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The Museum of the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Ann Ig 2017; 29: 397-402 doi:10.7416/ai.2017.2171 The Museum of the Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome G.M. Fara1, R. Del Vecchio1, R. Montacutelli1 Key words: Museum, Public Health, History Parole chiave: Museo, Sanità Pubblica, storia Abstract This paper illustrates in detail the birth of the Museum of Public Health of the Sapienza University of Rome, which has been one of the most successful achievements of Prof Carmine Melino in the last few years of his academic career. Backed by a very thin group of enthousiastic coworkers and colleagues, he recuperated all the instruments which had been used by the research groups active since 1880 at the former Institute of Hygiene, to which he added samples of the different pieces of laboratory furniture, ancient reagents, etc. The goal was not to simply collect, restore and maintain the documents of the Institute’s past, but to rebuild a vintage laboratory, as it was inhabited by the hygienists of the past and to describe the kinds of research being performed during a period more than a century long. Beginning from the days when Hygiene became a scientific discipline, he tried to demonstrate that only the transformation of Hygiene into an experimental discipline made it possible the numberless achievements, including the improvements of the environmental conditions, the reduction of infectious diseases and the successful fight against the chronic, degenerative diseases of the present times. Introduction The evolution of Hygiene – The Experimental Hygiene In order to remind everybody of the bright person of Prof Carmine Melino, who left us When a typhoid epidemic ravaged forever four years ago, we wish to highlight the Upper Slesia, Virchow (1) stated: one of his most appreciated achievements, “Advancements of medicine could eventually the Museum of Hygiene, opened in 1996 increase the length of human life, but in a dedicated space of the Institute bearing improvements of social and economic the same name at the Sapienza University conditions could reach the same goal even of Rome, now renamed Museum of Public better and faster”, and this conviction is Health “Carmine Melino”. a proof of his top quality as a pathologist To better explain the potential and the and, at the end, as a hygienist, who paid significance of this achievement, let us attention not only to the disease, but also expose some brief remarks on the history of to its environmental and socio-economic Hygiene and of Public Health, in particular determinants and to the need of their at the Sapienza University of Rome. prevention. Undoubtedly, the rapid evolution 1 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 398 G.M. Fara et al. of microbiology and the recognition of the primitive “health education” and “hygienic role of all aspects of the environment as behaviour” (4). determinant or co-determinant of diseases The field of hygiene moved from a helped the development of the science of inner knowledge of the microbes to the Hygiene. understanding of their environment, their Research and Experiment, the ultimate and mechanisms of diffusion, their immunology, the most important aspects of pathological and also the role of foods, of water, of physiology according to Virchow, are sewage, of air, of housing etc as determinants stressed also by Claude Bernard in his or at least co-determinants of disease. introduction to the study of experimental A century later, experimental research is aspects as a standpoint in the pathological still one of the foundations of modern Public evolution of Medicine. There he states in Health, now further supported by the parallel detail: “… to my opinion, while the hospital advancements of Epidemiology. is the seat of scientific medicine and the first observatory for the physician, the laboratory is the true sanctuary of medical science The Institute of Experimental Hygiene where, through the experimental analysis, at the Sapienza University and its the physician attempts to explain the life relations with the Public Health both when healthy and when diseased. The physician who wants to be truly such, as Authorities in the XIX and XX soon as he leaves the hospital building, must century step into the laboratory to test on animals the hypotheses about the mechanism of disease Prof Corrado Tommasi Crudeli, while born from his observations on patients….” teaching Hygiene at the Sapienza University, (2). opened in 1883 the “Institute of Experimental We must remember, about this matter, Hygiene”– the first of its kind in Italy - in the suggestions left us by Angelo Celli, a the spaces of the late Saint Paul Monastery very popular hygienist of his times, that a overlooking Viminale Square; his pupil network of scientific laboratories was to be Angelo Celli, in 1888, left his position at added to the “Technical Office for Health”, the University of Palermo and returned to being at that time created in every italian city Rome, where he developed and enlarged the