Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material
Green ENGLISH GRAMMAR and Composition 8
Authors Deepak Marahatta Krishna Prasad Subedi
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 1 Green ENGLISH GRAMMAR and Composition 8
Publisher: Green Books Copyright: Authors (2075 BS) All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior information in writing from the publisher or the author.
Edition Layout First : B.S. 2075 (2018 AD) The Focus Computer Re-print : B.S. 2076 (2019 AD) [email protected] Re-print : B.S. 2077 (2020 AD) Re-print : B.S. 2078 (2021 AD)
Printed in Nepal Preface
GREEN ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION is a series of ten books designed primarily for classroom use. It embraces recent approaches in teaching and learning English grammar through a contextualized approach. Every grammar concept is introduced through appropriate contexts and the learner is gradually taken through the process of inferring the rule from language use. These contexts are always related to the age and interests of the learners. The grammar rules are presented in a language that is easy to understand and internalize. They are further reinforced through a variety of learner-centred tasks and activities, many of which take place in their real life situations. The grammatical concepts have been treated in a very simple way in the beginner series with progression to more details in later series. The main purpose of GREEN GRAMMAR is to develop in young learners an understanding and control of the essential blocks of English grammar and to provide them with a solid platform for further development of language. The focus of grammar is both fluency and accuracy. The emphasis across the series is on meaning and appropriate use of forms in different situations. GREEN GRAMMAR is divided into individual units or lessons each of which has a single focus. The units follow a tried and tested ‘presentation-explanation-practice’ format. All the units begin with a text in context (e.g. a rhyme, a dialogue, a chart, a story, a letter, or a picture-based description) that demonstrates how the grammatical forms are used in real life situations. The presentation activities have been carefully graded to stimulate learner’s interest while at the same time focusing on the grammatical rules inductively. The explanation which follows draws attention to the relevant parts of the text and examples. Effort has been made to include a variety of exercises to reinforce learning goals and avoid boredom. All the units consist of writing activities related to the grammatical concepts introduced in each level. The activities included under Speaking Fun provide exposure to a variety of language functions. All the units have a comprehension section which invites students to consolidate their understanding of grammar and reading skill. Each book ends with Smart Writing Activities, a writing section that aims at developing learners’ writing skills in an effortless and creative way. These activities are related to meaningful themes that the learner is likely to find at each stage of learning. Finally, with its profusion of lively and colourful illustrations, GREEN GRAMMAR demonstrates that the learning of grammar, even at primary level, should not be difficult or boring. On the contrary, when the learning materials are relevant to the age and interests of the young learner, grammar lessons can be not only interesting but also fun. Authors 2018 Content
1. Sentence ...... 5 2. Nouns ...... 36 3. Determiners ...... 46 4. Pronouns ...... 70 5. Question Tag ...... 84 6. Subject Verb Agreement ...... 97 7. Tense ...... 110 8. Conditional Sentences ...... 140 9. Prepositions ...... 150 10. Active and Passive Voice ...... 173 11. Conjunctions ...... 194 12. Causative Verbs ...... 213 13. Direct and Indirect Speech ...... 221 Model Questions Set: 1 ...... 253 Model Questions Set: 2 ...... 259 1 Sentence
Reading
Student : Excuse me, I would like to buy some books. Bookseller : Yes, please. What kind of books? Student : I want to buy an English grammar book for class VIII. Bookseller : Alright. Here you are. Any other books? Student : Yes. I would also like to buy a mini dictionary. Bookseller : Please, take your dictionary. Student : How much are these books? Bookseller : Only Rs. 300. Student : Rs. 300? What an expensive book it is! Bookseller : They are good too. Do you want the cheaper one? Student : Let’s try next. Bookseller : Take this one. It’s only Rs 200. Student : Thanks. Take your price. Bookseller : Welcome.
Look at these sentences. I would like to buy some books. I want to buy an English grammar book for class VIII. I would also like to buy a mini dictionary. It’s only Rs 300. These sentences begin with subject and end with full stop. So they are statements.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5 Now read these sentences. These sentences begin with wh-words What kind of books? and end with question mark. So they are wh-questions. This sentences begins with auxiliary verbs Do you want the cheaper one? and end with question mark. It expects Yes/No in answer. So it is Yes/No question. This sentence expresses surprise and What an expensive book it is! ends with exclamation mark. So it is exclamatory sentence. Take your price. These sentences begin with verb and end Take this one. with full stop. So they are imperative Please, take your dictionary. sentences.
Types of Sentences i. Assertive Sentence When a sentence states facts, describes things or events, it is called an assertive sentence. Description may be in positive or negative, so there are two types of assertive sentences.
Affirmative Sentence: When the statement is positive and affirms something, it is an affirmative sentence. Examples: Sulochana reads a book. They play match. Janam does his homework.
Negative Sentence: When the statement is negative and denies something, it is called a negative sentence. In these sentences, every sentence has ‘not’ which is a sign of negation. When Examples: the statement is negative or the sentence I do not play cricket. contains ‘no’ or ‘not’, it is always Hari does not solve the sums. negative. As these sentences contain ‘not’, so these are negative sentences. A Samita does not work in our school. full stop (.) is placed at the end of every assertive or declarative sentence.
6 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ii. Interrogative Sentence A sensible and meaningful group of words, in which a question is asked, is an interrogative sentence. It is of two types.
Yes/No question: When a question begins with helping verbs like is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, shall, etc. and expects Yes/No in answer, it is Yes/No question.
Examples: Is it your pen? Do you like orange? Will you join us?
Wh-question: When a question begins with a question word like what, where, when, why, whose, how, etc., it is a wh-question. Where does your father work? What was she doing? When did they come? Why are you late for school? iii. Imperative Sentence A sentence which contains a command, desire or request, is called an imperative sentence.
Examples: Go there. (order) In an imperative sentence, the subject (you) is implied. Please give me a glass of water. (request) It is not mentioned but only Roman, type this letter. (command) understood. Don’t let them quarrel. (advice) iv. Exclamatory Sentence A sentence expressing some sudden feeling of grief, surprise, anger or pleasure, etc. is called an exclamatory sentence.
Examples: Hurrah! He won the prize. How intelligent the boy is! Bravo! Go ahead and open the fire. Ah! He is lying on the death bed.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7 v. Optative Sentence A sentence expressing wish or prayer is called an optative sentence. It is also followed by a mark of exclamation (!).
Examples: Wish you best of luck! May God bless you!
May you have a happy Dashain! Best wishes for your birthday!
Activity 1 Identify the types of sentences and write in the space provided.
1. I drink coffee......
2. Do you not go to see him? ......
3. We go for a morning walk......
4. Anup is a good boy......
5. Will you come to my house tomorrow? ......
6. Why are you late for school? ......
7. Open your books, students......
8. Jagat, do not tease the poor......
9. Ah! He is lying on the death bed......
10. Is she buying a bag? ......
11. Alas! He is no more......
12. How intelligent the girl is! ......
13. Bravo! You did a great job......
14. The sun sets in the west......
15. May God bless you with good marks! ......
8 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Parts of a Sentence Sentence
Subject Predicate
noun/ pronoun/ determiner verbs + objects + noun/ adjective+ noun
Subject (noun/pronoun/noun Predicate (verbs+object) phrase/clause) She is a girl of 15 years. They have a good sense of humour. The boy was working in the field. The gold of Africa is very expensive. What he bought for me was really precious.
Subject Bipin has gone to school. (head word- noun or pronoun as subject) That boy is my brother. (determiner+noun as subject) Intelligent students always top the list. (adjective+noun as subject) An old man with a stick was crossing the road. (adjective phrase as subject)
Predicate Bring a glass of water. (Subject is omitted in imperative sentence. The predicate occurs alone.) Here, ‘You’ is understood as the subject of the sentence. (You) bring a glass of water.
Look at these sentences. On Saturday, Tilak went to the cinema. At the market, I met Janak. The part of predicate is split. An hour ago, she left for Janakpur. Tilak, I, she and he are subjects. Since 2008, he has been working here.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 9 Where was he in the morning yesterday? In interrogative, exclamatory Does she go to school everyday? and optative sentences, the subject does not come first, and Can your friend solve this puzzle? the predicate is usually split. May you pass the exam! He, she, your friend, you and it What a beautiful flower it is! are subjects.
Activity 2 Draw a slash between the complete subject and the complete predicate in the following sentences. Example: The dusty old car/won’t start anymore. 1. I want a new watch. 2. Joseph is nice. 3. The sun is moving. 4. Mamata wrote the letter. 5. The letter asw written by Mamata. 6. The farmers are plowing the field. 7. Paras is an amazing cricket player. 8. The storm clouds are getting darker.
Activity 3 Identify the part of sentences that are highlighted. 1. The boy ate the apple. a. subject b. predicate 2. Next week my grandmother is coming from Korea. a. subject b. predicate 3. Our classmates are having a pizza party tomorrow. a. subject b. predicate 4. Football is played in every country in the world. a. subject b. predicate
10 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5. Sitting on the roof of my house was a huge black bird. a. subject b. predicate 6. After dinner I like to have a little sleep in front of the television. a. subject b. predicate 7. At the weekend my mother works at a sports club. a. subject b. predicate 8. On the way from school to Kirtipur yesterday afternoon bus number 21 crashed into a parked car. a. subject b. predicate
Activity 4 Add suitable predicates on your own to make sensible sentences. 1. Kathmandu ...... 2. Mt. Everest ...... 3. Honesty ...... 4. The intelligent ...... 5. Slow and steady ...... 6. Time and tide ...... 7. Two and two ...... 8. Rome ......
Sentence Transformation Grammar tips Affirmative Statement : She is a nurse. We add ‘not’ after the Negative Statement : She is not a nurse. auxiliary verb to change an Yes/No Question : Is she a nurse? affirmative statement into negative. Affirmative Statement : He can sing a pop song. We place the auxiliary verb Negative Statement : He cannot sing a in the beginning of the pop song. statement to change it into Yes/No Question : Can he sing a pop Yes/No question. song?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 11 Affirmative Statement : She writes a letter. Grammar tips Negative Statement : She does not write a We add does/do/did+not letter. to change an affirmative Yes/No Question : Does she write a statement into negative, if letter? there is no auxiliary verb in the statement.
Affirmative Statement : The children play Does/Do/Did is used in the football. beginning of the sentence Negative Statement : The children do not to change a statement into play football. Yes/No question, if there is no auxiliary verb in the Yes/No Question : Do the children play sentence. football?
Affirmative Statement : He played the flute. We always use root form of Negative Statement : He did not play the verb (v1) after do, does and flute. did. Yes/No Question : Did he play the flute?
Auxiliary verbs: Be verbs Have verbs Do verbs Models is, am, are, has, have, do, does, did will, shall, can, may, would, was, were had should, could, might, must, ought to, need, etc.
Have, has and had as auxiliary verbs and main verbs has/have/had+v3= auxiliary verb Affirmative Statement : I have finished my homework. (have- auxiliary verb) Negative Statement : I have not finished my homework. Yes/No question : Have I finished my homework? has/have/had as main verbs Affirmative Statement : He had a car. (had- main verb) Negative Statement : He did not have a car. Yes/No question : Did he have a car?
12 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 has to/ have to/ had to/used to + v1 Affirmative Statement Negative Statement Yes/No question He has to respect her. He does not have to Does he have to respect respect her. her? Not: He has not to Not: Has he to respect respect her. her? We have to go there. We do not have to go Do we have to go there? there. Not: Have we to go Not: We have not to go there? there. They had to call us. They did not have to call Did they have to call us? us. Not: Had they to call us? Not: They had not to call us. He used to sing a sing. He did not use to sing a Did he use to sing a song. song? Not: He used not to sing Not: Used he to sing a a song. song?
Activity 5 Identify whether has, have and had are used as main verb or auxiliary verb.
1. My grandmother has an orchard......
2. Do you have any good book to read? ......
3. My father has just bought a car......
4. The children have drawn a picture......
5. Ramu has got a new kite......
6. She has walked in rain......
7. He has fought against many enemies......
8. All the soldiers have weapons......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 13 Activity 6 Change these sentences into negative. 1. Dogs are chasing cats. 2. Alin works for an insurance company. 3. Our team played well yesterday. 4. They play volleyball every week. 5. John is nice. 6. This car makes a lot of noise. 7. We are from Dhangadi. 8. You wear pullovers. 9. They speak English. 10. He has watched TV. 11. She fed the animals. 12. We take photos. 13. Samita does the housework every Thursday. 14. The boys have two rabbits. 15. Rawal can read English books.
Study these sentences. We form Yes/No questions with an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main verb or with a modal verb + subject + main verb. Be verbs Is she working very hard? Were they travelling together? Not: Is she work very hard? Not: Were they travel together?
Do verbs Does that taste okay? Did you go to the concert?
Have verbs Have they already eaten? Had they visited Nagarkot Not: Have already they before? eaten? Not: Had they visit Nagarkot before?
Model verbs Can you help me lift this? Should I open the window?
14 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Where there is no auxiliary verb (be, have or modal verb) already present in the statement, we use the auxiliary do, does, did. Statement form (no auxiliary) Question form You usually walk to work. Do you usually walk to work? Not: Walk you…? You liked pop songs. Did you like pop songs? Not: Liked you…? Not: Did you liked …….?
Activity 7 Complete the following table. Affirmative Statement Negative Statement Yes/No Question He is a driver. He is driving a lorry. He has bought a taxi. He can drive a bus. He has two daughters. They have a car. He had a big house. She cannot speak English. She is not dancing. We have not seen that film. They have not cooked meat. You were not singing. She sings beautifully. She dances well. She bought a new coat. We play the drums. They called her. He moved to a new flat. Does she sing?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 15 Does he dance? Did you play? Do you like mangoes? Do they call you? Do we work together? Did she clean her room? I do not sing a song. We do not call you. You do not dance. He does not love you. She does not pluck flowers. It does not run. They do not make a fun. I did not dance. She did not speak fast. It did not fly. Is it flying? Has he finished his work? Do you have a car? Did she fly a kite? Will you invite him?
Activity 8 Change these sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. My sister will cook chicken this evening. (Yes/No question) 2. They read science fiction. (Negative statement) 3. They did not move to the town. (Affirmative statement) 4. My car broke down yesterday. (Yes/No question) 5. He is listening to music. (Negative statement) 6. Kunal did not buy a cap in the sale. (Affirmative statement) 7. Rohan drives a car. (Yes/No question)
16 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 8. Rikesh was exempted from the final exam. (Negative statement) 9. Aasha is not a talkative girl. (Affirmative statement) 10. Sushma won the dance competition. (Yes/No question) 11. Madan told an interesting joke. (Negative statement) 12. Pratik does not go to karate class every morning. (Affirmative statement) 13. He listens to the radio every evening. (Yes/No question) 14. Anita is the best singer of our school. (Negative statement) 15. The children are not at home. (Affirmative statement) 16. The dog runs after the cat. (Yes/No question) 17. The police caught the thief. (Yes/No question) 18. Steve has not drawn nice pictures. (Affirmative statement) 19. She cut her finger. (Yes/No question) 20. She hurt me. (Negative statement) 21. The boy did not run fast. (Affirmative statement) 22. She will write a letter. (Yes/No question) 23. He could drive his friends home. (Negative statement) 24. Mamata did not spend much money. (Affirmative statement)
Change of some words while transforming sentences Words Affirmative Negative She does not have any some-any pens. She has some pens. Not: She does not have some pens. He has not come yet. already-yet He has already come. Not: He has not already come. She cannot sing either. too-either She can sing too. Not: She cannot sing too.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 17 He did not tell a story and neither did his He told a story and so mother. and so- and neither did his mother. Not: He did not tell a story and so did his mother. He has not taken any He has taken several photos. several-any photos. Not: He has not taken several photos. She does not have many books. Not: He does not have a She has a lot of books. lot of books. a lot of –much/many She has a lot of rice. She does not have much rice. Not: She does not have a lot of rice.
Read these sentences. Affirmative Yes/No questions She has some pens. Does she have any pens? Not: Does she have some pens? He has already come. Has he come yet? Not: Has he already come?
You can also change into negative by transforming some words in sentences. either or changes into neither nor either of changes into neither of somebody/one/thing changes into nobody/one/thing sometime/once changes into never
18 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 always changes into never some of/any of/ most of/ all of changes into none of I often go to the party. frequently/generally changes into rarely/hardly some (in the beginning) changes into no often changes into seldom
Read these sentences. Affirmative : Either Hari or his brothers have come to the party. Negative : Neither Hari nor his brothers have come to the party. Affirmative : Someone is speaking. Negative : No one is speaking. Affirmative : Either of the girls is talking. Negative : Neither of the girls is talking. Affirmative : She sometimes calls me. Negative : She never calls me. Affirmative : Most of the boys are good. Negative : None of the boys is good. Affirmative : She generally walks to the temple. Negative : She hardly walks to the temple. Affirmative : Something is right. Negative : Nothing is right. Affirmative : They often make noise. Negative : They seldom make noise.
Changing imperative sentences into negative Affirmative Negative Tell me a story. Do not tell me a story. Open the door. Do not open the door.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 19 Go out. Do not go out. Always sit here. Never sit here. Let’s go out. Let’s not go out. Let me turn on TV. Do not let me turn on TV. Sing a song. Do not sing a song. Always write in blue ink. Never write in blue ink.
Activity 9 Change these sentences into negative. 1. My mother always works in the kitchen. 2. Susan has already finished her article. 3. My sister runs a website. 4. They are anxious about his safety. 5. He can sing too. 6. He has a lot of money. 7. We enjoyed the evening very much. 8. He passed the exam and so did his brother. 9. He has brought some T-shirts. 10. Nirasi has written several books. 11. They like playing volleyball, too. 12. She speaks politely. 13. She has been teaching for five years. 14. Jagat parked his car near a stationery shop. 15. Someone is very helpful. 16. They had a red car. 17. Aditya used to dance at the party. 18. My father has already got the notice. 19. She has several story books. 20. He often visits his relatives.
20 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 21. My sister has many friends. 22. I used to tell the answer. 23. I had to meet my uncle. 24. My aunt had a good time in Pokhara. 25. Supriya had a red car. 26. I have a pet dog at home. 27. Draw a picture. 28. Always be polite. 29. Let us go there. 30. Let’s have a cup of tea.
Activity 10 Change these sentences into Yes/No questions. 1. Kamal lives with his brother. 2. She can run fast. 3. Pratik and Puja are gossiping. 4. Asha writes with a beautiful pen. 5. Karma is looking out of the window. 6. She remembers my birthday. 7. She left the place early. 9. You should eat carrots. 10. Anu can pass this test easily. 11. She has understood the lesson. 12. She did it herself. 13. He ran fast. 14. She has written a letter. 15. He has many pencils. 16. There are some computer games. 17. She has already found the answer. 18. Pencil is broken. 19. Anu looks pretty in this dress. 20. Manju likes sitting here.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 21 21. Kalpana won the match. 22. Bimala can ride a bicycle. 23. Sita calls me. 24. They are afraid of spiders. 25. The baby can crawl easily. 26. Preety fried some onions.
So + Auxiliary + Subject So is used to show agreement with positive statements. Person A Person B Meaning I am happy. So am I. I am happy too. I’m going to Pokhara in the So am I. I am going to Pokhara summer. too. You look nice today. So do you. You look nice too. We went to the concert last So did I. I went to the concert too. night. I would love a coffee right So would I. I would love a coffee too. now. He will win a prize. So will I. I will win one too. I can speak two languages. So can I. I can speak two too. He should study more. So should I. I should study more too. We could see the So could we. We could see them too. mountains. My brother had eaten too So had I. I had eaten too much too. much.
Neither + Auxiliary + Subject Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements. Person A Person B Meaning I am not hungry. Neither am I. I’m not hungry either. I’m not going to quit. Neither am I. I’m not going to quit either. They don’t speak French. Neither do I. I don’t speak French either.
22 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Sophia doesn’t eat meat. Neither does Nirjala. Nirjala doesn’t eat meat either. Kopila didn’t go to the Neither did I. I didn’t go either. party. I wouldn’t like to do his Neither would I. I wouldn’t like to do it job. either. He won’t stop talking. Neither will you. You won’t stop either. You haven’t finished your Neither have you. You haven’t finished meal. either. I can’t reach the top shelf. Neither can I. I can’t reach it either. You shouldn’t talk in the Neither should you. You shouldn’t talk either. movie. We couldn’t hear him. Neither could we. We couldn’t hear him either. I hadn’t seen her before. Neither had I. I hadn’t seen her before either.
Activity 11 So + auxiliary verb + subject (with positive sentences) e.g. I am a student. So, am I. Neither + auxiliary verb + subject (with negative sentences) e.g. I am not a doctor. Neither, am I.
Complete the following with the correct form of agreement. 1. Mahesh likes milk...... 2. Sita can’t drive a bus...... 3. Gita is a good student...... 4. Kapil ate pizza yesterday...... 5. Subas has got a lot of friends...... 6. Narayani didn’t go to the zoo last month...... 7. Surendra does not like oranges...... 8. Krishna has forgotten to call Nirmala...... 9. Shittal has not spoken to Keshav et.y ......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 23 10. Ramhari will paint his house...... 11. Bimala works in a hospital...... 12. Kriti has not seen him before......
Activity 12 Complete the following with the correct form of agreement using the words given. e.g. I like pizza. (Manju) So, does Manju. 1. I can play tennis. (Jasmine) ...... 2. I love chocolate. (my brother) ...... 3. I am tall. (my friends) ...... 4. I haven’t done my homework. (Ekta) ...... 5. I don’t like loud music. (my neighbour) ...... 6. I wrote a letter. (Phulu) ...... 7. I have tidied my bedroom. (Jeshon) ...... 8. Ridhika and Ritima are good students. (Ashmita) ...... 9. Pawan and Ashish haven’t arrived yet. (Pasang) ...... 10. We can’t speak Chinese. (our friends) ...... 11. My aunt read a book. (my uncle) ...... 12. I don’t have a mobile phone. (Sampada) ...... 13. Prashun rode his bike yesterday. (Jim) ...... 14. My father didn’t wash the car. (my mother) ...... 15. Sophia is very clever. (her children) ......
Activity 13 Put in the correct verb forms into the gaps to make Yes/No questions. 1...... they ...... their friends? (to phone) Do they phone their friends? 2...... Sunita and Januka ...... their pets? (to feed) 3...... your teacher ...... your homework? (to check)
24 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 4...... they ...... in the old house? (to live)
5...... the cat ...... on the wall in the mornings? (to sit)
6...... Badri ...... computer games? (to play)
7...... your parents ...... TV in the afternoon? (to watch)
8...... your grandmother ...... the phone? (to answer)
9...... Binita ...... the shopping? (to do)
10...... Bini and Aayushma ...... a cup of tea in the afternoon? (to have)
Activity 14 Write yes/no questions. Use do or does. Yes/No questions Answers Yes, he speaks English. 1. Does he speak English? Yes, food costs a lot of money. 2...... No, I don’t need anything. 3...... Yes, we have a car. 4...... No, my family doesn’t live here. 5...... Yes, our classroom has windows. 6...... No, I don’t play football. 7...... Yes, I like to watch Jire Khursani. 8...... Yes, my friends live near me. 9...... No, she doesn’t come from Darjeeling. 10......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 25 Activity 15 Fill in the blanks correctly to make Statements or Yes/No questions. 1. Anita ...... (not watch) TV. 2. Jay ...... (not study) English literature. 3. Ravi ...... (watch) TV. 4. Ananta ...... (play) computer games. 5. Sabnam ...... (not read) magazines. 6...... Mamata ...... (listen) to music? 7...... Binod ...... (tidy) his room? 8. My parents ...... (read) the newspaper. 9...... your brother ...... (surf) the internet? 10...... you ...... (play) football with Anu? 11...... your sister ...... (read) on Saturday? 12. Basnata ...... (go) to cinema yesterday. 13. Ishwori ...... (not phone) a friend. 14. I ...... (eat) a chicken pizza every weekend. 15. My Mum ...... (like) classical music. 16. I ...... (not eat) sandwitch. 17. I ...... (drink) water. 18...... Gagan ...... (help) his friends with their homework? 19...... Tina ...... (make) people laugh? 20. Mina ...... (not like) talking to new people.
Vocabulary Practice : Commonly confused words Circle the correct words to make these sentences meaningful. 1. I couldn’t decide ( which / witch ) color shoes I wanted. 2. I talked ( to / too ) my brother yesterday. 3. I saw ( their / there) mom sitting ( their / there).
26 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 4. The dog chewed on ( its / it’s ) squeaky toy. 5. I would rather be poor and happy ( than / then ) rich and sad. 6. He will (council / counsel) me to help me make the right decision. 7. I do not ( no / know ) the answer to this problem. 8. I’m not sure ( weather / whether ) it will rain this weekend or not. 9. My friends have seen me ( threw / through ) some difficult times. 10. She was ( quiet / quite ) surprised by her birthday present. 11. In study hall, all students must be ( quiet / quite ). 12. He threw the ball right ( hear / here ) and broke a car window. 13. After we eat (desert / dessert), let’s go to see a movie. 14. Everyone (except / accept) me went to the school dance. 15. Have you lost your contacts (all ready / already)? 16. I ordered (stationary / stationery) with my name on it. 17. My shoes are very different (from / form) Tony’s. 18. Please turn (of / off) the CD player. 19. He (bought / brought) his brother along. 20. Do you think this knot is too (lose / loose) ? 21. The police made a (through / thorough) search of the house. 22. His (advice / advise) is usually very good. 23. The school (principal / principle) came into the room. 24. I would like to (precede / proceed) with my story. 25. Voting can help (affect / effect) change.
Formation of Wh-questions Wh-questions words What ...? Who....? Where ....? When ....? Which .....?
Why ....? How....? How many ....? How much ....? What for ....?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 27 Reading
Question words Meaning Examples who person Who’s that? That’s Kamal. where place Where do you live? In Damauli. why reason Why do you sleep early? Because I am so tired. when time When do you go to work? At 7:00 how manner How do you go? By car. what object, idea, action What do you do? I am an engineer. which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one. whose possession Whose is this book? It’s Aliya’s. whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager. what kind description What kind of music do you like? I like folk music. what time time What time did you come home? At 11:00 how many quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are twenty. how much amount, price How much did you pay? (uncountable) Ten rupees. how long duration, length How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks. how often frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a week. how far distance How far is your school? It’s one mile away. how old age How old are you? I’m 16.
Look at these sentences. He is writing a novel. What is he writing? (a novel is removed)
28 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 She went to the bank because she needed money. Why did she go to the bank? (because she needed money is removed.) Madan is driving a car. Who is driving a car? (Madan is Wh + auxiliary verb +subject + removed.) main verb+ …………………? It is Madan’s book. Use the auxiliary verb given in Whose book is this? (Madan’s is the statement. If no auxiliary verb removed.) is given in the statement, use do, does or did. I need a glass of water. But the above given structure is How much water do you need? (a glass not applicable for ‘Who’ and What of is removed.) +verb’. There are 500 students in this school. Who wrote this article? How many students are there in this What made him write this article? school? (500 is removed)
Activity 16 Read the answers and fill in the blanks with suitable wh-words. 1...... boys will be invited to the party? About 40 2...... money is it on the table? Ram’s 3...... can we leave? At 6 4...... didn’t go to school yesterday? Shittal 5...... are you looking for? My Green English Grammar Book 6...... did you play tennis with this morning? Janak 7...... are you? Fine, thanks. 8...... flour do you need to make a cake? Half a kilo 9...... is your home? At Balaju 10...... didn’t you sing in the party? Because I had a sore throat. 11...... dictionaries have you brought here? One Nepali and one English
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 29 12...... can I do for you, sir? No thanks. 13...... do you live, Mrs. Chhoisang? Bouddha 14...... can I get to Hong Kong ? By air 15...... flowers are they? My brother’s 16...... did they meet in the cinema? Madan 17...... is dancing on the stage? Karishma 18...... pair of shoes do you like? The red ones 19...... cream will you put on the cake? Just a little bit 20...... were you absent yesterday? I was sick.
Activity 17 Complete the questions with these words (when, where, who, what). 1...... is your favourite singer? 2...... is your house? 3...... is your favourite day of the week? 4...... is your favourite colour? 5...... are your English lessons? 6...... is your favourite movie? 7...... are you from? 8...... is near you house? 9...... do you live? 10...... is your favourite type of music? 11...... is he talking to? 12...... is your favourite sportsperson? 13...... is your English teacher? 14...... is your favourite animal? 15...... do you like to do on Saturdays? 16...... time do you got to school? 17...... is his name?
30 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 18...... is the museum? 19...... do you go to school?
Activity 18 Change these statements into questions using the question words in the brackets. 1. Pushpa is leaving today. (who) 2. Mala was accused of cheating. (what) 3. Kunti watched Jire Khursani yesterday. (when) 4. The chicken are on the road. (where) 5. Namrata can play the saxophone. (who) 6. You can solve it because it is not difficult. (why) 7. There’s a doctor in the house. (where) 8. The geese are returning early this year. (when) 9. Your parents try to cheer you up when you’re sad. (who) 10. Rohit chose the most expensive items on the menu. (what) 11. You will take steps to correct this problem. (what) 12. The doctor told us to add cereal to the baby’s formula. (what) 13. She went to hospital because she had a headache. (why) 14. Lalita serves her customers effectively and efficiently. (how) 15. The pants cost Rs. 1500. (how much) 16. There are 40 students in my class. (how many)
Activity 19 Make questions to ask for the underlined part of the sentence. 1. Julia likes pop-music. 2. Maria comes from Spain. 3. They play in the garden. 4. Binit rides his bike.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 31 5. I go to the cinema on Saturdays. 6. We go to Jhapa because it is warm there. 7. Pasa repairs his bike. 8. Robin drives his car carefully. 9. Dev runs with his dog every day. 10. Erika goes to Sauraha for a holiday. 11. She does her homework in the morning. 12. He writes neatly. 13. He went to the restaurant yesterday. 14. He bought this dress at a supermarket. 15. Milan did his homework in about 2 hours. 16. Suman likes her pet cat because it is nice. 17. The boys are hiding under the bed. 18. Riya goes home on foot. 19. This car has two doors. 20. I do not get up early because I like to sleep late. 21. The shop will be closed for a week. 22. She went there with her mother. 23. He left on January 14th. 24. He got back last Monday. 25. Mira is in her school today. 26. He is flying a kite.
Speaking
Complete the following dialogue and practice with your friend. Ramesh : ...... Suresh? Suresh : I am fine. Ramesh : ...... ? Suresh : Because I woke up late. Ramesh : ...... ?
32 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Suresh : My brother is 13. Ramesh : ...... ? Suresh : Social Studies, Science and English are my favourite subjects. Ramesh : ...... ? Suresh : Singing, gardening are my hobbies. Ramesh : ...... your father ? Suresh : My father is a farmer. Ramesh : ...... ? Suresh : I go to school on foot. Ramesh : ...... ? Suresh : I am nervous because I have not completed assignment.
Writing Paragraph Writing A good paragraph has the following parts: The topic sentence: The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. The supporting sentences: They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. The closing sentence: The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of the paragraph. Read the following paragraph carefully. Saturday is my favorite day because I spend the day watching football with my dad. On Saturday, unlike Topic sentence the other days of the week when he works, my dad spends the whole day with me watching football on Supporting sentences TV. We even eat lunch together while watching. The highlight of the day is watching the Dolphins game. Closing sentence Dad and I get so excited, we yell and cheer together. On Saturdays, I get to combine watching my favorite sport and spending time with my favorite person– what a great day!
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 33 1. Good Manners Good manners make a student disciplined. These are necessary in everyone’s life. We can win love and appreciation everywhere through good manners. A man is judged by his good behavior with others. Family traditions are the most important factors in developing good manners. We should be helpful to those students who are weak. We should not hurt the feelings of others. Whenever somebody does us a favour, we should use the words ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. We should not pluck the flowers and leaves from the public parks. We should not throw banana peels on the roads and streets. There are some bad manners which should be given up so that we may get a good name.
2. Honesty is the best policy Everyone wants to become rich without hard labour. He does not hesitate to adopt any means at all to become rich. But still some people appreciate honesty. All religions lay down great stress on honesty. An honest man is always brave. He is not afraid of anybody. Sometime, he has to face problems also. He is truthful and is liked by everybody. On the other hand, liar, greedy and cunning people earn more money but they are not liked by people. Honesty should be maintained everywhere, at home, in school, among friends and even in the playground. An honest person always obeys the law so he is free from serious trouble. Honesty also gives rise to spiritual strength. So one can take up any challenge with confidence. On the other hand, a dishonest person can never be sure of anything. He is always busy in plotting. So he never gets peace. An honest man is rewarded with success. Even after his death, people remember him. He gets love and respect from others. Dishonesty, no doubt gives benefits sometimes but those benefits are temporary and short lived. It kills our soul and snatches away our peace of mind. It is not an easy job to remain honest in this world.
3. Work is worship Work is worship is a famous proverb which compares the work with worship. It does not even compare; it is telling about the surety that work is worship. It tells us that, it is not important to worship for hours at home or temple to get god’s grace; it is enough to do the work with full interest to get success and the blessings of God too. The works done in the offices, factories or other fields is more valuable than the worship done in temple, church or mosque. Work in real means is the physical or mental effort done to maintain lifestyle all through the life. We work to earn money to bring physical, psychological and social happiness which ultimately balance the state of body, mind and soul. Satisfaction comes through the work, keeps body and mind happy which satisfies the soul more than the worship does.
34 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 4. Health is wealth Health is wealth. There is nothing in our life that is more valuable than good health. Without good health there is no happiness, no peace and no success. A person with bad health cannot enjoy the pleasure of being wealthy. Health is more valuable than money. Money cannot buy health and happiness. But a healthy person remains in a state of bliss and happiness. A healthy person is completely free from any illness or injury. A person with sound health enjoys a healthy mental condition. Our health depends upon several factors, such as food, pollution, habits, mental condition, air, water and sunlight. Morning walks and physical exercises are very helpful for the fitness of our mind and body. We should take proper care of our health so that we can enjoy our life completely. When we are ill or we do not want to play or work, our bad health robs us of sound sleep and appetite. Life becomes a burden for one, who is constantly ailing. Life has little charm for him. He feels tired of life, always complaining about one thing or the other.
5. Grow more trees Trees play a vital role in our daily life. We get timber and fuel from them. Timber is used in the construction of houses. Bridges, boxes, tools, almirah, different articles of furniture, bookshelves and many other things aremade from timber. Paper is also made from the wood pulp that comes from trees. We cannot live without paper because it is needed for education, administration, communication and business transactions. Trees give us the raw materials for industries like pencils, matches, paper, etc. We get fruits from the trees. Trees are helpful to control air pollution. By growing more trees we can save our land from soil erosion. Trees change the climate and bring rain. We get shelter in the summer days. Our government encourages us to grow more trees.
Exercises Write a short paragraph on each of the following topics. 1. My favourite teacher 2. A village fair 3. A street hawker 4. My favourite hobby 5. Value of games 6. A picnic 7. The book I like most 8. Sports day at my school 9. An ideal citizen 10. Uses of electricity 11. A party that I enjoyed 12. A rainy day 13. A visit to a zoo 14. Politeness
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 35 2 Nouns
Reading
Noun Song A person, a place or thing is a noun. My name is a noun. Fame is a noun. Everything I can be is a noun. Everything I see is a noun. Nouns can be abstract like freedom and kindness, Justice, equality, sympathy and greatness. My town is a noun. Comedian is a noun. Nouns are sometimes proper like Buddha and Lumbini, Fewa, Karnali, and Dhaulagiri. A person, a place or thing is a noun. Rain is a noun. Plane is a noun. Nouns are sometimes common Like city or country, community, continent or tree. A noun is sometimes the collection like Flock, team, class, crowd and army. Everything I can be is a noun. Everything I see is a noun. A noun is a naming word. It is the name of a person, a place or a thing. The words in colour in the above poem are the examples of nouns. Nouns are of different types.
36 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 A. Kinds of nouns
1. Common nouns A man and a woman had been to a forest to fetch firewood. The forest was on the side of a river. They saw a tiger coming down the hill in the forest. They saw some people cutting down the trees. They wanted to make table, bench, doors and windows for their houses with the wood. A common noun is a name shared by every person or thing of the same class. It does not refer to any particular person or thing. Man, woman, tiger, tree, river, hill, table, bench, door, window, etc. in the above sentences are common nouns.
2. Proper nouns Many people were killed in flood and landslide in Nepal. Terai region of the country bordering India was mostly affected by the flood. The rivers like the Koshi and the Bagmati crossed danger levels. Reports said, “Four persons were killed in Sindhuli, four in Banke and one person each in Morang and Jhapa districts.” Dhurmus and Suntali launched the rescue operation. A proper noun is the name of a particular person or thing. Nepal, India, Koshi, Bagmati, Sindhuli, Banke, Morang, Jhapa, Dhurmus, Suntali, etc. in the above sentences are proper nouns.
