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3.00_Chemistry of Biology Biology I Periodic Table of the Elements Slides 33-44 1 Organizing Elements (Patterns) The Periodic Table of Elements is a way of organizing the elements in relation to each other so it is easy to find elements that have similar properties. 2 Periodic Table of the Elements How do you read the PERIODIC TABLE? 3 Mass Number 4 Periods Each row is called a “period” The elements in each period have the same number of electron shells Hint: A period comes at the end of a sentence--a horizontal line. 5 www.chem4kids.com Periods (Rows) Properties Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered from the top down) Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the left to the right in a period All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of orbitals/levels All atoms of the elements in a specific period have that respective number of orbitals/levels 6 Periods The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods. Elements in a period are not alike in properties. The first element in a period is usually an active solid, and the last element in a period is always an inactive gas. 7 Periods Rows Atomic size (number of protons) decreases from left to right across a period. Atomic mass (number of protons) increases from left to right across a period. 8 Periods Rows Metals are on the left Non-metals are on the right 9 Groups or Families Group 1 = 1 electron Group 8 = 8 electrons Group 2 = 2 electrons Except for He, it has 2 electrons Each column is called a “group” or family. Each element in a group has the same number of electrons in its outer orbital, also known as its outer shell. The electrons in the outer shell are called “valence electrons.” Hint: Your Family tree is vertical. 10 www.chem4kids.com Groups or Families • The vertical (up and down) columns of the periodic table (there are 18) are called groups or families. • Elements in the same group or family have similar characteristics or properties. 11 Groups Names Group 1: Alkali metals Group 2: Alkaline earth metals Group 3-11 : Transition Metals Group 11: Coinage metals/Copper Family Group 12-14: Metalloids & nonmetals Group 15: Pnictogens /Nitrogen Family Group 16: Chalcogens /Oxygen Family Group 17: Halogens /Halide Family Group 18: Noble gases 12 Periodic Table of the Elements 13 .

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Stability of Coinage Metals Interacting with C60
nanomaterials Article Stability of Coinage Metals Interacting with C60 Navaratnarajah Kuganathan 1,2,* , Ratnasothy Srikaran 3 and Alexander Chroneos 1,2 1 Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Engineering, Environment and Computing, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Jaffna, Sir. Pon Ramanathan Road, Thirunelvely, Jaffna 40000, Srilanka; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 27 September 2019; Accepted: 17 October 2019; Published: 18 October 2019 Abstract: Buckminsterfullerene (C60) has been advocated as a perfect candidate material for the encapsulation and adsorption of a variety of metals and the resultant metallofullerenes have been considered for the use in different scientific, technological and medical areas. Using spin-polarized density functional theory together with dispersion correction, we examine the stability and electronic structures of endohedral and exohedral complexes formed between coinage metals (Cu, Ag and Au) and both non-defective and defective C60. Encapsulation is exoergic in both forms of C60 and their encapsulation energies are almost the same. Exohedral adsorption of all three metals is stronger than that of endohedral encapsulation in the non-defective C60. Structures and the stability of atoms interacting with an outer surface of a defective C60 are also discussed. As the atoms are stable both inside and outside the C60, the resultant complexes can be of interest in different scientific and medical fields. Furthermore, all complexes exhibit magnetic moments, inferring that they can be used as spintronic materials.