according to the national law (the so called Institute, which remained in same location “Crispi-Pagliani” law) of 1888; he meant, until 1934, when it moved as “Institute of by this proposal, that not only the problems Hygiene” to the present Sanarelli Building at of clinical medicine, but even those of the the entrance to the new University Campus nascent public health, could not be truly in the Rome District (“Riòne”, in Italian) resolved without the help of experimental called San Lorenzo, built to a design by reserch (3). Architect Marcello Piacentini and his Leaders of the new discipline were names Associates (5) . of such a weight as Pasteur, Pettenkhofer, The Institute was devoted to teaching Koch and, in Italy, Tommasi Crudeli and and research of a discipline “which was to Celli. Celli stated: “Before, we only studied become a universal science which gives its the effects of disease, now the disease is imprinting to all modern medicine” (6). And studied thoroughly, from its determinants the teaching courses were intended not only to its consequences”. The outcome of such a for undergraduate medical students but also way of dealing with disease was the birth, in for graduated Medical Doctors, Engineers, the population, of a new attention to a kind of Veterinarians and Pharmacists, with the Museum of Public Health, Sapienza University of Rome 399 aim to enable them to apply the hygienic sera worked in the capacity of laboratory principles to their own fields. of the Division of Health of the Ministry of In Rome, the laboratories for hygienic the Interiors. In particular, the laboratory research and sanitary inspection, established of chemistry took under control foods, within the Institute of Experimental Hygiene, water, soil, air, clothes, buildings, factories; were made available for investigations the laboratory of physics was involved specifically requested by the Public Health in detection and study of radioactive Authorities through an agreement between substances when their control switched Prof Tommasi Crudeli and Senator Prof from the responsibility of Mining and Coal Luigi Pagliani - a piedmontese Professor Inspectorate at the Ministry of Economics to of Hygiene at the University of Turin, the Division of Public Health at the Ministry who at that time had become Head of the of the Interior. Directorate of Public Health at the Ministry In 1934 an independent Institute of Public of the Interior; and that agreement was made Health (later denominated Istituto Superiore official by the Royal Decree 27.11.1887 n di Sanità - ISS) was founded, with the help of 5103. the Rockefeller Foundation. It absorbed the Therefore, at the moment of enforcement sections previously hosted by the Institute of the law Crispi-Pagliani of 1888, the of Hygiene of the University, with the “Central Directorate of Health” within the addition of other new sections of biology, Ministry of the Interior could rely on a series sanitary engineering, food and nutrition, of public health laboratories, among the best epidemiology, a library and a museum, under in Europe at that time, scientifically backed the leadership of the Direction of Public by the Institute of Experimental Hygiene of Health. In 1934 it was headed by Dante De the University of Rome. Blasi, former Director of the Institute of Simultaneously, an Institute for Hygiene at the University of Rome and an production of vaccines was created under Academic of Italy; De Blasi was followed the supervision of a Committee manned by by Domenico Marotta, who helped a further the Central Director of Public Health, the enlargement of the Institute which, at some Dean of the Medical School of Rome and a of its top moments, included a few Nobel Major General of the Army. Prizes in its staff (7). Unfortunately, after the Adwa defeat of After the separation of the aforementioned the Italian Army in Africa (March 1st 1896), laboratories from its affiliation, the University the Crispi Governement fell and Senator of Rome maintained the basic research in Pagliani left the Direction of Public Health, Public Health and the teaching activity both which was relegated to a simple Division for undergraduate medical students and of the Ministry of the Interior, and such graduate students (the Specialty School of remained for fifty years, until 1947, when it Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public was transformed firstly into the Office of the Health). The same was true for all the High Commissioner of Health and, later in Universities around the Country. 1958, into the Ministry of Health. Even after they were separated from The public laboratories mentioned above the university and made autonomous, were born with facilities in micrography, the laboratories of the Istituto Superiore bacteriology, chemistry; they were completed di Sanità went on cooperating with the in 1905 with a further section for the control university, all the Italian Universities, and of vaccines and sera and only in 1923 with the result was a community of top level a section of physics.
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