3. Collective nouns A team of players is practising for the match. A flock of birds is flying above the stadium. A huge crowd is gathered around the ground. A group of cheerleaders are dancing around. A collective noun is the name of a group or collection of things of the same kind. Team, flock, crowd and group in the above sentences are collective nouns.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 37 4. Abstract nouns Luck is bright green, An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state or idea. Luck, glory, loneliness, anger, It tastes like sugar. happiness, cowardice and love here are abstract nouns. Glory is a noble purple, It smells like a baking cake.
Loneliness is a dark blue, It sounds like a man singing opera.
Anger is dark red, It feels as cold as ice.
Happiness is yellow, It lives on my house on a Summer day.
Cowardice is dark brown, It looks like a stooped old man.
Love is sparkly pink, It lives in everyone’s hearts.
Note: A material noun is a kind of common noun. A material noun is an uncountable common noun.
B. Countable noun and uncountable noun
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. (That’s why they are called “countable nouns”).
38 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Example: 1 friend, 2 friends, 3 friends... 1 book, 2 books, 3 books...
Countable nouns take many. Example: 100 friends – many friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number- they can’t be counted. (That’s why they are called “uncountable nouns”). Examples: I have a lot of money. (Not 1000 money) You say I drink a lot of milk. (Not 5 milk)
Uncountable nouns take much. Example: 100 money – much money Note: Of course you can count money, milk, meat; but then you would use the currency, liter, kilo, glass,...and say that you have got: 5 rupees or dollars... (but not 5 money) 2 liters, pints, glasses... of milk (but not 2 milk) 3 kilos... of meat (but not 3 meat) 10 bottles of mineral water... (but not 10 mineral water)
C. Singular nouns and Plural nouns Nouns can be singular or plural. Singular, i.e., one: book, tree, bench, knife. Plural, i.e., more than one: books, trees, benches, knives. * Only countable nouns can have a plural form.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 39 Formation of plurals a. Most nouns form their plurals by adding –s to the singular nouns. Singular Plural Singular Plural animal animals star stars school schools student students day days tree trees b. By adding –es to the singular nouns ending in o, ss, sh, x, z or ch. Singular Plural Singular Plural buffalo buffaloes potato potatoes class classes match matches box boxes topaz topazes dish dishes tax taxes But photo-photos, studio-studios, disco-discos c. Nouns ending in –y but preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing –y into –i and adding –es. Singular Plural Singular Plural baby babies pony ponies lady ladies body bodies country countries city cities dish dishes tax taxes d. Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plurals by changing –f or –fe into –ves. Singular Plural Singular Plural calf calves shelf shelves leaf leaves loaf loaves life lives wife wives dish dishes tax taxes But roof-roofs, giraffe- giraffes, handkerchief- handkerchiefs, safe-safes
40 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 e. Some nouns have irregular plural forms. Singular Plural Singular Plural man men tooth teeth goose geese basis bases woman women mouse mice f. A compound noun generally forms its plural by adding –s to the principal word. Singular Plural Singular Plural daughter-in-law daughters-in-law son-in-law sons-in-law passer-by passers-by maid-servant maid-servants g. Some nouns are only used in the plural form. Example: scissors, trousers, drawers, alms, assets, measles, mumps, news, bellows, binoculars, people, police, cattle, vermin, spectacles, breeches, gallows, thanks, pliers, mathematics, economics, physics, shorts, jeans, etc. h. Some nouns have singular and the plural alike. Example: sheep, deer, cod, trust, species, dozen, pair, hundred, thousand, score, etc.
Activity 1 Choose the correct noun from the given options. 1. All the ...... in the street were dressed in colourful clothes. (mens/ men) 2. There were many ...... in the pond. (duck/ ducks) 3. The lady is giving sweets to the two ...... (boy/ boys) 4. My friend ate three ...... of cake. (pieces/ piece) 5. There are many ...... in the school. (girls/ girl) 6. He is a man of ...... (strengths/strength) 7. The people in this part of the country live in ...... (poverty/ poor) 8...... to animals is a punishable offence. (cruel/cruelty) 9. I have great ...... to welcome you. (pleasure/ please) 10...... is the best period of one’s life. (child/ childhood)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 41 Activity 2 Change the number in these sentences. a. A dog is useful to a man. b. The knives on the shelves are blunt. c. A wolf killed a sheep. d. A good child never tells a lie. f. This story is very interesting. g. Monkeys have long tails. h. Teachers love students. i. Maid-servants ran away with their gold rings. j. My foot is dirty.
Activity 3 Complete these sentences with singular or plural form of nouns. 1. The ...... (cat/cats) is sitting on my bed. 2. There are five ...... (pencils/pencil) on my desk. 3. I have two ...... (sisters/sister). 4. They are riding their ...... (bikes/bike). 5. We have a ...... (dog/dogs). 6. How many ...... (books/book) do you have in your bag? 7. My mother has a new ...... (computer/computers). 8. There are three ...... (windows/window) in the room. 9. Susan has four ...... (poster/ posters). 10. There is one ...... (pens/ pen) on the floor.
Activity 4 Choose the correct noun to complete the given text. Because diabetes can cause devastating ...... (damage, damages) to virtually all body ...... (system, systems), people with diabetes should not underrate the seriousness of their disease. Learning to live with a
42 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 chronic ...... (illness, illnesses) such as diabetes must be an ongoing process. The Community Health Center is sponsoring a five-part educational series on diabetes. The series will begin on April 30 and continue through May 29. The ...... (program, programs) will be held in the second floor classroom of the Community Hall from 7-9 p.m. The diabetes series is free and open to the public and will be of specific ...... (interest, interests) to people who have diabetes and their families and friends.
Vocabulary Practice Choose the correct answer for each sentence. 1. An ...... draws and paints pictures. photographer artist carpenter painter 2. A ...... carries bags and suitcases in a hotel. Sometimes we call him a bellboy. truck driver porter bellboy barber 3. A ...... works on a farm. He also grows vegetables and raises animals for meat, milk and eggs. painter farmer hairdresser dressmaker 4. A ...... types letters and answers the phone in an office. salesclerk secretary hairstylist seamstress 5. A ...... sells things in a store. hairstylist waitress teller salesclerk 6. A ...... helps sick people. farmer doctor butcher physician 7. A ...... teaches. instructor secretary teller teacher 8. A ...... designs and sells flowers. salesclerk secretary teller florist
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 43 9. A...... serves dinner in a restaurant. Now we call him a server. waiter farmer porter bellboy 10. A ...... steals money and valuables. thief burglar carpenter waiter 11. A ...... cuts and styles hair. hairdresser hairstylist painter doctor 12. A bank ...... gives and takes money in a bank. secretary dressmaker teller salesclerk 13. A ...... cuts beef, chicken and pork. butcher mechanic electrician waiter 14. A truck ...... drives a truck. mechanic farmer driver artist 15. A...... sews and mends clothes. secretary seamstress dressmaker florist 16. A ...... makes bread and cakes in a bakery. butcher doctor baker waiter 17. A...... makes and builds houses with wood. artist photographer carpenter electrician 18. A ...... serves food in a restaurant. Now we call her a server. dressmaker teacher teller waitress 19. A ...... takes pictures. farmer baker photographer hairstylist 20. A ...... fixes cars and trucks. carpenter electrician mechanic butcher
44 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Writing
Letter of Congratulations Congratulations are offered when something good or praiseworthy has been done by a person. Letters of congratulation are written to wish somebody joy and happiness on his success, marriage, birth of child, engagement, promotion, etc. These letters are very valuable and should be written as far as possible immediately after the happy event.
Congratulations on success Dear Pritam, Heartiest congratulations on becoming first in the Interschool English Essay Writing Competition organized in Everest Boarding School. You really deserve the success which you have achieved. I am sure that your competence, knowledge and lucid language skill have been duly judged. With lots of love, Yours sincerely, Dipesh
Congratulations on Marriage Dear Suresh, I am much delighted to receive the news of your marriage in Kathmandu last week. I am sorry that I could not come to attend it as I was away on a tour of Darjeeling. I would like to send my heartiest congratulations. I wish both of you a very happy and prosperous married life. Yours sincerely, Ramesh
Write congratulation letters for the following conditions. a. Your friend stood first in the annual examination. b. Your uncle got a job as a manager in a firm. c. Your friend got a scholarship from the school. d. Someone in your locality got elected as mayor of the Municipality.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 45 3 Determiners
Reading
Rehan : Where is my school bag? Mother : It is on the table in your study room. Go and get it. Rehan : Okay, mom. Mother : Did you find your aterw bottle? Rehan : Yes. But I need some money today. Mother : Do you? Oh, you can ask your father. Rehan : He does not give me any money. Please, mom. Understand my problem. Each boy in my class will bring money to donate for the flood victims. Mother : Are you donating for flood victims? That’s great! akeT this note. Determiners are words used to identify or specify a noun in some way. A determiner signals the coming of a noun in a sentence. My, the, your, some, any, each, this, etc. in the above dialogue are determiners.
Kinds of determiners Articles: a, an, the Possessives: my, our, your, his, her, its, their Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, such Distributives: each, every, either, neither Quantifiers: much, some, any, no, little, enough, a lot of, much of, plenty of Expressions of number: many, several, some, any, no, few, enough, another, a number of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, some of, many of, one, two, etc.
46 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Articles A, an and the are articles.
Indefinite articles - a and an 1. A and an are indefinite articles. They suggest one. So they are used before countable nouns in the singular number. a boy an owl a bird an elephant 2. a +consonant sound We use a before a word beginning with a consonant sound. a table a place a flower a union a European
/ j/ consonant sound / j/ consonant sound a one-eyed man a one-rupee note
/ w/ consonant sound / w/ consonant sound 3. an +vowel sound We use an before a word beginning with a vowel sound. an eye an orange an eagle 4. Words beginning with silent h take an before them. an honest man an hour an honourable person But, a hotel a history a humble time 5. an+ abbreviations Since abbreviations like M.A., M.P., M.B.A., L.L.B., etc. begin with a vowel sound (m is pronounced as /em/ and L is pronounced as /el), we use an before them. an M.A. an L.L.B. an M.P. But a B.B.C. reporter a Ph. D.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 47 6. a/an + noun to denote a class A/an is used before a singular countable noun when it represents a class. A cow is a useful animal. (every cow) An octopus is a sea animal. (every octopus) 7. a/an + noun (to denote a profession, post, nationality, religion, etc.) a teacher an Indian a Muslim 8. a/an + noun (to denote degree, title, rate, etc.) an M.B.A. a Nepali Tara fifty rupees a dozen Rs. 500 a month 9. a/an + verb-noun (verb used as a noun) He goes for a walk every morning. She is having a bath. 10. a/ an + adjective + noun a talented student an intelligent student 11. a/an in phrases What a pity! It caused a nuisance for me. I have a headache. She spoke in a low voice. We had a good time in Janakpur. I have a slight fever. He is in a hurry. I feel it a pleasure to congratulate you. I heard a loud noise. He is in a temper today.
Activity 1 Write a or an before these nouns...... cat ...... honourable person ...... heir ...... cold drink ...... unit ...... European country ...... assistant in ...... hurry ...... unsafe place ...... eucalyptus tree ...... book ...... sheet of paper
48 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ...... invitation card ...... L-shaped sofa ...... M.P...... university student ...... important person go for ...... walk eighty rupees ...... liter ...... slight fever ...... terrible headache ...... Nepali Idol ...... M ...... dozen ...... bottle of aterw ...... onion ...... jug of yogurt ...... box of crackers ...... ice cream ...... gallon of milk ...... head of lettuce ...... bar of soap
Activity 2 Fill in the blanks with a or an. 1. I have got ...... big shirt. 2. She has got ...... orange ribbon. 3. I’m ...... Irish girl. 4. He is ...... English boy. 5. What ...... old man! 6. Give me ...... pencil, please. 7. I can see ...... yellow car. 8. There is ...... cat. 9. I have ...... work to do. 10. Hmm, that’s ...... interesting idea. 11. We have ...... good relationship with each other. 12. You need to find ...... decent job first. 13. He used to be ...... engineer, now he has his own business. 14. Can I have ...... slice of pizza, please? 15. I want ...... apple from that basket. 16. I borrowed ...... pencil from your pile of pencils and pens.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 49 17. I took ...... umbrella to go out in the rain. 18...... apple a day keeps the doctor away. 19. I need to buy ...... ink pot. 20. She went to get...... open bottle of sunscreen.
Definite article- the ‘The’ is pronounced /ði/ before a vowel sound and /ð/ before a consonant sound. 1. Before a noun whenever we want to particularize that noun: The book on the table is mine. The girl in red T-shirt is my sister. The man speaking in low voice is old and weak. 2. When a noun is mentioned for the first time, we use a or an before it (because it could be any), but when it is mentioned again, we use the (because it has now become particular): Bimala gave her an umbrella. (any umbrella) The umbrella is new. (the umbrella given by Bimala) I saw a cow yesterday. (any cow) The cow gives 20 liters of milk a day. (the cow that I had seen) 3. When it is clear from the situation which person’s or thing we mean: Could you please switch the light on? (the light in the room) The teacher said my handwriting was very good. (the teacher means our teacher) 4. With such phrases as immediately single out or specify a person or object: the first day the last row the same place the next person the only son the main reason 5. With adjectives in the superlative adjective: the tallest boy the most expensive place the fastest animal the happiest moment
50 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 6. With adjectives in the comparative degree in the kind of sentence given below: The more experienced you are the more you will be demanded. 7. When there is only one of something (These nouns do not begin with a capital letter.): the sun the sky the moon the earth the equator 8. Before the name of a person or thing whose identity is known to everyone. the Chief Minister the Prime Minister the Principal 9. Before a common noun when that noun represents the whole class: The cow is a useful animal. The camel is the ship of the desert. 10. Before an adjective or a participle to represent a class of people: The rich should help the poor. The intelligent are loved and respected. 11. Before the names of: - musical instruments: the guitar, the madal, the basuri But I have a guitar, a violin and a madal. - inventions: the radio, the computer - ranges of mountains and hills: the Himalayas, the Andes, the Alps - groups of islands: the Maldives, the West Indies - holy rivers: the Bagmati, the Ganges - gulfs, canals, seas, oceans: the Panama Canal, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean - well-known buildings: the Pashupatinath, the Dharahara - holy books: the Gita, the Quran, the Mahabharata - plural family name: the Maharjans, the Sharmas, the Shahs - newspapers: the Kantipur Daily, the Gorkhapatra, the Himalayan Times - trains, ships: the Titanic, the Trans-Siberian, the Marry Celeste - cardinal directions: the east, the south - countries with a common noun: the USA, the UK
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 51 - historic events: the Martyrs Day, the Constitution Day - historical monuments: the Statue of Liberty, the Ashok Pillar - theatres and clubs: the Jay Nepal, the Kumari - parts of a day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening - physical positions: the top, the bottom, the left, the right - periods of ten years: the twenties, the thirties, the fifties - parts of a house: in the kitchen, on the roof, at the door But we do not use ‘the’ before the names of individual peaks, individual islands and magazines. the Nepal, the Mt. Everest, the Sadhana We use the before ‘radio’ but not before ‘television’. I am listening to the radio. I am watching the television. 12. When a proper noun is used like a common noun, we can use a, an or the with it. Ram Krishna Dhakal sings well but he is not a Narayan Gopal. Laxmi Prasad is the Shakespeare of Nepal. But the Laxmi Prasad is the great poet of Nepal. 13. When the places like temple, school, hospital, etc. are visited with secondary purpose. She went to the school to meet Mrs. Sharma. He went to the temple to attend a public meeting. 14. Note the use of the in these sentences/phrases. The more, the merrier. Bananas are sold by the dozen. Petrol is sold by the litre. to speak the truth on the one hand on the other hand
52 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 3 Circle the correct article (a / an / the) in each sentence below. 1. Neha wanted to read a / an story book. 2. The students went on a / an excursion. 3. Rejish likes to read an / the science fictions. 4. Dolma put a / an orange in her yogurt. 5. My father likes eating an / the cake from scratch. 6. The dog barked at a / an stranger. 7. I saw a / an lion at the zoo. 8. I quickly ate the / an biscuits. 9. An oval is shape like a / an egg. 10. He carried a/an axe. 11. My mom can play a/the madal well. 12. We went to a/ the Jay Nepal Hall to watch a movie. 13. A/The sun is a star. 14. He was hiding on a/the top of the main building. 15. I had seen a/the Indian Ocean. 16. Roshani is an/the first student of our class. 17. The more you love others, a/the more you will be loved. 18. There is a/an inky spot on my pants. 19. Mt. Everest is a/the highest peak of the world. 20. The/A Geeta is a holy book.
Activity 4 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. 1...... weather is fine. Shall we go for a picnic? 2. No, I can’t find ...... reasonable house to buy. They are all very expensive. 3. Gopal sold ...... car.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 53 4. I have got ...... idea about the Maths project. 5...... world has seven continents. 6. Sir, ...... woman you are waiting for is in the hall. She is making ...... phone call. 7. All her life she wanted to be ...... actress, but she is ...... tailor now. 8. If you catch ...... 7 o’clock flight, you can reach there on time. 9. I’ve got ...... A+ from the English quiz and I’m very happy. 10. Don’t forget to post ...... letter I gave you. 11. Rachel went to India and saw ...... Indian ocean. 12. We need ...... engineer for our company. 13. He visited ...... White House to see the president. 14...... blue whale can weigh up to 200 tons. 15. I found ...... yellow stone and ...... earring while I was walking on the beach. 16. Go to the supermarket and buy ...... pen and ...... newspaper. 17. If you want to get good marks you should be ...... hardworking student. 18. I wish I could see ...... unicorn. 19. Wendy wants to buy ...... fridge, ...... washing machine, ...... oven, and ...... electric knife for her new house. 20. If you eat ...... orange or ...... lemon a day, you can protect yourself from the flu.
No article (a, an, the) We do not use articles:
1. before nouns that name materials: Water is going to be scarce. Gold is expensive. Price of petrol is rising day by day.
54 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 2. with abstract nouns: Honesty is the best policy. Wisdom is the greatest virtue.
3. when a noun is used in the general sense: Man is a social animal.
4. with plural nouns when they denote a class: Saints believe in simple living and high thinking. Children usually live in the present moment.
5. with the names of meals: x breakfast x lunch x dinner x supper But I had a heavy breakfast this morning.
6. with the names of diseases: She died of cancer. Tuberculosis is no longer an incurable disease.
7. when the places like temple, school, hospital, etc. are visited for primary purpose. She goes to school everyday. (school = to study) He goes to temple every morning. (temple= to worship)
8. before proper noun like (names of person, names of place, names of days and months): I was born on Tuesday. She lives in Damauli. I met Rohan yesterday. January is the first month of the ear.y
9. before the name of languages: She can speak Chinese.
10. before the names of academic subjects: He is good at science. But He is an English teacher.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 55 11. before the names of games. I can play cricket well. But I am a cricket player.
12. before the names of streets and lakes: Have you visited Rara Lake?
13. in headlines and telegrams (where the number of words matters): P.M. addresses several election rallies. Come for interview 10 a.m., 15 July.
14. with/by+ vehicles: She goes to school by bus everyday.
15. with possessive/apostrophe + nouns It is Rupa’s best saree.
Speaking
Say them aloud. to go to bed to go home to take place to take part in to take care of to take heart to lose heart to be in debt to be in fault to take to task to catch fire to send word to shake hands to take coffee to make use of by air by hand on foot on strike on duty in trouble in rage at hand at night at noon at last by mistake by accident in memory of in conclusion in fact by means of at dinner at sunset in ink in public
56 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 5 Fill in the blank with the appropriate article, a, an, or the, or leave the space blank if no article is needed.
1. I want ...... apple from that basket.
2...... temple at the corner is visited by many people.
3. Miss Sharma speaks ...... Chinese.
4. My brother is in ...... classroom.
5. One of the students said, “...... teacher is late today.”
6. Kamala likes to play ...... volleyball.
7. I bought ...... umbrella to go out in the rain.
8. My daughter is learning to play ...... violin at her school.
9. Please give me ...... cake that is on the counter.
10. I lived on ...... New Road when I first came to town.
11. Islamabad is the capital of ...... Pakistan.
12. Certainly, where’s ...... envelope?
13...... apple a day keeps the doctor away.
14...... ink in my pen is red.
15. Our neighbors have ...... cat and ...... dog.
16. We have a beautiful garden...... garden is full of roses.
17. Is fencing ...... popular sport in the world? No, it isn’t.
18. I’d like ...... glass of orange juice please.
19. Can you give me an envelope, please?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 57 v Activity 6 Choose the correct option to complete the given sentences. 1. Denver is located at the foot of ...... Rocky Mountains. a. a b. the c. no article 2. Toronto is located on ...... Lake Ontario. a. a b. the c. no article 3. San Diego is located near ...... Mexican border. a. a b. the c. no article 4. Let’s go to ...... Mexico. a. a b. the c. no article 5...... Nile is the longest river in the world. a. A b. The c. no article 6...... Sahara is the world’s biggest desert. a. A b. The c. no article 7. I spoke with ...... Chinese film director that I told you about. a. a b. the c. no article 8. Do you speak ...... Chinese? a. a b. the c. no article 9. I need ...... bottle of ater.w a. a b. the c. no article 10. Spain is one of ...... largest European countries. a. a b. the c. no article 11. I moved to ...... USA when I was 15 years old. a. a b. the c. no article 12. I can spell as well as ...... most students. a. a b. the c. no article 13. He is ...... most famous actor I know. a. a b. the c. no article
58 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 14. Hurry up. We don’t have ...... lot of time. a. a b. the c. no article 15. I live around here. I live in ...... neighbourhood. a. a b. the c. no article 16. I don’t know at all. I don’t have ...... clue. a. a b. the c. no article 17. I have ...... idea! a. an b. the c. no article 18...... tea in my cup is too hot to drink. a. A b. The c. no article 19. The Nepali President lives in ...... Shital Niwas. a. a b. the c. no article 20. My parents live in ...... white house. a. a b. the c. no article
Activity 7 Fill in the blanks with correct article wherever necessary. 1. I need ...... book that is on the table. 2...... cinema in the mall shows art films occasionally. 3. Miss Gurung speaks ...... Russian. 4. I took back ...... the sweater I gave her. 5. Jack’s got ...... new bike. He bought ...... bike in town yesterday. 6. Johan likes to play ...... guitar. 7. I bought ...... car because I hated riding the bus. 8. Sangita is learning to play ...... piano. 9. You can’t teach ...... new tricks to ...... old dog. 10. Please give me ...... cookie. 11. Kathmandu is the capital of ...... Nepal.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 59 12. There was ...... truck in front of him...... truck stopped suddenly and Jack crashed into it. 13. I play ...... tennis all ...... time. 14. He had ...... accident on his way home. 15. Give me ...... paper now, please.
Activity 8 Complete the sentences with a, an and the. Put X if article is not necessary. 1. I bought ...... sandwich and ...... piece of cake...... sandwich was all right but ...... cake was awful. 2. They’ve got ...... cat, ...... dog, ...... rabbit and some goldfish but the children like ...... dog best. 3. There’s ...... theatre and two cinemas in town but one of ...... cinemas is closing down. 4. There’s ...... doctor and ...... nurse in ...... village but ...... doctor is getting old now. 5. This is ...... beautiful painting. Does ...... artist live near here? 6. Look! There’s ...... cat in ...... garden. 7. This is ...... very nice school and ...... teachers are nice here. 8. We stayed at ...... very nice hotel...... rooms were clean and ...... food was excellent. 9. I saw Januka at ...... airport this morning. She was waiting for ...... friend. 10. I can’t see your brother. Where’s he? He is at ...... station. He’s meeting ...... friend. 11. You mustn’t use ...... pen or ...... pencil on this disk. 12. She works as ...... nurse in ...... hospital in ...... Kathmandu. 13...... giraffe has got ...... long neck and ...... small ears.
60 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 14. What ...... nice box of chocolates! And what ...... nice flowers! 15. It is very ...... interesting book! 16...... green is a nice colour. 17...... Sharmas are in Pokhara these days. 18. Is ...... Manju at school today? 19...... football is very popular in Brazil. 20...... kitchen is not very large but ...... living-room is.
Activity 9 Write the following paragraph, inserting a, an, and the where needed. I have horse of my own. I call her Pretty Girl. She is intelligent animal, but she is not thoroughbred horse. I could never enter her in race, even if I wanted to. But I do not want to. She is companion, for my own pleasure. I took her swimming day or two ago.
Possessives: my, our, your, his, her, its, their Why didn’t you clean your room? Mary doesn’t like her dress. The chameleon can change its color. This is my dog. We saw our English teacher in the market today.
Activity 10 Complete the sentences with my, your, his, her, its, our or their 1. Kalpana is doing ...... homework. 2. Do you live with ...... parents? 3. We love ...... new car. 4. He’s in ...... bedroom. 5. The children are with ...... father.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 61 6. I like ...... job. 7. Are you and your friend enjoying ...... English classes? 8. Venice is famous for ...... canals. 9. She’s with ...... best friend. 10. They haven’t got ...... books.
Activity 11 Fill in the blanks with correct form of the pronouns given in brackets. 1. Have you seen ...... new coat? (I) 2. She has lost ...... keys. (she) 3. Can I have a look at ...... paper? (you) 4. The dog has had ...... breakfast. (it) 5. Do you know ...... name? (she) 6. What is ...... plan? (they) 7. Can you give me ...... address? (he) 8. He stood there with his hands in ...... pockets. (he) 9. I patted ...... on the shoulder. (she) 10. I will agree to ...... suggestion if you lower the price. (you)
Distributives: either, neither, each, every
1. Either Either has two different meanings. a. any of two different persons or things: We can meet on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is suitable. You can appoint Mohan or Rohan. Either person is good.
62 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 6. I like ...... job. b. the both: 7. Are you and your friend enjoying ...... English classes? There were hedges on either side. (on the both sides) 8. Venice is famous for ...... canals. 2. Neither 9. She’s with ...... best friend. Neither is the opposite of either. It means not the 10. They haven’t got ...... books. one nor the other. Neither book is useful for us. Activity 11 Neither proposal is practicable. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the pronouns given in brackets. 3. Each, every 1. Have you seen ...... new coat? (I) a. We use each when we think of people or 2. She has lost ...... keys. (she) things separately, one by one. 3. Can I have a look at ...... paper? (you) I asked each student and got the same answer. 4. The dog has had ...... breakfast. (it) b We use every when we think of people or things as a group. The 5. Do you know ...... name? (she) meaning is: without exception: 6. What is ...... plan? (they) I know every line of this poem by heart. 7. Can you give me ...... address? (he) c. Each is used for a small number, preferably two, or the number should at least be limited, definite. Every is used when the number is large or 8. He stood there with his hands in ...... pockets. (he) definite. 9. I patted ...... on the shoulder. (she) Each side of a square has the same length. 10. I will agree to ...... suggestion if you lower the price. (you) Every friend liked my speech. d. Both each and every take a singular countable noun: Each boy is intelligent. Distributives: either, neither, each, every Every student was asked a question. 1. Either Either has two different meanings. Activity 12 a. any of two different persons or things: Fill in the blanks with either, neither, each or every. In some cases more than We can meet on Saturday or Sunday. one choice is possible. Either day is suitable. 1. The police searched ...... vehicle passing that way. You can appoint Mohan or Rohan. 2. Take this medicine ...... six hours. Either person is good. 3. All citizens should exercise their rights to vote...... is important. 4. There were railings on ...... side of the road.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 63 5...... passenger has to get their baggage checked. 6. He ...... wrote nor called. 7...... day is different. 8. He is clever. He may please ...... side. 9. I know ...... word of this letter by heart. 10. You can take ...... half of this cake.
Determiners of Number/Quantity
Some / Any Some is often used in affirmative statements. 1. some + countable nouns : In this case, “some” means “ a few”. There are some postcards in my bag. There are some students in the class. 2. some + uncountable nouns There is some dust on the floor / There is some cheese in the fridge. There is some fruit in the basket /There is some fish on the plate. 3. any + countable nouns. “Any” is often used in negative sentences and questions. There aren’t any people on the moon. There aren’t any skyscrapers in our town. Are there any doctors in your village? Yes, there are some doctors in my village. No, there aren’t any doctors in my village. 4. any + uncountable nouns There isn’t any milk in the bottle / There isn’t any honey at home. There isn’t any cold water here / Is there any bread on the table? Yes, there is some bread on the table. No, there isn’t any bread on the table. Note: In a negative sentence, we can use “no” in place of “not any”; However, “no” can also be used with countable singular nouns. When “no” is used, the verb is always positive.
64 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 There aren’t any wild animals in the forest. There are no wild animals in the forest. Some is also used in offers and requests. Would you like some cake?
Much / Many Many and Much express a large quantity. 1. Much = a large quantity of. Much is generally used before uncountable nouns. Many = a large number of. Many is used before countable nouns in the plural number. much cold much comfort many marbles many flowers 2. Much and many are used with how to ask questions: “How many” with plural nouns- How many eggs did it lay? “How much” with uncountable nouns- How much flour is there? 3. Much and many are generally used in negative and interrogative sentences: There is not much work left to do. How much damage has been done by the earthquake? There are not many workers in the field today. Were there many workers yesterday? Note: In affirmative sentences, much is generally replaced by a lot of, a large quantity of, a good deal of, plenty of, and many is replaced by a number of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, etc. She got a lot of support from her parents. There is plenty of work left to do. There are lots of printing errors in that book.
Little, a little, the little, few, a few, the few Little, a little, the little denote quantity. They are used before uncountable nouns. Few, a few, the few denote number. They are used before countable nouns in the plural number. a few : expresses a small quantity
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 65 few : implies that something is not many, not enough or almost none. It expresses a negative idea. the few : implies all of them, though very few. I have a few close friends in town, and we have a very good time together.
I have few friends in town, so I feel lonely from time to time. The few friends who came to meet my grandparents had brought biscuits for her. a little : expresses a small quantity little : implies that something is not much, not enough or almost none. It expresses a negative idea. the little : implies the whole quantity, though very little. We have a little milk. Let’s make a cake. We have little milk. We can’t make a cake. The little money I had was not enough to buy a cake.
Activity 13 Complete the sentences with a little, little, few, a few. 1. Let’s go to the movies. I have ...... money. 2. I’m sorry, I can’t pay for your lunch. I have ...... money. 3. Not many children like vegetables. For example, ...... children eat squash. 4. Jenish is always angry. That’s why he has ...... friends. 5. Bharat didn’t drink all the soda. There’s ...... left. 6. The party was fun. There were ...... people I knew there. 7. Your house is almost empty! You have ...... furniture. 8. Bimala : Do you need some help with your math homework? Ranjita : Yes, I could sure use ...... 9. Naresh : How many people were at the game last night? Divya : Almost none...... people want to watch a team that always loses.
66 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 10. Lata : I wonder why not many people applied for it? Bibas : ...... want to work so hard for so ...... money, I guess. 11. I need to talk with you. Do you have ...... minutes? 12. Let’s get together when we have ...... free time.
Activity 14 Fill in the blanks with much, many, little, a little, few or a few. 1. Mona said nothing, but she drank some tea and ate a ...... bread. 2. We stayed ...... days in Kathmandu and visited the Pashupatinath. 3. I’m not very happy about it but I suppose I have ...... choice. 4. Don’t take all the strawberries. Just have ...... 5...... is known about his upbringing and education. 6...... would be in favour of police officers carrying weapons. 7. She seemed to be getting ...... better. 8. How ...... time have we got? 9. I love you so ...... 10. I haven’t written as ...... poems as you have. 11. Men of ...... words are the best men. 12. Susan drank a ...... coffee and had a piece of cake. 13. Not ...... people understand my brother. 14. Slowly, a ...... children began singing. 15. My friend Jeevan has a ...... relatives. 16. Cactuses need ...... water.
Vocabulary Practice Choose the correct alternatives. 1. She rapidly walked ...... (past, passed) the other people on the boardwalk. 2. Use the ...... (plain, plane) to balance the washer.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 67 3. Pencils have ...... (lead, led) in them. 4. If you ...... (lose, loose) your book, you’ll have to buy a new one. 5. May I have another ...... (piece, peace) of cake? 6. The ...... (principal, principle) of the high school supported the teacher’s decision. 7. Please ...... (accept/ except) my apology for being late. 8. The passenger was ...... (quite/ quiet) upset at the taxi driver’s rudeness. 9. We were so frightened that we could barely ...... (breathe/ breath). 10. In order to ...... (chose/ choose) the players for each team, we drew names. 11. Do you prefer the original version of the song or the ...... (latter/ later) one? 12. “Do it now, do it right” is a good ...... (advice/ advise).
Writing
Thank You Letter A thanking letter is written when someone has sent you a present, or done you a fovour or has shown you hospitality during your stay with him/her. For Dinner Dear Ram, It gives me a great pleasure to thank you for the charming hospitality shown by both of you at dinner last Sunday. We really enjoyed ourselves and spent a pleasant time in your gracious company. The cultural programme which you had arranged after the dinner was highly entertaining and delightful. Please also give my thanks to your wife. With all my good wishes, Sincerely yours, Kiran
68 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 For Birthday Present My dear Uncle, Many thanks for your nice and beautiful wrist watch you sent me on my birthday. I was really delighted to receive your present as I was in need of a watch at this time when my examination is so near. I shall always cherish it as a token of your sweet remembrance of me. Please pay my respects to dear auntie and love to lovely sister. With warm regards, Yours affectionately, Pushpa
Write thank you letters for the following situations. a. You received a gift from your relative. b. You received a monetary help from your friend. c. You have been helped with a book before examination. d. You have been helped in the hospital. e. You were offered good food and service.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 69 4 Pronouns
Reading
Lakesh and Riya were siblings. One day Lakesh and Riya returned from school. Lakesh and Riya were very hungry and went straight into the kitchen. Lakesh and Riya wanted to eat something. In the kitchen Lakesh and Riya saw a cat. The cat was drinking the milk mother had kept for Lakesh and Riya. Lakesh ran out screaming. Lakesh was scared. Lakesh was always afraid of cats. Riya was a brave girl. Riya was not afraid of anything. Riya shooed the cat away. The cat ran out. Lakesh saw the cat running away. Lakesh came back into the kitchen. Lakesh praised Riya for Riya’s courage. Riya thanked Lakesh.
Notice some changes in the above paragraph. Lakesh and Riya were siblings. One day they returned from school. They were very hungry and went straight into the kitchen. They wanted to eat something. In the kitchen they saw a cat. It was drinking the milk mother had kept for them. Lakesh ran out screaming. He was scared. He was always afraid of cats. Riya was a brave girl. She was not afraid of anything. She shooed the cat away. It ran out. Lakesh saw the cat running out. He came back into the kitchen. He praised Riya for her courage. Riya thanked him. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns are used to avoid the repetition of nouns or noun phrases, thus making our speech more elegant. Compare the above given paragraphs, the pronouns they, he, she, his, her, etc. are used in the second paragraph to avoid the repetition of nouns.
70 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 One day Lakesh and Riya returned from school. One day they returned form school. The cat was drinking the milk mother had kept for Lakesh and Riya.
It was drinking the milk mother had kept for them.
(Subject) (Object) Kinds Explanation Personal pronouns They stand for a person or a thing. Subjective: I, we, you, he, she, it, I read a book. they Objective: me, us, you, him, her, it, She gave me her pen. them Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, Did you use her pen? their, mine, ours, yours, hers, theirs Possessive pronouns They express ownership, possession or mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs some other relationship. These books are mine. This house is ours. Reflexive pronouns They are used as the receiver of an myself, ourselves, yourself, action. yourselves, himself, herself, itself, We deceived ourselves. themselves You freed yourself. Emphasising pronouns They are used to convey emphasis. myself, ourselves, yourself, I myself typed the letter. (subject yourselves, himself, herself, itself, emphasised) themselves He talked to the principal himself. (object emphasised) Demonstrative pronouns They are used to demonstrate things. this, that, these, those These are my pet dogs. That is my house. Interrogative pronouns They are used to ask questions. who, whose, whom, which, what Who is helping you? What does he need? Which is her pen?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 71 Reciprocal pronouns They express mutual relation. each other, one another Roshani and Samir love each other. Roshani, Roman and Samir love one another. Relative pronouns They refer back to a noun or a pronoun. who, whom, which, what, that I liked the place that was so beautiful. (subject pronoun) I knew the girl who was in jeans. (subject pronoun) Indefinite pronoun They refer to persons or things in a one, none, all, somebody, nobody, general way. They do not refer to any everybody, few, many, any, others, person or thing in particular. etc. One must keep one’s promise. None of his movies was a hit at the box-office. Be good to others. Distributive pronouns They refer to persons or things one at each, either, neither a time. Each of these children is a genius. We can appoint either of these candidates. Neither of your proposals has any merit in it.
