Changes in River Discharge Structure and Regime in Mining-Industrial-Urban Areas

Reg Environ Change (2005) 5: 18–26 DOI 10.1007/s10113-004-0084-9

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Stanisłław Czaja Changes in river discharge structure and regime in mining-industrial-urban areas

Received: 13 November 2003 / Accepted: 16 September 2004 / Published online: 25 January 2005 Springer-Verlag 2005

Abstract In mining-industrial-urban areas, the variabil- Introduction ity of river discharge is regulated, directly or indirectly, by human economic activity. This results from the Rivers that drain heavily industrialised and urbanised presence of ‘‘alien’’ water, which often comes from areas, where both opencast and underground mining are outside the catchment area, is discharged into the river practised, contain both natural water and ‘‘alien’’ water network. This water includes industrial and municipal that comes from outside the drainage catchment. The wastewater and deep-drainage mine water. Simulta- discharge volume of natural water (i.e. that derived from neously, as a result of water intake and water infiltration surface flow and underground discharge) changes in into dry ground (due to mining), the volume of river time, and it is obviously linked to hydrometeorological discharge decreases. Such changeable conditions of wa- conditions in the catchment. The discharge volume of ter alimentation and drainage are typical of many re- ‘‘alien’’ water changes only slightly in the annual cycle as gions of Europe. Detailed investigations of the range it is introduced into the catchment area in water mains and directions of changes in river structure and regime systems for municipal and industrial purposes but is were carried out for the area of Upper Silesian Industrial then drained to rivers as wastewater. The ‘‘alien’’ water Region (USIR) of Poland. The results were compared also includes deep-drainage mine water, which is drained with the results of investigations carried out in the Ruhr to rivers. In wholly natural conditions, such water forms Basin of Germany and the Donetsk Basin of the Uk- no part of the water cycle. raine and Russia. The investigations showed that, in The structure of river runoff is regarded as the vol- some cases, prolonged, multifunctional economic activ- ume of natural water derived from surface runoff and ity of a man has effectively eliminated of the influence of underground alimentation, plus the volume of ‘‘alien’’ natural hydrometeorological conditions on river dis- water, i.e. municipal sewage, industrial wastewater charge. Wastewater and mine water which has contrib- and mine wastewater. A detailed evaluation of river uted to river flow is only slightly variable in the annual discharge structure in mining-industrial-urban areas is cycle and it causes an increase of water volume and a far from easy. It is especially difficult to estimate the discharge smoothing. Sewage effluent and mine waste- volume of industrial wastewater and municipal sewage water also change the structure of river runoff because that is discharged to the rivers of individual catchments their contribution to the runoff sometimes exceeds 90% (Imhoff 1977;Bruggemeier and Rommelspacher 1992; of its volume. ¨ Karpuszin et al. 1990; Czaja 1997). Reasons for this include: Keywords Hydrology Æ Wastewater Æ Mine water Æ Runoff regime Æ Human impact – a significant escape of river water into the substrate, owing to mining activity below, – the many non-recorded (illegal) sewage outlets, – leakages in the sewerage system (due to numerous S. Czaja collapses of the pipework; losses in this respect are Department of Physical Geography, especially difficult to estimate, Laboratory of Hydrology and – the location of large towns in watershed zones and a Water Management of Urbanised Areas, University of Silesia, Be˛dzin´ ska 60, lack of credible assessment to establish which partic- 41-200 SOSNOWIEC, Poland ular catchment receives wastewater from which part E-mail: [email protected] of the town. 19