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Influence of Relativistic Effects on Hydrolysis Of
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(BB) Ru Metallacycle with Coinage Metal Cations
Chemical Science View Article Online EDGE ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Expansion of the (BB)pRu metallacycle with coinage metal cations: formation of B–M–Ru–B Cite this: Chem. Sci.,2018,9,2601 (M ¼ Cu, Ag, Au) dimetalacyclodiboryls† Bennett J. Eleazer,a Mark D. Smith,a Alexey A. Popov *b and Dmitry V. Peryshkov *a In this work, we introduce a novel approach for the selective assembly of heterometallic complexes by unprecedented coordination of coinage metal cations to strained single ruthenium–boron bonds on a surface of icosahedral boron clusters. M(I) cations (M ¼ Cu, Ag, and Au) insert into B–Ru bonds of the (BB)–carboryne complex of ruthenium with the formation of four-membered B–M–Ru–B metalacycles. Results of theoretical calculations suggest that bonding within these metalacycles can be best described as unusual three-center-two-electron B–M/Ru interactions that are isolobal to B–H/Ru borane coordination for M ¼ Cu and Ag, or the pairs of two-center-two electron B–Au and Au–Ru interactions Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. for M ¼ Au. These transformations comprise the ﬁrst synthetic route to exohedral coinage metal boryl complexes of icosahedral closo-{C2B10} clusters, which feature short Cu–B (2.029(2) A)˚ and Ag–B Received 12th January 2018 (2.182(3) A)˚ bonds and the shortest Au–B bond (2.027(2) A)˚ reported to date. The reported heterometallic Accepted 3rd February 2018 complexes contain Cu(I) and Au(I) centers in uncharacteristic square-planar coordination environments. DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00190a These ﬁndings pave the way to rational construction of a broader class of multimetallic architectures rsc.li/chemical-science featuring M–B bonds.
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Interaction Between Trinuclear Regium Complexes of Pyrazolate and Anions, a Computational Study
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Interaction between Trinuclear Regium Complexes of Pyrazolate and Anions, a Computational Study Ibon Alkorta 1,* , José Elguero 1, Cristina Trujillo 2 and Goar Sánchez-Sanz 3,4,* 1 Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, Trinity Dublin College, D02 R590 Dublin 2, Ireland; [email protected] 3 Irish Centre of High-End Computing, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland 4 School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, D02 HP83 Dublin 4, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.A.); [email protected] (G.S.-S.) Received: 8 October 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 28 October 2020 Abstract: The geometry, energy and electron density properties of the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 complexes between cyclic (Py-M)3 (M = Au, Ag and Cu) and halide ions (F−, Cl− and Br−) were studied using Møller Plesset (MP2) computational methods. Three different configurations were explored. In two of them, the anions interact with the metal atoms in planar and apical dispositions, while in the last configuration, the anions interact with the CH(4) group of the pyrazole. The energetic results for the 1:2 and 1:3 complexes are a combination of the specific strength of the interaction plus a repulsive component due to the charge:charge coulombic term. However, stable minima structures with dissociation barriers for the anions indicate that those complexes are stable and (Py-M)3 can hold up to three anions simultaneously.
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Periodic Variations in the Catalytic Properties of Metals the INFLUENCE of SOLID STATE PARAMETERS on ADSORPTION and CATALYSIS
Periodic Variations in the Catalytic Properties of Metals THE INFLUENCE OF SOLID STATE PARAMETERS ON ADSORPTION AND CATALYSIS By G. C. Bond, D.s~.,F.R.I.C. Research Laboratories, Johnson Matthey & Co Limited (2) The first row Group VIII metals (base Of the one hundred or so elements in the metals): Fe, Co, Ni. Periodic Table no less than spventy-jive (3) The second and third row Group VIII are metals, but of these only the twelve in metals (platinum group metals) : Ru, Groups VIIl and IB have important Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt. catalytic properties. The marked changes in these properties on proceed- Comparison of Groups VIII and IB ing either certically or horizontally There are dramatic differences between the through the groups is discussed in terns catalytic properties of the Group IB metals of the periodic variation of the solid- and those metals lying adjacent in Group state properties of the mijtals. VIII : these differences are particularly marked with hydrogenation and similar It is now well established that the occur- reactions. Silver and gold are totally unable rence of significant and useful catalytic to activate hydrogen and hence to catalyse properties is largely confined to the elements reactions involving hydrogen, while their lying in Groups VIII and IB of the Periodic immediate neighbours to the left, palladium Table. Other elements of the transition series and platinum, are among the best known are able to act catalytically, but because of the hydrogenation catalysts. This simple ob- great thermochemical difficulty of reducing servation constitutes the most vivid possible them to the metallic state, and of keeping demonstration of the existence of an electronic them reduced, they do not find any practical factor in catalysis, since geometrically speak- applications.