Kinds of Pronouns
1. Personal Pronouns A pronoun that stands for a person or a thing is personal Subjective I, we, you, he, she, it, they pronoun. Objective me, us, you, him, her, it, I read a story book. them She loves me. Possessive my, your, his, her, its, their, mine, ours, yours, hers, This is my pen and that is theirs yours. My bag is black and hers is red.
72 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Persons Singular Plural First I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours Second you, your, yours you, your, yours Third he, him, his they, them, their, theirs she, her, hers it, its
Subjective It takes the position of the subject. It comes before verbs.
Lakesh and Riya were siblings. They were siblings.
The cat was drinking the milk. It was drinking the milk.
Lakesh came back into the kitchen. He came back into the kitchen.
Objective It takes the position of the object. It comes after verbs and prepositions.
Riya thanked Lakesh. Riya thanked him. (pronoun after verb)
Janak gave a pencil to Rashmita. Janak gave a pencil to her. (pronoun after preposition)
Possessive My, our, your, his, her, their can be used before a noun. They are possessive adjectives. Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs can stand alone as a noun does. They are possessive pronouns.
It is Riys’s bag. It is her bag. (pronoun before noun) This bag is hers. (pronoun stands alone as a noun does)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 73 Activity 1 Rewrite these sentences replacing the underlined nouns with correct pronouns. 1. The teacher always gives the students homework. 2. I am reading the book to my little sister. 3. The boys are riding their bikes. 4. My father is writing a letter toHarry. 5. I don’t know the answer. 6. Anu is going to Rani. 7. Open the window, please. 8. Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please? 9. The books are for Peter. 10. Can you help my sister and me, please?
Activity 2 Fill in the blanks with correct object pronouns. 1. “Is he marrying Lata?” “Yes, he is in love with ...... !”. 2. “Your son is making a lot of noise!” “I’ll ask ...... to be quiet.” 3. “Please will you ask Ramesh to come in.” “Sorry, I don’t know ...... ” 4. “Where are my glasses?” “You are wearing ...... ” 5. “Do you like apples?” “I love ...... ” 6. “Why is he always talking about Liza?” “He obviously likes ...... ” 7. “Where is my book? Oh, dear! I’ve lost ...... ”
74 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 8. “Is that Nancy’s new brother?” “Don’t ask ...... You can ask Nancy.” 9. “What is the title of that article?” “I’m afraid I can’t remember ...... ” 10. “Look at Lalit! He seems so happy?” “His friends offered...... a guitar for his birthday!” 11. “What are you going to do with those old papers?” “I’m going to recycle ...... ” 12. “Take the childen to bed. Don’t let ...... watch this movie.” 13. “How are your kids? I haven’t met ...... for ages!” 14. “Have you met Alin and Jeena?” “No, I have never met ...... ” 15. “Don’t help me with this exercise! I can do ...... by myself.”
2. Possessive Pronouns (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs) My, our, your, his, her, their can be used before a noun. They are possessive adjectives. Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs can stand alone as a noun does. They are possessive pronouns. They are not my socks. Mine are white.
Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun
Take your own pen. Don’t take mine.
Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun
Her share is bigger than mine. The bigger share is hers.
Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 75 3. Reflexive Pronouns Sandhya saw Sandhya in the mirror. Sandhya saw herself in the mirror. Rohit blamed Rohit for his mistake. Rohit blamed himself for his mistake. In the above sentences, the doer of the actions and the receiver of the actions are same persons. So herself and himself are reflexive pronouns. I hurt myself. We served ourselves. I- myself we- ourselves you- yourself you- yourselves You freed yourself. he- himself her- herself You helped yourselves. it- itself they- themselves The monkey hurt itself. They cannot solve themselves. Reeta, don’t fool yourself. The TV turns itself off.
4. Emphasising Pronouns I myself typed the letter. (subject I- myself we- ourselves emphasised) you- yourself you- yourselves She herself refused all help. (subject he- himself her- herself emphasised) it- itself they- themselves He talked to the principal himself. (object emphasised) This letter is to be sent today itself. (time emphasised) We can organize the function here itself. (place emphasised) An emphasising pronoun does not receive the action, but it lends emphasis to some word in the sentence.
Activity 3 Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns. 1. Hritik made this T-shirt ...... 2. Manita did the homework ...... 3. We helped ...... to some cola at the party. 4. Eli, did you take the photo by ...... ?
76 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5. I wrote this poem ...... 6. He cut ...... with the razor while he was shaving. 7. The lion can defend ...... 8. My mother often talks to ...... 9. Naresh and Jeena, if you want more milk, help ...... 10. Preety and Drona collected the stickers ......
Activity 4 Complete these sentences with the possessive pronoun or the possessive adjective. 1. Whose is this bike? Is it really (his/him)? 2. Is he (your/ yours) teacher? 3. Hey Rani! This is not (our/ ours) car. (Our/ours) is red. 4. Lisa broke (her/hers) left leg. 5. This is my house, where’s (their/theirs)? 6. Is this Kunti’s room? – Yes, it’s (her/hers). 7. I lost (my/mine) pen in the library. Can I have one of (your/yours)? 8. Stop! – These sweets are all (my/mine). 9. Did you forget to do (your/yours) homework yesterday? – No, I didn’t. I did (my/mine) homework. 10. Are these really (your/yours) shoes? – Yes, these are (my/mine) shoes. – They are not (yours/your).
Activity 5 Fill in the missing pronouns to complete the following sentences. 1. Are you talking to ...... ? ( I ) 2. Don’t ask ...... doesn’t know. ( she / she ) 3. Don’t ask ...... Ask ...... ( I / he ) 4. Hasn’t ...... arrived yet? ( she )
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 77 5...... don’t understand. ( I )
6. Nobody told ...... the train was leaving. ( they )
7...... phoned me yesterday. ( she )
8. This is Susan...... have known ...... for years. ( we / she )
9. We watched ...... for hours. ( he )
10. Why didn’t ...... ask ...... to come? ( she / they )
Reciprocal Pronouns Roshani and Samir love each other. Roman and Shriya love each other. Roshani and Roman love each other. Samir and Shriya love each other. Roshani Roman Roshani and Shriya love each other. Samir and Roman love each other. Rohsni, Roman and Samir love one another. Roshani, Roman and Shriya love one another. Roshani, Roman, Shriya and Samir love one Samir Shriya another.
Each other and one another are reciprocal pronouns. Both of them mean nearly similar meaning. But we generally use one another if more than two persons are mentioned but each other is used if two persons are mentioned. Roshani loves Roman. Roman loves Roshani. Roshani and Roman love each other. Roshani loves Roman. Roman loves Roshani. Shriya loves Roshani. Roshani, Roman and Shriya love one another.
78 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Relative Pronouns I would like to meet the architect who designed this building. All that glitters is not gold. A relative pronoun relates or refers back to a noun or pronoun called its antecedent. In the first sentence, the noun architect is the antecedent of the relative pronoun who. In the second sentence the pronoun all is the antecedent of the relative pronoun that. I liked the place. The place was so beautiful. I liked the place that was so beautiful. (subject pronoun) I knew the girl. The girl was in jeans. I knew the girl who was in jeans. (subject pronoun) I met a boy. His parents are in the UK. I met a boy whose parents are in the UK. (possessive pronoun) He is the man. I saw him on TV yesterday. He is the man whom I saw on TV yesterday. (object pronoun) I bought a pen. The pen writes very finely. I bought a pen which/that writes very finely. (subject pronoun) The company is in Kathmandu. She works there. The company where she works is in Kathmandu. (used for place- there, it)
Activity 6 Fill in the blanks with who or whose. 1. He knows the girl ...... has three dogs. 2. This is the boy ...... saw a rabbit in our garden. 3. This is John ...... laptop was stolen this morning. 4. Mrs Mahato, ...... father is a painter, came to Bhaktapur in 2010. 5. I talked to the man ...... lives in Baneshwor. 6. James Watt was an inventor ...... ideas changed the world. 7. Puskal is the boy ...... won the first prize. 8. Prasun, ...... is Puskal’s brother, sings folk songs. 9. What do you call someone ...... lives in China? 10. The Maharjans, ...... son went to the USA, are selling their house.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 79 Activity 7 Choose the correct pronouns. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves or each other 1. Sharada and Chandra haven’t met ...... for a long time. 2. My friends enjoyed ...... very much at the concert. 3. Parshu repaired his car ...... 4. We helped ...... with our report. 5. People often give ...... presents at Dashain. 6. I bought ...... a new camera. 7. Chris, did you do the maths homework ...... ? 8. They looked at ...... and smiled. 9. Amrit and Laxmi often write e-mails to ...... because they’re good friends. 10. Sitaram only thinks of ...... He’s an egoist.
Activity 8 Fill in the blanks with the correct self pronouns or each other. 1. Manita and Kopila know ...... quite well. 2. Sunita and Lata haven’t seen ...... for ages. 3. Pema and Jaya made this delicious cake ...... 4. Grandpa repaired this desk ...... 5. Can we sell the things we made ...... ? 6. The little girl can already ride the tricycle ...... 7. Lahana and Doma are helping ...... with their homework. 8. Some people only think of ...... 9. Jenish and Trishna are still angry. They’re not talking to ...... 10. Does the laptop switch off ...... automatically?
80 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Vocabulary Practice S.No. Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs 1 accept acceptance acceptable 2 achieve achievement achievable 3 add addition additional additionally 4 adjust adjustment adjustable 5 admire admiration admirable admirably 6 advise advice advisable 7 amass mass massive massively 8 amazed amazement amazing amazingly 9 amuse amusement amusing amusingly 10 annoy annoyance annoying annoyingly 11 attend attention attentive attentively 12 attract attraction attractive attractively 13 avoid avoidance avoidable 14 believe belief believable 15 blacken blackness black 16 bleed blood bloody 17 bore boredom boring 18 bother botheration bothering 19 breathe breath breathing 20 bury burial buried 21 care care careful carefully 22 challenge challenge challenging 23 chase chase chasing 24 cheer cheerfulness cheerful cheerfully 25 choose choice chosen 26 clear clarity clear clearly 27 complex complexity complex 34 confuse confusion confused 35 create creation creative creatively 36 credit credit creditable creditably
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 81 37 cure cure curable 38 curse curse cursed 39 damage damage damaged 40 deafen deafness deaf 41 decide decision decisive decisively 42 decorate decoration decorative 43 delight delight delightful delightfully 44 demand demand demanding 45 derive derivation derivative 46 deserve deserve deserving 47 develop development developing 48 die death dead 49 differ difference different differently 50 disturb disturbance disturbing 51 dust dust dusty 52 educate education educative 53 empty emptiness empty 54 encircle circle circular circularly 56 enthuse enthusiasm enthusiastic enthusiastically 57 enumerate number numerable 58 glorify glory glorious gloriously 59 grow growth growing growingly 60 harm harm harmful harmfully 61 identify identification indentified 62 identify identity indentifying 63 imitate imitation imitative imitatively 64 inform information informative 65 inhabit habitat inhabitant 66 injure injury injurious injuriously 67 inquire inquiry inquiring 68 instruct instruction instructive 69 insult insult insulting insultingly
82 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Writing
Email Writing To: [email protected] CC: [email protected] BCC:…………………. Subject: New Year Wishes Hi Amit! Thanks for your e-mail, it was wonderful/great to hear from you. I am glad to know about your good time at new school. I would like to extend greetings and good wishes on the occasion of Happy New Year 2020. May the New Year bring success, progress and prosperity in your life! Yours Kripa
Now write emails in the following situations. 1. Requesting your uncle to come home at Dashain. 2. Requesting your friend to visit your place in summer vacation. 3. Asking your friend about studies in the new school. 4. Sending your good wishes and greetings to your friend. 5. Requesting your friend to send notes of science.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 83 5 Question Tag
Reading
Naresh : Hi, Bikram. Where are you going? Bikram : I am going to my uncle’s house. Naresh : Mr. Gautam is your uncle, isn’t he? Bikram : Yes, he is. Naresh : He works in a bank, doesn’t he? Bikram : No. He works in a hospital. Where are you going? Naresh : I am going to the market. Bikram : Oh, let’s go together in my father’s car, shall we? Naresh : Sure. Bikram : Come with me to the other side of the car, will you? Naresh : O.K. Thanks. A question tag is a short question added to a sentence to check conformation or to clarify something. In the above dialogue doesn’t he?, shall we?, will you? etc. are question tags.
Formation of Question Tag a. A question tag always begins with a small letter. Example: It does not work well, does it? b. The statement and the question tag are separated by a comma (,). Example: Gagan is a good speaker, isn’t he? c. Negative question tag always uses contraction form. Example: They can solve this problem, can’t they?
84 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 d. A question tag always ends with a question mark(?). Example: I have to call my father, don’t I? e. If the statement is positive, question tag is negative. If the statement is negative, question tag is positive. Examples: Anubhuti is a good singer, isn’t she? Bikram could not answer, could he? He hardly believes us, does he? She is rarely on time, is she? f. If the statement has an auxiliary verb, repeat the auxiliary verb to form question tag. Examples: My sisters have visited India, haven’t they? Mr. Gurung will not win the election, will he? Sunita is singing a song, isn’t she? g. A tag question always uses pronoun. Examples: This boy does not understand me, does he? The girls are dancing, aren’t they? The earth goes round the sun, doesn’t it? Binita and I are good friends, aren’t we? Devendra and Baburam seldom quarrel, do they?
Activity 1 Complete the sentences with the correct question tags. 1. Mr. Smith is from England, ...... ? 2. The car isn’t in the garage, ...... ? 3. You are Binod, ...... ? 4. She was in the library yesterday, ...... ? 5. He didn’t recognize me, ...... ? 6. Mr. Mahato has been to India, ...... ? 7. The trip is very expensive, ...... ?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 85 8. He won’t tell her, ...... ? 9. Niraj had bought a red car, ...... ? 10. Mona is collecting stickers, ...... ? 11. We are watching TV, ...... ? 12. You have cleaned your bike, ...... ? 13. Bibidh and Samir don’t like maths, ...... ? 14. Askal will play handball tomorrow, ...... ? 15. They are going home from school, ...... ? 16. Sushma didn’t do her homework last Monday, ...... ? 17. He could have bought a new car, ...... ? 18. Kamal will come tonight, ...... ? 19. They are using computer, ...... ? 20. We were learning the guitar, ...... ?
Activity 2 Supply the correct question tag. 1. He’s rich, ...... ? 2. These are your glasses, ...... ? 3. You may win the match, ...... ? 4. It’s a lovely day, ...... ? 5. You must give up smoking, ...... ? 6. They will walk to work, ...... ? 7. Bill has got a chocolate, ...... ? 8. Those flowers are beautiful, ...... ? 9. Anna is from Sweden, ...... ? 10. This pen is hers, ...... ?
86 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 11. You don’t want this book, ...... ? 12. This food isn’t very nice, ...... ? 13. He doesn’t work, ...... ? 14. They aren’t happy, ...... ? 15. I’m not good at this, ...... ? 16. You don’t like shopping, ...... ? 17. We aren’t late, ...... ? 18. She doesn’t smoke, ...... ? 19. It isn’t a very nice day, ...... ? 20. Mr. Mishra has been giving a speech, ...... ? h. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used to make a question tag. If the statement is in present tense: use do with pronouns I, we, you or they. use does with pronouns he, she or it. If the statement is in past tense: use did with all pronouns. They used to play badminton, didn’t they? i. Sometimes ‘have’, ‘has’ or ‘had’ can be used as a main verb. In that case, appropriate form of ‘do’ verbs is used to form question tag. Example: Kalyani has a new car, doesn’t she? Bikram had a friend in the town, didn’t he? I have lunch at school, don’t I? j. ‘Have to’, ‘has to’ or ‘had to’ in a statement takes appropriate form of ‘do’ verbs in the question tag. Example: The boy has to parctise hard, doesn’t he? I have to make a call, don’t I? She had to paint her house, didn’t she?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 87 Activity 3 Put in the correct question tags for each sentence. 1. They live near the lake, ...... ? 2. You have to meet Janak, ...... ? 3. We have a pet dog, ...... ? 4. Your uncle works in a bank, ...... ? 5. She had to milk a cow, ...... ? 6. John had a good time in Pokhara, ...... ? 7. She loves watching birds, ...... ? 8. He writes poems in Urdu, ...... ? 9. Your brother has a new bag, ...... ? 10. The boy cooked very well, ...... ? 11. We went to the cinema yesterday, ...... ? 12. They have a very nice house, ...... ? 13. She has to go now, ...... ? 14. We always leave before it gets dark, ...... ? 15. You have a car, ...... ? 16. Janak has a bicycle, ...... ? 17. She had an egg this morning, ...... ? 18. He had three elder sisters, ...... ? 19. He had to attend the party, ...... ? 20. She has a story book, ...... ? k. If the statement contains words such as no, no one, nobody, scarcely, hardly, hardly ever, never, neither, seldom, under no circumstances… etc, it is considered a negative statement and followed by an affirmative tag. Example: Bimala hardly ever drinks coke, does she? Nothing will cure his illness, will it? A barking dog seldom bites, does it?
88 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 l. If the subject of the statement is somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, no one, either and neither …. We use the pronoun “they” in question tag and the verb as accepted by ‘they’. Example: Somebody is in the kitchen, aren’t they? Neither of them works hard, do they? Nobody objects to the plan, do they? But something, anything, nothing and everything are considered singular. We use the pronoun ‘it’ and the verb as accepted by ‘it’. Example: Everything is O.K., isn’t it? Nothing is impossible, is it? m. When the subject of the statement is that or this, the pronoun in the tag is “it”. The pronoun is “they” for their plural forms these and those. Example: This is my bag, isn’t it? These birds cannot fly, can they? That wasn’t a big surprise, was it? Those kites are flying, aren’t they? n. When we use a there + be combination in a sentence the pronoun in the tag is again “there”. Example: There is a hotel next to the museum, isn’t there? There won’t be any trouble, will there? o. When ‘one’ comes as the subject of the statement, one is repeated in the question tag. One is good, isn’t one? But : One boy is good, isn’t he? p. When the subject is ‘Some+ uncountable noun’ and ‘All + uncountable noun’, ‘it’ is used in the question tag. Some rice is good to eat, isn’t it? All water is pure, isn’t it? But : All is well, isn’t it? All are well, aren’t they?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 89 q. When the subject is ‘Some+ plural noun’ and ‘All + plural noun’, pronoun they is used in the question tag. All students are quite good, aren’t they? Some players are very active, aren’t they? r. After “I am” the tag is “aren’t I”. Example: I am your father, aren’t I? I am a bit late, aren’t I? But ‘am’ is repeated in the question tag if ‘am’ is used in a negative statement. I am never wrong, am I? I am not joking, am I? s. Imperative sentences take ‘will you?’ in question tag. Example: Clean your room, will you? Don’t come with me, will you? t. Let’s has the tag “shall we?” but Let us has the tag ‘Will you’? Let’s go to the movie theater, shall we? Let us have a party, will you? u. Question tag for ……….. ‘d: She’d better help you, hadn’t she? (‘d + better had) He’d rather come to you, wouldn’t he? (‘d + rather would) She’d invite you, wouldn’t she? (‘d + v1 would) I’d finished his work, hadn’t I? (‘d + v3 had)
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Don’t pretend to be brilliant, will you? I am providing you every help in this project, aren’t I? Please wait for me here, will you? Please read this message for me, won’t you? Let us organize a trip to Pokhara, shall we?
90 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 4 Supply the correct tag questions for the following. 1. Someone was late this morning, ...... ? 2. Everyone cooks well, ...... ? 3. Somebody always sleeps after lunch, ...... ? 4. Someone is coming with us, ...... ? 5. Nobody plays football, ...... ? 6. Someone is on holiday, ...... ? 7. Somebody helps me everyday, ...... ? 8. Someone knows your father, ...... ? 9. Everyone does their work very well, ...... ? 10. Nobody likes quiet places, ...... ? 11. Nobody hurt the child, ...... ? 12. Nobody used to come here, ...... ? 13. Someone has got a computer, ...... ? 14. Somebody has to follow him, ...... ? 15. Everybody has to fill a form, ...... ? 16. Something has been chosen for you, ...... ? 17. Everything is all right, ...... ? 18. Nothing is good for you, ...... ? 19. Smoking harms our health, ...... ? 20. Most people cannot go to Africa, ...... ? 21. Finding a job isn’t easy, ...... ? 22. Nobody helps me, ...... ? 23. Nobody comes to my town, ...... ? 24. Someone works hard, ...... ? 25. Everybody has bought a computer, ...... ? 26. Nobody is there, ...... ? 27. Somebody is present at the party, ...... ?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 91 Activity 5 Write tag questions for the sentences below. 1. He has the latest album of this band, ...... ? 2. Everyone plays the guitar, ...... ? 3. There was nothing, ...... ? 4. Some students are very hardworking, ...... ? 5. Let’s listen to that song once more, ...... ? 6. I am coming with you to the concert, ...... ? 7. Someone is knocking on the door, ...... ? 8. Turn down the volume of the stereo, ...... ? 9. Let me have some peace in my bedroom, ...... ? 10. All the of the audience liked the performance, ...... ? 11. Some students are about to leave now, ...... ? 12. All people closed the windows, ...... ? 13. Some water isn’t cold enough to drink, ...... ? 14. There were children in the playground, ...... ? 15. Something is better than nothing, ...... ? 16. You’d better call the police, ...... ? 17. Don’t sit here, ...... ? 18. Go there, ...... ? 19. Mark spliced those wires, ...... ? 20. Let’s go on a picnic, ...... ? 21. One is shouting outside, ...... ? 22. One is on the table, ...... ? 23. All are beautiful, ...... ? 24. All is well, ...... ?
92 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 6 Write tag questions for the sentences below. 1. The colours are pretty, ...... ? 2. Just help yourself, ...... ? 3. I am seriously ill, ...... ? 4. I have to use his phone, ...... ? 5. No one is at home, ...... ? 6. Everybody was very happy, ...... ? 7. Let’s sing a song, ...... ? 8. Don’t drop that vase, ...... ? 9. I am alright, ...... ? 10. He’d rather help me, ...... ? 11. I’m working, ...... ? 12. I am never in love, ...... ? 13. He’d better go to the party, ...... ? 14. There is a camera on the table, ...... ? 15. Something about her is true, ...... ? 16. He’d like to get a scholarship, ...... ? 17. Let me cope with the situation, ...... ? 18. He hardly listens to you, ...... ? 19. The earthquake scared the Nepalese, ...... ? 20. My sister had another appointment, ...... ? 21. Madan has made the reservation, ...... ? 22. There aren’t any problems, ...... ? 23. The police had to catch the criminal, ...... ? 24. I’m correct about the answer, ...... ? 25. We have to go to work, ...... ? 26. I rarely leave the office early, ...... ?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 93 27. You have never eaten cavaire, ...... ? 28. One should respect the parents, ...... ? 29. Today is Friday, ...... ? 30. John seldom completes the race, ...... ? 31. I have to meet you, ...... ? 32. Durga has won a medal, ...... ? 33. Nobody mentioned about the new student, ...... ? 34. Nothing was in order when I arrived, ...... ?
Activity 7 Fill in the gaps with the right question tags. 1. Somebody is keen on sport, ...... ? 2. I and Maria have forgotten about the meeting, ...... ? 3. We shouldn’t enter this room, ...... ? 4. Let’s ask someone for directions, ...... ? 5. Just stop for a second and listen to me, ...... ? 6. Somebody will help us, ...... ? 7. There weren’t any problems, ...... ? 8. Everybody is late again, ...... ? 9. You didn’t apologize to Prem, ...... ? 10. Nobody remembered to book the tickets, ...... ? 11. Smoking is injurious to health, ...... ? 12. My mother has lovely hair, ...... ? 13. This is an interesting film, ...... ? 14. She can’t speak English very well, ...... ? 15. Your brother isn’t married, ...... ? 16. My sister doesn’t cook very well, ...... ? 17. We have to go to the cinema, ...... ? 18. They used to make a lot of fun, ...... ?
94 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 19. She is the richest woman in the town, ...... ? 20. They mustn’t go too near the volcano, ...... ? 21. You’ll see John tomorrow, ...... ? 22. We won’t be going to that restaurant again, ...... ? 23. Let’s try and phone her again, ...... ? 24. You’ve already seen this film, ...... ? 25. This was an interesting exercise, ...... ?
Writing Story-writing Story-writing is an art. Some important points are given here which will help you improve your skills in story-writing. You should keep in your mind the plot of the story, how things happen. The essential points of the story should be arranged in a proper order. Some dialogues may be used here and there, wherever possible. The story should be interesting and well-organized. The story should have short and suitable title. A proverb or some well-known saying can be used for this purpose. The story should have a direct beginning. Introduction is not needed in the beginning.
A farmer and his goose A farmer has amazing goose ...... lays a golden egg daily ...... the farmer is greedy ...... thinks to be rich at once kills the goose to get all the eggs inside her ...... gets a single egg ...... great disappointment ...... moral Many years ago, a farmer lived in a village. He had a wonderful goose. It was really amazing because it helped the farmer to make a lot of money by selling an egg everyday. It used to lay a golden egg daily. But the farmer was greedy and wanted to be rich at once getting many golden eggs. He thought of a plan and said to himself. “Now, I must kill the goose and get all the golden eggs from inside her.” He then put his thought into action. He killed the goose and searched for the eggs inside her. It was a matter of regret that he found just a single egg left inside her. He became sad and repented over his foolishness. His dream to be rich all of a sudden was shattered along with the loss of an amazing creature forever.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 95 Moral : Think before you leap. Prepare readable stories with the help of the given clues. Also suggest a suitable title and a moral to each of them. a. A thirsty crow ...... water in a pitcher ...... water low ...... picked up stones and dropped into pitcher water ...... water rises ...... drink water ...... moral. b. A man ...... going to sell caps ...... rests under a tree ...... monkeys in the tree ...... they wear caps ...... man wakes up ...... finds no caps ...... sees the monkeys with caps ...... throws his own cap on the ground ...... so do the monkeys ...... collects the caps and goes to market ...... moral. c. A snake frozen by cold ...... found by a villager ...... takes it home ...... warms it near a fire ...... snake then darts at children ...... escape unhurt ...... the villager kills it ...... children safe ...... moral. d. A hare and a tortoise ...... hare laughs at the tortoise ...... tortoise, slow speed ...... challenge for a race ...... agree ...... both sure of victory ...... start the race ...... after sometimes hare sleeps ...... tortoise goes on ...... sees the tortoise at the destination ...... moral. e...... a milk girl ...... goes to market to sell milk ...... plans for the future ...... sell milk and buy some chicken ...... then some goats ...... then some cows ...... become rich ...... buy gold ornaments ...... many handsome boys come to ask her hand ...... she refuses ...... trips over a stone ...... milk spills ...... moral.
96 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 6 Subject Verb Agreement
Reading
My name is Rihana. I am 13 years old. I read in class 8. I am the second child of my parents and have an elder brother. I have a joint family in which my uncle, grandparents and cousins live in the same big house. We love each other very much and are closely attached with our grandparents. I have a group of friends. One of them is Srijana. She is my best and true friend. I can share anything with her and she too does not hesitate to share anything. We read in the same class but in different sections. I like to tell jokes very much to my friends while returning home after school. I have a unique family. All the members of my family are carefree and open minded. They always encourage me to do well in every field. I am very happy to be a member of this family. My family is cross-cultural and extended family where my uncles, aunts, grandparents, cousins, etc. live together. I have a great time with my family because we celebrate each festival together. I help other kids in family in doing their homework daily. I love my family. In the above text, the forms of verb used are as per the subject. The form of the verb used in the sentence is determined by the subject.
I am 13 years old. (I is………….) I have a joint family. (I has…………. ) We love each other very much. (We loves…………. ) All the members of my family are carefree and open minded. (All the members of my family is)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 97 Listening
Listen to your teacher. Some important rules on Subject-Verb agreement a. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry. b. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement. The dog, that is chewing my jeans, is usually very good. c. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement. The colors of the rainbow are beautiful. d. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject is always placed after the verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly. There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the papers you requested. e. Subjects don’t always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify the subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use. Where are the pieces of this puzzle? f. If two subjects are joined by “and,” they typically require a plural verb form. The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon. g. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by “and” refer to the same person or thing. Red beans and rice is my favorite dish. h. If one of the words “each,” “every,” or “no” comes before the subject, the verb is singular. No smoking or drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.
98 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 i. If the subjects are connected by the words “or,” “nor,” “neither/nor,” “either/or,” and “not only/but also” the verb is according to the subject close to it. Neither Monika nor her friends have come to the party. j. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement or time. Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running. k. The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. Somebody has left her purse. Everybody wants to be loved. l. Collective nouns like “herd,” “senate,” “class,” and “crowd,” usually take a singular verb form. A herd of kangaroos is jumping. m. Each of, one of, none of, either of, neither of, each/every, many a, etc. are always singular. They take singular verb. One of the boys is very honest. n. Phrases such as together with, as well as, in addition to and along with are not the same as and. So the verb is used according to the first subject. The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison. o. One as the subject of the statement + singular verb ‘Some/All + plural noun’ takes plural verb. But, ‘All/Some + uncountable noun’ takes singular verb. One is good. Some boys are good. Some rice is stale. All water is not drinkable. All books are very interesting. p. When the plural subject in each case denotes some particular amount of quantity considered as a whole, the verb must be singular. One hundred paisa is equal to one rupee. One thousand rupees is a big sum.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 99 q. Nouns which are singular in form but plural in meaning take a plural verb. Two dozen cost only fifty rupees. r. Nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning take a singular verb. Mathematics is an interesting subject. Politics is meant for intelligent people. s. When relative pronoun is the subject of a verb, the verb agrees with antecedents in the number and person. You, who are a good writer, must be nominated for the prize. He, who is dressed white, is our pet singer. She is one of the bravest women that have ever lived. t. When the plural noun is a proper name of one thing or some collective unit, it must be followed by a singular verb. The United States has a big army. The Arabian Nights is an interesting book. u. Cattle,people, police, sheep, deer, fish, poultry, vermin take plural verb. The cattle are grazing in the field. The police have arrested him. The vermin were killed using the pesticide. The deer are running in the field. But, A deer is running in the field. v. A number of + plural verb/but the number + singular verb A number of people are present today. The number of singer is singing a song. w. More than one + singular noun singular verb, but more than one + plural noun plural verb More than one mango is eaten today. More than one mangoes are eaten today.
100 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 x. The words: ‘none/ no/ all/ some/ half/ quarter/ any/ majority/ rest/ heap/ lots of, etc. + singular noun’ take a singular verb. But a plural verb is used when a plural noun follows them. All of her poem was good. Some of her poems were good. y. When ‘and’ links two or more titles or designations of the same person, then a singular verb is used but article ‘the’ before each of them refers to two different persons, then a plural verb is used. The principal and secretary is on leave. The writer and the editor are on leave.
Speaking
Say them aloud. The committee has agreed to submit its report on Friday. The board of directors meets once in a month. The firm is one of the most reputed in the country. The majority has made its decision. Rs 10 seems too much for the job. Three months is too long a time to wait. The number of board members is very small. That Rs 1 lakh was an inheritance from my father. Part of the walls are to be painted. Two thirds of our workers live in the suburbs. The majority of our staff members live in villages. Singular Plural I am, was, have, had, v1 (go) We are, were, have, had, v1 (go) You are, have, had, v1 (go) You are, have, had, v1 (go) He is, was, has, had, They are, were, have, had, v1 (go) She v5 (goes) It
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 101 Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with is/am/are/has/have. 1. I ...... a taxi driver. 2. She ...... a new house. 3. Anna ...... a little girl. 4. We ...... a small farm. 5. They ...... my new friends. 6. Tom ...... short hair. 7. It ...... cold today. 8. He ...... an old car. 9. Peter and I ...... in the park. 10. You ...... a red pencil box. 11. He ...... riding a bike. 12. The children ...... many toys. 13. You ...... two cats. 14. I ...... in the classroom. 15. Kate ...... long hair. 16. The giraffe ...... a long neck. 17. The boys ...... hungry. 18. The tomato ...... red. 19. The door ...... brown. 20. Rita and I ...... in Paris. 21. We ...... a black ball. 22. Dhana ...... not a tall girl. 23. The pupil ...... near the window. 24. She ...... my young sister. 25. They ...... not at school today. 26. David and I ...... soldiers. 27. You ...... not young. 28. The kids ...... playing now. 29. That man ...... a teacher. 30. Ben and I ...... late. 31. She ...... got a pink bag. 32. My brother ...... 19 years old. 33. We ...... singing a song now. 34. Tamar ...... a pupil. 35. The girl ...... a puppy. 36. My father ...... 55 years old. 37. Jack ...... a -policeman. 38. She ...... a pretty bedroom. 39. I ...... friends. 40. It ...... hot today.
Activity 2 Circle the correct verbs. 1. He (study / studies) the safety rules for swimming. 2. She always (go / goes ) swimming with a buddy. 3. For weeks, the artists (was / were) rehearsing their dance. 4. Your buddy (help / helps) you if you get into trouble.
102 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5. A lifeguard (watches / watch) you at the pool and the beach. 6. Always (walk / walks), don’t run on wet pool surfaces. 7. When you (swims / swim) in a river, always investigate the bottom before you jump in. 8. Jennifer (wears / wear) her life jacket always on a boat. 9. Sally (run, runs) to the park every day. 10. The dogs (bark / barks) at strangers. 11. The game (was / were) exciting. 12. They (worry / worries) too much. 13. She (study / studies) every night. 14. That (was / were) incredible. 15. The girl or her sisters (watch / watches) television every day. 16. Rabin (doesn’t / don’t) like sports. 17. His classmates (study / studies) before a test. 18. The orchestra (performs / perform) my favorite music. 19. The baseball team (practise / practises) together every evening. 20. The public (support / supports) the travel baseball league. 21. The troop (disappears / disappear) in different directions. 22. One of the cookies (is / are) missing. 23. A lady with 10 cats (live / lives) in that big house. 24. Mumps (is / are) very serious. 25. The committee (decide / decides) when to adjourn.
Activity 3 Underline the correct verb in these sentences. a. Mona (go, goes) to the temple every morning. b. The dog (bark, barks,) at strangers. c. Nanda and Ramila (is, are) going to the movies. d. The game (was, were) exciting. e. My parents (worry, worries) too much about me.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 103 f. Kabita (study, studies) every night. g. Black or white (is, are) your choice. h. Her logic (was, were) incredible. i. Those (is, are) pretty shoes. j. The cat or dog (is, are) in the yard. k. Our team (is, are) the best. l. Everybody (enjoy, enjoys) a good song. m. Either this or that (is, are) suitable. n. The class (describes, describe) their vacations. o. The whole class (meet, meets) at 3 PM. p. The family (takes, take) a trip to Houghton Lake, Michigan. q. The chess club (compare, compares) their strategies so as to win the tournament. r. The swarm of reporters (engulfs, engulf) the famous actor all at once. s. The audience (cheer, cheers) the winner of the million dollars. t. The crowd (moves, move) to their favorite places along the parade route. u. The team (is, are) putting on their helmets. v. Anita and her brothers (is, are) at school. w. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting. x. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside. y. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
Activity 4 Choose the correct form of the verb in the following sentences. a. The ship with its crew ...... (was/were) lost. b. Sanskrit as well as Nepali ...... (is/are) easy to learn. c. I have a pair of glasses which ...... (is/are) grey and red in colour. d. Menuka, Dhruba, Gunja none ...... (appear/appears) to be bright and wise.
