Marielle Seigel Horace Greeley High School 10Th Grade Stand Together
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CHAI News Fall 2018
CENTER FOR HOLOCAUST October 2018 AWARENESS AND INFORMATION (CHAI) CHAI update Tishri-Cheshvan 5779 80 YEARS AFTER KRISTALLNACHT: Remember and Be the Light Thursday, November 8, 2018 • 7—8 pm Fabric of Survival for Educators Temple B’rith Kodesh • 2131 Elmwood Ave Teacher Professional Development Program Kristallnacht, also known as the (Art, ELA, SS) Night of Broken Glass, took place Wednesday, October 3 on November 9-10, 1938. This 4:30—7:00 pm massive pogrom was planned Memorial Art Gallery and carried out 80 years ago to terrorize Jews and destroy Jewish institutions (synagogues, schools, etc.) throughout Germa- ny and Austria. Firefighters were in place at every site but their duty was not to extinguish the fire. They were there only to keep the fire from spreading to adjacent proper- ties not owned by Jews. A depiction of Passover by Esther Historically, Kristallnacht is considered to be the harbinger of the Holocaust. It Nisenthal Krinitz foreshadowed the Nazis’ diabolical plan to exterminate the Jews, a plan that Esther Nisenthal Krinitz, Holocaust succeeded in the loss of six million. survivor, uses beautiful and haunt- ing images to record her story when, If the response to Kristallnacht had been different in 1938, could the Holocaust at age 15, the war came to her Pol- have been averted? Eighty years after Kristallnacht, what are the lessons we ish village. She recounts every detail should take away in the context of today’s world? through a series of exquisite fabric collages using the techniques of em- This 80 year commemoration will be a response to these questions in the form broidery, fabric appliqué and stitched of testimony from local Holocaust survivors who lived through Kristallnacht, narrative captioning, exhibited at the as well as their direct descendents. -
The German Military and Hitler
RESOURCES ON THE GERMAN MILITARY AND THE HOLOCAUST The German Military and Hitler Adolf Hitler addresses a rally of the Nazi paramilitary formation, the SA (Sturmabteilung), in 1933. By 1934, the SA had grown to nearly four million members, significantly outnumbering the 100,000 man professional army. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of William O. McWorkman The military played an important role in Germany. It was closely identified with the essence of the nation and operated largely independent of civilian control or politics. With the 1919 Treaty of Versailles after World War I, the victorious powers attempted to undercut the basis for German militarism by imposing restrictions on the German armed forces, including limiting the army to 100,000 men, curtailing the navy, eliminating the air force, and abolishing the military training academies and the General Staff (the elite German military planning institution). On February 3, 1933, four days after being appointed chancellor, Adolf Hitler met with top military leaders to talk candidly about his plans to establish a dictatorship, rebuild the military, reclaim lost territories, and wage war. Although they shared many policy goals (including the cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles, the continued >> RESOURCES ON THE GERMAN MILITARY AND THE HOLOCAUST German Military Leadership and Hitler (continued) expansion of the German armed forces, and the destruction of the perceived communist threat both at home and abroad), many among the military leadership did not fully trust Hitler because of his radicalism and populism. In the following years, however, Hitler gradually established full authority over the military. For example, the 1934 purge of the Nazi Party paramilitary formation, the SA (Sturmabteilung), helped solidify the military’s position in the Third Reich and win the support of its leaders. -
Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived Despite All Odds, They Survived, Persisted — and Thrived
The Hidden® Child VOL. XXVII 2019 PUBLISHED BY HIDDEN CHILD FOUNDATION /ADL DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED DESPITE ALL ODDS, THEY SURVIVED, PERSISTED — AND THRIVED FROM HUNTED ESCAPEE TO FEARFUL REFUGEE: POLAND, 1935-1946 Anna Rabkin hen the mass slaughter of Jews ended, the remnants’ sole desire was to go 3 back to ‘normalcy.’ Children yearned for the return of their parents and their previous family life. For most child survivors, this wasn’t to be. As WEva Fogelman says, “Liberation was not an exhilarating moment. To learn that one is all alone in the world is to move from one nightmarish world to another.” A MISCHLING’S STORY Anna Rabkin writes, “After years of living with fear and deprivation, what did I imagine Maren Friedman peace would bring? Foremost, I hoped it would mean the end of hunger and a return to 9 school. Although I clutched at the hope that our parents would return, the fatalistic per- son I had become knew deep down it was improbable.” Maren Friedman, a mischling who lived openly with her sister and Jewish mother in wartime Germany states, “My father, who had been captured by the Russians and been a prisoner of war in Siberia, MY LIFE returned to Kiel in 1949. I had yearned for his return and had the fantasy that now that Rivka Pardes Bimbaum the war was over and he was home, all would be well. That was not the way it turned out.” Rebecca Birnbaum had both her parents by war’s end. She was able to return to 12 school one month after the liberation of Brussels, and to this day, she considers herself among the luckiest of all hidden children. -