The discharged mine water often re-infiltrates The evaluation of transformation of river discharge from river channels which have permeable beds into structure and regime in the area studied in respect of mine excavations. Thus the ‘‘same’’ water is cyclically long-term, multifunctional human impact has included returned to the surface by pumping. both analytical and synthetic methods. Clearly, the information regarding the type of river Analytical methods have been used to determine the alimentation is extremely important in studies of the scale of those changes of water circulation and changes typologies of river regimes in mining-industrial-urban of river discharge structure and regime which can be areas. In these areas, as a result of wastewater discharge attributed to human activity. These changes may be into rivers, abstraction from rivers and water infiltration discerned from data concerning the volume of ground- from river channels into the substratum drained by water and surface water abstraction and the discharge of mining, the irregularities of discharge are conditioned, industrial wastewater and municipal sewage, discharge directly or indirectly, anthropogenically. of mine water, etc. However, the volume of ‘‘alien’’ The conditions of alimentation, drainage and dis- water abstracted from locations outside the area studied charge variability, as outlined above, are typical of many and also the discharge from local water supply systems regions of Europe, including such mining-industrial-ur- in river discharge is, in many cases, very difficult to ban centres which developed during the industrial rev- evaluate. The water flowing in an individual pipe in any olution since the 19th century as the Ruhr Basin particular period may sometimes be local water, but at (Germany), the USIR (Poland), the Donetsk Basin another time ‘‘alien’’ water, and, on occasion, a mixture (Ukraine, Russia), the North Basin (France) and the of both types. Ostrava Industrial Region (Czech Republic). With respect to the synthetic methods, such investi- This paper presents the results of detailed investiga- gations are based on the identification of trends and tions for the area of the USIR. They are compared with dynamics of river discharge regime changes. These the results of similar investigations carried out in the changes are normally based on hydrometeorological Ruhr and Donetsk Basins (Fig. 1). observations, both modern and archival; also, to some extent, the evaluation of the natural elements which influence water relationships in the area studied and the The area studied and source materials evidence of economic activity which transform the elements of natural environment were determined. The investigations were carried out in the Upper Silesian To determine the regime of river discharge in the area Coal Basin, which covers about 4,500 km2. In its central studied, a model of temporal changes was applied part, known as the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, (Sobczyk 1982). The particular advantage of this model economic activity started as early as the 16th–17th cen- is the possibility of determining the role of hydromete- turies, when one of Europe’s largest centres for silver orological conditions in the establishment of seasonal and lead mining and smelting developed. At the end of rhythms of discharge. This is very important because, in the 18th century, coal mining started on a large scale and long-term cycles, hydrometeorological conditions of further major development of industry and urbanisation successive years may show a large variability. This occurred in the second half of the 19th century (Pier- simple statistic of seasonal and random fluctuations can nikarczyk 1933, 1936; Molenda 1963; Czaja 2001) easily be expressed numerically and graphically. The (Fig. 2). calculation of the relative values of these fluctuations

Fig. 1 Location of the investigated mining-industrial- urban areas. 1 Ruhr Coal Basin; 2 Upper Silesian Coal Basin; 3 Donetsk Coal Basin 20

Fig. 2 Location of Upper Silesian Industrial Region: 1 rivers and reservoirs; 2 boundary of the catchment; 3 water-gauging stations (number of proﬁles according to Table 3; 4 towns: B Bytom, DG Da˛browa Go´ rnicza, G Gliwice; K Katowice, L Lubliniec, R Rybnik, TG Tarnowskie Go´ ry, T Tychy, W Wolbrom, Z Zawiercie; 5 boundary of the USIR