104 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 e. He and I ...... (am/is/are) great pals. f. A couple of boys ...... (disturbs/ disturb) the whole class. g. The majority ...... (want/wants) to go to Dhangadhi. h. Tennis ...... (is/are) a popular game in the United States. i. Manju’s spectacles ...... (was/were) lost in the school. j. None ...... (seem/seems) to be serious in the class. k. Both the buses ...... (go/goes) to Lumbini. l. His knowledge of cars ...... (is/are) amazing. m. Pliers ...... (is/are) made of iron. n. Aerobics to him ...... (is/are) both relaxation and entertainment. o. Dramatics ...... (is/are) my passion. p. The news ...... (was/were) better than she expected. q. The audience ...... (was/were) spellbound by Arati’s speech. r. The furniture which was bought in the auction sale ...... (has/ have) been resold. s. No nook or corner ...... (is/was) left unsearched. t. The minister with his deputies ...... (is/are) about to arrive. u. One of my friends ...... (has/have) gone to France. v. Each of the boys ...... (is/are) given a present yesterday. w. Neither of the contestants ...... (is/are) able to win a decisive victory. x. Oil and water ...... (do/does) not mix. y. He and I ...... (is/were) together at Oxford before there years.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 105 Activity 5 Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. a. Six hundred rupees ...... not a big amount. (is, are, has) b. The captain with his players ...... present. (were, has, was, had) c. The honest ...... to be respected. (has, have, is) d. The police ...... saved us. (has, have, having) e. The leader with his cadres ...... present yesterday. (were, is, was, had) f. You, who ...... tall, can reach the top. (is, am, are, was) g. Pratima together with her friends ...... drowned. (is, was, were) h. The orator and statesman ...... arrived today. (has, have, had) i. One of the pens ...... missing. (are, is, has) j. One thousand metres ...... a kilometer. (make, makes, have been making) k. Every body ...... talking about the downfall of king in Nepal. (is, are, was) l. Neither Oli nor Dahal ...... the new school. (inaugurate, inaugurates, have inaugurated) m. Everybody ...... some money. (get, gets, got) n. Bread and butter ...... a wholesome food. (are, is, has) o. There ...... been a lot of people in the hall. (has, have, had) p. Economics ...... my favourite subject. (is, are, have) q. Fifty dollars ...... enough for me. (is, are, has) r. The principal and teacher ...... arrived. (has, have, had) s. Many a flower ...... born to bloom unseen. (is, are, have) t. Neither of the statements ...... true. (is, are, we) u. Hari ...... a bath everyday. (take/takes/took) v. I wish I ...... a player. (was/were/am) w. Plenty of rice ...... in Terai. (grow/grows/growing) x. I ...... not drink beer. ( do/does/doing)
106 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 6 Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. a. No one ...... to be criticized. (like, likes, liking) b. Five hours ...... not much for outdoor work. (is, are, has) c. ‘Hard Times’ ...... been written by Charles Dickens. (has, have, had) d. Every day and every night ...... its own pleasure. (bring, brings, bringing) e. My comrades, as well as I ...... visiting Kathmandu. (is, am, are) f. Satish, and not you ...... passed the exam. (has, have, were) g. Truth and honesty ...... the best policy. (is, are, were) h. The crown and glory of life ...... character. (is, are, were) i. She, not me ...... going to see the movie. (is, are, has, have) j. The police ...... strict about the rules and regulations. (is, are, have) k. Neither of the men ...... clever. (was, were, have been) l. Either the dog or the cat ...... killed. (are, has been, have been) m. Bed and table ...... both very costly. (was, were, has been) n. The letter together with other documents ...... lost. (are, was, were) o. These goods ...... for sale. (is, are, has) p. He doesn’t ...... hard. (studies, study, have studied) q. The data ...... incorrect. (is, are, was) r. The cost of vegetables ...... risen at present. (has, have, had) s. Things said ...... different from things done. (is, are, was, were) t. Five dollars ...... enough for my breakfast. (is, be, are) u. A lot of visitors ...... arrived in Nepal. (has/have/will) v. Three tons of cement ...... required for the bridge. (is/are/have) w. The police ...... there for security. ( is/are/were) x. One thousand rupees ...... paid. ( was/were/are) y. Children ...... fond of TV. (is/are/was)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 107 Activity 7 Choose the correct word to complete these sentences. a. Writing letters ...... not difficult. (is, am, are) b. Today’s news ...... important. (is, are, were) c. Your scissors ...... been lost. (has, have, having) d. The number of students ...... adjustable. (is, are, have been) e. Mumps ...... a dangerous disease. (is, are, has) f. The clothes ...... very expensive. (is, are, has) g. My spectacles ...... very costly. (is, are, has) h. Lots of medicines ...... been prepared. (has, have, was) i. Lots of soldiers ...... coming now. (is, are, were) j. Ram, not you ...... going to be awarded. (is, are, were) k. The quality of the shirt ...... not very good. (is, are, were) l. The cattle ...... grazing in the field. (is, are, has) m. All my furniture ...... been burnt. (has, have, is, are) n. Her luggage ...... been packed. (has, have, was) o. She made a list of things that ...... needed. (is, was, were, have) p. I don’t mind whether you or she ...... going to the market. (is, was, were, have) q. Neither of the problems ...... solved. (were, was, has, are) r. Devkota’s essays ...... interesting. (is, be, are) s. We ...... Republic Nepal. (love, loves, loving) t. Each door ...... of different colour. (is/ are/ were) u. A part of the guava ...... rotten. (is/are/were ) v. Electricity ...... very useful. ( is/are/were) w. He as well as his children ...... honest. (is/are/were) x. The house with black window ...... Shyam’s. (is/are/were)
108 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Writing
Postcard Writing It is a thick rectangular piece of card for writing and mailing without an envelope. It carries a sort, positive note to people we know well. The content should not exceed 75 words. March 3, 2020} Date Balaju} Location Mr/Ms Samita Magar Dear Samita} Greetings Patan, Lalitpur
I had been to Pokhara during the summer Address of the vacation. I found it really beautiful. I receiver liked boating on Phewa Lake the most. Body I took many photographs of the places. The sunrise from Sarangkot was quite wonderful. I will show you all the photographs when we meet. Yours lovingly} Closing Kabita} Name of the sender
Exercises 1. You attended a picnic organized by your school. Write a postcard to your friend describing your experience. 2. Write a postcard to your parents telling them about your routine at hostel. 3. You had a trip to Chitwan National Park. Write a postcard to your brother describing your experience. 4. You attended Bagmati cleaning campaign yesterday. Now write a postcard to your uncle describing your experience. 5. You visited the flood affected area in terai and distributed some relief materials. Write a postcard to your friend describing your experience.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 109 7 Tense
Reading Priya is my best friend. She is from Mahendranagar. She lives in Bagar, Pokhara. She has been living here for three years. She studies with me in the same class. She is a good singer too. She can sing folk songs and modern pop songs very well. She has won many inter-school and intra-school singing competitions. Everyone at school loves and likes her. Yesterday, she participated in an inter-school singing competition organized at Paradise Boarding School. There were altogether 32 contestants. Every participant was quite good and competent. They had tried their best in the competition. However, Samita was judged to be the best among all singers. Priya will certainly be a good and successful singer in future. Tomorrow, she will go to Kathmandu for audition of Nepali Idol 3. At this time tomorrow, she will be travelling by a bus. She will have come back to Pokhara by next Friday. Tenses are the different forms of verbs which show the relation of action, state and being of the persons, animals and things. In the above text, the first paragraph talks about the present actions, second paragraph tells about the past action and the last one is about the future action.
Summary of Tense Structures Present tenses Simple Present sub+v1/v5+obj I write a letter. Present sub + is/am/are + v4 I am writing a letter. Continuous Present Perfect sub + has/have + v3 I have written a letter. Present Perfect sub + has/have + been + v4 I have been writing a Continuous letter. Past tenses Simple past sub + v2 I wrote a letter. Past Continuous sub + was/were + v4 I was writing a letter.
110 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Past Perfect sub + had + v3 I had written a letter. Past Perfect sub + had been + v4 I had been writing a Continuous letter. Future tenses Simple Future sub + shall/will + v1 I will write a letter. Future Continuous sub + shall/will + be + v4 I will be writing a letter. Future Perfect sub + shall/will + have + v3 I will have written a letter. Future Perfect sub + shall/will + have been I will have been writing Continuous + v4 a letter.
Activity 1 Rewrite any four sentences from the above text and specify their tenses......
List of some verbs V1 v2 v3 v4 v5 be was/were been am was been are were been beat beat beaten beating beats become became become becoming becomes begin began begun beginning begins bend bent bent bending bends bite bit bitten biting bites blow blew blown blowing blows break broke broken breaking breaks bring brought brought bringing brings build built built building builds
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 111 burn burned/burnt burned/burnt burning burns buy bought bought buying buys catch caught caught catching catches choose chose chosen choosing chooses come came come coming comes cost cost cost costing costs cut cut cut cutting cuts dig dug dug digging digs dive dove dived diving dives draw drew drawn drawing draws dream dreamed dreamed dreaming dreams drive drove driven driving drives drink drank drunk drinking drinks eat ate eaten eating eats fall fell fallen falling falls feel felt felt feeling feels fight fought fought fighting fights find found found finding finds fly flew flown flying flies forget forgot forgotten forgetting forgets forgive forgave forgiven forgiving forgives freeze froze frozen freezing freezes give gave given giving gives grow grew grown growing grows hang hung hung hanging hangs hear heard heard hearing hears hide hid hidden hiding hides hit hit hit hitting hits hold held held holding holds hurt hurt hurt hurting hurts keep kept kept keeping keeps know knew known knowing knows lay laid laid laying lays
112 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 lead led led leading leads leave left left leaving leaves lend lent lent lending lends let let let letting lets lie lay lain lying lies lose lost lost losing loses make made made making makes mean meant meant meaning means meet met met meeting meets pay paid paid paying pays put put put putting puts read read read reading reads ride rode ridden riding rides ring rang rung ringing rings rise rose risen rising rises run ran run running runs sell sold sold selling sells send sent sent sending sends show showed shown showing shows shut shut shut shutting shuts sing sang sung singing sings sleep slept slept sleeping sleeps speak spoke spoken speaking speaks spend spent spent spending spends stand stood stood standing stands swim swam swum swimming swims take took taken taking takes teach taught taught teaching teaches tear tore torn tearing tears think thought thought thinking thinks throw threw thrown throwing throws understand understood understood understanding understands wake woke woken waking wakes
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 113 wear wore worn wearing wears win won won winning wins write wrote written writing writes
Tense Types
1. Present Tense
Simple Present Assertive: subject+v1/v5+object She learns her lesson. The sun rises in the east.
Negative: subject+do/does+not+v1+object She does not learn her lesson. The sun does not rise in the west.
Yes/No question: Do/Does+subject+v1+object? Does she learn her lesson? Does the sun rise in the east?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question I am a student. I am not a student. Am I a student? We are in the field. We are not in the field. Are we in the field? They draw a picture. They do not draw a Do they draw a picture? picture. Reeta teaches Reeta does not teach Does Reeta teach English. English. English?
Uses of Simple Present i. to state truth The earth goes round the sun. Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal.
114 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ii. with adverbs like always, never, seldom, often, rarely, hardly, usually, sometimes, everyday, generally, occasionally, time and again, etc. I never tell a lie. We generally go to school on foot. He usually gets up at 6 in the morning. iii. in sayings and proverbs Honesty is the best policy. Slow and steady wins the race.
Present Continuous Assertive: subject+is/am/are+v4+object She is dancing. He is reading a book.
Negative: subject+is/am/are+not+v4+object She is not dancing. He is not reading a book.
Yes/No question: is/am/are+subject+v4+object? Is she dancing? Is he reading a book?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question I am playing. I am not playing. Am I playing? We are working. We are not working. Are we working? They are drawing a They are not drawing a Are they drawing a picture. picture. picture? Reeta is teaching. Reeta is not teaching. Is Reeta teaching? He is flying a kite. He is not flying a kite. Is he flying a kite? He is washing clothes. He is not washing Is he washing clothes? clothes. He is planting trees. He is not planting trees. Is he planting trees?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 115 Speaking
Look at the pictures carefully and say what is happening.
Uses of Present Continuous i. to show the actions taking place at the time of speaking Look! The birds are flying. Don’t talk loudly. My baby is sleeping. ii. with adverbs like now, still, at the moment, etc. They are watching TV now. It is still raining.
Present Perfect Assertive: subject+has/have+v3+object He has finished his work. They have seen you.
Negative: subject+has/have+not+v3+object He has not finished his work. He has broken his ankle. They have not seen you.
116 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Yes/No question: have/has+subject+v3+object? Has he finished his work? Have they seen you?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question I have called her. I have not called her. Have I called her? You have taught him. You have not taught Have you taught him? him. They have drawn a They have not drawn a Have they drawn a picture. picture. picture? Reeta has seen you. Reeta has not seen you. Has Reeta seen you? He has flown a kite. He has not flown a kite. Has he flown a kite? He has washed the He has not washed the Has he washed the clothes. clothes. clothes? He has planted trees. He has not planted Has he planted trees? trees.
Uses of Present Perfect i. to show the recently completed action with the result in the present situation He has painted his house. It looks nice. I have found a wallet. It is on the table. ii. with adverbs like already, just, yet, recently, so far, up to now, lately, etc. She has not finished et.y They have already invited the guests. iii. with ‘for + period of time’/ ‘since + point of time’ He has taken that medicine for five years. She has waited for you since 8 in the morning.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 117 Present Perfect Continuous Assertive: subject+ has/have been+v4+object He has been waiting for you. They have been watching TV. Negative: subject+ has/have+ not+ been+v4+object He has not been waiting for you. They have not been watching TV. Yes/No question: have/has+ subject+ been+v4+object? Has he been waiting for you? Have they been watching TV?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question He has been suffering He has not been Has he been suffering from fever. suffering from fever. from fever? She has been playing She has not been Has she been playing football. playing football. football? We have been living in We have not been living Have we been living in Nepal. in Nepal. Nepal? Ratan has been teaching Ratan has not been Has Ratan been grammar. teaching grammar. teaching grammar? We have been reading. We have not been Have we been reading? reading. They have been They have not been Have they been working. working. working? It has been sleeping. It has not been sleeping. Has it been sleeping?
Uses of Present Perfect Continuous i. to show the action that started in the past, but it is still going on in the present time He has been painting his house. We have been preparing for the exam. ii. with ‘for + period of time’/ ‘since + point of time’ He has been taking that medicine for five years. She has been waiting for you since 8 in the morning.
118 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 1 In which tense are these sentences? Write in the space provided. 1. My sister lives in Malaysia...... 2. She writes with her left hand...... 3. You have been sick since last week...... 4. Since when have you been sick? ...... 5. Besides literature, we study history and civics...... 6. The cat has been hiding for over an hour now...... 7. Do you need a dictionary? ...... 8. Does Manju need a dictionary? ...... 9. We have seen this movie for ten times...... 10. I don’t believe we have met. My name is David...... 11. Teju Lal has lived here since 1992...... 12. We are having lunch...... 13. I haven’t been studying much recently...... 14. I have not been quite well since the accident...... 15. The kids are sleeping...... 16. She hasn’t found her wallet yet...... 17. She has been sneezing since she got here...... 18. They have never eaten burger before...... 19. Does it rain a lot in winter? ...... 20. Sophia has always loved window shopping......
Activity 2 Change the tense of these sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. She wants a cake. (Present Perfect) 2. Why are the kids sleeping? (Simple Present) 3. The kids have been watching too much TV lately. (Present Continuous) 4. Shyam has been working as a teacher since he graduated. (Simple Present)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 119 5. Have you cleaned your room? (Present Continuous) 6. She has never been so surprised. (Simple Present) 7. Do we have a meeting now? (Present Perfect) 8. What are Sampada and her brother doing? (Present Perfect Continuous) 9. I have gone to Tokyo. (Present Continuous) 10. What have they been doing? (Simple Present) 11. Andrew is playing the guitar. (Present Perfect) 12. He is eating too much. (Present Perfect Continuous) 13. Are you reading a story? (Present Perfect Continuous) 14. She has learned to speak Russian. (Present Continuous) 15. People cut down trees. (Present Perfect) 16. How has she done it? (Simple present) 17. Krishna is working. (Present perfect) 18. You have changed so much! (Present Continuous) 19. He attends parties. (Present erfectP Continuous) 20. We are not having lunch. (Simple Present) 21. Are you having lunch? (Present Perfect)
Activity 3 Choose the correct answer. 1. Roshani ...... (am not finished/has not finished) her duty yet. 2 The players ...... (practise/pracitses) for the competition. 3. He ...... (has been working/works) on this problem all day. But he has not solved it yet. 4. Oil ...... (floats/has floated) onater. w 5. She ...... (has cut/ is cutting) her finger. It is bleeding. 6. The water ...... (boils/has been boiling) for ten minutes. Why don’t you make tea? 7. It ...... (has rained/rains) all summer.
120 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 8. How much coffee ...... (does she drink/did she drink) this morning? 9. That child ...... (follows/are following) his father to the market everyday. 10. I ...... (have seen/see) her for a week. 11. You should not get off the bus till it ...... (stop/stops) 12. A wise man always ...... (hears/is hearing) people more than he talks to them. 13. Look! A man ...... (is running/runs) after the bus. He wants to catch it. 14. T. S. Eliot says, ‘Knowledge ...... (is/ is being) power. 15. He generally sings English songs but today he ...... (sings, is singing) Nepali songs. 16. By 10 o’clock I ...... (have been/will have been) reading for two hours. 17. Binay ...... in a school these days. (works/worked)
18. Bad students never ...... (work/works) hard.
19. They often ...... (comes/come) late.
20. Bharat ...... (has lost/ loses) his key. He still can’t enter the house.
21. Water ...... ( boils/ is boiling) at 100 degrees Celsius.
22. We ...... (have worked/are working) in the school for three years.
23. Don’t cross the road. The bus ...... (comes/is coming)
24. I generally ...... (walk/are walking) in the morning.
25. It ...... (seem/seems) really strange to us now.
26. Pramod ...... (is painting/has painted/had painted/was painting) his house, it looks nice.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 121 Activity 4 Supply the correct form of verbs given in the brackets. 1. Shiva ...... (play) badminton since primary school. He takes part in the competition too. 2. People ...... (respect) honest workers. 3. Be patient. The circus ...... (start) in a few minutes’ time. 4. Adhyaeta ...... (come) to bank on his bike everyday. 5. We generally ...... (go) out on vacation. 6. Gopal ...... (get up) early in the morning and goes for a walk. 7. Mamata ...... (enjoy) going to parties and she herself often gives one as well. 8. You are late. The bus ...... already (leave). 9. My daughters usually ...... (spend) more time with their friends. 10. The delivery man already ...... (deliver) the parcel. 11. Puskal and Askal ...... (sit) together in the class. 12. My mother generally admires those girls who ...... (wear) red dresses. 13. Narayan ...... (take) his grandpa to temple every week. 14. Listen! Someone ...... (call) you. 15. Look! They ...... (dance). 16. The sun ...... (rise) in the east. 17. Rohan ...... (attend) karate class every Saturday. 18. Kritika never ...... (listen) to her mother at home. 19. Swastika ...... (work) in the kitchen now. 20. The market ...... (be) usually noisy in the morning. 21. He ...... (play) cricket for five years. 22. Lalita ...... (paint) her room for four hours. She is still painting. 23. The bread man ...... (come) to our housing estate every evening. 24. Narayani ...... (not finish) her duty yet.
122 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 2. Past Tense
Simple Past Assertive: subject+v2+object She learnt her lesson. I finished my homework.
Negative: subject+ did not+v1+object She did not learn her lesson. I did not finish my homework.
Yes/No question: Did+subject+v1+object? Did she learn her lesson? Did I finish my homework?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question They drew a picture. They did not draw a Did they draw a picture. picture? Reeta taught English. Reeta did not teach Did Reeta teach English. English? He flew a kite. He did not not fly a Did he fly a kite? kite. She washed the clothes. She did not wash the Did she wash the clothes. clothes? He repaired the roof. He did not repair the Did he repair the roof? roof.
Uses of Simple Past i. to show the completed actions Sharan invited me yesterday. Bimala deceived him. ii. with adverbs like ago, before, last, yesterday, this morning, past point of time, etc. She killed a snake this morning. We went to the hospital last week.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 123 I saw her five minutes ago. I went to Siraha last Saturday.
Past Continuous Assertive: subject+was/were+v4+object She was dancing. He was reading a book. Negative: subject+was/were+not+v4+object She was not dancing. He was not reading a book. Yes/No question: was/were+subject+v4+object? Was she dancing? Was he reading a book?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question They were playing. They were not playing. Were they playing? We were working. We were not working. Were we working? I was drawing a picture. I was not drawing a Was I drawing a picture. picture? Reeta was teaching. Reeta was not teaching. Was Reeta teaching? He was flying a kite. He was not flying a kite. Was he flying a kite? She was washing the She was not washing Was she washing the clothes. the clothes. clothes? He was planting trees. He was not planting Was he planting trees? trees.
Uses of Past Continuous i. to show the actions that were going on at a particular time in the past The teacher was declaring the result. They were learning their lessons.
124 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ii. with all + past time or any phrase or clause referring to the particular time of the past The girls were knitting the sweaters at this time yesterday. She was dancing all this morning.
Past Perfect Assertive: subject+had+v3+object He had finished his work. They had seen you.
Negative: subject+ had +not+v3+object He had not finished his work. They had not seen you.
Yes/No question: had +subject+v3+object? Had he finished his work? Had they seen you?
Listening Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question I had called her. I had not called her. Had I called her? You had taught him. You had not taught Had you taught him? him. They had drawn a They had not drawn a Had they drawn a picture. picture picture? Reeta had seen you. Reeta had not seen you. Had Reeta seen you? He had flown a kite. He had not flown a kite. Had he flown a kite? She had washed the She had not washed the Had she washed the clothes. clothes. clothes? He had planted trees. He had not planted Had he planted trees? trees.
Uses of Past Perfect i. This tense cannot be used in single action. There must be two past actions in a sentence. Remember: The action, which is completed first, is put into Past Perfect Tense and the other action, which happens later, is put into the Simple Past Tense.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 125 Action completed first (Past Action happened later (Simple Perfect) Past) After I had purchased the scooter, I went to see my friend. Till I had returned home, he did not close the door. Whenever she had stood first, she got a prize. ii. This tense is used to show an action that had been completed before a given time in the past. The thief had run away before the police came. I had reached the school before the bell rang. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous Assertive: subject+ had been+v4+object He had been waiting for you. They had been watching TV.
Negative: subject+ had + not+ been+v4+object He had not been waiting for you. They had not been watching TV.
Yes/No question: had + subject+ been+v4+object? Had he been waiting for you? Had they been watching TV?
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question He had been suffering He had not been Had he been suffering from fever. suffering from fever. from fever? She had been playing She had not been Had she been playing football. playing football. football? We had been living in We had not been living Had we been living in Nepal. in Nepal. Nepal? Ratan had been Ratan had not been Had Ratan been teaching. teaching. teaching?
126 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 We had been reading. We had not been Had we been reading? reading. They had been working. They had not been Had they been working. working? It had been sleeping. It had not been Had it been sleeping? sleeping.
Uses of Past Perfect Continuous This tense is used to talk about the action which had been going on for some time in the past before another action started. They had been living there for a week before I saw them. She had been doing her job since 1st January. You had been writing a letter for two hours.
Activity 5 In which tense are these sentences? Write them in the space provided. a. She was learning classical dance...... Past continuous...... b. His house was destroyed by the earthquake...... c. I was working on my computer...... d. She loved her little daughter...... e. My niece worked in the film industry...... f. That lady had helped my mother...... g. What were you doing there? ...... h. He never punished the pupils...... i. I went for a walk yesterday evening...... j. My aunt was teaching at a school...... k. The cat was chasing mice...... l. My father drank coffee this morning...... m. His son had become an engineer...... n. She had taught in this school for ten years...... o. He finished his work on time......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 127 p. She had not realized that...... q. The kind rich man had helped the poor lady...... r. I was making a cup of coffee for you...... s. She had worn a new dress......
Activity 6 Change these sentences as indicated in the brackets. a. She was learning classical dance. (Simple Past ) b. This house was destroyed by the flood. (Past Perfect ) c. I was working on my computer. ( Past Perfect Continuous) d. She loved her little daughter. (Past Perfect ) e. My niece worked in the film industry. ( astP Continuous) f. That lady had helped my mother. ( Simple Past) g. What were you doing there? ( Simple Past) h. He did not punish the pupils. (Past Continuous ) i. I went for a walk yesterday evening. (Past Perfect Continuous ) j. My aunt was teaching at a school. (Simple Past ) k. The cat was chasing the mice. (Past Perfect ) l. My father drank coffee this morning. (Past Continuous ) m. His son was an engineer. ( Past Perfect) n. She had taught in this school for ten years. (Simple Past ) o. He finished his work on time. (Past Perfect ) p. She had not realized her mistake. (Simple Past ) q. The kind old man had helped the poor farmer. (Simple Past ) r. I was making a cup of coffee for you. ( Past Perfect) s. She had worn a new dress. (Past Perfect Continuous ) t. My father drove a red car. (Past Continuous) u. Samantha was working in the garden. (Simple Past) v. Nabina gave a wonderful speech. (Past Continuous) w. Gagan addressed a meeting. (Past Perfect)
128 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 3. Future Tense
Simple Future Assertive: subject+shall/will+ v1+object She will learn her lesson. I shall finish my homework.
Negative: subject+ shall/will+ not+v1+object She will not learn her lesson. I shall not finish my homework. Yes/No question: shall/will+subject+v1+object? Will she learn her lesson? Shall I finish my homework? Generally, shall is used with first person pronouns (I, we). Sometimes, shall is used with second and third person pronouns when the verb shows must. Otherwise, will is used with these persons he, she, they, etc.
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question They will draw a They will not draw a Will they draw a picture. picture. picture? Reeta will teach Reeta will not teach Will Reeta teach English. English. English? He will fly a kite. He will not fly a kite. Will he fly a kite? She will wash the She will not wash the Will she wash the clothes. clothes. clothes? He will repair the roof. He will not repair the Will he repair the roof? roof.
Uses of Simple Future i. to talk about the action which will take place in the future or future events we believe to be certain I shall play the match tomorrow. They will write a letter.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 129 ii. with adverbs like tomorrow, soon, next, tonight, this evening, possibly, maybe, probably, I think, I hope, etc. I hope she will help me. He will call me soon. It will probably rain. Maybe I will wait for her.
Use of ‘going to’ Subject + is/am/are+ going to+ v1+object This is another way of talking about future actions and happenings.
We are going to bake a cake this afternoon. I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to be proud of me. When are you going to clean your room? They are going to wash the car for Dad. It is going to get dark very soon. I am going to be sick.
Use of is/am/are/+vv1 If any action is certain to happen in future: She is pregnant. She is going to give birth to a baby. He has managed a lot of money. He is going to buy a plot of land in the town. The weather is cloudy. It is going to rain soon.
Future Continuous Assertive: subject+shall/will+be+v4+object She will be dancing. He will be reading a book.
Negative: subject+shall/will+not+be+v4+object She will not be dancing. He will not be reading a book.
Yes/No question: will/shall+subject+be+v4+obj? Will she be dancing? Will he be reading a book?
130 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question We will be working. We will not be working. Will we be working? I will be drawing a I will not be drawing a Will I be drawing a picture. picture. picture? Reeta will be teaching. Reeta will not be Will Reeta be teaching? teaching. He will be flying a kite. He will not be flying a Will he be flying a kite? kite. She will be washing the She will not be washing Will she be washing the clothes. the clothes. clothes? He will be planting He will not be planting Will he be planting trees. trees. trees?
Uses of Future Continuous This tense is used to talk about the action which will be going on at some time in the future. He will be reading at this time tomorrow. She will be coming to see you. I shall be living in Kathmandu at this time next year.
Future Perfect Assertive: subject+shall/will+have+v3+object He will have finished his work. They will have seen you. Negative: subject+ shall/will +not+ have+v3+object He will not have finished his work. They will not have seen you.
Yes/No question: shall/will+subject+have+v3+object? Will he have finished his work? Shall they have seen you?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 131 Listening
Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question I will have called her. I will not have called Will I have called her? her. You will have taught You will not have Will you have taught him. taught him. him? They will have drawn a They will not have Will they have drawn a picture. drawn a picture picture? Reeta will have seen Reeta will not have seen Will Reeta have seen you. you. you? He will have flown a He will not have flown Will he have flown a kite. a kite. kite? She will have washed She will not have Will she have washed the clothes. washed the clothes. the clothes? He will have planted He will not have Will he have planted trees. planted trees. trees?
Uses of Future Perfect i. This tense is used to talk about the action that will be completed before certain point of time or period of time in the future. This tense is used with: by + future point of time in + period of time by the time + simple present, future perfect Examples: He will have finished his work by next Sunday. We shall have come back by 10 o’clock. They will have met him in two months. By the time my father arrives, I will have finished my work.
132 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Future Perfect Continuous Assertive: subject+ shall/will+ been+v4+object He will have been waiting for you. They will have been watching TV.
Negative: subject+ shall/will + not+ have + been+v4+object He will not have been waiting for you. They will not have been watching TV.
Yes/No question: shall/will + subject+have been+v4+object? Shall he have been waiting for you? Shall they have been watching TV?
Listening Listen to your teacher. Affirmative Negative Yes/No Question He will have been He will not have been Will he have been working. working. working? She will have been She will not have been Will she have been playing. playing. playing? We will have been We will not have been Will we have been living in Nepal. living in Nepal. living in Nepal? Ratan will have been Ratan will not have Will Ratan have been teaching. been teaching. teaching? We will have been We will not have been Will we have been reading. reading. reading? They will have been They will not have been Will they have been working. working. working? It will have been It will not have been Will it have been sleeping. sleeping. sleeping?
Uses of Future Perfect Continuous This tense is used to talk about the action that will have been going on for a certain time in future. This tense is used with: by + future point of time with for +period of time or both period of time and point of time are used in the same sentence. By the end of next year, my brother will have joined a college. I shall have been doing my work for 8 hours since 10 p.m.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 133 Sequences of tenses i. when + simple present, simple future When he comes here, he will visit all his relatives. She will be extremely delighted when she gets my phone call. ii. by the time+ simple present, future perfect By the time my father arrives, I will have finished my homework. Everyone will have been quiet by the time the teacher comes. iii. when+ simple present/present perfect, simple future When I finish the work, I will come to you. When I have finished reading, I will give you my book. iv. when+ simple past, simple past (cause and effect) When I pushed her, she fell off the ladder. When the teacher got in, the students turned silent. v. when + simple past, past continuous (short action in simple past, long action in past continuous) When I got up, it was raining. When I saw them, they were dancing. vi. when/after/before +simple past, past perfect (first action in past perfect and the second in simple past) Before the police arrived, the thieves had run away. After they had packed everything, they called a taxi. When we reached the airport, the plane had landed.
Activity 7 1. Complete these sentences with Simple Future Tense. a. The bus ...... at 7:45 this evening. (to leave) b. We ...... dinner at a restaurant. (to have) c. It ...... tomorrow evening. (to snow) d. I ...... my old friend tomorrow. (to meet)
134 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 e. They ...... to Darchula on Friday. (to fly) f. My friends ...... to see me. (to come) g. The postman ...... my letter. (to bring)
2. Put the verbs into the correct form (Future Continuous). a. At midnight, we (sleep) ...... b. This time next week, we (sit) ...... at the park. c. At nine, I (watch) ...... the news. d. Tonight, we (prepare) ...... for our English test. e. They (dance) ...... all night. f. He (not / play) ...... all afternoon. g. I (not / work) ...... all day. h. I (study) ...... in grade nine next year. i. She (work) ...... in the field at this time tomorrow.
3. Complete these sentences with Future Perfect Tense. a. I ...... (help) you with your homework. b. She ...... (be) there by this evening. c. They ...... (come) at 8 o’clock. d. You ...... (call) me by next week. e. I ...... (use) the pocket money wisely. f. We ...... (return) in two hours. g. Ganesh ...... (pay) for it. h. Aadesh ...... (win) this game. i. I ...... (finish) my homework by 8 this evening. j. The death rate ...... (control) by 2050.
4. Complete these sentences with Future Perfect Continuous Tense. a. I ...... (wait) here for three hours by six o’clock. b. By 2020 I ...... (live) in London for sixteen years. c. When I finish this course, I ...... (learn) English for20 years.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 135 d. Next year I will have been ...... (work) here for four years. e. By Sunday, they ...... (travel) for six days. f. By the next year, I ...... (work) here for 10 years. g. He ...... (not smoke) for five years by then. h. By 5 o’clock, Kate ...... (play) tennis for three hours. i. By 2018, he ...... (study) at the university for two years. j. Before they return from work, she ...... (study) for three hours.
Activity 8 Choose the correct answer. a. When the driver braked, the bus ...... (stops, stopped, will have stopped) b. We ...... (lived, are living, have been living) here since March. c. He ...... (waited, will wait, is waiting) here until she comes back. d. When a policeman came, the thief ...... (ran, was running runs) away. e. Rita ...... (falls, fell, will fall) off the roof, so she was taken to hospital. f. I ...... (plant, planted, have planted) some beans half an hour ago. g. He ...... (did not go, won’t go, hasn’t go) there unless you follow him. h. The bridge fell down after the truck ...... (crossed, was crossing, had crossed) i. He ...... (comes, come, came) to my house every Dashain. j. I ...... (won’t eat, don’t eat, am not eating) meat. k. How long ago ...... (do, did, have) you see my old father? l. My father seldom ...... (drink, drank, drinks) coke. m. While I ...... (drove, was driving, am driving) my car, the brakes failed.
136 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 n. We ...... (go, went, will go) to the theatre last night. o. When it rained, the road ...... (became, had became, becomes) muddy. p. Look! Your father ...... (is coming, has come, came) to see you.
Activity 9 Choose the correct alternative. a. Before the policeman came, the thief ...... (run away, runs away, had run away) b. We generally...... to school in the morning. (went, go, have gone) c. I generally ...... in the morning. (walk, walks, walked) d. When I got up, it ...... (rained, has rained, was raining) e. They ...... home by tomorrow. (will go, go are going, will have gone) f. Don’t cross the road. The car ...... (comes, is coming, will come) g. When I saw them, they ...... (are dancing, have been dancing, were dancing) h. Krishna ...... yet. (hasn’t arrived, didn’t arrived, won’t arrive) i. We ...... (didn’t, don’t, haven’t) usually go out much. j. When the old man died, the whole land ...... (will dug/dug/ was dug) k...... (Are, Do, Does, Is) he sing songs daily? l. Pramod ...... (is painting, had painted, has painted, was painting) his house, it looks nice. m. Pramita ...... (helped, helps, helping, will help) us daily in the past. n. When that man ...... (is thrown, threw, was thrown) a knife at me, it cut me on my head. o. The merchant ...... (lend, lends, lent) the poor man his horse and watched him gallop away.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 137 p. How ...... (does she help, she did help, did she help) you last week? q. Vijayeta and Nayan love travelling. They ...... (will visit, are visiting, visit, shall visit) India next month when the DLE finishes. r. As soon as I entered, the students ...... (leapt, had leapt, were leaping, leap) to their feet. s. The examination ...... nearer. (come, comes, is coming) t. When they arrived, I ...... (am bathing, was bathing, bathe)
Activity 10 Choose the best answers. a. The children ...... to school in the morning. (go, went, have gone) b. The girls ...... singing for an hour before we get there. (are, will be, will have been) c. As the principal entered the class, all the students ...... up. (stand, have stood, stood) d. Don’t cross the road. A bus ...... (comes, is coming, will come). e. By six o’clock, they ...... for eight hours. (will sleep, will have been sleeping, will have slept, have slept) f. The little girl ...... since evening. (dances, is dancing, has been dancing) g. Have you ever ...... to Dhangadhi? (be, been, have been, gone) h. While I ...... writing a letter, he asked me to help. (was, am, have) i. She ...... me about your problem everytime. (asked, is asking, asks, ask) j. When I arrived in Damak, it ...... raining. (is, was, had been) k. Mr. Tamang is absent today. He ...... ill. (was, had been, has been) l. When I saw them, they ...... (are singing, have been singing, were singing)
138 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 m. Pratap ...... my house tomorrow morning. (will come, will have come, will have came, will came) n. This story is not so long. I ...... (will read, will have read, will be reading) it in one sitting. o. I ...... your house this afternoon. It is on my way home from work. (will pass, will be passing, am passing, pass) p. He fell down while he ...... the tree. (was climbing, climbed, is climbing) q. Niru ...... television at present. (watches, is watching, watched) r. The finishing of the building ...... completed by next month. (will be, will have, is being) s. He ...... asleep while he was in the train. (falls, fell , has fallen) t. Ramu ...... his work in three hours time. (complete, completed, will have completed) u. Don’t make a noise. The baby ...... (sleeping, sleeps, is sleeping) v. Take this umbrella. It ...... outside. (is raining, rains, rained) w. When I reached home, it ...... (rained, had rained, was raining) x. I ...... my watch yesterday. (lose, have lost, lost, loosed) y. The book was very expensive. It ...... $1000. (costs, cost, has cost, costed) z. The house looks new, ...... it purple. (they paint, they have painted, they have been painted)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 139 8 Conditional Sentences
Reading
If I study, I will pass. If I studied, I would pass. If I had studied, I would have passed.
1st Conditional 2nd Conditional 3rd Conditional
Speaking
Say these sentences aloud. If you want to get good marks in the exam, study hard. If you heat water, it changes into vapour. If he wins the competition, he will give a party. Unless she invites, I won’t attend the party. If they played well, they would win the match. If he had known, he would have talked with you. Had he known, he would have talked with you. Remember! unless= if not
140 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Conditional Clause Main Clause If you want to pass study hard. If you study hard you will pass the exam. Unless you study hard you won’t pass the exam. If you studied hard you would pass the exam. If you had studied hard you would have passed the exam. Had he studied hard he would have passed the exam.