American Jewish Philanthropy and the Shaping of Holocaust Survivor Narratives in Postwar America (1945 – 1953)
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “In a world still trembling”: American Jewish philanthropy and the shaping of Holocaust survivor narratives in postwar America (1945 – 1953) A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Rachel Beth Deblinger 2014 © Copyright by Rachel Beth Deblinger 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “In a world still trembling”: American Jewish philanthropy and the shaping of Holocaust survivor narratives in postwar America (1945 – 1953) by Rachel Beth Deblinger Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor David N. Myers, Chair The insistence that American Jews did not respond to the Holocaust has long defined the postwar period as one of silence and inaction. In fact, American Jewish communal organizations waged a robust response to the Holocaust that addressed the immediate needs of survivors in the aftermath of the war and collected, translated, and transmitted stories about the Holocaust and its survivors to American Jews. Fundraising materials that employed narratives about Jewish persecution under Nazism reached nearly every Jewish home in America and philanthropic programs aimed at aiding survivors in the postwar period engaged Jews across the politically, culturally, and socially diverse American Jewish landscape. This study examines the fundraising pamphlets, letters, posters, short films, campaign appeals, radio programs, pen-pal letters, and advertisements that make up the material record of this communal response to the Holocaust and, ii in so doing, examines how American Jews came to know stories about Holocaust survivors in the early postwar period. This kind of cultural history expands our understanding of how the Holocaust became part of an American Jewish discourse in the aftermath of the war by revealing that philanthropic efforts produced multiple survivor representations while defining American Jews as saviors of Jewish lives and a Jewish future. -
Holocaust Education Standards Grade 4 Standard 1: SS.4.HE.1
1 Proposed Holocaust Education Standards Grade 4 Standard 1: SS.4.HE.1. Foundations of Holocaust Education SS.4.HE.1.1 Compare and contrast Judaism to other major religions observed around the world, and in the United States and Florida. Grade 5 Standard 1: SS.5.HE.1. Foundations of Holocaust Education SS.5.HE.1.1 Define antisemitism as prejudice against or hatred of the Jewish people. Students will recognize the Holocaust as history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. Teachers will provide students with an age-appropriate definition of with the Holocaust. Grades 6-8 Standard 1: SS.68.HE.1. Foundations of Holocaust Education SS.68.HE.1.1 Define the Holocaust as the planned and systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Students will recognize the Holocaust as history’s most extreme example of antisemitism. Students will define antisemitism as prejudice against or hatred of Jewish people. Grades 9-12 Standard 1: SS.HE.912.1. Analyze the origins of antisemitism and its use by the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi) regime. SS.912.HE.1.1 Define the terms Shoah and Holocaust. Students will distinguish how the terms are appropriately applied in different contexts. SS.912.HE.1.2 Explain the origins of antisemitism. Students will recognize that the political, social and economic applications of antisemitism led to the organized pogroms against Jewish people. Students will recognize that The Protocols of the Elders of Zion are a hoax and utilized as propaganda against Jewish people both in Europe and internationally. -
Kristallnacht- the Night of Broken Glass
Kristallnacht- The Night of Broken Glass From “America and the Holocaust”a film by American Experience On the night of November 9, 1938, the sounds of breaking glass shattered the air in cities throughout Germany while fires across the country devoured synagogues and Jewish institutions. By the end of the rampage, gangs of Nazi storm troopers had destroyed 7,000 Jewish businesses, set fire to more than 900 synagogues, killed 91 Jews and deported some 30,000 Jewish men to concentration camps. In a report back to the State Department a few days later, a U.S official in Leipzig described what he saw of the atrocities. "Having demolished dwellings and hurled most of the moveable effects to the streets," he wrote, "the insatiably sadistic perpetrators threw many of the trembling inmates into a small stream that flows through the zoological park, commanding horrified spectators to spit at them, defile them with mud and jeer at their plight." An incident several days earlier had given the Nazi authorities an excuse to instigate the violence. On November 7th, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish student named Hershel Grynszpan had shot Ernst vom Rath, the Third Secretary of the German Embassy in Paris. Grynszpan, enraged by the deportation of his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where they had lived since 1914, hoped that his dramatic action would alert the world to the ominous plight of Europe's Jews. When the French police arrested Grynszpan, he sobbed: "Being a Jew is not a crime. I am not a dog. I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. -