makes it possible to compare the discharge of the rivers, make it possible to estimate the role of cyclic factors in the regimes of which are different, owing to particular development of the discharge from a given catchment. human impacts, and to eliminate the importance of the These factors consist of all climatic regularities, which size of the catchment. dictate that, in any long-term analysis, the maximum Analysis of variability begins with the establishment discharge tends to occur in July, with a secondary of the trend of the runoff using the method of the maximum in May, and a minimum discharge in January smallest squares according to the formula (Sobczyk or February. The range of seasonal fluctuations can be 1982): established by computing the seasonal indices (expressed as percentages), or the absolute levels of seasonal fluc- ^yt ¼ a0 þ a1t ð1Þ tuations expressed in absolute units (m3/s for the runoff). The simplest way to eliminate the seasonal fluctuation The parameter a1 was calculated according to the formula: factor is to use a method based on mean monthly periods; the indices of seasonal character are then calculated Pn Pn Pn according to the following formula: n ytt yt t 1 1 1 a1 ¼ ð2Þ yid Pn Pn Si ¼ 100 ð4Þ n t2 t2 Pd 1 1 yi 1 while the parameter a0 was calculated in the following way: The sum of seasonal indices calculated by means of this formula should equal 1,200. The values of seasonal a0 ¼ y a1t ð3Þ fluctuations in absolute units for individual months may be calculated in the following way: The value of the trend function makes it possible to estimate the development trend of a given phenomenon. S g ¼ i 1 y ð5Þ The factors which condition discharge trend (e .g. an i 100 increase in precipitation, or of ‘‘alien’’ water discharge, both of which result in an increase of water discharge The sum of the absolute levels of seasonal fluctua- from the catchment) are often quite important. A de- tions (deviations) equals zero. crease of discharge occurs in a decreasing trend. The character of discharges from a given catchment The next stage consists of the determination of the largely depends on random fluctuations (i.e. other than cycle and the amplitude of periodical fluctuations in the the main and seasonal agents) caused by meteorological particular monthly subperiods of the annual cycle conditions in any given year. Owing to those conditions, (Januaries, Februaries etc.). Such seasonal fluctuations the discharge maximum or minimum takes place in a 21 period different from the one implied by observations of selection, and after thorough selection and verification, the seasonal character of a phenomenon. In the model of very useful information, both detailed and general, was fluctuations in time, random values are represented by a obtained. The numerical data gathered in these institu- residual component zt. Residual components are calcu- tions is particularly useful. lated in the following way: z y ^y g t ¼ t t it ð6Þ Changes in discharge structure The residual components calculated for particular months indicate the range of the influence of meteoro- Discharge of mining water into the surface hydrog- logical conditions in any given year on the mean raphical network of the USIR started as early as the monthly discharge. The residual component thereby 15th–16th century, when exploitation of silver and lead indicates the influence of those factors, which are not developed on a large scale. It is estimated that, with the explained by the development trend and by seasonal contemporary (primitive) methods of water intake, as 3 variability. The deviation of standard residual compo- much as 0.2 m /s of mine water was discharged into 3 nents is calculated according to the following formula: rivers. Its volume increased to about 0.5–0.7 m /s in the vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 17th century, when a system of drainage adits was built. u uPn Part of this water was heavily contaminated by heavy u 2 t zt metals and mineral suspensions. This wastewater origi- 1 szðÞ¼t ð7Þ nated during the process of ore purification in numerous n 2 washing plants. The scale of water contamination is The results obtained indicate the absolute range of evidenced by the number of working plants (about 110– random fluctuations in the particular subperiods 120) in the period 1529–1550. According to archival (months) or in the whole temporal sequence. In order to sources, this type of wastewater was the principal source compare the contribution of random fluctuations in the of river pollution (Abt 1791; Molenda 1963; Czaja 1999, 2001). mean discharge of a multiannual period in a catchment, th the proportion of the standard deviation of residual In the 19 century, studies of the structure of river component to the mean discharge was calculated discharge of the area began to show a distinctive con- according to the formula: tribution of mine water from local coal mines. Also, the volume of water drained from zinc and lead mines in- szðÞt creased significantly. It is estimated, that about 3.5– V ¼ 100 ð8Þ 3 3 y 4.0 m /s of water from coal mines and about 2.5 m /s of water from zinc and lead mines was drained in this The value of the obtained coefficient of the residual period (Geisenheimer 1913; Czaja 1999) (Table 1). variability thereby indicates the percentage of the ran- A constant increase in the volume of mine water dom deviations, connected with meteorological condi- discharged into river network of the area was observed tions of a given year in discharges. until the 1950s. In succeeding years, a rapid increase in Analysis of archive material is very important in the volume of this water in river discharge was noted, a investigations of transformation of river discharge trend observed until 1989. This was associated with the structure and regime in areas where intensive economic intensification of zinc, lead and coal exploitation and activity has been carried out for many centuries. Much with the beginning of large scale filling sand exploita- unique information may be derived from documents of tion. Economic changes, dating from the period 1989– mines and smelters, permits for water intake and sewage 1990, caused a reduction of mining operations and a discharge, and from town and parish chronicles, where concomitant decrease in the volume of pumped mine the information about drainage of mines, water intake water (Table 1). and sewage discharge may be obtained. The oldest In the second half of the 19th century, the develop- materials of this type come from as early as the 16th and ment of industry and urbanisation occurred in the area 17th centuries (Agricola 1564; Roz´ dzien´ ski 1612). These of USIR intensified. This resulted in a considerable in- materials have been studied in detail by historians, crease in the demand for drinking and industrial water, mainly in respect of human economic activity in the area which could not be met from local sources. Moreover, of Upper Silesia (Piernikarczyk 1933; Molenda 1963, the quality of locally derived sources soon deteriorated 1972; Zientara 1954). due to an unacceptable level. As early as the 1880s, most The oldest reports available were written at the of the surface water and shallow groundwater in the beginning of the 19 th century. Both manuscriptal and central part of the region was so contaminated that this printed material are available from this time. Scientific was compared to ‘‘latrine water’’ (Salbach 1882; Bloch papers, prognoses, reports and monographs are avail- 1897). At the beginning of the 20th century, many expert able in libraries, national files, and files of scientific, reports were written, on the basis of which it became administration and economic institutions (Abt 1791; possible to estimate the structure of river water. In the Rensch 1801, 1820; Salbach 1882; Geisenheimer 1913). period 1908–1912, industrial wastewater, municipal The quality of this material is variable but, after careful sewage and mine water comprised 60–70% of the 22

