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Early Life History Response of Reef Building Coral, Orbicella Faveolata, to Ocean Acidification and Warming Kelly A

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Early Life History Response of Reef Building Coral, Orbicella Faveolata, to Ocean Acidification and Warming Kelly A Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 11-20-2018 Early Life History Response of Reef Building Coral, Orbicella faveolata, to Ocean Acidification and Warming Kelly A. Pitts [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Kelly A. Pitts. 2018. Early Life History Response of Reef Building Coral, Orbicella faveolata, to Ocean Acidification and Warming. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (490) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/490. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis of Kelly A. Pitts Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science M.S. Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography November 2018 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: Nicole D. Fogarty, Ph.D. Committee Member: Justin Campbell, Ph.D. Committee Member: Joana Figueiredo, Ph.D. This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/490 HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY EARLY LIFE HISTORY RESPONSE OF REEF BUILDING CORAL, ORBICELLA FAVEOLATA, TO OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND WARMING By Kelly A. Pitts Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Science Nova Southeastern University ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Nicole Fogarty for her endless guidance throughout my graduate career. It is difficult to express my appreciation for the amount of opportunities I have been given as a member of the Reproduction and Evolutionary Ecology- Fogarty Lab. Being able to travel for research has allowed me to meet amazing people and learn more things than I could have imagined. It is only through Dr. Nicole Fogarty’s patience and support that this project was possible. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members for their invaluable assistance during this project. Dr. Justin Campbell spent countless hours both in the field and in the laboratory assisting with data collection. His expertise in ocean acidification control systems helped immensely with the assemblage of my experimental design while his guidance and positivity made field work that much more enjoyable. Dr. Joana Figueiredo provided excellent advice and assistance in experimental design and statistical analysis. I owe a debt of gratitude to both of these committee members for their support and their revisions of this thesis. My research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (OCE- 1538469). Thank you to my labmates past and present, Leah Harper, Morgan Hightshoe, Megan Bock, Hannah Nylander-Asplin, and Murphy McDonald for their assistance in thesis revisions. Thank you to my friends and family for their unwavering support during every step of my life and career. I would not be where I am today without their love and motivation. Finally, I need to thank my husband for sticking by my side through this whole process. He picked up his entire life and moved to Florida just to show how much he believes in my goals. I want to thank him for being my best friend and support system through it all. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................1 1.1 Status of Coral Reef Ecosystems .......................................................................1 1.2 Ocean Warming (OW) .......................................................................................2 1.3 Ocean Acidification (OA) ..................................................................................3 1.4 OW and OA on Reef-building Corals ................................................................4 1.5 Importance and Objectives ................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2: PUBLICATION ........................................................................................9 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................9 2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Gamete Collection ............................................................................11 2.2.2 Fertilization .......................................................................................11 2.2.3 Larval Survivorship ..........................................................................13 2.2.4 Settlement .........................................................................................14 2.2.5 Data Analysis ....................................................................................14 2.3 Results ..............................................................................................................14 2.3.1 Experimental Conditions ..................................................................14 2.3.2 Fertilization .......................................................................................15 2.3.3 Larval Survivorship ..........................................................................17 2.3.4 Settlement .........................................................................................18 2.4 Discussion ........................................................................................................19 CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................23 3.1 Importance .......................................................................................................23 3.2 Fertilization ......................................................................................................23 3.3 Larval Survivorship .........................................................................................25 3.4 Settlement ........................................................................................................26 3.5 Species Specific Responses .............................................................................27 3.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................28 LITERATURE CITED ...................................................................................................30 APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................43 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. O. faveolata individuals used to make six crosses for experimentation .......................... 12 Table 2. Summary of experimental conditions (means ± SE) across fertilization and larval survivorship and settlement experiments .......................................................................... 15 Table 3. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test results of chemical conditions during the fertilization and larval survivorship and settlement experiments ................................................................ 15 Table 4. ANCOVA results of fertilization experiment ................................................................. 16 Appendix A. Summary of studies on the response of coral early life history stages to ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA)................................................................... 43 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Treatment buckets depicting six flow through tripours for survivorship and settlement experiments, a) settlement tiles in each tripour, b) a heater to maintain temperature, and c) a pH probe to maintain pH ................................................................ 13 Figure 2. Microscopic view of a a) settler that is stuck and b) recruit that is metamorphosed to the aragonite tile ................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 3. Effect of treatment on fertilization success of Orbicella faveolata ............................... 16 Figure 4. Effect of cross on fertilization success (means ± SE) of Orbicella faveolata ................ 16 Figure 5. Effect of cross on larval survivorship (means ± SE) of Orbicella faveolata on the 7th day post spawn .................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 6. Survival (means ± SE) of Orbicella faveolata depicting percentage of a) total survival, b) swimmers, c) settlers, and d) recruits for each treatment ............................................. 18 Figure 7. Total of Orbicella faveolata settlers plus recruits (means ± SE) across each treatment for seven days post spawn................................................................................................
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