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Coinage Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ancillary Ligands

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Coinage Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ancillary Ligands Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 7-18-2018 10:00 AM Coinage Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ancillary Ligands Alex Polgar The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Corrigan, John F. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Chemistry A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Alex Polgar 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Inorganic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Polgar, Alex, "Coinage Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ancillary Ligands" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5468. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5468 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of homo- and heterometallic group 11 – group 16 clusters with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. The clusters were prepared from reactive group 11 trimethylsilylchalcogenolate reagents (NHC-M-ESiMe3; M = Cu, Au; E = S, Se, Te) by silane deprotection reactions with phosphine- or phosphite-solubilized group 11 acetates (R3P-M-OAc; M = Cu, Ag, Au). Clusters were characterized by combustion analysis and spectroscopic methods in solution and the solid state. The clusters were phosphorescent at low temperatures with emission energies that depend on the metal/chalcogen composition, ancillary NHC ligand, cluster geometry and nuclearity, and local environment. Lower energy photoluminescence is associated with higher atomic number chalcogenide ligands and correlates with the M→S metal-to-ligand charge transfer energy, for which M = Ag > Cu > Au. Quantum yield of emission is increased in a cluster of high nuclearity and connectivity because of increased molecular rigidity and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Quantum chemical calculations point to a common mode of emission from all clusters, originating from a charge transfer process from metal-chalcogenide core to the NHC ancillary ligands. i Co-Authorship Statement The work described in this thesis contains contributions from the author as well as co- workers Angel Zhang, Dr. Martin J. Stillman, Dr. Florian Weigend, Dr. Sergei Lebedkin, and Dr. John F. Corrigan. The contributions of each are described below. Chapter 1 was written by the author and edited by Dr. Corrigan. Chapter 2 describes a series of compounds synthesized by the author. Dr. Corrigan performed all crystallographic experiments, structural solution and refinement. Angel Zhang and Dr. Stillman assisted the author with measurements of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence in frozen glass matrices at 77K. Dr. Lebedkin assisted the author with temperature-dependent measurements of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence in the crystalline state. Dr. Weigend performed the quantum chemical calculations. The chapter was written by the author and edited by Dr. Corrigan. Chapter 3 describes a series of compounds synthesized by the author. Dr. Corrigan performed all crystallographic experiments and structural solution. Structural refinement was performed by the author and Dr. Corrigan. Angel Zhang and Dr. Stillman assisted the author with measurements of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence at in frozen glass matrices 77K. Quantum chemical calculations were performed by the author. The chapter was written by the author and edited by Dr. Corrigan. Chapter 4 describes compounds synthesized by the author. Dr. Corrigan performed all crystallographic experiments and structural solution. Structural refinement was performed by the author and Dr. Corrigan. Dr. Lebedkin assisted the author with temperature-dependent measurements of steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence in the crystalline state. Quantum chemical calculations were performed by the author. The chapter was written by the author and edited by Dr. Corrigan. Chapter 5 was written by the author and edited by Dr. Corrigan. ii Acknowledgements I am grateful to my supervisor Dr. John F. Corrigan for all that he has done for me over the past three years that I have been privileged to work with him. He is a model of what it means to be a good scientist and a good person. I am especially grateful for all the opportunities he has given me to present at conferences, to conduct research abroad, and to freely explore the scope of my research. Thanks to the members of the Corrigan group past and present. Thanks to Vaishnavi and Kyle for showing me the ropes when I started here in my undergraduate. Thanks to Stefan for showing me how to do chemistry the German (i.e. correct) way. Thanks to my surrogate group members in the first year of my MSc: Wilson, Praveen, Alex, Tommy, and Raj. And thanks to the new Corrigan group members Jay, Richard, and Khayrat for making my last year so enjoyable. I have been in the Department of Chemistry at Western for six years and am grateful for all the wonderful people to have taught and collaborated with me. A special thanks to Dr. Viktor Staroverov, who took me on as a USRA student after second year and introduced me to what it means to do scientific research. Thanks to Dr. Martin Stillman and Angel Zhang for the fruitful collaboration over the past two years. Thanks to the support staff – Mat in NMR, Paul in X-Ray, Doug in Mass Spec, Jon and John in the electronics shop, Yves and Mike at the glassblowing shop, and the folks down in ChemStores – for being so good at what they do. A big thank you to my committee members Dr. Ragogna, Dr. Puddephatt, and Dr. Goncharova for taking the time to read this thesis. Finally, I could not have done this without the support of my family. Thank you for everything! iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Co-Authorship Statement................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Charts and Schemes.......................................................................................................... viii List of Appendices ......................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Group 11 Chalcogen Compounds ......................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Group 11 Chalcogenolate Compounds .......................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Group 11 Chalcogenide Clusters ................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Group 11 Chalcogenolate-Chalcogenide Clusters ......................................................... 7 1.1.4 Group 11 Silylchalcogenolate Reagents ........................................................................ 8 1.2 Luminescent Metal Complexes ........................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Principles of Luminescence Spectroscopy................................................................... 10 1.2.2 d6 and d8 Platinum Group Complexes ......................................................................... 12 1.2.3 d10 Group 11 Complexes .............................................................................................. 14 1.2.4 d10 Group 11 Complexes with Chalcogen-Containing Ligands .................................. 17 1.3 Scope of the Thesis ............................................................................................................. 19 1.4 References ........................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 24 2 A N-Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Coinage Metal Chalcogenide Framework with Highly Tunable Optical Properties ........................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 24 iv 2.2 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................
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