Table 1 Amount of water pumped out from mines of the Years Mine waters from Mine waters from Mine waters from Total Upper Silesian Coal Basin in zinc-lead mines black coal mines stowing sand 1850–1999 (in m3/s) 1820–1850 1.5–2.0 1.5–2.0 - 3.0–4.0 1900–1910 2.0–2.5 3.5–4.0 - 6.0–6.5 1925–1935 1.0–1.5 5.5–6.0 - 6.5–7.5 1955–1959 2.6–3.2 7.0–7.5 1.5–2.0 11.1–12.7 1965–1969 3.8–5.0 8.0–10.0 2.8–3.6 14.6–18.6 1975–1979 5.8–6.4 10.2–10.3 3.5–4.1 19.5–20.8 1985–1989 5.8–4.8 11.0–12.2 3.7–3.0 21.5–20.0 1995–1999 3.0–2.5 9.2–8.0 2.8–3.0 15.0–13.5 volume of river discharge from central part of the region thus the volume of the pumped mine water is much and 20–30% from other parts of the region (Die Ab- smaller (by 60–80%) than it is in Upper Silesia (Bru¨ g- waser... 1911; Geisenheimer 1913; Nowakowski 1938). gemeier and Rommelspacher 1992; Czaja 1999). Indus- The economic development of the 20th century re- trial wastewater and municipal sewage have always sulted in an even greater increase of wastewater volume prevailed in the structure of river water discharge in river discharge in Upper Silesia. The maximal values (Fig. 3). Until 1913, local resources were the main were observed during the period 1975–1985 (Table 2). source of water supply for both industry and the The results of application of hydrological and statistic inhabitants of this region. analyses showed that, in both average and dry periods, Despite significant contamination of the Ems and the the rivers of the central part of the region contained 85– Ruhr, these were, nevertheless, the main sources of wa- 98% of wastewater and mine water. By contrast, the ter supply for industry. Groundwater, which was tan rivers which drained the margins of the region contained important source of potable water, was itself highly 40–60% of wastewater (Czaja 1997, 1999; Czaja and polluted. In 1900, 18,000 wells were operational in this Jankowski 1992, 1993; Szturc 1993; Hoda 1996). area and 90% of these contained polluted water, i.e. The changes of river discharge structure in other those unfit for municipal or industrial use (Thienemann mining-industrial- urban regions of Europe were similar. 1912). Apart from different social, economic and political fac- Most industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and tors which occurred during development of these re- mine water was discharged to the Emschera, which be- gions, some differences resulted from a particular resistance of the environment to human impact, the different size of the region and different production potential. The Ruhr Basin and the USIR are quite similar in terms of their area and the volume of coal production. However, the hydrological conditions of the Ruhr Basin have caused only slight water flooding of coal resources,