Jewish Survivors of the Holocaust Residing in the United States
Jewish Survivors of the Holocaust Residing in the United States Estimates & Projections: 2010 - 2030 Ron Miller, Ph. D. Associate Director Berman Institute-North American Jewish Data Bank Pearl Beck, Ph.D. Director, Evaluation Ukeles Associates, Inc. Berna Torr, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Sociology California State University-Fullerton October 23, 2009 CONTENTS AND TABLES Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….….3 Definitions Data Sources Interview Numbers: NJPS and New York US Nazi Survivor Estimates 2010-2030: Total Number of Survivors and Gender………………6 Table 1: Estimates of Holocaust Survivors, United States, 2001-2030, Total Number of Survivors, by Gender……………………………………………………....7 US Nazi Survivor Estimates 2010-2030: Total Number of Survivors and Age Patterns..………9 Table 2: Estimates of Holocaust Survivors, United States, 2001-2030, Total Number of Survivors, by Age………………………………………………………….10 Poverty: US Nazi Survivors: 2010-2030…………………………….………………………....……11 Table 3: Estimates of Holocaust Survivors, United States, 2001-2030, Number of Survivors Below Poverty Thresholds ………………………………………….12 Disability: US Nazi Survivors: 2010-2030…………………………….……………………….....….13 Table 4: Estimates of Holocaust Survivors, United States, 2001-2030, Number of Survivors with a Disabling Health Condition ………………………………….14 Severe Disability………………….………………………………………………...…....……15 Table 5: Estimates of Holocaust Survivors, United States, 2001-2030, Number and Percentage of Disabled Survivors Who May Be Severely Disabled ….....17 Disability and Poverty: -
History of the Holocaust
HISTORY OF THE HOLOCAUST: AN OVERVIEW On January 20, 1942, an extraordinary 90-minute meeting took place in a lakeside villa in the wealthy Wannsee district of Berlin. Fifteen high-ranking Nazi party and German government leaders gathered to coordinate logistics for carrying out “the final solution of the Jewish question.”Chairing the meeting was SS Lieutenant General Reinhard Heydrich, head of the powerful Reich Security Main Office, a central police agency that included the Secret State Police (the Gestapo). Heydrich convened the meeting on the basis of a memorandum he had received six months earlier from Adolf Hitler’s deputy, Hermann Göring, confirming his authorization to implement the “Final Solution.” The “Final Solution” was the Nazi regime’s code name for the deliberate, planned mass murder of all European Jews. During the Wannsee meeting German government officials discussed “extermi- nation” without hesitation or qualm. Heydrich calculated that 11 million European Jews from more than 20 countries would be killed under this heinous plan. During the months before the Wannsee Conference, special units made up of SS, the elite guard of the Nazi state, and police personnel, known as Einsatzgruppen, slaughtered Jews in mass shootings on the territory of the Soviet Union that the Germans had occupied. Six weeks before the Wannsee meeting, the Nazis began to murder Jews at Chelmno, an agricultural estate located in that part of Poland annexed to Germany.Here SS and police personnel used sealed vans into which they pumped carbon monoxide gas to suffocate their victims.The Wannsee meeting served to sanction, coordinate, and expand the implementation of the “Final Solution” as state policy. -
A Guidebook for Clinicians CARING for HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS with SENSITIVITY at END of LIFE
CARING FOR HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS WITH SENSITIVITY AT END OF LIFE A Guidebook for Clinicians CARING FOR HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS WITH SENSITIVITY AT END OF LIFE Dear Colleagues, As clinicians and professional caregivers whose mission it is to manage pain and suffering, we are bound by an oath to “do no harm” and to provide culturally sensitive care. When providing services to Holocaust Survivors and war victims, it is important that we are mindful of our words and actions—particularly because we may be the last generation of caregivers and clinicians who have the honor, as well as the moral obligation, of delivering compassionate health services to Survivors. As one of the largest hospice programs under Jewish auspices in the region, MJHS understands that members of the Jewish community have different levels of observance, and so we tailor our hospice program to meet the individual spiritual and religious practices of each patient. For those who wish to participate, we offer the Halachic Pathway—which is funded by MJHS Foundation and ensures that end-of-life decisions are made in concert with a patient’s rabbinic advisor and adhere to Jewish law and traditions. Our sensitive care to Holocaust Survivors and their families takes into consideration the unique physical, emotional, social and psychological pain and discomfort they experience when facing the end of life. This is one of the many reasons why we seek to share our insights and experiences. This guidebook is for clinicians who have never, or rarely, worked with Holocaust Survivors. It is meant to help users gain a deeper understanding of end-of-life issues that may manifest in the Holocaust Survivor patient, especially ones that can be easily misunderstood or misinterpreted. -