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Some Interesting Facts of Coinage Metals Tarasankar Pal Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur 712302
Nano Science…. Some Interesting Facts of Coinage Metals Tarasankar Pal Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur 712302 Email: [email protected] Mendeleev designed the periodic table (1869) with a vision. His focus was very important that was supported by the discoveries of scientists in the later stage. He placed heavier nickel before lighter cobalt even though he was arranging the elements as per their increasing atomic weights (at. wt.). This apparent anomalous arrangement was justified by the discovery of atomic number (at. no.) of the elements at a later stage. Thus the position of cobalt (at. no. 27) and nickel (at. no. 28) was justified. Again, he did not place any element instead kept a void position in between manganese and rhenium in the manganese group. He himself realized that the element was not discovered by then. But below manganese, under the void place, he intelligently placed rhenium (Re). His realization gave birth to the first technically prepared element technetium (Tc). Thus manganese group was completed. Scientists realized that Tc, for its small half life, T1/2 (211,000 yrs) value, disappeared from earth’s crust and first man made element was born. This discovery filled a gap in the periodic table, and the fact that no stable isotopes of technetium exist. This explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap). He also located the positions (one room for lanthanide and beneath that are actinide elements) of lanthanide and actinide elements below Sc and Y. In so doing he completed the group of alkaline earth metal with the representative element Sc.
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Theoretical Study of the Adsorption of Benzene on Coinage Metals
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Composition of the Universe
KEY for Unit 4 - Fundamentals of Atomic Structure: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table The Periodic Law - when elements are arranged according to their atomic number, their chemical and physical properties show repeatable trends. The vertical columns are called groups and the horizontal rows are called periods. There are four categories of groups (although some people do not separate the Noble gases from the Main Group elements): 1. Representative (also Main Group Elements) 2. Transition elements 3. Inner transition (also Lanthanide and Actinide) 4. Noble gasses The letters A and B in the group distinguish families: A = representative and B = transition. One of the most useful features of the periodic table is that it summarizes properties in a succinct manner. Take a look at a periodic table and think about the following. Where are metals found? See periodic table below – elements in various shades of blue. Where are nonmetals found? See periodic table below – elements in yellow. Where are the metalloids found? See periodic table below – elements in green. Are all main group elements metals, nonmetals, metalloids? All Group 1A (except H) and 2A elements are metals. In groups 3A – 8A degree of metallic character increasing down the groups (with groups 7A and 8A all being listed as nonmetals). Metalloids are in the p-block of the periodic table running in a staircase pattern from boron (B) down and to the right.. Locate the following groups in the periodic table. Alkali metals (Group 1A or simply Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2A or simply Group 2), noble gases [in the past called the inert gases] (Group 8A or simply Group 18), halogens (Group 7A or simply Group 17), chalcogens (Group 6A or simply Group 16), coinage metals (Group 1B or simply Group 11), and list the semimetals [the metalloids] boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).
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book reviews rather than around a diverse set of practical is also well known. I would have liked to have lessons borne from experience, the authors seen more in this chapter. Oxygen is too have limited this book’s contribution to an pivotal an element to be treated lightly and alternative view of how decision-makers needs to have been addressed from a modern might confront complex and contested viewpoint. It is the only element, apart from BETTMANN/CORBIS environmental and science policies. I fluorine, that can react with so many others. Roger Pielke Jr is at the Center for Science and Unlike fluorine, however, it is not so reactive Technology Policy Research, University of as to become exotic, and it is more flexible Colorado/Cooperative Institute for Research in than fluorine in the kinds of bonds it forms. Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Oxygen can, in effect, feel the pulse of the rest Colorado 80309, USA. of the elements quite accurately, and it does this in increasingly subtle ways, such as by participating in hydrogen bonds. The organization of the elements into the periodic table is treated competently, as is Mind the synthesis of new elements in the ‘atom factories’ in Berkeley and Dubna, and these over matter? chapters contain a lot of information. Ball’s The Ingredients: A Guided Tour description of isotopes is particularly good, of the Elements and I do not believe that I have seen such by Philip Ball an imaginative handling of this usually Oxford University Press: 2002. 228 pp. £13.99 Golden touch: the tale of King Midas highlights stodgy topic.
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