Table 2 Discharge of both municipal sewage and industrial wastewater to the river network of Upper Silesian Industrial Re- gion 1908–1995 in m3/s

Year Municipal Industrial Total sewage wastewater wastewater

1910 0.22 2.32 2.52 1935 0.60 3.36 3.96 1955 1.55 5.44 6.99 1960 2.28 6.46 8.74 1965 3.26 6.53 9.89 1970 4.92 6.82 11.74 1975 5.40 7.29 12.69 1980 7.99 7.76 15.75 1985 8.12 7.24 15.36 1990 7.20 6.20 13.40 1991 6.86 5.32 12.18 1992 6.57 4.65 11.22 1993 6.12 4.34 10.44 1994 6.09 4.43 10.52 1995 5.63 4.58 10.21 Fig. 3 Domestic and industrial water supply in: Ruhr Coal Basin 1999 6.11 4.40 10.51 (1, 1a); Donetsk Coal Basin (2, 2a); Upper Silesian Industrial Region (3, 3a); 1 water for industry, 2 municipal water 23 came the main sewage collector in the Ruhr Basin (i.e. determine river runoff in a mining-industrial-urban area, comparable with the Rawa and Bytomka in the USIR). the model of time-related fluctuations was applied In 1900, about 3.0 m3/s of wastewater was discharged to (Czaja 1997, 1999). This model included the hydrologi- the Ems, which comprised about 75–85% of its dis- cal parameters assumed by Parde´ (1949), Lvovich (1945) charge in dry periods. In average years, the contribution and Dynowska (1972) in the classification of river re- of wastewater in the discharge of this river was about gimes. 45–55%. Slightly less volume of wastewater was dis- Based on the mean monthly discharge values from charged to the Ruhr River (in the period 1900–1920), the period 1961–1990 at 18 water gauge stations, a de- but its importance in river discharge was much smaller. tailed analysis was carried for the area of the USIR and In average periods it was only 3–5% and in dry periods its margins, The catchments numbered from 1 to 9 45–50% (Bru¨ ggermeier and Rommelspacher 1992). represent the areas where the discharge regime is highly The Donetsk Basin is one of the largest mining- disturbed by human impact and the catchments num- industrial-urban regions in the world. Despite its area bered from 10–18 represent quasi-natural areas (Fig. 2, (about 35,000–40,000 km2) the volume of coal produc- Table 3). tion was similar to those of the Ruhr Basin and the The trend of river discharge in the area studied in the USIR. period 1961–1990 was changeable, despite a slight (6– Significant development of mining, industry and 8%) increase of precipitation. In some cases, human urbanisation in the Donetsk Basin started at the end of impact caused an increase of discharge trend by about the 1920s. As in the case of Upper Silesia, highly saline 200%, mainly attributable to an increase of sewage and mine water contributed significantly to river water dis- mine water discharge (Table 3, catchments 4, 6, 8). In charge in this region. In the period 1931–1950, it com- other catchments, a negative trend of discharge was prised about 60% of the wastewater discharged to the established; this amounted to 30–40% and was caused rivers. In the period 1951–1980 this decreased to c. 35%, by water escape from river channels, intake of surface and at present it is c. 15–20% (Chudek and Sapicki 1984; water, etc. (Table 3; catchments 5 and 7). Gricenko 1994). Since the 1950s, intakes of surface water In quasi natural catchments which are located be- located in the far margins of the region have been main yond the area of clear human impact, the discharge sources of potable and industrial water supply. This wa- trend was strongly associated with precipitation trend ter is carried into the area of the Donetsk Basin in open and the order of discharge changes corresponded closely channels and, after its use for industrial and municipal with the order of precipitation changes (Czaja 1995, needs, it is returned to the local river network. The vol- 1999; Czaja and Jankowski 1986, 1992, 1993). ume of this type of wastewater at the end of the 20th The value of specific yield is evidence of discharge century was 27–33 m3/s (Fig. 3). The main ‘‘recipient’’ of increase in the most disturbed catchments in the USIR. this wastewater is the Kalmius, which drains the centre of The specific yield is very variable. In quasi-natural the region. As a result of the increase of wastewater vol- catchments, the specific yield is from 6 to 8 l/s·km2,in ume, its discharge in the period 1961–1980 increased by slightly disturbed catchments from 10 to 15 and in the 40% and now it is 15.5–17.0 m3/s (Levkovskij 1979; most disturbed catchments from 20 to 34. Gricenko 1994). Other wastewater and mine water is The seasonal variability of discharge (Fig. 4A) in the discharged to the river network which drains the margins catchments of the USIR is striking. The amplitude of of the region; this comprises ca. 20–30% of its discharge. fluctuations of mean monthly river discharges in the most disturbed areas was in the range from 5.8 to 14.0%, and, in other catchments, only slightly greater. In quasi-natural catchments located in the further mar- Changes of discharge regime gins of the region, discharge seasonal fluctuations were in the range from 70 to 120% (Fig. 5A). These high Assessments of the river discharge variability type amplitudes of discharge seasonal variability in the should include data concerning the characteristic of this catchments located in the margins of the USIR result variability and on the type of river alimentation. Infor- from the influence of natural hydromteorological factors mation about the alimentation type is very important in (precipitation, surface runoff, interception, evapotrans- the classification of regimes in the mining-industrial-ur- piration, etc.) (Table 3). ban areas, where hydrometeorological factors only Apart from the seasonal fluctuations, the character of slightly influence discharge variability. The discharge the discharge in multiannual period depends also on rhythm is mainly influenced by human activity and, random fluctuations, i.e. those caused by specific mete- clearly, hydrometeorological conditions do not play any orological conditions in individual years. This condi- essential role. tions mean that the discharge maximum or minimum In pioneering classifications of discharge regimes, the occurs in periods other than those deduced from ob- authors emphasised the role of climate (Vojejkov 1884; served seasonality records. Keller 1907) along with the size of floods and low waters However, the analysis of random fluctuations and the contribution of certain alimentation sources (Figs. 4B, 5B) shows that their role in the river discharge (Parde´ 1949; Lvovich 1945; Dynowska 1972). To from the area studied is inconsiderable. At most, the 24