Types of conditional sentences i. If + simple present, imperative sentence (for advice) If you want to be respected, respect others. If you want to win gold medal, practise hard. ii. if+ simple present, simple present (truth of facts) If you pour oil in water, it floats. If you heat water, it turns into vapour. If it rains, we get wet. If you mix red and blue, you get purple. iii. If/unless + simple present, subject+ shall/will/can/may+ v1 If they work hard, they will earn a lot. If it rains, I will stay at home. If she needs my help, she will help her. If you try, you can solve this problem. iv. If/unless + simple past, subject+ should/would/could/might+ v1 Unless he left, I would call the police. If she invited, I would attend the party. If I knew him, I would call. If he had time, he would meet me.
Remember! We use ‘were’ for ‘be verb’ in this type of conditional sentence. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. If I were a plant, I would love the rain.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 141 v. If/unless + past perfect, subject+ should/would/could/might+ have + v3 If he had had time, he would have met me. If it had rained, we would have postponed the picnic. If we had sent an invitation, they would have come to the party. Remember! We can also use ‘had’ in the beginning in place of if/unless in this type of conditional sentence. If it had rained, we would have postponed the picnic. Had it rained, we would have postponed the picnic. (Had if it rained, ………………..)
Summary of the rules If clause Main clause Examples 1. S + v1/v5 S + v1/v5 If you boil water, it changes into vapour. 2. S + v1/v5 S + shall/will/can/may/ If he earns a lot of money, must + v1 he will run a business. 3. S + v1/v5 Advice + v1 If you want to pass the exam, labour hard. 4. S +v2 S + should/would/could/ If he had money, he might + v1 would buy a car. 5. S + had + v3 S + would/could/ should If he had studied hard, /might + have + v3 he would have passed the exam. 6. Had + s +, v3 S + would/could/ should Had he studied hard, he /might/ + have + v3 would have passed the exam.
Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct option. 1. If she put the book on the table, it ...... (will be, will have been, would be) there only. 2. Unless I ...... (have, had, had had) the money, I couldn’t buy that. 3. If I were a teacher, I ...... not punish pupils. (will, would, would have)
142 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 4. If I were a bird, I ...... fly. (will, would, would have) 5. If you ...... hard, you would have passed the exam. (study, studied, had studied) 6. If Menaka ...... (fail, fails, failed) the exam, she will not come to school. 7. If you phone me, I ...... come to you. (could, will, would have) 8. If I ...... (was, am, were, have) a bird, I’d fly all over the world. 9. If my sister passed the exam, she ...... in the university. (will study, would study, studied) 10. If I ...... a dolphin, I’d swim in water. (was, were, had been). 11. If I ...... more money, I would have helped the poor. (have, have had, had, had had) 12. If you ...... the exam, you would have studied in college. (had passed, pass, passed) 13. If you had laboured hard, you ...... the work. (will finish, would finish, would have finished) 14. They’d do it if they ...... chance. (get, got, had got) 15. If you cut your finger, blood ...... out. (would come, comes, will come) 16. She would visit the whole world, if she ...... the prime minister. (was, were, had been) 17. Butter eltsm if it ...... (is heated, was heated, had been heated) 18. If I were you, I ...... (will study, would study, would have studied) hard. 19. If anyone knew swimming, he ...... (will be saved, would be saved, would have been saved) 20. If I pass the exam, I ...... arrange a party. (will, would, could) 21. If anyone had been there, he ...... (will be saved, would be saved, would have been saved)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 143 22. If she was not angry, she ...... (will call, would call, would have called) me on her birthday. 23. If I ...... a fish, I’d swim in the river. (was, were, had been) 24. If they invited me, I ...... the wedding. (will attend, will have attended, would attend) 25. If you ...... hard, you would have passed in the first division. (study, studied, had studied) 26. If Kabita ...... , she would have caught the bus. (runs, ran, run, had run) 27. If I knew, I ...... about it. (will tell, would tell, would have told) 28. If I were you, I ...... sincerely. (will read, would read, would have read) 29. If you buy a car, I ...... a bus. (buy, will buy, would buy) 30. If you stare at her, she ...... angry. (get, gets, would get)
Activity 2 Supply the correct form of verbs to complete these sentences. 1. If I had time, I ...... (go) shopping with you. 2. If you ...... (know) English, you will communicate with them perfectly. 3. If they had gone for a walk, they...... (be) tired. 4. If she ...... (go) to zoo, she will see a chimpanzee. 5. I would have told you, if I ...... (meet) him. 6. Would you mind if I ...... (open) the window? 7. If they ...... (request) me, I wouldn’t have said ‘No’. 8. My friend ...... (meet) me at the station if he gets the afternoon off. 9. If I ...... (not do) it, nobody would do it. 10. If my father ...... (not pick) me up, I’ll take the bus home.
144 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 11. If I were you, I ...... (marry) him. 12. If I ...... (know), I would have lent you my car. 13. Will you call me if you ...... (be) free? 14. Would you buy this car if you ...... (have) a million dollars ? 15. I ...... (watch) the match if I have enough time. 16. If you ...... (be) to marry, who would you choose ? 17. If you ...... (turn) the tap, water pours. 18. If I get there, I ...... (call) you. 19. Will you help me if I ...... (ask) you? 20. If you ...... (work) hard, you would have passed the exam.
Activity 3 Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answer from the brackets. a. Krishna will marry Karishma if she ...... (like, liked, likes, would like) him. b. He should have done the work, if he ...... to help her. (wants, wanted, had wanted) c. If I were a good story teller, I ...... tell a lot of stories. (will, would, would have) d. If you miss called me, I ...... to take you. (will come, would come, would have come) e. If she gives this book, I ...... her ten rupees. (will have given, will give, would give) f. Oil floats if water ...... into it. (is added, was added, hadbeen added) g. Had I worked hard, I ...... the exam. (would have passed, will pass, pass) h. I may leave if a call ...... made to me. (is, was, has, has been) i. She ...... it better if her teacher guides her. (will do, does, shall do, do)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 145 j. If you don’t stop gossiping, I ...... the class. ( would leave, will leave, will have left) k. Ice melts if it ...... (is heated, was heated, had been heated) l. If I ...... a bird, I would fly in the sky. (is, am, were) m. If she invited me, I ...... her wedding. (will attend, will have attended, would attend) n. If I were you, I ...... hard. (will work, would work, would have work) o. If you had laboured hard, you ...... the exam. (will pass, would pass, would have passed) p. They’d do it if they ...... (know, knew, had known) q. If it ...... we’ll go skiing. (will snow, snows, would snow) r. If I ...... more money, I would have helped the poor. (has, have, have had, had had) s. If you are my real friend, you ...... me in need. (help, will help, have helped)
Activity 4 Choose the correct answers. a. She ...... her homework if it is not very difficult. (does, will do, would do) b. If you had taught well, the students ...... the exam. (will pass, would pass, would have passed) c. Unless we study harder, we ...... the exam. (can pass, couldn’t pass, can’t pass) d. They could have done it if they ...... (try, tried, would try, had tried) e. Oil floats if it ...... into water. (will pour, will be poured, is poured) f. Had he read well, he ...... the examination. (would pass, will pass, would have passed) g. If Amita and Radha ...... the exam, they will not come to school. (fail, fails, failed)
146 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 h. Had I worked hard, I ...... the exam. (would pass, would have passed, will pass, pass) i. Will you give him a message if you ...... him on the way? (finding, find, found) j. If you touch fire, your finger ...... (will burn, would burn, might burn) k. If I ...... you, I would buy a bike. (be, was, were, am) l. Had I known him well, I ...... trusted him. (wouldn’t have, didn’t have, could not) m. If you don’t stop laughing, I ...... the class. (would leave, will leave, will have left) n. If you ...... hard, you would have passed the exam. (study, studied, had studied) o. If you want to pass the exam, ...... (work well, worked well, not to work well) p. What would you do if you ...... the headmaster? (are, were, was) q. If it ...... , I wouldn’t go there. (rained, will rain, had rained) r. If it rains, I ...... at home. (shall stay, should have stayed, should stayed) s. Would you have come to meet me if I ...... my brother? (did not send, hadn’t sent, sent) t. We would stop the football match if it ...... heavily. (rains, had rained, rained, would rain) u. I’ll go to see them off if I ...... sick. (were not, am not, had not been) v. Whether he loves her or not, she ...... him. (would love, will love, would have loved) w. Whether it rains or not, I ...... at home. (will stay, would stay, would have stayed) x. If you pull this chain, the train ...... (would stop, stops, will stop) y. They would have missed the bus if they ...... (didn’t hurry, don’t hurry, hadn’t hurried)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 147 Vocabulary Practice Circle the answer that best defines the word in capital letters. 1. UNITED 6. VIVID a. together and joined as one a. very bright or colorful b. in bad taste and ugly b. very beautiful or attractive c. difficult and challenging c. very unusual or strange d. very scared or afraid d. separate and divided 7. APPROACH 2. INFLUENCE a. to save money a. to confuse someone b. to laugh at someone b. to buy something c. to come closer c. to take illegally d. to divide equally d. to have an effect 8. FREQUENT 3. FRIGID a. plain a. very tired b. responsible c. modern b. very exciting d. often c. very quiet 9. MUTTER d. very cold a. to walk slowly or unhurriedly 4. NARRATOR b. to cry loudly or desperately a. someone who performs in c. to hurt badly or deeply plays d. to say quietly or unclearly b. someone who tells a story 10. REBEL c. someone who teaches a. to stop temporarily students b. to doubt something d. someone who plays an c. to make better instrument d. to challenge an authority 5. WITHDRAW a. to take out or to remove b. to shrink or to make smaller c. to exchange or to trade d. to create or to build
148 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Writing
Brochure Writing Chitwan National Park Once is not enough Chitwan National Park is the first national park in Nepal. It was established in 1973 and granted the status of a World Heritage Site in 1984. It covers an area of 932 square km and is spread in the districts of Nawalparasi, Parsa, Chitwan and Makwanpur. Its altitude ranges from about 100 m (330 ft) in the river valleys to 815 m (2,674 ft) in the Churia Hills. Where to stay? There are hundreds of hotels, lodges, restaurants and agencies in Sauraha for the service of visitors. Meghauli has recently opened up as a tourist destination with the creation of the Tharu Homestay Program offering a more authentic and intimate jungle experience. How to enjoy? Jungle Safari: In Chitwan the hotels and lodges are situated in the midst of the forests providing the most natural experience possible. Wildlife Experience: There are 56 species of animals, 49 species of amphibians and reptiles and 525 species of birds including one-horned-rhinoceros, Bengal tigers, four-horned antelopes, leopards, sloth bears, rhesus monkeys, cobras, pythons, marsh crocodiles, Gharials and freshwater dolphins. Canoe Rides: The canoe rides in the rivers to see the crocodiles and water birds is another fun activity during the sunny days in Chitwan. Bird Watching: Different species of birds like the woodpeckers, hornbills, floricans, waterfowls, geese, parakeets and many others adorning the lakes and rivers can be seen here. For more information Chitwan National Park Headquarters, Kasara Chitwan, Nepal Phone: 977-056-411024 Fax: 977-056-411024 Prepare a brochure of a place you like. Don’t forget to include location, how to get in and other special features and facilities.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 149 9 Prepositions
Reading
I live in a small town and go to a small school near my house. School starts at 9.00 in the morning, so I usually get up at 8.15. On Monday morning last week, I got a nasty surprise when I woke up! I looked at my clock and saw that it was 9.15. I got dressed quickly and ran all the way to school. When I went into my classroom, I couldn’t see anyone. Then I saw the clock on the wall. It was only 8.05! Then I saw the calendar. It was Monday 1 April! When I got home my sister was at the door. She smiled and said ‘April Fool!’. In the text given above, the words like near, to, at, in, on, for, up, down, etc. are prepostitions. They show the relation of a noun or a pronoun to other words in a sentence. Prepositions are the words placed before noun or pronouns to show in what relation they stand to something else in a sentence. Look at the sentences below: Askal went to school.
My father works in a bank.
In the above sentences, the preposition ‘to’ is placed before the noun school and shows its relationship with Askal, whereas the preposition ‘in’ is placed before a bank and it shows its relationship with my father.
150 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Prepositions of Time - at, in, on Prepositions Use Examples at for a precise time (parts of at 3 o’clock, at 10.30am, day, clock time, celebrations, at noon, at dinnertime, at fixed phrases) bedtime, at sunrise, at sunset, at the moment, at Dashain, at Christmas, at Tihar in for months, years, parts of the in May, in summer, in the day, seasons, duration 1990s, in 1990, in the next century, in the Ice Age, in the past/future, in the morning, in the afternoon, in a minute, in two weeks on for days, dates, special days on Sunday, on Tuesdays, on 6 March, on 25 Dec. 2018, on Christmas Day, on Independence Day, on my birthday, on New Year’s Eve after later than something I will meet you after my classes are over. before earlier than something I will call you before dinner time. for period of time I have known him for five years. since point of time I have been reading this book since this morning. by not later than (any point He will have posted the letter before the given time) by tomorrow. during through the whole of a period She writes poems during her of time holidays. till/until up to a certain time We will wait for her until 3 o’clock. from……to starting time…..ending time Our school runs from 10 to 4.
Read these sentences. I met him on in at yesterday. (no preposition) I will call you on in at tomorrow. (no preposition)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 151 It is hot on in at today. (no preposition) He gets up on in at every morning at six o’clock. (no preposition) I went to the town on in at last year. (no preposition) He came here on in at last month. (no preposition) She called me on in at two days ago. (no preposition) The meeting lasted on in at all the morning. (no preposition)
Activity 1 Complete with at, in or on. 1...... night 6...... the morning 11...... 1997 2...... Christmas Day 7...... Monday 12...... the 16th century 3...... 7.30 a.m. 8...... 8th November 13...... the end of March 4...... June 9...... weekend 14...... the morning 5...... winter 10...... Sunday afternoon 15...... half past two 16...... the evening 17...... Dashain 18...... lunch time 19...... Tihar 20...... the moment 21...... future 22...... Tuesdays 23...... New Year Eve 24...... sunset 25...... two weeks 26...... Democracy Day 27...... noon 28...... Dec. 20, 2018 29...... December 30...... fortnight
Activity 2 Complete the sentences supplying the correct preposition. 1. He has a class ...... ten o’clock. (in, on, at) 2. We have classes ...... nine ...... eleven. (in, from, to) 3. Tom has a class ...... the morning, and he works ...... the afternoon. (on, in, at) 4. I study ...... the evening. (in, on, at) 5. I sleep ...... night. (in, on, at) 6. Geeta was born ...... October. (in, on, at) 7. Sharan was born ...... 1967. (in, on, at)
152 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 8. Jyoti was born ...... October 28. (in, on, at) 9. Kamala was born ...... October 28, 1967. (in, on, at) 10. The bank isn’t open ...... Sundays. (in, on, at) 11. The bank is open ...... 8:00 a.m...... 5:00 p.m. Monday through Saturday. (in, from, to) 12. The bank closes ...... 5:00 p.m. (in, on, at) 13. We often go on holiday ...... summer. (in, on, at) 14. Do you want to go to the cinema ...... the weekend? (in, on, at) 15. Jasmine isn´t here ...... the moment. (in, on, at) 16. I´m almost ready. We can go out ...... 10 minutes. (in, on, at) 17. The film starts ...... 7.30. (in, on, at) 18. The factory opened ...... 2002. (in, on, at) 19. We live ...... the 21st century. (in, on, at) 20. Her birthday is ...... 22nd May. (in, on, at) 24. We have lunch ...... midday. (in, on, at) 25. They´re coming ...... the afternoon. (in, on, at)
Activity 3 Fill in the blanks with in, on or at wherever necessary. 1. I left work ...... ten o’clock last night. 2. I saw Bibita in the street ...... yesterday. 3. I didn’t get time to come and visit you ...... last Tuesday. 4. He used to be a regular visitor ...... Tuesdays. 5. I phoned her up and spoke to her ...... Wednesday morning. 6. I last saw him ...... the beginning of September. 7. I saw him sometime ...... June. 8. Were you at the last meeting ...... July 13? 9. We bought the company ...... Thursday, 22 May.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 153 10. I spoke to her ...... three weeks ago. 11. I bought this computer ...... the start of summer. 12. I bought this computer ...... the summer. 13. I bought this computer ...... last summer. 14. This style was very popular ...... the 1970’s. 15. They were very popular ...... the middle of the 19th Century. 16. I was still at school ...... 1993. 17. I met him ...... January of last year. 18. I met him ...... last month. 19. I took over this job ...... the middle of last year. 20. I was in a meeting ...... all day yesterday. 21. Janak is a postman so he usually gets up ...... 4 o’clock. 22. I’m so excited! I’ve just booked a holiday - I’m going ...... July. 23. When my grandma was alive, she always went to church ...... Sunday. 24. The meeting has been rescheduled; it’s now ...... the 24th of June. 25. Fulu & Junu are so lucky! They went skiing again ...... Christmas. 26. I’m going to the doctors ...... the afternoon.
Activity 4 Choose the correct preposition. 1. I have not seen him ...... the summer. ( since/for/ from) 2. I am going there ...... three weeks. ( since/for/ from) 3. We had our party ...... 8:00 PM until 10:00 PM. ( since/for/ from) 4. I have been sick ...... Sunday. ( since/for/ from) 5. They have been sick ...... three days. ( since/for/ from) 6. I will be ready ...... 30 minutes. ( since/for/ from)
154 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7. I’ve been studying French ...... 1998. ( since/for/ from) 8. She slept ...... one hour. ( since/for/ from) 9. My sister will be here ...... two hours. (in/on/at) 10. I have not eaten ...... this morning. ( since/for/ from) 11. My birthday’s ...... May. (in/on/at) 12. She’ll be away ...... next week. (since/at/until) 13. The exam is ...... the tenth of December. (in/on/at) 14. I always have dinner with my family ...... Christmas Day. (in/on/ at) 15. In Spain, they give each other presents ...... Christmas Eve. (in/ on/at) 16. The lecture finished ...... five thirty. (in/on/at) 17. I hate it when people telephone ...... I’m having dinner. (during/ while/for) 18. I like to go to a party ...... New Year’s Eve. (in/on/at) 19. The term is from September ...... December. (at/for/to) 20. He hasn’t worked ...... he lost his job. (since/for/by) 21. The car won’t be ready ...... Friday. (until/in/since) 22. You must see Paris ...... the Spring. (in/on/at) 23. He doesn’t start work until late ...... the afternoon. (in/on/at) 24. Snow generally falls ...... February. (in/on/at) 25. People give chocolate eggs as presents ...... Easter. (in/on/at) 26. Did I miss anything ...... I was on the phone?(whole/during/for) 27. I have lessons ...... Mondays and Wednesdays. (in/on/at) 28. He didn’t do the work ...... his boss got angry. (since/for/until) 29. She was off work ...... a fortnight. (for/at/in) 30. Nobody spoke ...... the film. (during/since/on)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 155 Prepositions of place and direction Study these pictures.
on in/inside at near under over
below above round/around through among between
behind in front of along across up down
opposite onto off into out off past
next to/by/beside against over from----to towards
Read these sentences.
Bob is between the Bob is walking across Bob is above the cat. trees. the park.
Bob is away from the Bob is at the door. Bob is going round the house. tree.
156 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Bob is beside Rohan. He jumped over the They are opposite each bench. other.
She is in the tent. Chankhey is near the Chankhey is under the chair. table.
Prepositions of Place: at, in, on Prepositions Use Examples at for a point at the corner, at the bus stop, at the door, at the top of the page, at the end of the road, at the entrance, at the crossroads, at the front desk in for an enclosed space in the garden, in the field, in a box, in my pocket, in my wallet, in a building, in a car on for a surface on the wall, on the ceiling, on the cover, on the floor, on the carpet, on the menu, on a page above higher than There is a clock above the table. behind at the back of Dilita is sitting behind Rasmita. below lower than The table is below the clock. under beneath The ball is under the table. beside at the side of The chair is beside the table. by near A bench is placed by a tree. over higher than, covering The birds are flying over the house. around surrounding There is a fence around my school.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 157 across from one side to the The library is across the road. other side against taking support of The boy is leaning against the wall. along following the length of The boy is cycling along the street. in front of ahead The park is in front of the school. inside within Many people are reading inside the library. opposite facing My classroom is apposite the head teacher’s room. outside on the outer side of The dog is sitting outside the house. through from one end to The man is walking through the another end garden. towards in the direction of The boy is going towards the house. for distance The man drove for five kilometers. into inclusion but in motion The principal has just got into his office. off separation A child has just fallen off the bus. between intermediate in a series A carpet is between the chairs. past going near Go past the post office. onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Ram is waiting for you at the bus stop. The shop is at the end of the street. Do you work in an office? I have a meeting in Kathmandu. Do you live in Japan? Jupiter is in the Solar System. The price is on the cover of the book. There are no prices on this menu. You are standing on my foot.
158 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 There are flies on the wall. I live on Mahendra Highway. He plays in the street. The boys stand in a queue. He is at the back of the car. Open your books at page 10. He lives on a farm. The shop is on the left. My house is on the way to New Road.
Speaking
Say them aloud. at in on at home in a car on a bus at work in a taxi on a train at school in a helicopter on a plane at university in a boat on a ship at college in a lift on a bicycle at the top in the newspaper on a horse at the bottom in the sky on the radio at the side in a row on the left at reception in Oxford Street on the way at the mall in a room on the poster at the table in a building on the ceiling at the corner (outdoor) in my wallet on the Mahendra Highway at the door in my pocket on a page at the airport in Kathmandu on the wall int he corner on the door (indoor)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 159 Activity 5 Choose the correct preposition. 1. I sit ...... Sarala at school. (on/next to/between) 2. Our teacher stands ...... the class. ( under/ above/ in front of) 3. Hari is sitting ...... Sita and Rita. (between/ in front of/ above) 4. Julie sits ...... Sushma. (near to/ around/ next to) 5. Tarun sits ...... Nanu and Nabin. (between/ in front/ near to) 6. We have posters ...... the walls. ( above/ on/on top of) 7...... of the classroom is a cupboard. ( At the back/ Opposite/ Behind) 8...... the teacher’s desk is a clock. (On top/Opposite/Above) 9. The wall is ...... her desk. (behind/in front of/ above) 10. There’s a wastepaper basket ...... her desk. (on/next/under) 11. Jalan and Alan sit ...... each other. (between/beside/next) 12. We hired a guide to take us ...... the city. ( past/ around/ along) 13. We walked ...... a busy road. (through/around/along) 14. Go straight ...... at the traffic lights. (on/up/down) 15. We need to cross ...... the road here. (over/ across/ on) 16. We walked ...... a lot of shops before we came to the park. ( across/ through past) 17. We had sandwiches ...... a pretty fountain. (by/over/ along) 18. He drove ...... the corner too fast and lost control. (off/round/ over) 19. You need to walk ...... this road quickly. There’s lots of traffic. (across/through/round) 20. If you go ...... the gate you’ll get to the garden. (across/by/ through)
160 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 6 Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions where ever necessary. 1. Can you see a woman ...... the picture? (in / on / at/ X)
2. London is ...... the river Thames. (on / at / in/ X)
3. The man is sitting ...... a table. (in front of / in / to/ X)
4. The mother sat ...... her children. (beside / besides / across/X)
5. There are a laptop and a few books ...... the table. (on / at / with/X)
6. He put the money ...... the box. (in / on / under/X)
7. The cat was hiding ...... the door. (behind / on / under/ X)
8. Why do you wear that ring ...... your first finger? (in / on / at/X)
9. Can you see the helicopter ...... the palace? (above / under / on/X)
10. The plane was flying ...... Scotland. (along / through / above/X)
11. Let’s meet ...... the coffee shop on Saturday morning. (in/on/ at/X)
12. Why are your shoes ...... the table? (in/on/at/X)
13. Have you ever swum ...... the Narayani River? (in/on/at/X)
14. Last year, we visited ...... seven countries in Europe. (at/in/on/X)
15. Are you flying ...... Chicago or driving? (to/on/at/X)
16. I found this ten rupee note lying ...... the floor. (in/on/at/X)
17. Do you think there’s life ...... Venus? (in/on/at/X)
18. What time are you going ...... home today? (in/on/at/X)
19. He’s going to walk ...... the street. (along/by/to/X)
20. He’s looking ...... (to/by/up/X)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 161 Activity 7 Fill in at, on, in, to, into or by in the blank spaces. 1. I must go ...... the bank today to change money. 2. He has just returned ...... France. 3. She arrived ...... the airport at 6. 4. Have you ever been ...... Ireland? 5. They got ...... the car and drove off. 6. We drove ...... the party Tom’s car. 7. Get ...... the train. It’s going to leave. 8. The man chased by the police ran ...... the shop. 9. The bird flew ...... the room through the window. 10. He has never been ...... a football match. 11. We usually go to work ...... car. 12. We drove ...... the cinema a taxi. 13. They like to travel ...... plane. 14. Does the train stop ...... York? 15. What time did you arrive ...... school?
Some other rules of Prepositions dress : in black shirt, in blue suit, in rags She is in rags. inclusion : a man in his forties, seven days in a week She is in her forties. direction of motion : dip this pen in ink, break this stick in two She broke it in two. state or condition : in tears, in love in The boy is in love. form, shape and arrangements : in rows, in alphabetical order The trees are planted in rows. occupation, activity : in politics, in the army, in action My father is in politics. physical surrounding : sleep in the open, go out in the rain I went out in rain yesterday.
162 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 concerning (about) : a lecture on Devkota, on doing something Arjun sir gave a lecture on Devekota. reason for something : on the penalty of death, retire on on pension The old man retired on pension. charge or imposition: put a tax on petrol The government increased the tax on petrol. direction (towards) : look at him, throw a stone at Ram, wink at She winked at me. indicating order : at first, at last at At first, light on the stove. with superlatives : at least, at his/her/their best At least, I must get 90 marks in English grammar. manner : at a sitting She finished the work at a sitting. according to : It’s 10 o’clock by my watch means of transport : by land/sea/air by bus, by post by oaths : She always swears by God. agent (passive voice) : It is done by Ram. possession : for me, for you, for Ram purpose : Let’s go for a walk. He has a taste for music. for in exchange for : I paid Rs. 500 for a jacket. with regard to (concern) : Her parents are anxious for her safety. means or instrument : cut with a knife, write with a pen covering or filling something : The hills are covered with snow. having, caracterised by : a jug with no handle, a coat with with three pockets, a girl with a bag. accompaniment : go for a walk with a friend, live with your brother agreement and separation as well : with you, parted with
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 163 cause : He died of AIDS. proud of, glad of relief; deprivation : cured him of, robbed me of, I’m short of money. of material or substance : made of iron, built of brick connection, reference or relation : the cause of accident, accused of comparison, reference : I like tea to milk. to distance : Mahendranagar to Kathmandu authority : rule over the country, command over over in or across every part of : Snow is falling over the hills. He is famous all over the world. cause : I’m suffering from fever. from showing difference :Your writing is different from mine. against opposition : None should go against the law. under lower in rank : Twenty boys are working under him. among division : Distribute the money among you. direction (motion) : He threw a stone into the river. into change of condition : She burst into tears. here and there : They were walking about the village. about regarding : They were talking about me. nearly : It costs about 100 rupees.
Read these phrases. anxious about curious about worried about excited about concerned about depressed about enthusiastic about care about forget about reminisce about think about worry about complain about talk about amazed at alarmed at surprised at shocked at aim at look at stare at wink at bark at smile at sneer at wave at accompanied by guided by caused by manufactured by absorbed in engaged in
164 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 interested in disappointed in involved in blamed for qualified for famous for known for punished for ready for responsible for sorry for apply for beg for search for wait for acceptable to addicted to attached to close to due to kind to next to reduced to dedicated to inferior to related to relevant to covered with familiar with identified with patient with satisfied with beware of consist of die of pounce on rely on blame on depend on impose on reflect on report on concentrate on insist on
Activity 8 Choose the correct prepositions. a. Rita spread the cloth ...... the table and offered tea. (on, at , from, over) b. I didn’t see you ...... the party. (on, at, from, to) c. What time does this bus get ...... Pokhara? (at, in, to, by) d. She was engaged ...... Hari last week. (with, to, by) e. Will she arrive here ...... 3:00 p.m.? (at, on, in) f. Bikash lives about two miles away ...... Kathmandu. (from, at, in) g. Harka is true ...... his name. (to, for , with) h. He has been sick ...... the day that he took a bath in the pond. (for, since, from) i. A tree gave us shelter ...... the rain. (on, of, from) j. Can you see the stars ...... (at, on, in) night? k. You have to look ...... this matter fast. (on, through, to) l. Don’t you agree ...... my opinion? (with, on, to) m. Everybody was told to write ...... ink. (with, in, by) n. I’m going away ...... the end of the month. (at, in, on)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 165 o. It was her first taste ...... life in a big city. (for, of, in) p. Don’t laugh ...... the poor. (of, at, in) q. Madan married ...... an Australian girl. (to, with, for) r. The Pantas have bought a house ...... the sea. (by, on, next) s. She works ...... the morning. (in, on, at) t. Sobha was born ...... December 25, 1995. (on, at, in)
Activity 9 Choose the correct prepositions. a. I haven’t seen Ram these days. I last saw him ...... Devi’s wedding. (at, on, by) b. Samjhana is grateful ...... the advice you gave to her. (for, to,in) c. He has a strong command ...... his employees. (upon, with, over, for) d. The cat is ...... the table. (in, above, under, over) e. Does he have any courage ...... do hard work? (of, for, to) f. You must be polite ...... your teachers. (with, to, for) g. The train will be leaving here ...... a few minutes. (at, in, on) h. She is not doing anything ...... present. (on, in, at) i. He has to apologize ...... her. (for, to, with) j. I play cricket ...... the sport centre on Friday. (on, at, to) k. Look! the car is ...... fire. (on, at, to, in) l. He cut a tree ...... an axe. (by, from, with) m. He has been ...... school for ten years. (in, to, at) n. I’ll see you ...... next Sunday. (to, on, at, in) o. He caught him ...... his ear. (to, by, in) p. She is not familiar ...... me. (with, to, for) q. My brother is engaged ...... writing an article. (to, in, with) r. “What’s wrong ...... you?”she asked me. (by, in, for, with) s. Pramod is ...... the door now. (at, in, by) t. Barsa is staring ...... me. (in, on, at)
166 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 10 Choose the correct prepositions. a. She passed ...... in her childhood. (out, away, with) b. He is free ...... anxieties. (with, from, of) c. Ravi has been living here ...... 1996. (from, since, in) d. Roshan worked in District office ...... threeears. y (for, since, in) e. I bought this pen ...... Rs. 45. (for, on, in, at) f. Sarita will start her work ...... 7:00 am. (since, from, for, in) g. I’ll come ...... Saturday morning. (at, in, on, of) h. He went to Mumbai ...... 25th January. (in, on, of) i. The firemen are going to put ...... the fire. (of, off, out, up) j. Shanta has been ...... bed for the last three days. (on, in, at) k. Shall we take a taxi ...... the bus park? (in, for, to, at) l. He apologized ...... me for his mistake. (to, for, with) m. He distributed sweets ...... my two children. (to, for, between, among) n. He distributed sweets ...... the children. (to, for, between, among) o. Public opinion was ...... the bill. (from, behind, against) p. We all agreed ...... the terms fixed. (at, on, in) q. She waited ...... four o’clock and went back. (in, until, after) r. He is born ...... rich parents. (at, of, for) s. Let us pay ...... cash. (by, in, for) t. She is going away ...... the end of this month. (at, from, on)
Activity 11 Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition given in the brackets. 1. My house is ...... the river. (at/by/on) 2. He wrote a letter ...... his parents. (to/for/by) 3. I like coffee ...... tea. (at/by/to)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 167 4. We won the match by six goals ...... four. (by/in/to) 5. The picture is true ...... life. (for/in/to) 6. How would you know an army ...... a civilian? (from/by/for) 7. My mother lives ...... my father. (with/in/to) 8. Go ...... a walk with a friend. (to/for/in) 9. He went to market ...... buying a book. (for/to/with) 10. Throw it ...... the fire. (to/into/at) 11. She burst ...... tears. (with/into/in) 12. She is speaking ...... noise pollution. (at/of/on) 13. Beware ...... pick pockets. (of/by/with) 14. You must work hard ...... success. (to/for/with) 15. She took a short cut ...... the jungle. (in, from, through) 16. I prefer coffee ...... tea. (to/from/of) 17. He is true ...... his master. (to/of/with) 18. Munamadan was written ...... Devkota. (by/with/to)
Reading
Read the following text and do the activities given below. As I grew older, I began to resent that it seemed forbidden for a girl to think about things other than fashion and beauty matters. All the time I was admiring My Little Aunt, the little devil in me was judging her, whispering this and that I grew tired of her endless ‘fashion talk.’ To me it seemed time consuming, not- so-constructive, and even worthless. When I got older, I used to insult her with comments like ‘Auntie, is there, anything you can think of other than shoes and bags?” or “This is all so foolish. I’d rather talk about something worth talking about.” Nevertheless, I would impress my peers, with all the fashion and beauty tips my aunt had passed down to me. My adolescent years were full of conflict between the longing to be like her and my refusal to become one of her kind. Later, she became a Special Education teacher in a college. Now she would talk about how happy she was being with children and she was learning the meaning of life from her students. She would often say, “I’m so lucky to have such a good job, Rozy, Sis.” It was only when I grew much older
168 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 and got married that I came to realize how lucky I am to have an aunt who can have a good conversation with me. Nowadays, she gladly advises me, not only on fashion and beauty, but also on everything from married life to our careers. She not only made my childhood happy, but also made my whole life richer by becoming my life’s mentor. Come what may, I know there’s always someone that I can count on. My little aunt will always be there, ten years ahead of me. 1. Write True or False against the following sentences. a. The narrator started hating her aunt and her fashion when she got older. b. The narrator used to communicate the tips about fashion with her friends. c. Rozy was very proud to be a teacher. d. The aunt was ten years younger than Rozy.
2. Choose the correct answer and complete the sentences. a. At first Rozy used to admire her aunt but later she ...... her. i. loved ii. insulted iii. impressed b. After marriage, Rozy got tips related to ...... also. i. married life ii. education iii. childhood c. The aunt learnt ...... from her students. i. fashion ii. career in life iii. the meaning of life d. Rozy eventually regarded her little aunt as her ...... i. good companion ii. fashion teacher iii. life guru
3. Answer the following questions. a. What did Rozy use to think of her aunt’s fashion talk? b. How did Rozy insult her aunt? c. Why did Rozy feel she was lucky to have her aunt?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 169 Writing
Chart interpretation Follow the guidelines given below: Ideally you need to find one main idea and, if possible, one or two more smaller ideas. • Don’t think for too much information. • Don’t analyze or explain everything in the graph. • Don’t go from left to right, explaining everything. Instead pick the main ideas. • Use the biggest and next biggest - don’t mention everything in between. • Don’t mention the small or unimportant stuff. • Pick an idea and find information that supports it. • Don’t repeat verbs. • Before you start to write, make a list of synonyms (words with the same meaning). Who uses the Internet? 60 53 50 45 44 41 39 40 37
30 Younger than 15
Percent 16-30 years 20 31-50 years 50 or more 10 10 8 8 9 2 4 0 1998 1999 2000 The chart shows the percentage of Internet users by age between 1998 and 2000. The majority of users in 1998 were aged between 16 and 30 years. Children made up only 2% of users in 1998. Between 1998 and 1999, the proportion of children using the Internet increased by four times. The percentage of older adults using the Internet decreased between 1998 and 1999. Overall, there
170 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 was a steady downfall (decrease) in the percentage of 16-30 year olds using the Internet. By 2000, older users made up ten percent of the total number. Together, children and older users comprised almost twenty percent of the total number of Internet users.
Exercise 1. Describe this bar diagram using the clues given below: Pratapi High School, Mechi – pass percentage in grade VIII exam in different years – more - less – increasing - improving in quality of education – poor result – excellent result. 90 80
70 60 50 SLC Pass Percent 40 30 20 No. of students 10 0 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 Years 2. Describe this bar diagram using the clues given below: Gorakhnath Higher Secondary School – student number admitted in grade 11 in different streams and in different years – streams: management, education and science.
150
100 Management Education Science 50 No. of students
0 2062 2064 2066 2068 Streams
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 171 3. Describe this chart that depicts the number of students opting for electronics in Nepal Engineering College. 300
250 200 Electronic Engineering 150 Civil Engineering 100 No. of students 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 Years 4. Describe the bar diagram that shows the total number of students in different academic years in a school. 600
500 400 Boys 300 Girls 200 No. of students 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 Years 5. Describe this bar diagram which shows the number of students in each class in Bhairav High School.
