of the Second and Third World Water Forums generously supported the participants for the water and indigenous peoples sessions. Rutgerd Boelens of Wageningen University deserves special recognition for coordinating the major con- tribution to this volume from the WALIR (Water Law and Indigenous Rights) Project, for his valued efforts in co-organizing the Kyoto sessions and his advice as co-editor. Respecting cultural diversity requires us to constantly learn from others and to revise our own paradigms with a degree of humility and objectivity. We hope that this publication will provide food for thought and enrich the on-going debate on cultural pluralism, good governance and sustainable development. Mounir BOUCHENAKI, Walter ERDELEN, Assistant Director-General Assistant Director-General for Culture, UNESCO for Natural Sciences, UNESCO Water and indigenous peoples 08 Contents Opening Douglas Nakashima and Moe Chiba Introduction 12 Jeanette Armstrong Water is Siwlkw 18 Section 1. Struggles for Recognition Evo Morales Message on behalf of the Indigenous Peoples at the Third World Water Forum 22 Victoria Tauli Corpuz Indigenous Peoples and International Debates on Water: Reflections and Challenges 24 Pablo Solón Cultural Diversity and Privatisation of Water 36 Leonidas Iza Water belongs to Everyone and to No One 40 Rutgerd Boelens Local Rights and Legal Recognition: the Struggle for Indigenous Water Rights and the Cultural Politics of Participation 46 Section 2. Worldviews and Water Management Ellen P. Dictaan Bang-Oa Traditional Water Management among the Kankanaeys of Besao, Mountain Province, Philippines 64 Debabrata Roy Laifungbam and Anna Pinto Sanãmahi – Pãkhangba: a Living Relationship of the Meitei with Water 76 Corinne Wacker The Flow of Water and the Continuity of Culture: Water Imagery 09 in the Landscape and Rituals of a Mountain Desert Oasis in Ladakh (Indian Himalaya) 82 Tshepo Khumbane “We All Care”: the Water for Food Movement in Rural South Africa 96 Joram/Useb A History of Water Resource Access in the Southern Kalahari: San Perspectives on the Role of Modern Technology in Dispossession and Poverty 100 Nigel Crawhall !Haa – Water: Some Reflections on Water in the Southern Kalahari 102 Santos Augusto Norato The Guardians of Trees and Water (E chajinel rech le che’ ruk le ja’) 106 David Groenfeldt Water Development and Spiritual Values in Western and Indigenous Societies 108 Section 3. Water Rights and National Legislation Rocio Renee Bustamante Pluri-, Multi- Issues in the Reform Process: towards New Water Legislation in Bolivia 118 Armando Guevara-Gil Official Water Law versus Indigenous and Peasant Rights in Peru 130 WALIR Water Law and Indigenous Rights 148 Francisco Peña Indigenous Peoples and Water Resource Management in Mexico 150 Paulina Palacios
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