Table 3 Hydrological parameters of Upper Silesian Industrial Region area catchments and its surroundings in 1961–1990

Numbering of catchments River Catchment Specific runoff Range of seasonal Size of random as in Fig. 2 profile area (km2) (l/s·km2) fluctuations (%) fluctuations (%)

1 Bytomka–Gliwice 136.5 19.3 22.7 23.8 2 Kodnica–Gliwice 444.0 14.5 46.1 32.9 3 Brynica–Sosnowieca 187.8 14.3 21.9 28.0 4 Rawa–Szopienice 87.9 32.2 6.0 17.8 5 Czarna Przemsza–Radocha 520.5 8.7 48.1 40.7 6 Pogoria–Da˛browa Go´ rnicza 37.3 33.8 17.0 18.5 7 Biaa Przemsza–Niwka 871.1 7.7 13.6 22.6 8 Bobrek–Niwka 119.8 10.5 23.8 30.0 9 Przemsza–Jelen´ 1999.5 10.0 24.6 23.0 10 Czarna Przemsza–Piwon´ 154.2 6.9 72.4 61.0 11 Czarna Przemsza–Przeczyce 298.6 7.1 69.2 59.1 12 Brynica–Brynica 98.2 5.8 127.4 84.2 13 Bierawka–Tworo´ g 219.8 8.3 65.1 88.9 14 Sumina–NeEdza 94.4 6.7 70.1 65.9 15 Maa Panew–Krupski Myn 655.0 7.6 91.2 136.8 16 Pszczynka–Pszczyna 184.9 8.2 97.8 84.4 17 Pszczynka–MieEdzyrzecze 285.0 10.0 75.4 65.3 18 Korzenica–MieEdzyrzecze 72.5 8.9 83.9 116.1 aTo calculate the specific runoff, the part of the catchment up the Kozowa Go´ ra profile was not included (there is a tapping water which takes all the river runoff) contribution of these factors amounts only to 20–30% regime of Upper Silesian rivers was observed. In the and, in the most disturbed catchments, to as little as succeeding decades of the period 1961–1990, random 11.7–15.0%. A permanent suppression of the influence fluctuations in quasi-natural catchments ranged from 60 of natural hydrometeorological factors on the discharge to 137% (Table 3) (Czaja 1999).