80 60 40 Boys Girls 20 No. of students 0 6 7 8 9 Class
172 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 10 Active and Passive Voice
Reading
Man Bahadur is a successful journalist. He works for a daily newspaper in Nepal. He is paid a good salary by his newspaper. All his articles are published in the newspaper. He has been sent to different parts of the country to collect news. He is asked to cover major political events. He is hopeful that he will be treated well and given better opportunities in future too. In an interview he said, “I will have been sent to England in two years time to take part in a training of journalism. Only I don’t like covering big demonstrations,” he says. “Sometimes the police mistake me for a demonstrator, and arrest me.” Voice is that form of verb which lets us know if the subject does something or gets done upon. In other words we can say it is voice that clarifies if the subject is doer or receiver of the action in a sentence. Active Voice and Passive Voice somehow reflect the same meaning. Active voice shows activeness or the doer of an action and passive shows passiveness or receiver of the action. Now compare these two sentences: i. His newspaper pays him a good salary. (active voice) ii. He is paid a good salary by his newspaper. (passive voice) When we compare these two sentences, they have the same meaning, but the focus has been shifted. In sentence (i), the subject ‘his newspaper’ is the doer of action, that is, the subject is active. The verb ‘pays’ is, therefore, said to be in active voice. In sentence (ii), the subject (he) is the receiver of the action, that is, the subject is not active but passive. The verb ‘is paid’ is, therefore, said to be in the passive voice.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 173 i. His newspaper pays him a good ii. He is paid a good salary by his salary. newspaper.
doer of action receiver of action
How to make sentences passive? i. Only the transitive verbs can be changed into passive. Transitive verb: A transitive verb is a verb that takes object to give complete meaning.
Example: Read, done and picking take objects. I read a book. So they are transitive verbs. He has done his job. They are picking some flowers. But, She laughs. Laughs, runs and sleeps do not take object. So they are intransitive verbs. He runs fast. It sleeps. ii. Change the position of the subject and the object. He collects papers.
Papers are collected by him. iii. Change the form of pronouns. Nouns remain the same. She calls him. ‘Him’ changes into ‘he’ and ‘she’ changes into ‘her’. He is called by her. iv. If the doers are like somebody/one, anybody/one, nobody/one, people, we, etc. they should not be written in passive voice. People are clearing the forest. The forest is being cleared. ( by the people) Somebody is helping her.
174 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 She is being helped. (by somebody) Nobody likes her. She is not liked. (by nobody) v. Change the main verb into past participle form V3. Nita cooks rice.
Rice is cooked by Nita.
Activity 1 Fill in the blanks correctly. 1. They deceived her...... was deceived ...... 2. I gave him a warning...... was given a warning by ...... 3. We asked them to leave the premises...... were asked to leave the premises by ...... 4. You gave us shelter and food...... were given shelter and food by ...... 5. He took you to the station...... were taken to the station by ...... 6. The neighbours had seen her...... had been seen by the neighbours. 7. She lent me her car...... was lent her car by ...... 8. I’ll tell her the truth...... ’ll be told the truth by ...... 9. You didn’t pay him enough...... was not paid enough by ...... 10. He looks well after her...... is looked well after by ......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 175 Change of verb Tense Active Voice Passive Voice Simple Present give/gives is/am/are given Present Continuous is/am/are giving is/am/are being given Present Perfect has/have given has/have been given Simple Past gave was/were given Past Continuous was/were giving was/were being given Past Perfect had given had been given Simple Future shall/will give shall/will be given Future Perfect shall/will have given shall/will have been given
Changing modals Modals Active Voice Passive Voice Can/could can/could give can/could be given Will/would will/would give will/would be given Shall/should shall/should give shall/should be given May/might may/might give may/might be given Must must give must be given
Interchanging the Active and Passive Voices Simple Present Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. She collects papers. Papers are collected by her. 2. He does not read a book. A book is not read by him. 3. Children love animals. Animals are loved by children. 4. Does she write a letter? Is a letter written by her? 5. Do they pluck the flowers? Are the flowers plucked by them?
Present Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. She is not collecting papers. Papers are not being collected by her. 2. He is reading a book. A book is being read by him. 3. They are helping the beggars. The beggars are being helped by them.
176 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 4. Is she writing a letter? Is a letter being written by her? 5. Are they plucking flowers? Are the flowers being plucked by them?
Present Perfect Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. I have finished the work. The work has been finished by me. 2. He has not painted his house. His house has not been painted. 3. They have solved the problem. The problem has been solved. 4. Has the teacher taught you? Have you been taught by the teacher? 5. Have they sold all the books? Have all the books been sold?
Simple Past Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. She did not collect papers. Papers were not collected by her. 2. He read a book. A book was read by him. 3. Children loved animals. Animals were loved by children. 4. Did she write a letter? Was a letter written by her? 5. Did they pluck the flowers? Were the flowers plucked by them?
Past Continuous Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. She was collecting papers. Papers were being collected by her. 2. He was not reading a book. A book was not being read by him. 3. They were helping the beggars. The beggars were being helped by them. 4. Was she writing a letter? Was a letter being written by her? 5. Were they plucking flowers? Were the flowers being plucked by them?
Past Perfect Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. I had not finished the work. The work had not been finished by me. 2. He had painted his house. His house had been painted.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 177 3. They had solved the problem. The problem had been solved. 4. Had the teacher taught you? Had you been taught by the teacher? 5. Had they sold all the books? Had all the books been sold?
Simple Future Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. He will read a book. A book will be read by him. 2. She will not catch a fish. A fish will not be caught by her. 3. I shall write a letter. A letter will be written by me. 4. Will you reply a question? Will a question be replied by you? 5. Shall we help her? Will she be helped by us?
Future Perfect Tense Active Voice Passive Voice 1. She will have collected papers. Papers will have been collected by her. 2. He will not have read a book. A book will not have been read by him. 3. They will have seen his father. His father will have been seen by them. 4. Will he have written an essay? Will an essay have been written by him? 5. Will he have answered the questions? Will the questions have been answered by him?
Memory Chart Tense/Modality Active Passive Simple Present She writes a letter. A letter is written by her. (S+v1/v5+o) (obj+ is/am/are+v3+by+sub) Present She is writing a letter. A letter is being written by her. Continuous (S+is/am/are+v4+o) (obj +is/am/are + being + v3 + by + sub) Present Perfect She has written a letter. A letter has been written by her. (S+ has/have+v3+o) (obj + has/have + been + v3 + by + sub)
178 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Simple Past She wrote a letter. A letter was written by her. (S+v2+o) (obj + was/were+ v3+by+sub) Past continuous She was writing a letter. A letter was being written by her. (S + was/were+v4+o) (obj + was/were+being + v3 + by + sub) Past Perfect She had written a letter. A letter had been written by her. (S+had+v3+o) (obj+had+been+v3+by+sub) Simple Future She will write a letter. A letter will be written by her. (S + shall/will +v1+o) (obj +shall/will + be + v3 + by + sub) Future Perfect She will have written a A letter will have been written letter. by her. (S + shall/will + have + (obj +shall/will + have + been + v3 + o) v3 + by + sub) can/could/ She can write a letter. A letter can be written. shall/should She should write a letter. A letter should be written. may/might She may write a letter. A letter may be written. will/would She will write a letter. A letter will be written. have to/has to/ She has to write a letter. A letter has to be written. had to She is going to write a A letter is going to be written. / is/am are going letter. (obj+modal+be+v3+by+sub) to (Sub+ modal +v1+obj) modals She might have written A letter might have been written have +v3 a letter. by her. (sub+modal+v1+obj) (obj+modal+been+v3+by+sub) Note: When we do not know, who was the doer of the action, we use someone or somebody in the active sentence. We leave out these words in the passive sentence. Example. Someone stole my bike. (active) My bike was stolen. (passive)
Activity 2 Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. The gardener has planted some trees. 2. Doctor Brown will give you some advice. 3. A famous designer will redecorate the hotel. 4. Tulsi Ghimire directed Dakshina.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 179 5. Someone has broken the crystal vase. 6. Fleming discovered penicillin. 7. They will advertise the product on television. 8. Someone is repairing that fence. 9. People speak Maithili in Siraha. 10. I have finished my assignment. 11. I ate a piece of chocolate cake. 12. The librarian read the book to the students. 13. The thief stole the money. 14. He pays us on Saturdays. 15. I washed my car three weeks ago. Activity 3 Use the correct form of the verb as indicated in the brackets. 1. English ...... (speak) all over the world. (Present tense) 2. This quarrel ...... (forget) in a few years’ time. (Future tense) 3. My pencil case ...... (steal). (Present perfect) 4. We ...... (never / beat) at badminton. (Present perfect) 5. This shirt ...... (make) in France. (Past tense) 6. The dogs ...... (keep) in house. (Present tense) 7. Her new book ...... (publish) next month. (Future tense) 8. Milk ...... (use) to make butter and cheese. (Present tense) 9. They ...... (take) to school. (Past tense) 10. Not a sound ...... (hear). (Past tense) 11. Some ink ...... (spill) on the carpet. (Present perfect) 12. The thieves ...... (arrest) by the police. (Past tense) 13. The homework ...... (correct) by the teacher. (Future tense) 14. Her ring ...... (find) under the bed. (Past tense) 15. I ...... (offer) an interesting job. (Past tense)
180 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 4 Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. They built these houses in 1902. 2. She will bake a cake tomorrow. 3. He has broken the vase. 4. I was cleaning the shoes. 5. Is he painting his room? 6. They use this road very often. 7. He will have sold his car. 8. Will they cancel the flight? 9. Brian tells the truth. 10. Had he loaded the dishwasher? 11. Does she do homework? 12. Did the ambulance take you to hospital? 13. A customer has lodge a complaint. 14. We should support the libraries. 15. Students have criticized the strike. 16. Our boss is doing the work. 17. The visitors said nothing. 18. Will she invite you? 19. They must understand me. 20. We should have helped our parents. 21. He sings a song. 22. The boy killed the spider. 23. Farmers plant rice in the rainy season. 24. The workers were digging a well. 25. I will finish the job by the end of this eek.w
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 181 Some verbs do not take ‘by’ in passive voice. Listening
Listen to your teacher. Active : I know her. Passive : She is known to me. Active : He obliged me by not parking his car in the drive. Passive : I am obliged to him by not parking his car in the drive. Active : Ramesh married Binita last year. Passive : Binita was married to Ramesh last year. Active : The waiters astonish the guests with their kind service. Passive : The guests are astonished at the waiters with their kind service. Active : The news surprises my father. Passive : My father is surprised at the news. Active : Ram’s death shocked me. Passive : I was shocked at Ram’s death. Active : The bottle contains some milk. Passive : Some milk is contained in the bottle. Active : Her curiosity interests me a lot. Passive : I am interested in her curiosity a lot. Active : She always pleases me. Passive : I am always pleased with her. Active : He satisfies me. Passive : I am satisfied with him.
Two objects of the verb When the sentence has two objects in the active voice, one of the objects becomes the subject in the passive voice and the other is retained as the object. Raham passed Neha the ball. What is the action done?- passed What is passed?- ball
182 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Here ‘ball’ is the direct object because it receives the action. A trick for identification is that direct objects answer the question ‘what?’ Active Voice : Raham passed Neha the ball.
Passive Voice : The ball was passed to Neha by Raham. Raham passed Neha the ball.
We now know what Raham passed, but ‘to whom’ did he pass the ball?– Neha Here, Neha is the recipient of the ‘ball,’ and so it is the indirect object. Active Voice : Raham passed Neha the ball. A sentence with two objects can have two Passive Voice : Neha was passed the ball by Raham. passive sentences i.e. beginning with Active : Someone gave her a book. direct object and Passive : She was given a book. next beginning with or, A book was given to her. indirect object.
Verb + preposition + object Active Voice Passive Voice She must write to him. He must be written to. They can play with these dolls. These dolls can be played with by them. He laughed at me. I am laughed at by him. You acted upon my advice. My advice was acted upon by you.
Passive without ‘by’
Active Voice Passive Voice They elected him Prime Minister. He was elected Prime Minister. He named his daughter Dolly. His daughter was named Dolly. The teacher made him captain. He was made captain. The people declared him the leader. He was declared the leader. The people proclaimed him the king. He was proclaimed the king.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 183 am/ is/ are/ was/ were+ to infinitive
Active Voice Passive Voice I am to draw a picture. A picture is to be drawn by me. He is to write a letter. A letteris to be written by him. Someone was to steal my money. My money was to be stolen. The children were to help the old. The old were to be helped by the children. has/ have/ had + to infinitive
Active Voice Passive Voice He has to ring the bell. The bell has to be rung by him. I have to invite her. She has to be invited by me. Nabin had to bring a book. A book had to be brought by Nabin.
IndefiniteAgents (People/ We) + agree/ believe/ consider/ decide/ hope/ know/ remember/ say/ think/ expect, etc. Active : People say that Saranga is a dancer. Passive : 1. It is said that Saranga is a dancer. 2. Saranga is said to be a dancer. Active : We hope that Gagan is a good leader. Passive : 1. It is hoped that Gagan is a good leader. 2. Gagan is hoped to be a good leader.
Imperative Sentences a. Command /Order
Active Voice Passive Voice Lock all the doors. Let all the doors be locked. Speak the truth. Let the truth be spoken. Don’t spill the milk. Let the milk not be spilled.
Passive : Let +subject+be+v3 (positive) Let+subject+not+be+v3 (negative)
184 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 b. Advice/ Suggestion Active Voice : Take these pills with warm water. Passive Voice : These pills should be taken with warm water.
Active Voice : Don’t give false information. Passive voice : False information should not be given. or, You are advised not to give false information. c. Sentences beginning with ‘Let’ Let her handle the accounts. Let the accounts be handled by her. Let the principal take the final decision. Let the final decisionbe taken by the principal. Let me clean your room. Let your room be cleaned by me.
Wh-question- who/whom/when/why/how
Active Voice Passive Voice How does she help him? How is he helped by her? Who made the paper boat? By whom was the paper boat made? When will she call you? When will you be called by her? Why did you buy this pen? Why was this pen bought by you? The passive voice of wh-questions begin with question words. We can change ‘who’ into ‘by whom’ while changing into passive voice.
Activity 5 Change these sentences into passive voice. 1. They make these cars in Japan. 2. You must not drop litter in the street. 3. Someone smashed our window last night. 4. They have already mended the TV set. 5. People will need public transport.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 185 6. They are decorating the wall. 7. You should not replace the roof. 8. People are spending less money this year. 9. He opens the door. 10. Why does she call you?. 11. We set the table. 12. She pays a lot of money. 13. I draw a picture. 14. They wear blue socks. 15. They don’t help you. 16. He doesn’t open the book. 17. You do not write the letter. 18. Does your mum pick you up? 19. Does the police officer catch the thief?
Activity 6 Make sensible passive sentences using the verbs given in the brackets. 1. Letters ...... by the postman at 8 every day. (deliver)
2. This bag ...... in the bus yesterday. (find)
3. The dress ...... in hot water. (cannot wash)
4. The message ...... tomorrow. (send)
5. These offices ...... now. (clean)
6. This report ...... in time if you didn’t help me. (not finish)
7. Why the TV ...... ? (turn on)
8. This building ...... since the 1930’s. (not reconstruct)
9. Bags ...... in the cloakroom. (must leave)
10. The engine ...... just when the manager saw it. (test)
186 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 11. The last umbrellas ...... in the morning. (sell)
12. You ...... to arrive so late if you worked for me. (not allow)
13. The plan ...... in two days. (announce)
14. All the halls ...... at the moment. (paint)
15. What were we doing at 11 o’clock? We ...... (interview)
Activity 7 Change into passive voice. a. Leave the cat alone. b. Do not hate the poor. c. Do not buy medicines without a proper bill. d. Keep an eye on my child. e. Never twist the fact for your personal gains. f. Show me your answer. g. Tell her to wait a bit. h. Do not park your car in the no-parking zone. i. Let Nabin lead us. j. Let me carry your bag. k. Let the prime minister take the final decision. l. Lock all the doors before you leave.
Activity 8 Change into passive voice. 1. I can read a book. 2. People must obey the law. 3. She ought to take medicine. 4. She should have loved me. 5. Ram may have eaten rice. 6. They should have told him.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 187 7. He has to ring the bell. 8. Renuka had to bring a book. 9. I am to sing a song. 10. Someone was to rob her house. 11. Does she read a book? 12. Do you drink coffee? 13. Did Surendra catch the bus? 14. Can you carry my bag? 15. Has Ramesh sold his cow? 16. Must I learn English? 17. How does the girl help the boy? 18. Who made the kite? 19. When did she write the letter? 20. People say that Barsa is a dancer. 21. People say that it is the hottest summer in 20 years. 22. We know that he was invited. 23. People found that Manish was killed. 24. They reminded me to write a letter. 25. Why does he order me to dance? 26. My teacher made me sing a song. 27. She made me go. 28. People elected him Mayor. 29. We let her go home. 30. Help the boy. 31. Mohan gives me a book. 32. He is going to sell his buffalo. 33. Columbus discovered America. 34. Do not tell a lie. 35. Somebody killed Ananta last week. 36. Have you answered his question?
188 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 9 Change these sentences into active voice. 1. The school was struck by lightening. 2. This morning the burglar was arrested by the police. 3. One type of air pollution is caused by hydrocarbons. 4. An elaborate supper for the miners was prepared by Mr. Sharma and his children. 5. The cookies were stolen by Madan. 6. It was decided by the court that the contract was invalid. 7. The first commercially successful portable vacuum cleaner was invented by a janitor who was allergic to dust. 8. After Leonardo da Vinci’s death, the Mona Lisa was purchased by King Francis I of France. 9. He is being deceived by his own friends. 10. Prince Hamlet was welcomed by the people. 11. The proposal has been rejected by the committee. 12. I have been given much cause for anxiety. 13. Have my orders been carried out by you? 14. The story was eagerly listened to. 15. Our lives are wasted in anticipation. 16. The tree was uprooted by the storm. 17. The wounded persons were taken to hospital by the police. 18. By whom was this piece of composition written? 19. America was discovered by Columbus. 20. Is John taught by you?
Activity 10 Change the voice of these sentences. 1. You must keep your promise. 2. My words will be kept by me. 3. Which books are you buying? 4. Will you teach me this lesson? 5. How had he done that? 6. Where has he kept the books?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 189 7. What were you doing? 8. Do you like coffee? 9. Where did she leave the bag? 10. Who wrote this book? 11. Sam is writing a letter. 12. Is he helping you? 13. Have you done your work? 14. Can you solve this sum? 15. Has he finished his work? 16. She has had tea. 17. Who has done this? 18. We made him captain of the team. 19. Did you solve the question? 20. Have you invited her? 21. When will he give the money? 22. Where will he meet you? 23. How do you make a cake ? 24. Whom did you tell the story ? 25. He was found lying unconscious by the road side. 26. My uncle sent me a present. 27. They had prepared many plans 28. He had insulted you. 29. The labourers will repair the road.
Activity 11 Change the voice of these sentences. 1. Nobody has brought this fact to my notice. 2. Chandani’s father brought her some colourful balloons. 3. He is said to be a clever person. 4. What precautions are being taken to check the spread of cholera? 5. How much of your money have you invested in mutual funds? 6. Facts must not be twisted. 7. Let this e-mail be sent immediately.
190 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 8. Mr. Dahal is said to be a very good teacher. 9. Who will the new museum building be inaugurated by? 10. Are the rules and regulations being strictly implemented? 11. Success cannot be achieved without sincerity and hard work. 12. People say blind faith dies not pay. 13. There is no time to waste. 14. I am not interested in this film. 15. We had to ask for every member’s opinion. 16. All roads will have been repaired by the middle of May. 17. Why do we have to accept these conditions? 18. Can we postpone this meeting by a week? 19. The police had nabbed the robbers before they could strike. 20. Where had she hidden these crucial documents? 21. He was struck by lightening. 22. Are you eating a banana? 23. Our note books were corrected by the teacher. 24. Who did the job? 25. Can you break the door?
Writing
Letter to the Editor Dallu, Kathmandu, 14th May 2020 To The Editor, The Kathmandu Post, Subidhanagar, Kathmandu Dear sir, I would be grateful if you would allow a little space in your widely circulated and popular newspaper and publish my appeal and opinion about the saddening condition of our country, strike in the educational institutions.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 191 Education is the basic need for one’s personality development. Development of the country is influenced by the educated and skilled manpower. Educational institutions are the place where children get knowledge, skill and good behaviour. The children should get opportunity to get education in a peaceful environment where they can foster their knowledge and understanding. If the children are exposed to violence and disorder in their childhood, they possess negative attitude towards the society. In the context of our country, strikes or bandas have become very common at present. People, political parties and different other ethnic communities declare strike or bandas even over petty issues when they have to oppose the government or its work. Educational institutions are mostly affected by such strikes. School children and college students are frequently affected by the strike. Since education is a must for the development of personality and educational institutions are victimized by the strike organizers, the government and other authorities concerned should take appropriate measures in time to control this problem. Faithfully yours, Ramesh Khadka Write the letters to the editor of a daily newspaper on the following subjects. a. reckless driving b. noise pollution in front of your school c. an amazing event of your life d. deforestation
Comprehension Read the text given below and do the activities that follow. Australia is home of kangaroos, where they move freely across the grassy plains. They are nearly 2 metres tall and weigh about 65 kg. They stand on their great, long powerful legs. They use these for jumping, and males use them for kicking when they fight other males to decide who the king is. Close to the kangaroo’s body are small front legs with very long sharp claws. They are for finding and holding food. Kangaroos live in herds of 12 to 50 animals. They all know each other well. When something frightens them they all jump together. They can jump 8
192 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 meters and go at a speed of 70 km per hour. A kangaroo is a marsupial. A baby kangaroo lives inside its mother for only 30 to 40 days. When it is born it is only 2 cm long, with eyes and ears closed, no fur, and no hind legs. This little creature climbs up its mother’s body and into her pouch. It takes hold of a nipple and starts to suck milk. It stays safely in the pouch sucking milk and developing. After many weeks, a fully formed baby kangaroo looks out. It learns to climb in and out of the pouch. It learns to jump outside and look for food. Inside it is safe, and can drink milk. A baby kangaroo is called a Joey. When it is six months old it leaves the pouch, but it stays with its mother much longer as it has many things to learn.
A. Tick the best answer: a. When something frightens kangaroos, they….. i. jump away ii. fight each other iii. stand quietly b. Kangaroos use their small front legs with very long sharp claws for…… i. jumping ii. finding and holding food iii. eating food c. When a baby kangaroo is born it is……. i. fully-formed ii. not fully developed iii. none of them d. A Joey leaves the pouch when it is….. i. six months old ii. six weeks old iii. six days old
B. Put these sentences in the correct order: a. A baby kangaroo develops quickly when it is well-fed. b. A kangaroo is a marsupial which keeps its young in its pouch. c. Twenty-five kangaroos live together in the herd. d. A newly born baby is only 2 cm long and has no fur and hind legs.
C. Answer these questions: a. What does a herd of kangaroos do when they are frightened? b. What do kangaroos use their hind legs for? c. How does a baby kangaroo look when it is born?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 193 11 Conjunctions
Reading
The best artist Once there lived three artists together in a city. All three were highly skilled and competent. It was too difficult to say who the best was. One day, a competition was organized to judge their skill so a judge was appointed to give the decision. The artists were asked to paint a picture as per their likeness. One of the artists painted a wreath of flowers. It was a real-like flower therefore it attracted a bee in no time. The bee came and sat on it. The second artist painted a basket of fruits. It seemed so natural that an ox tried to seize it. Accordingly, the third painted a picture of a curtain. It also seemed real-like. It not only deceived the bee and the ox but the judge himself was deceived by it. The judge stood, went near the curtain and raised it thinking that it was hung on the door. Only then he knew that it was a picture. It made the picture of the curtain adjudged the best because it deceived a man whereas the others deceived only an insect and an animal. A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases or sentences. So, therefore, because, not only ...... but also, both ...... and, etc. in the above story are conjunctions.
Reason connectives: as, since, because. Reason connectives are used to join a statement with its reason. i. Because can be used with all reasons; We didn’t play football because it was raining.
194 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ii. ‘As’ is used when the reason is clear, obvious and known as well. He kicked the ball as he walked off. iii. ‘Since’ is used with negative reasons. We had to rely on noodles since there were no good hotels. iv. ‘Because of’ is used when the reason is a noun phrase. The school was closed because of the strike.
Purpose connectives: to/in order to, so that i. We use ‘to/in order to’ to link an action with its purpose. I ran quickly to/in order to catch the train. ii. We use ‘so that’ to link an action with its purpose, when the purpose is a clause (i.e s+v+o……..) We study hard so that we can pass the exam.
Connectives of unexpected result: though, although, even though, in spite of, etc. These connectives are used to join a situation and its unexpected result. We put these connectives before situation. The situation can be first or second clause. For example: Situation Unexpected result He is intelligent He failed in the exam. She is rich She does not spend money. i. Although, though, even though can be used in the same way. They are only variants but the unexpected result must be a clause. (i.e s+v+o……..) He wears rags although he is very rich. ii. ‘In spite of’ is used when the unexpected result is a noun phrase or gerund. He wears rags in spite of his richness.
The relative pronouns: ‘Who, whom, whose, which, that, what/whatever, where/wherever, when/whenever, etc. are written before relative clause. Remember the following: Who used for person (Sub/objective case)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 195 Whom is used for person (objective case) Whose is used for person/thing (possessive case) Which/That is used for thing/place (Sub/objective case) What/Whatever is used for thing/place (Sub/objective case) Where/Wherever is used for place (adverbial of place) When/Whenever is used for time (adverbial of time)
Speaking
Say them aloud. This is the boy who got a lot of prizes. This is the boy whom I like. I don’t know when he came to Kathmandu. They don’t know where they are going for the picnic. The connectives- when/whenever, since, for, after, just as, as soon as, while, before, till, until, since, by the time, etc are written before time clauses. The question had been leaked before the exam started. He’s been taking exam since last Sunday.
So that, thinking/asking/seeing/hoping that, why, how, etc. The problem was so difficult that I couldn’t solve it. I called him hoping that he would help me. I don’t know the reason why she left school. Can you tell me how you solve the problem?
The coordinating conjunctions: and, as well as, but, both_and, either_or, neither_nor, not only_but also, etc. join the pairs of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, phrases and clauses, etc. Dhirendra speaks English and Nepali both. He likes apples but he doesn’t like mangoes. Either Ram or Hari has done it.
196 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Neither Sita nor Rita could solve the problem. Not only mother but also father loves the children equally. Ganesh, as well as his friends passed the exam.
If/whether, unless/if not, whether_or not, etc. are written before conditional clauses: You can’t pass the exam unless you study hard. Look at the following examples: A lot of people buy those houses despite the high prices. Hari never studied hard, however he secured good marks in the exam. The beauties go to temple for praying. Work hard lest you should fail the exam. Despite the rain, they enjoyed the picnic. Besides cooking I look after the garden. He came as soon as he heard the news. She teaches English as well as Japanese.
Some examples are given below.
1. And Separate : I can play hockey. I can play football. Combined : I can play hockey and football.
2. Both………..and Separate : The job was lucrative. The job was interesting. Combined : The job was both lucrative and interesting.
3. As well as Separate : I am fond of reading. I am fond of writing. Combined : I am fond of reading as well as writing.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 197 4. No less ……….than Separate : I am obliged to my voters. I am equally obliged to my party. Combined : I am no less obliged to my party than to my voters.
5. Not only ………….but also …………. Separate : He has lost the book. He has lost the bag. Combined : He has not only lost the book but also the bag.
6.t Bu Separate : He tried his best. He could not succeed. Combined : He tried his best but could not succeed.
7. Still Separate : He has much wealth. He is unhappy. Combined : He has much wealth, still he is unhappy.
8. Nevertheless Separate : Our English teacher, Mr Gurung, is very strict. All the students like him. Combined : Our English teacher, Mr. Gurung, is very strict; nevertheless, all the students like him.
9. Whereas, while Separate : Rice needs plenty of water. Cotton needs black soil. Combined : Rice needs plenty of water whereas (while) cotton needs black soil.
10. Only Separate : I would have loved to play chess with you. I have an appointment with my doctor. Combined : I would have loved to play chess with you, only I have an appointment with my doctor.
11. So Separate : He had no money. He cannot buy a book. Combined : He had no money so he cannot buy a book.
198 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 12. Or Separate : Work regularly. Stop work. Combined : Work regularly or stop work.
13. If Separate : He will help you. He is here. Combined : He will help you if he is here.
14. Because Separate : I went to Kathmandu. I wanted to see the Dharahara. Combined : I went to Kathmandu because I wanted to see the Dharahara.
15. Therefore Separate : He worked hard. He got success. Combined : He worked hard therefore he got success.
16. Otherwise Separate : Take medicine regularly. You will not be cured. Combined : Take medicine regularly otherwise you will not be cured.
17. Unless Separate : You will fail. You work harder. Combined : You will fail unless you work harder.
18. After Separate : He has gone to play. He has finished his homework. Combined : He has gone to play after he has finished his homework.
19 Before Separate : I had reached the airport. The plane landed. Combined : I had reached the airport before the plane landed.
20. Who Separate : Nabin stood first in the competition. He is my friend. Combined : Nabin who stood first in the competition is my friend.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 199 21. Whom Separate : My mother will never trust her. She has cheated her. Combined : My mother whom she has cheated will never trust her.
22. When Separate : I was reading a book. He came to see me. Combined : I was reading a book when he came to see me.
23. Which Separate : A farmer had a hen. The hen laid a golden egg everyday. Combined : A farmer had a hen which laid a golden egg everyday.
24. Where Separate : This is the place. I was born here. Combined : This is the place where I was born.
25. Until Separate : Do not leave this place. I return from there. Combined : Do not leave the place until I return from there.
26. Although Separate : He is laborious. He never gets good marks in the exam. Combined : Although he is laborious, he never gets good marks in the exam.
Some conjunctions are used in pairs. They are co-relative conjunctions.
27. Either ……….or ……… Separate : He will give me a pen. He will give me a copy. Combined : He will either give me a pen or a copy.
28. Neither …………nor………… Separate : He does not go to the temple. He does not worship. Combined : Neither he goes to the temple nor does he worship.
200 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 29. As soon as Separate : He saw me. He stopped talking at once. Combined : As soon as he saw me, he stopped talking.
30. As …………….as Separate : Sabnam is intelligent. Sabita is equally intelligent. Combined : Sabnam is as intelligent as Sabita.
31. So that Separate : He works regularly. He wants to pass. Combined : He works regularly so that he will pass.
32. More than Separate : He likes her much. I like her more. Combined :I like her more than he does. 33. Else Separate : You have to accept all these conditions. You will not get the contract. Combined : You have to accept all these conditions, else you will not get the contract. 34. For Separate : I’ll prefer to go by air. The bus will take very long. Combined : I’ll prefer to go by air, for the bus will take very long.
Listening
Listen to your teacher. Separate Sentences Combined Sentences Study hard. You can get good marks. Study hard so that you can get good marks. I can sing. I can dance. I can sing and dance. He practised hard. He won the match. He practised hard so he won the match.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 201 I was watching TV. He arrived. I was watching TV when he arrived. I went to see a doctor. I had fever. I went to see a doctor because I had a fever. I won’t go to the party. She does not I won’t go to the party unless she invite. invites. The sun shines. Make hay. Make hay while the sun shines. You can have a car. You can have a You can have either a car or a scooter. scooter. She does not sing. She does not play. She neither sings nor plays. This is the school. I studied here. This is the school where I studied.
Activity 1 Choose the best combining word. 1. We started early ...... we might not miss the show. a. because b. so c. so that 2. I can help you ...... you tell me the truth. a. unless b. if c. so 3. He is both scholarly ...... cultured. a. and b. also c. but 4. He looks ...... he is ill. a. as if b. like c. as 5. You must apologize; ...... you will be punished. a. otherwise b. unless c. whether
Activity 2 Complete each sentence with any appropriate phrase. 1. This is the man about whom I talked yesterday. 2. We visited the town that ...... 3. I don’t like the people who ...... 4. Where’s the bag in which ...... ? 5. Saran laughed at the man whom ...... 6. Shyam spoke with the teacher whose ...... 7. Tell me about the teacher whose ......
202 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 3 Make one sentence by joining the sentences. 1. The girl was late. Janak invited the girl. 2. The doctor was free. I wanted to see the doctor. 3. The accountant fell ill. The accountant works for my father’s company. 4. I wrote to the friend. You met the friend last week. 5. The radio can’t be fixed. The radio is broken. 6. Manila made a copy of the photo. I took the photo. 7. I met a girl. The girl was a doctor. 8. We called a doctor. The doctor works at a hospital in Nepalgunj. 9. We like the actor. The actor was in a famous film. 10. I went to the restaurant. I read about the restaurant in the newspaper. 11. She bought a car. Her sister liked the car. 12. I often buy cheese. The cheese is imported from Paris. 13. The boy was very good. The boy had red hair. 14. The girl is playing in the garden. We see the girl often. 15. The doctor is in the office. The doctor treated my grandmother.
Activity 4 Choose the correct alternative. 1. I like sugar in my tea, (but/ although) I don’t like milk in it. 2. Listen to the story (and/ so) answer the questions in complete sentences. 3. Is it Thursday (either/ or) Friday today? 4. He was late (so/ because) the bus didn’t come. 5. We were very tired (but/ although) happy after our flight to Sydney. 6. They climbed the mountain (but/ although) it was very windy. 7. (That/ While) Naresh was watching the planes his wife was reading in the car. 8. I’ll text you (since/ after) I have arrived in Toronto.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 203 9. Neither my brother (nor/ neither) my sister owns a car. 10. The sun was warm, (yet/ since) the wind was a bit too cool. 11. On Sundays I often stay in bed (until/ after) 10 o’clock. 12. (Until/ After) John has done his homework, he may play his favourite computer game. 13. We were on our way to Ashville (before/ when) our car broke down. 14. (Until/ Before) I go to school, I take my little brother to preschool. 15. I’ll phone you (when/ since) I’m there. 16. It’s still two days (while/ before) our son flies back to New ork.Y 17. (Since /After) I finished school, I went to New Zealand. 18. We had left the beach (before/ after) the rain started. 19. We stayed in our house (until/ since) the rain stopped. 20. (When/ After) he heard about the accident he was shocked.
Activity 5 Fill in the blanks using appropriate conjunctions. 1. The crow collected stones ...... dropped them into the pot. (so/ and/but) 2...... I am quite small, I can swim well. (so/ because/ although) 3. They arrived ...... we had left. (because/after/unless) 4. The sun is hot ...... the moon is cold. (so/but/although) 5. He sold the car ...... he wanted some money. (because/so/ although) 6. Please meet me ...... you go. (after/although/before) 7. He will not succeed ...... he works hard. (unless/if/because) 8...... you drop the glass, it will break. (unless/if/because) 9. He studied well ...... he passed the examination. (so/because/if) 10...... you say so, I will believe it. (if/so/because)
204 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 6 Choose the correct joining word. 1. Paras knows the value of education ...... he is a man of letters. (since, because, to, that) 2. They didn’t climb up the mountain ...... the fine weather. (in spite of, because of, because) 3. He has not returned the call ...... (whether, so that, although) I have telephoned him many times. 4. Hari never studied hard ...... he secured good marks in the exam. (therefore, however, so, because) 5. He seems to be a bad man ...... nobody likes him. (as, so, but) 6. He became popular ...... his honesty. (because, because of, in spite of) 7. Shanti could not attend her exam ...... her illness. ( because, because of, therefore) 8. He went to market ...... (to, so that, because) he could buy a nice jacket. 9. I have met the mothers ...... (who, whose, whom) sons were killed in the battle. 10...... (As, While, Since) she entered the room, she saw a black cat lying on the floor. 11. She went to school ...... her illness. (though, because of, in spite of) 12. I don’t know ...... Rara lake is located. (which, when, where) 13...... (Because, Because of, Although) she is rich, she never spends money. 14. He dismissed the servant ...... (who, which, whom) was caught stealing. 15...... (Unless, If, Whether) he phones me, I won’t go out. 16. He was here yesterday ...... (therefore, because, however) I didn’t talk to him. 17. You can use my bicycle ...... (unless, as, therefore) you ride carefully. 18. I saw her ...... (while, since, for) she was painting.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 205 19...... his strength, he could fight against the tiger. (Instead of, Because of, Because) 20. She knows the value of time ...... (since, because, to, that) she is a student. 21. Write my phone number ...... (because, in case, despite) you need to phone me. 22. He got the job ...... he has no qualifications. (because, in spite of, although) 23. This is Gopi, ………..house was robbed last night. (who, which, whose, that) 24...... (In case, If, Unless, Whether) she informed me or not, I would go to the programme. 25. Most of the people ...... (that, who, whom) live in Nepal are innocent. 26. This is the house ...... (which, when, that, where) Rama was born. 27...... (Because, Even though, However) Manisha is intelligent, she never gets prizes. 28. Arjun ...... lives in Tahachal is an honest businessman. (who, where, whom) 29...... (In spite of, Although, Because of) his loneliness, he tries to be happy. 30. She didn’t know the name of the boy ...... (whose, whom, who) phoned her.