Liberation from Concentration Camps: the Complexity of Concluding the Holocaust Narrative NINA KOVALENKO
Primary Source Volume I: Issue I Page 35 Liberation from Concentration Camps: The Complexity of Concluding the Holocaust Narrative NINA KOVALENKO t is certainly tempting to look for a clear beginning, middle, and end in every story. When depicting the Holocaust, Ichoosing to end the story with the liberation of inmates from concentration camps can be all too satisfying: after all, the experience must have been a joyful one for those survivors who triumphed over Nazi evil. However, this is a much oversimplified way of looking at liberation. Though many Holocaust survivors felt euphoric upon being freed, liberation was not a neat, happy conclusion of their suffering. Many survivors experienced and witnessed illness due to intense deprivation after the Nazis left the camps. Additionally, liberation aroused a range of conflicting emotions in survivors. In early post-war testimony, survivors discuss how they sought to get revenge on their persecutors after liberation. By contrast, in later memoirs, survivors tend to focus on the hopelessness, fear of the future, and revival of numbed feelings that freedom brought. This disparity in the aspects of the experience that survivors choose to emphasize suggests that the complexity lies not only in the reality of the experience, but also in trying to uncover it. Every testimony is shaped in part by the context in which it is given and its intended audience. As the survivors’ vantage points shift, they present their stories in different ways. Thus, in order to understand the differences in contemporary and later reflections, the survivors’ vantage points must be kept in mind. -
The Clean Wehrmacht: Myths About German War Crimes Then and Now
Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern University Honors Program Theses 2020 The Clean Wehrmacht: Myths about German War Crimes Then and Now Narayan J. Saviskas Jr. Georgia Southern University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses Part of the European History Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Saviskas, Narayan J. Jr., "The Clean Wehrmacht: Myths about German War Crimes Then and Now" (2020). University Honors Program Theses. 474. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/honors-theses/474 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in University Honors Program Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Clean Wehrmacht: Myths about German War Crimes Then and Now An Honors Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History. By Narayan Saviskas Under the mentorship of Dr. Brian Feltman. ABSTRACT On October 1st, 1946, the Nuremberg high command trails ended. The executions and life sentences of representatives of the German military and political elite were carried out by the Allied powers. At the time, the Soviet Union posed a greater threat than the Germans tried at Nuremberg. Years later, on October 9th, 1950, former officers of the German military gathered in Himmerod Abbey. Together they wrote the Himmerod Memorandum, which laid the foundation of the German rearmament and called for the release of German soldiers (Wehrmacht) and Schutzstaffel (SS) members convicted of war crimes. -
The Rab Island Camp: from Internment to Freedom
chapter 10 The Rab Island Camp: From Internment to Freedom In the collective memory Yugoslav Jewry, the incarceration in the Italian camp Kampor on Rab island and the camp’s liberation has remained much more important than the experience of relative autonomy and bustling cultural life in the camp in Kraljevica. Although, compared to Kraljevica, in the Rab Island camp (or Campo di concentramento per internati civili di guerra Arbe) Jews were incarcerated for a shorter period of time—from the end of May (some even from mid-July) until early September 1943—it received much more at- tention afterwards in memoirs and historiography. There are several reasons for this. First of all, to the Rab Island camp were transferred a great number of Jewish refugees until then scattered between the camps in Dubrovnik, on the islands of Hvar and Brač, and in Kraljevica, that now formed a group of over 3,500 people comprised of men, women, and children. Secondly, they jointly experienced the liberation of the camp that closely followed the capitulation of Italy on 8 September 1943, a powerful event marking a new stage in their war-torn lives. Finally, some of the inmates, together with Slovenian prisoners from the adjunct camp, overpowered the guards, took their weapons and, now armed, formed a short-lived Jewish partisan battalion comprised of 243 fight- ers, as a part of the Slovenian brigade formed on the island after the liberation of the camp. In addition, over 2,000 freed Jews were evacuated by partisans to the Croatian mainland and joined the fighting units of the People’s Liberation Army (NOV) as soldiers, physicians, nurses, and veterinarians, or helped the People’s Liberation Movement (NOP) in the partisan held territories.