Fig. 4 Seasonal ( A) and random ( B) variability of river runoﬀ in the area of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region in the years 1961–1990 (number of ﬁgures according to Table 3) 25

rivers. In each century, the amount of this kind of wastewater increased steadily, and, in the 1990s, it reached 10–12 m3/s (Table 1). 2. During the second half of the 19th century, the contribution of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater was an ever-increasing contribution to river discharge. A very important increase of municipal sewage discharged to the river network of Upper Silesian Industrial Region started in 1969 (Table 2, Fig. 3). In the area studied, the river regime is only slightly conditioned by natural hydrometeorological elements. Economic activity plays a dominant role and this consists in the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater to river network, as well as water intake and water escape from river channels. Evidently, in the most- disturbed catchments, this anthopologically-generated river discharge culmination may occur in every month of the hydrological year (Czaja 1995, 1999; Czaja and Jankowski 1993). Analysis of the calculated hydrological parameters and values of the specific yield leads to the following conclusions: 1. The amplitude of mean monthly river discharges in the most disturbed catchments was as low as 6–14% (with maximal value of 25%), whereas, in quasi- natural catchments, it was in the range of 65 to 127% (Table 3; Fig. 4). 2. The influence of hydrometeorological conditions of a given year on the fluctuation of river discharge was 17–18% in the most disturbed catchments, 22–23% in less-disturbed catchments and 60–137% in quasi- natural catchments. 3. Specific yields in catchments of the USIR usually exceeded 10 l/s·km2 and, in the catchments of the central part of the region, they reached 23–24. In quasi-natural catchments it was usually 7–8 (Table 3). 4. In the catchments of USIR, the river regime is quite different from that in its margins. It has a very smooth profile, the alimentation being influenced by Fig. 5 Seasonal ( A) and random ( B) variability of river runoff in anthropogenic activities. the area of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region in the years 1961– 1990 (number of figures according to Table 3)

Notation: Conclusions yˆ theoretical value of the discharge trend function Detailed analysis of data concerning the percentage t in the period ‘‘t’’ content of industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and a value of trend function in the month preceding mine water in the Ruhr and Donetsk basins are similar 0 the period of investigation to those of the USIR. The hydrology of these three cases a value of trend increase from month to month suggests that the hydrological properties of all mining/ 1 y observed values of discharge trend function per- industrial/urban areas are much the same. t iod Analysis of the structure of river water in the USIR t time variable (in this case the consecutive sub- showed that: period number) 1. Since the 15th–16th centuries, mine water has been t arithmetic mean of the number of observations the main component of wastewater discharged to the n number of subperiods in a time series 26 y average value of discharge during the period of Geisenheimer P (1913) Hauptbericht des Arbeit sausschusses fur die Wasserversorgung des oberschlesieschen Industriebezirks investigation (in German). Katowice, 1. Anlagen-Band, 2. Anlagen-Band Si indicator of a seasonal character for a given Gricenko AV (1994) Povierchnostnyje vody Ukrainy i nauczno- subperiod (e.g. for Novembers, Januaries, etc.) prakticzeskije osnovy povyszenija effektiwosti ich ochrany (in Russian). RIP, Charkov yi value of discharge in a given subperiod, y arithmetic mean of discharge in a given subperi- Hoda I (1996) Hydrologiczne aspekty ochrony zasobo´ w wodnych i w obszarach poddanych silnej antropopresji. in: Metody badan´ od czynniko´ w antropogenicznych na warunki klimatyczne i hy- d number of months in a year drologiczne w obszarach zurbanizowanych (in Polish), pp. 33– gi indicator of a seasonal character for a given 40. Materiay Konferencji Naukowej, Katowice, 12–14 IX 1996 subperiod in absolute values Imhoff KR (1977) Bewirtschawtung und weiterer Ausbau der Ru- hrtalsperren (in German). 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