Activity 7 Choose the correct answer. 1. The school was closed ...... strike. (because, so that, because of) 2. We labour hard ...... we can pass the exam. (because, so that, as) 3. We studied hard ...... pass the exam. (because, to, as) 4. We must wait ...... it is time to go. (before, when, until, as long as) 5. You should inform the police ...... your purse is stolen. (so, in case, although) 6. This is the student ...... (where, who, whom, which) I like.
206 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7. He kicked the ball ...... he walked off. (because, so that, so, as) 8...... (Because of, Because, However) his strength, he won the race. 9. It’s he ...... (who, whom, whose) was awarded. 10. He is staying there ...... (unless, as, therefore) it is raining heavily. 11. I couldn’t sleep ...... being tired. (so, so that, despite) 12. This is the room, ...... I was born. (which, when, who, where) 13. I ran quickly ...... catch the bus. (in order to, so that, because) 14. She found a gold ring ...... she was playing in the yard. (when, while, since) 15. January was the month ...... I visited the USA. (which, where, when) 16. There is the teacher ...... handwriting is very good. (who, which, whose, whom) 17. We’ve been victim ...... his cruelty. (because, because of, so) 18. The fairies go to temple ...... praying. (to, so that, for, because) 19. Today is the day ...... (which, when, that) Guatam Buddha was born. 20...... (Because of, Although, In spite of) her experience, she handled the problem easily. 21. They keep the cattle ...... (so, so that, in order to) they can make fertilizer. 22. I will remain at home today ...... Krishna phones. (in case, because, although) 23. I forgot ...... (which, that, whom, what) my uncle had told me. 24. Ramesh passed the exam ...... (because, because of, in spite of) his talent. 25. I couldn’t get to sleep ...... the noise. (because, because of, in spite of) 26...... (Because of, Since, In spite of) his stupidity, he could save himself. 27. He will do no work ...... he is forced to do. (although, however, unless)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 207 28. I telephoned him ...... he would know his result earlier. (so that, although, in order to) 29...... (Because, Because of, In spite of) her hard labour, she failed the entrance test. 30. Help them ...... (which, who, whose, whom) are needy.
Activity 8 Join each pair of the following sentences with a suitable conjunction. 1. Rojan smokes. His brother does not smoke. 2. Anil hasn’t come. Sima hasn’t come. 3. She speaks English. She speaks Spanish. 4. I like him. He is very sincere. 5. He did not win. He worked hard. 6. She is ill. She is cheerful. 7. We decided to go out. It was raining. 8. The piper played. The children danced. 9. James works hard. His brother is lazy. 10. I went to the shop. I bought some vegetables. 11. You must start at once. You will be late. 12. He must be tired. He has been working since morning. 13. Ann likes to dance. Bill likes to dance. 14. I found the money. The money belonged to Kumar. 15. She has a good memory. Her memory always serves her well. 16. This is the woman. I told you about the woman. 17. I have a document. The document proves my innocence. 18. They want to visit the country. Barsa comes from the country. 19. This is the doctor. The doctor saved my life. 20. Do you know the musician? I met the musician in Thamel. 21. She likes the gentleman. I was telling her about the gentleman. 22. I visited the girls. The girls’ father had recently died.
208 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Writing
Writing Job Application: For the post of a teacher Balaju - 16 Kathmandu 16th Dec. 2020
To The Principal Bir Bhakti Academy Balaju, Kathmandu Subject:- Application for a primary level English Teacher Dear sir, In response to your advertisement published in yesterday’s issue of ‘The Kathmandu Post’ , I wish to apply for the post of Primary English Teacher. I am a young and energetic man of 21 and have completed B.Ed. majoring in English from M.R. Campus, Kathmandu. I’ve been working as an English Teacher at M.S. School, for three years. I assure you that I am guided by the strong zeal and determination towards my work. I would like to promise that I would entirely accomplish my duties and responsibilities if the opportunity to serve your institution is given. I have herewith attached my CV, testimonials and other documents. I am looking forward to getting your favourable response. Thanking you. Yours sincerely Chetan Sharma
Curriculum-Vitae
Personal Details Name : Chetan Sharma Father’s Name : Ram Dhwoj Sharma Mother’s Name : Neeta Sharma Date of Birth : 1997-02-16
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 209 Address Permanent : Galkot-3, Baglung Temporary : Balaju-16, Kathmandu Contact No. : 01-4-371283 Sex : Male Religion : Hindu Nationality : Nepali Marital Status : Unmarried
Academic Details S.N Degree Division Passed Year Institution 1. S.L.C First 2012 Shree Kamana M.V., Galkot, Baglung 2. +2 First 2014 Janata H.S., Baglung 3. B.Ed. First 2018 M.R. Campus, Tahachal, Kathmandu
Experience Have been working as an English Teacher for Primary level at M.S. School, Kathmandu for 3 years.
Exercise Study the given vacancy announcements and write job application for the vacant posts.
a. Wanted Urgently 1. EPH Teacher (Seconday Level) 2. Computer Teacher (L.Seconday Level)
Experienced candidates are asked to contact very soon. Metro Higher Secondary School New Baneshwor, Kathmandu 9841213247
210 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 b. CAREER OPPORTUNITY A fast growing national level finance company is looking for highly motivated, energetic and result oriented professionals for the following position. Supervisor : (No. 5) Experience : At least 2 years Qualification : B.A or equivalent Age : Between (20-30) Deadline : May 10, 2020 Apply to the following address with your hand-written application, a copy of testimonials and a recent p.p. size photograph Human Resource Manager G.P.O. Box 2466, Kathmandu c. VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT A reputed national research NGO requires a full-time Senior Training Officer to manage a Parental Health Training and resource center for one and a half years. The post will be based in Kathmandu, but requires frequent travels outside Kathmandu for training purpose. The Senior Training Officer will be responsible for development of training packages, delivering training, supervising a training team and evaluation. - Applicants should have completed a higher degree in health related subject or technical equivalent and should have a minimum five years experience in health training. Proven experience in managing teams, fluent spoken and written English with computer competency in website management would also be considered. Salary scale will depend upon qualifications and experiences. Please send a covering letter and CV with full address and contact telephone number to GPO BOX 921, Kathmandu. Closing date January 9, 2018. Current employees should submit an employer’s no objection letter. Only short-listed candidates will be notified.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 211 Comprehension Read the following letter carefully and do the exercise given below: 21/480 Dillibazar Kathmandu,Nepal 1st February, 2020 My Dear John, I am so glad to hear of your brilliant success in the examination. You have topped the list and won a scholarship, too. My heartiest congratulations! The news of your success has delighted us all beyond measure. Everybody here is dancing with joy. We are proud of you. You have shown the way to all your friends. It is our will that shapes our destiny. I have no doubt you will rise from glory to glory. May your success open for you all the golden gates of opportunities! Best wishes, Sincerely yours, Amrit
A. Answer the following questions: a. What so worthy has John done? b. Why is our ‘will’ important? c. How can the friends share the joy of success?
B. Write the words from the letter which are closest in meaning to the following words: a. glorious b. pleased c. limit d. chances
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words: a. This is a letter of...... b. The letter asw written on ...... c. John’s success in the examination has delighted his ...... d. We must be ...... of our friend’s success, too.
212 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 12 Causative Verbs
Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs. ‘Make’, ‘Get’ and ‘Have’ can be used as causative verbs.
Examples: Jack had his hair cut. Jack made the barber cut his hair. Jack got the barber to cut his hair.
HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it, but you don’t say who this person is.
Examples: HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE He had / got his hair cut. She didn’t have / get her teeth checked. I had / got the leak in the roof fixed. Did you have / get the TV repaired?
HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it, but you also say who this person is.
Examples: HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING The teacher had the students write a test. I’ll have my brother clean the room. I had the mechanic repair my car. Did you have the electrician fix the air cooler.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 213 GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING This means someone does something for you because you persuade (= encourage, tell them that you’d like them to do something) them to do it. So this construction feels less neutral than the previous ones.
Examples: GET SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING I (finally) got my kids to go to bed. I can never get my wife to cook dinner. Can you ever get your sisters to stop fighting? Ravi got his brothers to take him on an adventure.
MAKE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING This means that you force someone/something to do something for you.
Examples: MAKE SOMEONE/SOMETHING DO SOMETHING You make your hips sway. Don’t make her (Sarah) cry. The teacher made him (Peter) work hard. Why do you make them (your parents) worry about you?
Summary of the rules
1...... have/get + (no agent)+ V3 Eg: I have my car serviced. I get my car serviced. 2...... make/have + agent + V1 Eg: My mother made me cook the food. She has her sister clean the room. I made a dog run away. 3...... get + agent + to + V1 Eg: The teacher got her students to do their homework.
214 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 1 Choose the correct answer. 1. Helen got new dress ...... (buy, to buy, bought) 2. Has your brother ...... a new shirt for your sister? (to buy, buy, bought, buying) 3. She made the labourers ...... all the works. (do, to do, to have done) 4. My brother will have him ...... his meal. (cook, to cook, cooks) 5. The peon got the bell ...... in time. (ring, to ring, rings, rung) 6. She is very lucky. She always makes her friends ...... her work. (to do, do, does, done) 7. My younger sister made me ...... an expensive doll. (to buy, buy, buys, bought) 8. The boss is very kind. He never made us ...... the heavy work. (do, to do, doing, did) 9. Sima made him ...... a letter for her. (write, to write, wrote) 10. My back pains. I must get it ...... (check, to check, checked, checking) 11. I ...... her to sing a song. (get, make, has) 12. The master made me ...... the room. (sweep, to sweep, swept) 13. The driver had his car ...... in the workshop. (to paint, paint, painted, painting) 14. My dresses are dirty. I will get the washerman ...... them. ( to wash, to be washed, washed) 15. His dresses are dirty. He will get them ...... (to wash, to be washed, washed) 16. I got the painter ...... (paint, to paint, painted) my house. 17. I got my house ...... (paint, to paint, painted) 18. Hari made Rita ...... (laugh, to laugh, laughed) 19. I had my photograph ...... (take, takes, taken, to take) yesterday. 20. The teacher got his students ...... (stop, to stop, stopped) reading.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 215 Activity 2 Choose the correct answer. 1. Mohan had his sister ...... his clothes. (to wash, wash, washed, washing) 2. G.M. sir doesn’t make us ...... hard work. (to do, do, doing, done) 3. Baburam is a dwarf. He got his photograph ...... (to enlarge, enlarging, enlarged, enlarge) 4. I got my sister ...... her friends in my wedding. (to invite, invite, invited, inviting) 5. I made my auntie ...... new clothes. (buy, bought, to buy) 6. Carl’s grandfather ...... a tailor to stitch his trousers. (made, got, had) 7. Hemani got her jacket ...... (wash, to wash, washed) 8. Dipen never gets them ...... his books. (to bring, bring, brought) 9. The happy ending of drama ...... me pleased. (make, made, is making, has made) 10. Did you make the carpenter ...... the door? (repair, repaired, to repair, repairing) 11. Do you know a good painter? I want to have my door ...... (to paint, paint, painted) 12. Satish got me ...... all the homework. (write, to write, written) 13. He may get a new house ...... (buy, to buy, bought) 14. My sister has me ...... food everyday. (cook, to cook, cooked, cooking) 15. He is very active. He always ...... his work done in time. (make, makes, gets) 16. We had a translator ...... the book. (translate, to translate, translated, translating) 17. Ram, get your bicycle ...... (sell, to sell, sold, selling) 18. They have the cow ...... (to sell, sell, sold, selling) 19. Kunti got her son ...... a letter. (write, to write, written) 20. The monster had his servant ...... his shoes. (cleaned, clean, to clean, cleans)
216 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 3 Choose the correct answer. 1. You can make the dentist ...... your teeth. (check, to check, checked) 2. I can have my bike ...... (repairs, repaired, repair) 3. She got her clothes ...... (to wash, wash, washed) 4. His father died so, he got his head ...... (shaved, to shave, to be shaved) 5. When did you get the house ...... (buy, to buy, bought) 6. The teacher made her students ...... their homework. (do, to do, doing) 7. The film was very sentimental. It made him ...... (to weep, weeping, weep) 8. The director made the actress ...... nicely. (dances, to dance, danced, dance) 9. She made the baby ...... a nap. (to take, take, took) 10. Baburam made the millionaire ...... the tax. (pay, paying, to pay) 11. I shall get my goat ...... (kill, killing, to kill, killed) 12. Yamuna never ...... her husband work in the kitchen. (gets, make, got,has) 13. The teacher made the boys ...... outside the class. (standing up, stands up, stand up, stood up) 14. His clothes are dirty. He had his clothes ...... (wash, to wash, washed) 15. The joker made us ...... (laugh, to laugh, laughed) 16. Don’t get her ...... your homework. (do, to do, done) 17. We had the teacher ...... our homework. (do, to do, done, did) 18. Ghanashyam ...... his sister switch T.V. off. (gets, get, make, makes, has) 19. Babita ...... her brother to carry her luggage. (got, makes, made) 20. He got his goat ...... (to kill, kills, killing, killed)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 217 Activity 4 Choose the correct answer. 1. He got a labourer ...... the floor. (sweep, to sweep, swept) 2. He made her ...... (laugh, laughing, laughed, laughs) 3. The new minister made the education rules ...... strictly. (to apply, applies, applied, apply) 4. The monitor made the students ...... attractively. (to dance, dance, danced, dancing) 5. My brother is very lazy. He always gets his goods ...... (to bring, bring, brought, bringing) of his friends. 6. She always makes her husband ...... her mobile. (recharge, to recharge, recharging, recharged) 7. The traffic police made him ...... his licence. (showed, show, to show, shown) 8. I want to get the house ...... before Dashain. (paint, painted, to paint) 9. Why are you making them ...... (to weep, weep, weeps, weeping) 10. She should get her eyebrows ...... (pluck, plucked, to pluck) out. 11. She could get her nail ...... (polish, polished, to polish) 12. The farmer will have his son ...... the field. (plough, to plough, ploughed) 13. Upama got Roshan ...... his house. (watch, watching, to watch) 14. The teacher made the students ...... their lesson. (read, to read, reading) 15. Ramu is having ten workmen ...... a new house. (to build, build, built, building) 16. Shrijana is getting her hair ...... (comb, to comb, combed) 17. Sunil has his wife ...... his motorcycle. (to clean, clean, cleaning, cleaned) 18. The owner made them ...... the room rent in time. (pay, paid, to pay) 19. His joke ...... everyone laugh. (makes, gets, made) 20. Rohit got Akriti ...... his work. (complete, to complete, completed)
218 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 5 Complete the sentences below in your own words. 1. I got my friend ...... 2. Sometimes parents make their children ...... 3. When I’m at a restaurant, I sometimes have the waiter ...... 4. People take their cars to service stations to get the oil ...... 5. Teachers sometimes have their students ...... 6. Before I left on my trip, I had the travel agent ...... 7. My cousin’s jokes always make me ...... 8. I need to have a plumber ...... 9. Some people get their houses ...... 10. Don’t hesitate to get your dress ......
Activity 6 Rewrite these sentences supplying the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets. a. I got lost and some stranger helped me ...... my way. (find) b. Romantic movies always make her ...... (delight) c. Just wait here. I’ll have someone ...... your suitcases up to your room. (bring) d. The students got the teacher ...... their test until the following week. (postpone) e. The regulations require you ...... your full tuition before classes start. (pay) f. No one can make you ...... something you don’t want to do. (do) g. I love talking to Pauline. She always makes me ...... (laugh) h. Where did you get your car ...... ? We need some work done on our Toyota and we’re looking for a good mechanic. (repair) i. I think you should have your doctor ...... at that cut on your arm. It looks serious. (look)
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 219 j. We got our neighbours ...... after our dog while we were away. (look) k. The program allows Muslim students ...... a break to pray at certain times of the day. (take) l. Watching the Olympics often motivates children ...... sports. (play) m. Her parents made her ...... the piano for two hours every day and now she’s an excellent pianist. (practise) n. Living in Nepal really helped me ...... Nepali quickly. (learn) o. I can’t believe they allow their dog ...... on their bed. (sleep) p. The company has just hired someone ...... their computer system. (upgrade) q. Our teacher makes us ...... two novels a month. (read) r. Have your friend ...... me if he has any other questions. (call) s. We need to have our computer ...... for viruses. (check) t. I had to have my digital camera ...... after I dropped it in the water. (fix) u. Barsha got new dress ...... (buy) v. Ram’s grandfather got a tailor ...... his trousers. (stitch) w. Karishma got her jacket ...... (wash) x. Sonu made him ...... a letter for her. (write) y. My back pains. I must get it ...... (check) z. I got my sister ...... her friends in my wedding. (invite)
220 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 13 Direct and Indirect Speech
Reading
The City Mouse and the Country Mouse A country mouse invited his cousin who lived in the city to come and visit him. The city mouse was so disappointed with the sparse meal which was nothing more than a few kernels of corn and a couple of dried berries. “My poor cousin,” said the city mouse, “you hardly have anything to eat! I do believe that an ant could eat better! Please do come to the city and visit me, and I will show you such rich feasts, readily available for the taking.” So the country mouse left with his city cousin who brought him to a splendid feast in the city’s alley. The country mouse couldn’t believe his eyes. He had never seen so much food in one place. There was bread, cheese, fruit, cereals, and grains of all sorts scattered about in a warm cozy portion of the alley. The two mice settled down to eat their wonderful dinner, but before they barely took their first bites, a cat approached their dining area. The two mice scampered away and hid in a small uncomfortable hole until the cat left. Finally, it was quiet, and the unwelcome visitor went to prowl somewhere else. The two mice ventured out of the hole and resumed their abundant feast. Before they could get a proper taste in their mouth, another visitor intruded on their dinner, and the two little mice had to scuttle away quickly. “Goodbye,” said the country mouse, “You do, indeed, live in a plentiful city, but I am going home where I can enjoy my dinner in peace.”
If we want to report what people said, we can do that in two ways — direct or indirect. If we report what people said by quoting their actual words, it is said to be direct speech. If we give the substance of people’s words in our own language, it is said to be indirect speech.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 221 Direct speech: Direct speech narrates or quotes the exact spoken words. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the spoken words between inverted commas (“…………..”) and there is no change in these words.
Examples: He said, “I am fine” “My father brought a pet dog yesterday,” said the boy. They said, “We are going to play in the park.”
Indirect speech: Indirect or reported speech is used to narrate what someone said, but without using/ repeating the exact words. A few changes are necessary.
Example: Direct Speech : Raman said, “I want to become an engineer.” Indirect Speech : Raman said that he wanted to become an engineer. In the first sentence, the words in the inverted commas are the actual words of the speaker. This sentence is said to be in the direct speech. But the second sentence gives the substance of the actual words of the speaker. This sentence is said to be in indirect speech. ⇒ In fact the direct sentence has two parts reporting verb and reported speech. Reporting verb introduces the reported speech which is marked by inverted commas. Vansha said to me “I want to become a doctor.” Reported speech
Reporting verb
Vansha told me that he wanted to become a doctor.
Change in Use of connective Change of Change of reporting verb in indirect speech pronoun tense
222 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Speaking
Say after your teacher. Direct Speech Indirect speech He said, “I want to draw a picture.” He said that he wanted to draw a picture. He said to me, “I am reading.” He told me that he was reading. She said, “I have finished writing.” She said that she had finished writing. She said, “I was in Pokhara.” She said that she had been in Pokhara. He said, “I was watching TV.” He said that he had been watching TV. He said to me, “You will help me.” He told me that I would help him. She said to me, “Can you help me?” She asked me if I could help her. She said to me, “Will you play She asked me if I would play cricket. cricket?” He said to me, “Open the door.” He asked me to open the door. He said to me, “Don’t make a noise.” He asked me not to make a noise. He said to me, “What is your name?” He asked me what my name was. She said to me, “Why were you absent She asked me why I had been absent yesterday?” the day before.
Changes of personal pronouns i. First person pronouns change according to the subject of the reporting verb. ii. Second person pronouns change according to object of the reporting verb. iii. Third person pronouns do not change. Singular Plural First person I, Me My, Mine We, Us, Our, Ours Second person You, Your, Yours You, Your, Yours Third person He, Him, His They, Them, Their, Theirs She, Her, Hers It, Its
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 223 Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct personal pronouns. 1. She said to me, “I like your new car.” She told me that ...... liked my new car. 2. He said, “It’s cold.” He said that ...... was cold. 3. He said, “I’m teaching English online.” He said that ...... was teaching English online. 4. My father said, “I’ve been on the web since 1999.” My father said that ...... had been on the web since 1999. 5. The boy said, “I taught online yesterday.” The boy said that ...... had taught online the day before. 6. He said, “I was teaching earlier.” He said that ...... had been teaching earlier. 7. He said to me, “I will call you.” He told me that he would call ...... 8. The girl said to him, “I can help you.” The girl told him that she could help ...... 9. He said to her, “I went to meet my friend.” He told her that he had gone to meet ...... friend. 10. He said to me, “I will write to you.” He told me that he would write ......
Grammar Tips!
Changes of Tense Direct Indirect Examples They said, “We work hard.” They said that they worked hard. V1/ V5 V2 She said to me, “He calls me.” She told me that he called her.
224 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 He said, “I went to Jhapa.” V2 had+v3 He said that he had gone to Jhapa. She said to me, “You are my best is/am/are was/were friend.” She told me that I was her best friend. He said to me, “I have seen a lion.” has/have had He told me that he had seen a lion.
has to/have She said, ‘I have to draw a picture.” had to to She said that she had to draw a picture. They said, “We were in Pokhara.” was/were had been They said that they had been in Pokhara. should/could/ He said, “We can solve the problem.” shall/can/ would/might He said that they could solve the will/may problem. She said to him, “I must call you.” must had to She told him that she had to call him. He said, “I do not like coffee.” do not/does did not not He said that he did not like coffee.
She said to me, “I did not see you.” did had+v3 She told me that she had not seen me.
Conditions when there is no change in tense i. If the reporting verb is in present tense or future tense: He says to me, “You are my best friend.” He tells me that I am her best friend. He will say, “I pass the exam.” He will say that he passes the exam.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 225 ii. If the reported speech expresses general truth or fact. The teacher said, “There are seven provinces in Nepal.” The teacher said that there are seven provinces in Nepal. He said, “The earth moves round the sun.” He said that the earth moves round the sun.
Activity 2 Complete these indirect sentences. 1. He said, “I had got a toothache.” He said that he had had a toothache. 2. Melina said, “I am working.” Melina said that she ...... working. 3. He said, “I am going to college.” He said that he ...... to college. 4. Netra said, “Bikash must go tomorrow.” Netra ...... go the following day. 5. Bishwa says, “My daughter is an engineer.” Bishwa says that ...... an engineer. 6. She said, “I passed Science.” She ...... science. 7. He said to me, “You are my true friend.” He ...... true friend. 8. ‘I love you,’ he told me. He told me that ...... 9. Mike said, ‘I need something to eat.’ Mike said that ...... to eat. 10. Martin said, ‘I don’t like mangoes.’ Martin ...... mangoes. 11. Maria said, ‘I wanted to see the doctor.’ Maria ...... to see the doctor. 12. Sophia said, ‘I must apply for that job.’ Sophia ...... for the job.
226 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 13. ‘I will be working for three hours,’ Susma said to her mother. Susma told her mother ...... for three hours. 14. She said to us, ‘I didn’t want to see any of you.’ She told us ...... any of us. 5. She said, ‘I had won.’ She said ......
Grammar Tips!
Change of Time and Place References Direct Speech Indirect Speech now then today that day here there this (for time) that this/that (adjectives) the this week that week tomorrow the following day the next day the day after after tomorrow in two days time/ two days later next week/month/year the following week/month/year the next week / month/year the week /month/ year after last week/month/year the previous week / month / year the week / month / year before yesterday the previous day the day before before yesterday two days before ago previously before two weeks ago two weeks previously two weeks before
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 227 tonight that night last Saturday the previous Saturday the Saturday before next Saturday the following Saturday the Saturday after
Example: He said, “I will buy new dress tomorrow.” He said that he would buy new dress the following day. She said to me, “ I saw you yesterday.” She told me that she had seen me the day before. The boy said, “I am singing now.” The boy said that he was singing then.
Activity 3 Change the following into indirect speech. 1. He said, “I write a letter.” ...... 2. He said, “I am writing a letter.” ...... 3. He said, “I have written letter.” ...... 4. He said, “I wrote a letter.” ...... 5. He said, “I was writing a letter.” ...... 6. He said, “I had written a letter.” ...... 7. He said, “I will write a letter.” ...... 8. He said, “I can write a letter.” ......
228 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 9. He said, “I may write a letter.” ...... 10. He said, “I should write a letter.” ...... 11. He said, “I could write a letter.” ...... 12. He said, “I would write a letter.” ...... 13. He said, “I have to write a letter.” ...... 14. He said, “I had to write a letter.” ...... 15. He said, “I shall write a letter.” ......
Activity 4 Change them into indirect speech. 1. She said to him, “I help you.” ...... 2. She said to him, “I am helping you.” ...... 3. She said to him, “I have helped you.” ...... 4. She said to him, “I helped you.” ...... 5. She said to him, “I had helped you.” ...... 6. She said to him, “I was helping you.” ...... 7. She said to him, “I will help you.” ......
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 229 8. She said to him, “I can help you.” ...... 9. She said to him, “I may help you.” ...... 10. She said to him, “I might help you.” ...... 11. She said to him, “I would help you.” ...... 12. She said to him, “I could help you.” ...... 13. She said to him, “I shall help you.” ...... 14. She said to him, “I have to help you.” ...... 15. She said to him, “I had to help you.” ......
Activity 5 Fill in the blanks changing the time and place. 1. She said, “I have got a toothache since this morning.” She said that she had got a toothache since …………………………... 2. Ranju said, “I am very busy now.” Ranju said that she was very busy …………………………... 3. The boy said, “I am working in the kitchen now.” The boy said that he was working in the kitchen …………………………... 4. The man said, “I saw a tiger yesterday.” The man said that he had seen a tiger …………………………... 5. My sister said, “I did not go to school last week.” My sister said that she had not gone to school…………………………... 6. The girl said to me, “I will call you next week.” The girl told me that she would call me …………………………...
230 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7. Mr. Mahat said, “Gautam will go tomorrow.” Mr. Mahat said that Gautam would go …………………………... 8. Kanchan said, “I broke this half an hour ago.” Kanchan said that she had broken ……………half an hour ……………….. 9. Milan said, “I will buy a dress next month.” Milan said that he would buy a dress …………………………... 10. Sarita said, “I can play these instruments.” Sarita said that she could play …………….…instruments. 11. Ishwor said, “I bought a camera last week.” Ishwor said that he had bought a camera …………………………... 12. My parents said, “We will go to Pokhara tomorrow.” My parents said that they would go to Pokhara …………………………... 13. Shivani said, “I want to sit here.” Shivani said that she wanted to sit …………………………...
Grammar Tips! Reporting Questions a. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use ‘do’ or ‘did’: “Where does Peter live?” ⇒ She asked him where Peter lived. b. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using ‘ask’ + ‘if / whether + clause: “Do you speak English?” ⇒ He asked me if I spoke English. “Are you British or American?” ⇒ He asked me whether I was British or American. “Is it raining?” ⇒ She asked if it was raining. “Have you got a computer?” ⇒ He wanted to know whether I had a computer. “Can you type?” ⇒ She asked if I could type. “Did you come by train?” ⇒ He enquired whether I had come by train. “Have you been to Bristol before?” ⇒ She asked if I had been to Bristol before.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 231 c. Question words: This type of question is reported by using ‘ask’ (or another verb like ‘ask’) + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change. “What is your name?” he asked me. ⇒ He asked me what my name was. “How old is your mother?” he asked. ⇒ He asked how old her mother was. The policeman said to the boy, “Where do you live?” ⇒ The policeman asked the boy where he lived. “What time does the train arrive?” she asked. ⇒ She asked what time the train arrived. “When can we have dinner?” she asked. ⇒ She asked when they could have dinner. Peter said to John, “Why are you so late?” ⇒ Peter asked John why he was so late.
Reporting Imperatives a. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like ‘tell’ with a to-clause. Example: He said to me, “Go away.” He told me to go away. The pattern is erbv + indirect object + to-clause. Note: The indirect object is the person spoken to. Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid, ,instruct urge, suggest, request, remind, etc. Examples a. The doctor said to me, “Stop smoking!” ⇒ The doctor told me to stop smoking. b. “Get out of the car!” said the policeman. ⇒ The policeman ordered him to get out of the car.
232 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 c. “Could you please be quiet,” she said. ⇒ She asked me to be quiet. d. The man with the gun said to us, “Don’t move!” ⇒ The man with the gun warned us not to move. e. The teacher said, “Keep quiet, children. Do not disturb me while I am checking your notebooks.” The teacher commanded the children to keep quiet and not disturb her while she was checking their notebooks. f. I said to my friend, “Please help me to arrange these books on the shelf.” I requested my friend to help me to arrange those books on the shelf. g. “Have a deep respect for every living creature,” the saint said to the audience. The saint urged the audience to have a deep respect for every living creature. h. Mr. Pradhan said, “Krishna, do not forget to write your name at the top right hand corner of your drawing.” Mr. Pradhan reminded Krishna to write his name at the top right hand corner of his drawing. b. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern - ask + for + object: Examples “Can I have an apple?” she asked. ⇒ She asked for an apple “Can I have the newspaper, please?” ⇒ He asked for the newspaper. “May I have a glass of water?” he said. ⇒ He asked for a glass of water. “Sugar, please.” She asked for the sugar. “Could I have three kilos of onions?” ⇒ He asked for three kilos of onions. c. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. ‘That’ and ‘should’ are optional in these clauses: She said : “Why don’t you get a mechanic to look at the car?” She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 233 or, She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car. Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.
Examples “It would be a good idea to see the dentist,” said my mother. My mother suggested I see the dentist.
The dentist said, “I think you should use a different toothbrush.” The dentist recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.
My manager said, “I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting.” My manager proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.
“Why don’t you sleep overnight at my house?” she said. She suggested that I sleep overnight at her house.
Reporting Exclamations Exclamatory sentences are usually reported with a that-clause. Reporting verbs are changed into exclaimed with joy/ with sorrow/ with sadness/ with happiness/ with surprise, etc. + that. He said, “What a beautiful place it is!” He exclaimed with surprise that it was a beautiful place.
She said, “Alas! The old man died.” She exclaimed with sorrow that the old man had died.
Mrs. Sharma said, “How cute the baby looks in this dress!” Mrs. Sharma exclaimed that the baby looked very cute in that dress.
The captain said to the goalkeeper, “Bravo! Well done.” The captain applauded the goalkeeper.
She said to her friend, “Good morning. How do you do?” She wished her friend good morning and asked her how she was.
He said to me, “May you live long, my son!” He affectionately wished me a long life.
234 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Activity 6 Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. Mrs. Pradhan said, “I am very tired.” 2. She said, “I am flying to Beijing next month.” 3. Preju said, “I have lived in this town for five years.” 4. Bini said to me, “Ί can’t go out with you.” 5. Hemanta said to him, “I hope you have enjoyed yourself.” 6. She said to me, “I have been to China for several times.” 7. Januka said, “I want to study medicine, father.” 8. His mother said, “You are wrong, Binod.” 9. She said to him, “I saw your friend in the cinema yesterday.” 10. She said to him “I called you up but you didn’t answer an hour ago.” 11. The teacher said to me, “Write your name on this paper.” 12. He said to me, “Wait for me here.” 13. He said to them, “Don’t go out alone.” 14. He said to me, “Type this letter immediately.” 15. Milan said to Bibash, “Don’t do it again.” 16. The teacher said, “I may be a little late.” 17. The boy said, “You must help me with this problem.” 18. He said, “I can’t stay out very late.” 19. My mother said to me, “You must be more careful.” 20. He said to them, “Don’t write on your desks.”
Activity 7 Change these sentences into indirect speech. 1. She said to me, “How much money do you have?” 2. The nurse said to him, “How are you feeling now.” 3. The teacher said “Have you written your homework?” 4. He said to me, “Did you see my father yesterday?” 5. My brother said, “Has anybody called while I was out?”
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 235 6. He said to me “Were you at the party with Nitesh?” 7. She said to him, “Had the plane left?” 8. He said, “How much does this coat cost?” 9. She said to me, “Where was your friend from?” 10. She said to him, “When will you meet your friends?” 11. “What do you want?” she asked him. 12. My father said to me, “Are you coming with us?” 13. She said, “When did you come to our town?” 14. The man said to me, “Do you like sausage?” 15. The poor man said, “How shall I feed my children?” 16. “Which way should I go?” said the little girl. 17. Prem said to his teacher, “How shall I solve this problem?” 18. “Don’t you know the way home?” I said to her. 19. The teacher said to us, “Have you understood the lesson?” 20. The patient said to the doctor, “Can I take antibiotics?”
Activity 8 Change them into indirect speech. 1. My father said to me, “Where are you?” 2. Janak said to Namrata, “What will you choose?” 3. My friend said to me, “Please, get in touch with them today.” 4. The police said to me, “Don’t leave your luggage unattended.” 5. He said to me, “Are you flying soon?” 6. The student said to the teacher, “May I ask you a question?” 7. She said to me, “Jump in!” 8. My mother said to me, “Have you set your alarm clock?” 9. My teacher said to me, “Is Beijing the capital of China?” 10. My father said to me, “You mustn’t touch the screen!” 11. She said to him, “Would you rather dance?”
236 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 12. “How long have you been standing here?” she asked. 13. “Stop laughing!” the principal said. 14. John said, “I love this town.” 15. He said to her, “Do you like soccer?” 16. My mother said to me, “Be nice to your brother,” 17. “Don’t be nasty,” he said. 18. He said to me, “What have you decided to do?” 19. The teacher said to us, “You should revise your lessons.” 20. The man said to me, “Where have you been?”
Activity 9 Change them into indirect speech. 1. The old woman said to the boy, ‘Please help me.’ 2. The teacher said to the students, ‘Work hard.’ 3. Jeevan said to me, ‘Please lend me your pen.’ 4. The officer said to the clerk, ‘Do it immediately.’ 5. He said to me, ‘Post this letter at once.’ 6. I said to the children, ‘Do not play much.’ 7. I said to the child, ‘Do not look down into the well.’ 8. She said to him, “You should find a job.” 9. The teacher said to the students, “Do not make a noise.” 10. Doctor said to me, “Do not smoke.” 11. The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’ 12. The old man said, ‘Alas! I have lost my purse.’ 13. The child said, ‘What a beautiful sight!’ 14. The girl said, ‘How beautiful the girl is!’ 15. The candidate said, ‘How difficult the problem is!’ 16. The students said to the teacher, ‘Good morning, Teacher!’ 17. ‘How glad I am,’ said Alice, ‘to meet my friend here.’
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 237 18. The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our foes are too strong!’ 19. ‘Hurrah!’ cried the boy, ‘I have won a prize.’ 20. He said, “Hurrah! I got a reward.” 21. She said, “Alas! I failed in exam.” 22. Krishna said, “Wow! What a nice car it is.” 23. She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job.” 24. He said, “Oh no! I missed the bus.” 25. They said, “Wow! What a pleasant environment it is.” 26. She said, “Wow! Pakistan won the cricket game.”
Activity 10 Change the speech of the following. 1. Sher Bahadur said that he had had a good time in India. 2. She said that she had finished her homework. 3. He asked me when I would meet her. 4. The girl asked me if I had listened to the B.B.C. 5. She asked him if he was going to stay in. 6. He asked her if she would go home on foot. 7. My sister asked me where I had bought the book from. 8. Kiran told Surendra to be careful. 9. The teacher told the children to stop that noise. 10. He told her not to wait for him outside the cinema. 11. The boy said, ‘It gives me a great pleasure to be here this evening.’ 12. The lady said, ‘I must go as soon as possible.’ 13. The man said to me, “Did you attend the meeting yesterday?” 14. The teacher says, ‘If you work hard, you will pass.’ 15. He said, “Honesty is the best policy.” 16. He said, ‘What a nice flower it is!’
238 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 17. Alice said, ‘How clever I am!’ 18. ‘Which way did she go?’ asked the young man. 19. He said to me, ‘Where are you going?’ 20. ‘Please wait here till I return,’ she told him. 21. “Hurray! I’ve won ten lakhs in a lottery,” he said. 22. He said, “Alas! How cruel have I been.” 23. Grandfather said to me, “May God give you success in your new endeavour!” 24. The audience said, “What a splendid shot!” 25. His mother said, “Oh! The poor child has sprained his foot.” 26. He asked me what I wanted from him. 27. Sam wondered if they had arrived on time. 28. I advised them not to go out at night. 29. He wanted to know why I was crying. 30. He asked me whether I would marry him the following year. 31. He asked me not to interrupt him. 32. He wanted to know if he should lock the door. 33. She wondered whether she might use my laptop. 34. Nirjala asked me to join her. 35. Lalita told me not to eat so much. 36. He wondered if I had received his message. 37. The poor man said to me, “Please help me.” 38. The teacher said to the students, “Respect elders.” 39. He said to the customer, “Come in, please.” 40. The policeman said to the prisoner, “Do not fight in the prison.”
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 239 Writing Writing Essays Some practical hints for writing essays 1. Choose, as a rule, the topic that you know best. (Often narrative and descriptive subjects are easier to write on.) 2. First jot down your ideas and carefully make a rough-sketch. Then arrange these ideas in a logical order. 3. The beginning must be a good one, for an attractive beginning puts the reader into “a pleasantly receptive frame of mind”. 4. Always keep to the point. 5. Try to write in clear and simple English. 6. Put the right word in the right place. 7. Each separate paragraph must deal with each main division of the topic. 8. The middle portion of the essay should be devoted to the proper thrashing out of the subject. Try to include all the important points connected with the theme. 9. The end should be equally impressive giving a bird’s-eye view of the theme. 10. Do not write in the first person unless the subject definitely demands it. 11. See to it that your handwriting is legible. 12. Be on your guard against grammar and spelling mistakes. 13. Correct punctuation always brings about clarity of expression. You should learn where exactly you should put different punctuation marks. 14. In an essay quality is more important than quantity. 15. Always revise your work. Spend at least 5 minutes on revision. 16. And, finally, study some good essays as models.
1. My Best Friend It is said rightly that a friend in need is a friend indeed. An ideal friend possesses virtue of helpfulness. It is easy to befriend many but difficult to choose good friends. I too have many friends; among them Rahul is my best friend. He has good personality and manner that never fail to make an impression on others.
240 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 He is about of my age. Both of us read in the same class, and in the same school. Rahul always stands first in the class whereas I am the second student. The teachers and friends at school like both of us because of our sense of discipline, honesty and good academic results. Rahul always keeps himself tidy by wearing good and clean clothes. He never comes to the school without a tie around his neck. He says that a physically smart person is always mentally smart. His dress shows how much care he takes in creating a total effect of his personality. There is nothing in his appearance, which may give even the slightest feeling of his indifference and carelessness. Rahul likes playing cricket. He is a fast bowler and a confident batsman too. His team has won in inter school competitions for several times. He is an intelligent, polite and kind boy. He has a keen interest at singing too. He takes part in every extra-curricular activity at the school regularly. Rahul is a helpful boy. He rightly helps needy friends in the classroom. He helps me at my school lessons. We generally share the same bench in the class. We share our problems. Moreover, he supports other friends in the class helping them getting their problems solved. I can never forget a help from him. It was before two years when we studied in grade six. I fell sick for a few days that year. Rahul stayed by my sick bed for long hours, talking to me, and sometimes reading the lessons taught in the school during my absence. After my recovery too, he even helped me in solving all exercises given by the teachers at school. Moreover, Rahul understands me properly. He gives good advice and always guides me in the right direction whenever I get confused. He stands by me both in my good and bad days. Rahul is very gullible. Sometimes some other stupid children try to take advantage of his weakness. I think he should be wise enough in this case. I wish my beloved friend Rahul would be a successful person in his future.I am really proud to be his friend.
2. My Favourite Teacher Mr Balaram Dhakal is my class teacher. He is a first rate teacher. He teaches us English. He is in his mid-twenties. He is a well-dressed slim man with polished manners. He is very simple and polite and has an attractive personality. He has very sweet temper. He never scolds the students. He is my favourite teacher. Mr Dhakal really has a good looking personality. He generally wears shirt and pants. He never comes to school without a tie in his neck. He trims his hair short. He is always seen in well-ironed clothes and keenly polished shoes. He is an M. Ed in English. He is well experienced and talented. He speaks English fluently. His range of vocabulary sometimes surprises us. He is full of
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 241 new constructive ideas. He always uses very good teaching technique so that everyone feels easy and happy in his class. He sometimes makes fun in the class too. Mr. Dhakal is also interested at writing poems and short stories. He writes short stories and beautiful poems. He sometimes recites his poems and tells stories in the class. Therefore, he is a good teacher for many students in the school. He helps us improve our compositions. He is very punctual and never comes late to class. He teaches us to be punctual by his own actions. He is polite, soft spoken and strict disciplinarian. He always expects good behaviour and manner from us. He usually tells us that Morning Shows the Day. He persuades us to be good so that we can be a good and likeable person in future. Mr. Dhakal is loved by his students. I don’t want to miss his class, as he explains everything well. He is one teacher who does not burden us with heavy home-work. He makes us do class-work well and makes corrections with needy feedback. He never gets impatient with students. He does not beat any student. He does not give severe punishment even to the naughtiest students in the class. Everyone knows that he is the true well-wisher of all students, so he is very popular among students and guardians. He is an ideal teacher. He is very good at extracurricular activities. Every Friday, he makes the students present different project works in the class-room. This makes our class so interesting. All students love Balaram sir. He takes extra classes for the weak students free of charge. He tries his best to make them good at studies and their behaviour. I not only love him but adore him.
3. My Aim in Life The aim simply refers to the destination to reach. Everyone has an aim in their life. Different people can have different aims according to their skills, abilities and talents. A man without aim can best be compared with rudderless ship and a traveller without destination. Thus an aim is a key to be successful in life. I am now an eighth grader student. I am planning to live a simple life. I want to be a doctor so that I can indulge myself in serving sick people. I will never run after money but endeavour a lot in service to others. We Nepali people are not adequately educated and conscious. We are not provided with enough medical facilities in all parts of the country. The people even today have been victims of superstition. They have due faith on witch-doctors. I am strongly willing to be with these ignorant people.
242 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Service to humanity will be my sole purpose. I shall consider myself ‘worthwhile’ if I can lessen sorrows and sufferings of the village folks. I shall do it very faithfully. I shall accomplish it till my last breath. I shall lead a very simple life. I won’t give excessive importance to my personal needs and desires. But I will keep the need of Nepal and Nepali at the centre. I shall sleep with no burden on my mind. I will always be with poor and sick people. After doing my 10+2, I shall join a medical college. I shall study well and get a good knowledge on medical science. I shall get my M.B.B.S. Degree. Thereafter, I shall go to a remote part of the country where the people are deprived of good health service. There I shall open a clinic for the benefit of poor villagers. I shall serve them day and night. A doctor is not less than a God in their eyes. He is the saviour of their precious life. I shall dispense medicine charging the minimum. I shall never run after money. My priority will go to their sound health through cheap and speedy service. I don’t like the trend to be the slave of money. I shall try my best to be the saviour of my countrymen. I shall serve humanity offering selfless service to the all people. Besides medical care, I shall contribute my time for raising awareness regarding sanitation, cleanliness and different other types of health hazards. I hope I shall be able to bring comfort in the life of people. As I have realized that health service is the only way to good health and good health is the foundation of happy and successful life, I wish to serve my motherland being a doctor in remote places. It is my prayer to the almighty god that my dream may be realized some day.
4. My School The name of my school is Shree Janata Higher Secondary School. It lies in the western part of Gorkha district. It was founded in 2013 B.S. by the United Mission to Nepal and handed over to the government of Nepal in 2030 B.S. Now it is a higher secondary school. It is one of the oldest schools in our district. The school has covered a large area, about 30 Ropanies of land. The school owns four buildings and a big play ground. I feel this is a very big and famous school. My school is a co-educational institution. It has been providing educational services to both boys and girls since its establishment. It believes that the students are its hope, love and future and paves them the way to live a successful life through quality education leading them properly to explore and fabricate their destiny. It also gives enough priority to the moral education so as to help germinate moral integrity in them. Since the school owns a big playground, we can enjoy playing multiple sorts of games here. The school provides us opportunities to take part in various
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 243 co-curricular and extra-curricular activities. We have a big library along with well-facilitated reading room where we can spend our leisure hours reading journals, news papers and other useful books. The science lab is said to be well-equipped and sophisticated. There are about fifteen hundred students studying in different levels. Forty- seven teachers are working there. The number of female teacher is very less. There are only five female teachers. All the teachers are indeed well experienced, adequately well-trained, and dedicated. Mr. Karna Singh Thapa, one of the oldest teachers who is well cultured, honest, hardworking and devoted to our school, is my ideal teacher. The school is situated on the top of a small hill nearby the famous historical place, Ligligkot. It is surrounded by green forest. The eye-catching scenery of the blooming rhododendron in the nearby forest lures everyone. The environment of my school is very peaceful and disciplined. We can note some weaknesses in spite of these positive aspects of my school. The surrounding environment is being polluted and the school is being crowded day by day. The local people these days have stopped paying enough attention to foster the academic environment in the school. Anyway, I feel proud of being a student of this school though it possesses some defects.
5. My Hobby Recreation and amusement are the sources of pleasure. We do different works for entertainment and pleasure. Hobby is the way to get amusement doing anything repeatedly. The word hobby is derived from ‘hobby- horse’ which children ride for their amusement. Hobby, therefore, is a source of pleasure. It is any interesting work regardless of our duty especially done during leisure hours. Duty of a person can be hobby to another. For instance, a carpenter may have photography as his hobby as a source of entertainment. There are different kinds of hobbies. Some commonly practised hobbies are stamp collecting, collecting coins, painting, gardening, taking photographs, collecting flowers, collecting fossils, collecting old books, pictures and antiquities. For some people, games can be the part of their hobby. Thus, hobbies are the sources of recreation. They are frequently done in accordance with the interest of individuals. We can be free from freedom, worries and anxieties getting recreation from hobbies. Hobbies help in the best utilization of our leisure time. They help to enhance our knowledge as per the nature and kind of hobbies. Hobbies keep us busy so that they drain laziness from us. Some hobbies help to strengthen
244 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 us both physically and mentally. Games as a hobby help one’s physical development whereas reading newspapers as a hobby enhances one’s mental capacity. Some hobbies like coin collection, and antiquities are helpful for economic prosperity. I am fond of reading newspapers. I therefore read daily and weekly newspapers and other magazines. I read them for my personal pleasure. The newspapers are the sources of knowledge. Since they carry current news, views, opinions, from all directions, I can make myself up-to-date about current political and economic state of affairs. I can be well aware about the most recent happenings within and outside the country. Thus, I buy some of the newspapers regularly. Reading newspapers as my hobby helps me to aptly utilize my leisure hours. Everyone should have some kinds of hobby for leisure time. A hobby in fact adds beauty to the canvas of life. Hobbies avoid worries and anxieties and fill our spare hours with interest and joy. I am well-satisfied with reading newspapers. It is a great indulgence for me that has helped me to use my leisure time in constructive task.
6. My Country Nepal is a small country lying in the lap of Himalayas. Its area is 1,47,181 square km. It is situated between two big countries India and China. It is a developing country. All parts of the country are not equally developed. So, the distribution of population is quite uneven here. Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. Nepal is divided into three geographical regions i.e. Himalayan region, Hilly region and Terai region. Himalayan region is in the north, Terai is in the south and Hilly region is in between these two regions. It is divided into seven states. This division was made with the purpose of carrying out the administrative and developmental works efficiently in all parts of the country. It has recently been declared a federal republic secular state. The Himalayan region is enriched with the eye-catching snow-capped mountains. The highest peak of the world, Mt. Everest and the third highest peak, Mt. Kanchanjangha, lie in this region. Many big rivers originate from the Himalayas and flow twisting and turning round the hills and move towards the Terai. It is also rich in beautiful fresh water brooks and streams. The slogan ‘Hario Ban Nepalko Dhan’ is true to my country, Nepal. It seems beautiful because of the green forests. The forests have supported many wildlife. Nepal is an agricultural country. At least 70% Nepalese people engage in agriculture. About 65 percentage of people are literate. The people follow
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 245 different religions. They speak different languages and observe different social and religious festivals. They are tolerant to each others’ culture and religion. They live in peace and harmony. There is no doubt that unity in diversity is apparently an identity of the Nepali people. Nepal is a developing country. Although it is famous for angelic natural beauties and unique wonders, it has not been able to utilize the available means and resources at fullest potential for its development. The transportation, communication, education and other pre-requisites are mainly limited in Terai and cities. The people in all parts of the country cannot enjoy them. Nepal suffered from long years of conflict and unstable political system. It badly influenced the country’s economic policy. It is a mountainous country. The development work in the mountains is slow and costly. Thus, mountainous topography and unstable state of affairs in fact are hindrances to the development of the country. Although my country, Nepal is economically poor and underdeveloped, it is rich in angelic natural beauties that fascinates everyone. It bears great potentials for development. I feel proud to be in citizen of Nepal and do hope that my country will be the best in the world.
7. Tourism in Nepal Tourism is an organized journey to a particular place for recreation and learning. It is the hospitality industry. Everyone likes to enjoy visiting beautiful places. Nepal is famous for high mountains, fast flowing rivers, green forests, tranquil lakes and old temples. These facts lure everyone to visit Nepal. People do not like to stay consistently in a place for ever. They often visit the places of their own country or of a foreign country with the eagerness to getting knowledge, information and entertainment. They are tourists. Thus, the activities concerned for the development of tourists’ movement is tourism. It is a fundamental and desirable human activity. This hospitality industry is expanding throughout the world at present. Nepal, a small mountainous country is blessed with natural beauties. It is also rich in unique cultural heritage. High Himalayas, historical and religious places of Nepal are worth visiting. Nepal is supposed to be a suitable destination for nature lovers, trekkers and mountaineers. Fast flowing meandering rivers are quite suitable for rafting. Nepali people are highly hospitable to the guests. They consider their guests as god. So, Nepal has a lot of prospects in tourism. Tourism plays a very significant role for the economic prosperity of Nepal. Tourism creates various work opportunities that help to lessen the increasing unemployment problem of the country. It is the chief source of earning foreign
246 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 currency. Since our unique culture, social life, natural and historical heritages are the chief attractions for tourists, development of tourism industry inspires us to work for their preservation and promotion. Although tourism industry plays a major and significant role in the all round promotion of the country, it has some disadvantages too. All the tourists do not visit Nepal with a noble aim and interest. They may involve in smuggling and indulge the youngsters in various bad habits as well. They may transmit some of the communicable diseases. They carry foods and drinks along with plastic bags and bottles with them during their journey that cause environmental degradation. Tourism industry in Nepal is facing lots of problems. Mostly, beautiful spots are located in far-flung areas. They are not supplied with the fundamental needs of the tourists like transportation and communication. Good hotels with high accommodation and fine food facilities are not established in rural areas. Similarly, poor security condition has also reduced the number of tourists. Obviously tourism industry helps to promote economic growth of the country. We have to endeavour a lot for its promotion. Thus, the government and all the concerned agencies need to pay special attention for its proper development and promotion.
8. Computer Computer is an electronic device which can take input from the user and process this input data and give output on output devices. It stores large amount of data. It analyses the data or information and produces further information to solve the problem. It takes input through keyboard, mouse, etc and then it processes the input data and gives output on display screen and store data if needed. The computer in fact has brought revolution in human life. It has proved itself the most essential object for us. We can consider computer as desktop computer and laptop computer. The first one mostly comes with a monitor. It is designed to fit completely on a typical desk of office or home. On the other hand, laptop is a portable computer which can be easily used on lap, small enough to fit in a briefcase mostly called “notebook”. It can run directly by electric source or on batteries. In these days, computers have been an essential part of our life. They are widely used in schools, colleges, business agencies, banks, administrative offices and so on. They make the work easier and faster and also increase the accuracy of works done. Furthermore, we use the computer as a means of communication and recreation. We can use computer as an audio-visual device for language learning. Students can use computer to gather required information for their studies. Similarly, businessmen keep the record of their business. It makes their work easy.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 247 In spite of its advantages, there are some disadvantages too. It is said that use of computers has invited unpleasant leisure and unemployment. Playing games on the computer badly wastes our time. Though it is an essential object, it cannot be used everywhere. We need electricity to operate a computer. Similarly, though we fully depend on it and store all data in it, we may lose all our data when the computer fails to work. The regular use of computer harms our eyesight as well. Hence, computer is a miraculous invention in the field of science and technology. It is the source of revolution in modern social life. It is indeed necessary for everyone to have skill to operate the computer.
9. Importance of Education Education is a life-long process that determines the course of our life. It imparts the greatest qualities and virtues of a man. It raises a man above animals. An educated man can accomplish any task in an efficient manner. Hence, it is the essential quality of a person. Education is the key to open the gate to one’s successful life. It leads one from darkness to light. An educated person can distinguish between right and wrong. He best understands his duties towards the nation and acts as per the country’s need. Therefore, he can be the best one to support the nation for its development. Education is the backbone of national development. The present condition of education in Nepal is not quite satisfactory. Still there are many uneducated and conservative people. People even today have deep faith on superstition. Since we lack educated and skilled manpower, available means and resources are unmobilized. Education produces both administrative and technical manpower required for the prosperity of the nation. Unless a country possesses required educated manpower, it cannot prosper utilizing the available resources. Education is the only key to strengthen unity, harmony, co-operation and the feeling of fraternity. It enables us to distinguish between right and wrong and adopt right one. Thus, education is the source of national integrity and sovereignty. The country with more educated people can develop in its all spheres. We can take Nepal as an instance. It is still backward in development because the concept of modern education began late in Nepal. Nepal made a remarkable progress in educational development only after the beginning of the democratic era. These days, the government is working effectively to develop education along with the invaluable contribution of private sector. Many schools and colleges are established in all parts of the country. There are altogether five universities in our country at present. However, it has not achieved remarkable progress in educational development.
248 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Furthermore, an educated person can satisfy his or her dreams. Education provides people with information and knowledge for getting a better job. An educated person can take quick and appropriate decision. To conclude, education liberates a man’s mind from wrong thinking, ignorance, superstitions and prejudices. It frees him from evil influences. It equips him with knowledge and skill, enabling him to make a good living.
10. Rivers in Nepal A river is a flowing mass of water. It flows from higher to lower altitude. Nepal is blessed with this gift of nature. It is glossed with many fast-flowing rivers. They are of great usefulness. We can find our future in these rivers, if they are fully utilized. Nepal is rich in water resources. It is said that Nepal is the second richest country in water resource in the world after Brazil. There are many big and small rivers distributed all over the country. They all flow from the north to the south. Some of them are always full of water but others get dry in summer. Some are perennial while others are seasonal. Most rivers in Nepal flow from the Himalayas. They are big and always get water supply from the snow that piles up in the Himalayas. The Saptakoshi. Saptagandaki and Karnail are such rivers. Some rivers that have their sources in the Mahabharat are the Mechi, Kankai, Kamala, Bagmati, Rapti, etc. The Sirsiya, Jamuni, Ratoo, Hardinath have their origins in the Chure. They dry up in the summer season. Rivers are considered very holy. People in our country worship them. The Hindus believe that river bath helps attain heaven. That is why thousands of people go to the Koshi, Kamala and other rivers on religious festivals. But now-a-days, they are being polluted. Corpses are also burnt on the river banks for the same religious belief. Rivers are useful in other ways also. They provide us with fish, turtles, waterfowl and other articles of food. They help us irrigate land. Rivers and river valley projects provide electric power. Our rivers are good for rafting too. So many tourists go there for this purpose. Rivers are a blessing but they are also a challenge. When they are in flood, they are a curse. They originate from the Himalayas and flow towards southern plain. They bring about devastation. Crops, houses, animals and men are washed away. Most of the rivers are fast flowing. Koshi River is called the sorrow of eastern Nepal because of the destruction it brings. Besides, the water of most rives has been polluted. Anyway, they should be protected for any reasons.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 249 To sum up, rivers are boon to us. We must wisely use them for our benefit. They must be kept free from pollution. We can check damage by making embankment in the needy areas. Rivers, in fact, are those assets in which we can find our destiny.
11. Cottage Industries in Nepal Industries are categorized on the basis of the capital they use. Some industries are big and some are small. The industries that are run on low investment in a small place are cottage industries. Such industries can be carried on by individuals independently. They do not require large number of workers. They require only the use of hands or small machines. These industries include knitting, carpentry, bee-keeping, poultry-farming, pottery, spinning, basket- making, etc. In fact, cottage industries are the foundations of the industrial development in any country. Since these industries do not require huge capital to carry on, the people themselves can operate independently. They use the locally available means and resources. They help to preserve and promote the local art and craft. People can run them in their own houses. Hence people can use their spare time in industries. They mainly produce the goods of day-to-day use. Handicraft items produced in these industries are gaining popularity within and outside the country. So, the productions easily get market. Nepal is an underdeveloped country. It is rich in natural resources such as forest, mines, etc. These industries help to utilize some of our agricultural productions and other natural resources. It is obvious that unemployment is a burning problem of our country at present. Most of the people in our country engage in farming. Agriculture is not developed at extensive scale. So, this occupation creates seasonal unemployment. In this regard, cottage industries can contribute to solve the problem of unemployment. Besides, they also serve as an attraction for tourists. From this, we can earn foreign currency. The idols and carpets made in Nepal have good market in Europe and America. We know that arts and crafts have a strong influence on the civilization of any country. These industries help in the promotion of local arts and crafts that increase the value of our culture and civilization. It is said that establishment of an industry leads to the establishment of other related industries. In this connection, if we establish cottage industries in large number, it paves the way to the industrialization and economic prosperity of the country. Although large number of cottage industries are in operation in our country at present, they are not well organized. The department of industries of the government of Nepal is assisting them. The government should encourage the people to start more cottage industries in all parts of the country as per
250 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 the availability of means and resources along with the assurance of security in their investment. The needy and interested people should be provided with loan facility. These industries should be brought under certain industrial code of conduct. Undoubtedly cottage industries play a significant role in the development of our country. They help to increase the exports. They also help to reduce the dependence on agriculture. Thus, we should take immediate measures to flourish cottage industries in Nepal.
12. Need of Women Education in Nepal Education means knowledge and abilities required for the all round development of human beings. It is believed to be the light of knowledge that changes the dark world into the glistering bright one. It is considered the real foundation of personal, social, national and international development. So it is essential to provide all women with education. Education determines the fate of a person, a society or a country. It is the only medium that can lead a society or country on the path of success and progress. For this both men and women should be equally educated so that they can equally contribute to the well being of the nation. As they are considered to be two wheels of the same cart, a society or country cannot progress in absence of any of them. Unfortunately, most of the women in Nepal are still far away from the light of education. Therefore it is essentially important to highlight women education to build a new Nepal. In our society, women have secondary roles to play. They have to produce children, look after them, cook food, wash clothes, and collect firewood and so on. They are treated like objects that are possessed by males. They are considered to be decorative items for a house. They are not allowed to go out of their houses. They are believed to be safe inside the houses. Parents do not like to send their daughters to schools or colleges. They think spending money on their education is useless. Instead, they are trained to do household work. Due to poverty, social traditions, lack of education, etc., most of the women are still uneducated in our country. Then how can the dream of new Nepal be fulfilled unless they are educated? It is very essential to highlight women education from all sectors of the society. Only then our nation can flourish economically, politically, culturally and socially. It is believed that the whole family gets educated if it has an educated woman. She can educate her children and show good path to them. She can share joys and sorrows of her family members. She can take better decision. Like men, women can work in all walks of life and contribute. In short, as a cart cannot move on one wheel, a country cannot progress and develop without the equal participation of both men and women.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 251 Nepal has just been a Loktantrik state with the aim of empowering all people ensuring their equal space in state affairs. It is the prime duty of the government to ensure access of all women to education.
13. Agriculture in Nepal The work related to cultivating crops in the field and keeping different animals and birds is agriculture. Producing different food crops, cash crops and animal husbandry are the forms of agriculture. Nepal is an agricultural country and it is an ancient profession of the Nepali people. Hence, to develop agriculture is a must to develop the nation. Nepal has not made satisfactory progress in industry. A large number of people are uneducated here. Therefore, people do not have other alternative occupation besides agriculture. Nearly 80% Nepalese population directly depend of agriculture. It is not only the source of food supply. It is also the source of national revenue. It produces most goods to export to other countries. However, agriculture is in our country backward and of traditional mode. Our land does not give satisfactory yield due to many reasons. Our farmers are poor so they cannot spend much money on farming. They are illiterate and do not know the scientific methods of agriculture. They follow the old traditional method. Again, their land is divided into small pieces. Irrigation facilities, improved seeds and fertilizers are not available to them. Agriculture is not as profitable as industry. It is the main reason that our farmers do not have a good economic condition. Our agriculture needs urgent reforms. The above problems should be solved. Farmers should be lent money to improve their farming. They should be trained in modern methods. Irrigation, improved seeds, fertilizers, implements, etc should be made available in time. Besides, there should be market facility. Cash crops should be encouraged and their market should be ensured. It can not only solve the existing unemployment problem, but also enrich the national economy. Thus, development of agriculture is the urgent need of the country. Government should make effective land rules and plans to improve our agriculture. Unless agriculture is developed, the farmers will have to suffer a lot and we people will suffer from price rise.
252 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Model Questions Set: 1
1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options. (5) a. She is my ...... best friend. (a, an, the, nothing) b. He isn’t ...... home now. (off, up, at, on) c. What is the name of the girl ...... (whose/her/whom) book you borrowed? d. Ali and Dina collected the stickers ...... (theirselves/ themselves/himself) e. Students do not go to school on Saturdays, ...... ? (do they, don’t they, do we)
2. Change the following sentences as indicated in brackets. (3) a. They have finished their work. (into passive) b. “Could you please be quiet,” she said. (into indirect speech) c. They called a lawyer. The lawyer lived nearby. (one sentence with relative clause)
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box below. (2) is, are, has/is singing/are singing/sing
a. Rice and potato …….. his favourite food. b. A Chinese……….. now.
4. Read the interview given below and do the activities that follow: An interview with a local businessperson Kamala : Would you mind telling us about your childhood and primary education? Businessperson : Of course. My childhood was very normal and happy. My parents were farmers, so they were very hardworking. Though they were uneducated they sent me to a reputed school. They never said ‘no’ to my requests. Bedu : How was your school life during the primary level?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 253 Businessperson : Teachers were helpful yet strict too. We never felt bored in the school because there was a music class everyday and library classes three times a week. Adequate sports materials also fulfilled the demands of all interested students. Ambika : Were you particularly interested in any game? Businessperson : Yes. I was interested in table tennis. Bimala : Please tell us how you came to be involved in business. Businessperson : I had no such aim until my SLC level. When I joined the management stream in class XI, my interest in business gradually began to increase. My friends were mostly from business-related families. Kamala : Could you tell us what business is? Businessperson : It is an activity supplying goods or services or both to people to make a profit. Profit is the sole aim of business. Service to society, however, should also be kept in mind. We are part of the society; we need to help develop it. A. Read the conversation above and match the words in column ‘A’ with their meaning in column ‘B’. 4x0.5=2 A B reputed faculty adequate progress stream sufficient develop popular
B. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against the following statements. 4x0.5=2 a. Three students interviewed the businessperson. b. The parents of the businessperson were also in business. c. The businessperson studied in a well facilitated school. d. Every business activity is for profit making.
C. Answer the following questions. 3x2=6 c. Whom did the students interview? b. Were the businessperson’s parents educated? c. What was the game he most liked at school?
254 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5. Read the following chart and answer the questions. Major Religions of Nepal 25,000,000 21,551,492
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000 2,396,009 807,169 1,162,370 375,699 121,982 0 13,006 3,214 1,283 609
Kirat Bon Hindu Islam Bahai Prakriti Jainism Sikhism Bhuddhist Christianity A. Read the chart above and match the regions in column ‘A’ with their population in column ‘B’. 4x0.5=2 Column A Column B Christianity 21,551,492 Islam 2,396,009 Hindu 1,162,370 Buddhist 375,699
B. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against the following statements. 4x0.5=2 a. The above text is an example of a pie chart. b. Nepal has more Hindus than Buddhists. c. There are more Christians than Sikhs in Nepal. d. There are no Kirats in Nepal.
C. Answer the following questions. 6 a. What is the total population of Hindus in Nepal? b. What are the major religious groups living in Nepal? c. Whose population is the lowest?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 255 6. Read the text given below and do the activities that follow:
Alfred Hitchcock Alfred Hitchcock was a man with vivid imagination, strong creative skills and a passion for life. With his unique style and God-gifted wit he produced and directed some of the most thrilling films that had the audience almost swooning with fright and falling off their seats with laughter. Alfred Hitchcock was greatly influenced by American films and magazines. At the age of 20, he took up a job at the office of Paramount Studio, London. Using imagination, talent and dedication, he made each of his endeavours a success. He took great pleasure in working in the studio and often worked all seven days a week. He moved to the USA in 1939 and got his American citizenship in 1955. Here, he produced many more films and hosted a weekly television show. No matter from where his ideas came, whether a magazine article, a mystery novel or incident, his films had the typical “Hitchcock touch”-where the agony of suspense was relieved by interludes of laughter! Hitchcock was knighted in 1980.
A. Match the words in column A with their meaning in column B. 4x0.5=2 a. Vivid efforts b. Fright intervals c. Endeavours clear d. Interludes fear B. Write True or False. 4x0.5=2 a. Hitchcock’s imagination helped him achieve success in life. b. Alfred Hitchcock was a famous film producer. c. A typical Hitchcock-style of film-making includes suspense and laughter. d. Hitchcock wasn’t a talented film maker. C. Answer the following questions. 3x2=6 a. What qualities helped Hitchcock achieve success? b. What is Alfred Hitchcock famous as? c. What did Alfred Hitchcock do in the United States?
256 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7. Read the following text and do the activities given below. Nobel Prizes Nobel Prizes are given every year to persons who have made excellent contribution in the field of physics, chemistry and physiology and medicine, also to persons who have created the most outstanding literary work and who have made great contribution towards world peace. The Nobel Prize for economic sciences was started in 1969. Other Nobel Prizes were established in 1901. The name in whose name the nobel prizes were established was Alfred Bernhard, 1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was a Scientist. Alfred Nobel had his education as St. Petersburg in Russia and in Stockholm. He contributed his whole life to the field of science. The discovery of dynamite enabled Nobel to become rich and get fame as days passed. Alfred Nobel died on 10 December 1896 at the age of 63. He left behind a fabulous sum of $90 million as a foundation for the Nobel Prizes. The amount of each prize varies according to the interest from the fund. Each Nobel prize consists of a citation, a gold medal and about one million dollars. The prize may be shared by two or three and if no prize is given, the money is returned to the foundation. The selection of winners is done by distinguished persons of integrity and scholarship. The prizes are awarded every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. A. Match the words in column ‘A’ to their meanings in column ‘B’. 4x0.5=2 Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ i. wonderful i. fund ii. very successful and admired ii. anniversary iii. capital iii. outstanding iv. The date on which an event took place in iv. fame a previous year B. Rewrite the following sentences in the correct order. 4x0.5=2 i. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish Chemist. ii. The Nobel Prize for economic sciences was started in 1969. iii. The discovery of dynamite enabled Nobel to become rich and get fame. iv. He contributed his whole life to the field of science.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 257 C. Answer the following questions. 3x2=6 i. Who was Alfred Nobel and when was he born? ii. How did Nobel become famous? iii. When are the prizes awarded?
8. Write a paragraph on how we can do less harm to our environment taking ideas from the given points. (5)
Maintain your vehicle properly…..use public transport, rather than personal vehicles ……….. use car pool ….. do not litter around public places ………. segregate garbage into bio-degradable and non-bio – degradable…. throw the garbage into the bins only…… restrict the use of plastic bags…… use electronic goods longer….help grow trees in the neighborhood.
9. The pie chart given below shows the sports liked by the students. Write a paragraph about it in about 80 words. (5)
Cricket 48% Football 19% Tennis 13% Badminton 10% Basketball 5% Hockey 5%
10. Write a few paragraphs on the Importance of Using Dictionary. (15) Or, Write a letter to your friend about the precautions one should take during the earthquake.
258 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 Model Questions Set: 2
1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options. (5) a. There is ...... ewe in the field. (a, an, the) b. Don’t you want to take ...... your coat? (down, out, off) c. Sumnima couldn’t attend her class ...... her illness. (because of, therefore, in spite of) d. Lisa did the homework ...... (herself/itself/themselves) e. Sita looks clean and tidy, ...... ? (is she, does she, doesn’t she) 2. Change the following sentences as indicated in brackets. (3) a. The boy carried the wolf. (into passive) b. Peter said to John, “Why are you so late?” (into indirect speech) c. I dropped a glass. (Yes/No questions)
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box below. (2) is, am, are, sleeps, is sleeping, has slept a. Dipa as well as her sister …….. very kind to the poor. b. Don’t speak loudly, the baby ……. .
4. Read the following text and answer the questions. A computer is an electronic device that processes information, so it is also called an information processor. The information is stored in its memory and processed to bring results. When a computer shows the result of the data processing on the monitor, it is called output. Thus, a computer works by combining the input, storage, processing and output.
Keyboard The computer keyboard looks like a typewriter. It uses an arrangement of buttons or keys that have characters engraved or printed on them. Each press of a key corresponds to a single written symbol. You can type text and numbers with the keyboard. The keyboard is also used for computer gaming. It is used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, so it is an input device.
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 259 Mouse The computer mouse is a pointing device with one or more buttons and is held under one of the user’s hands. It is primarily made of three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. The mouse is one of the types of input unit. You can make commands with this device.
A. Read the text above and fill in the gaps with correct words from the box. 4x0.5=2 keyboard processes input mouse a. A computer is an electronic machine that …………… information. b. A ………….. is used to give commands to the computer. c. A …………… is a pointing device. d. Both keyboard and mouse are ………………. devices. B. Read the text and write ‘True’ or ‘False’. 4x0.5=2 a. A computer is an electronic device. b. A mouse is a display device. c. A keyboard looks like a typewriter. d. A mouse is made up of the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. C. Read the text again and answer these questions. 3x2=6 a. Why is computer called an information processor? b. Name the input devices of a computer. c. What is the use of the mouse? 5. Read the following poem and do the activities given below. Changing World When I was a young man, I wanted to change the world. I found it was difficult to change the world, So I tried to change my nation. When I found that I couldn’t change the nation, I began to focus on my town. I couldn’t change the town
260 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 And as an older man, I tried to change my family. Now, as an old man, I realize the only thing I can change is myself. A. Which word in the poem means the opposite of the following? 4x0.5=2 a. old b. lost c. easy d. village B. Arrange the following statements in correct order. 4x0.5=2 a. After that he tried to change his town. b. At last, when he couldn’t change anything, he tried to change himself. c. First, the speaker tried to change the world. d. Then he tried to change his country. C. Answer the following questions. 3x2=6 a. What did the speaker want to do when he was young? b. Did the speaker find it easy to change the world? c. When the speaker couldn’t change the town what did he do?
6. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. (10) For three days Inspector Robinson had been completely in the dark. A man had been found unconscious in the car park of the Swan Hotel. He had been robbed and his car had been stolen. The police had no idea of his identity until at last the man was able to give them who he was and what had happened. He was also able to give them a description of the man, which the police sent to all the newspapers. The next day Inspector Robinson got a message to say that the man had been seen in a small seaside town. Inspector Robinson immediately went there. When he reached the police station, the inspector-in-charge had a second message for him. The owner of a small restaurant on the seafront had just telephoned. According to him, a person like the wanted man was having dinner in his restaurant. The police at once rushed round to the restaurant. Two policemen stayed outside the front entrance, while Inspector Robinson and another man entered through the kitchen. Very
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 261 excited, the owner of the restaurant showed Inspector Robinson the man he had been watching. Without doubt it was the right man. Inspector Robinson did not want to disturb the other people in the restaurant. He left the man finish his meal. Then, as he left the restaurant, Inspector Robinson followed him into the street and arrested him. A. Write whether each of the following sentences is true or false. 4x0.5=2 a. Inspector Robinson had been robbed. b. The unconscious man published the description of the wanted man. c. Not all the four policemen went into the restaurant. d. Inspector Robinson had a look at the man before he arrested him. B. Rewrite the following sentences putting them into the correct order as they occur in the text. 4x0.5=2 a. The police got the description of the criminal. b. The man regained his consciousness. c. A message of the wanted man was received. d. The police caught the criminal. C. Give answers to these questions. 3x2=6 a. Did the police immediately know what happened to the man? Why or why not? b. Who, in your opinion, was Robinson? c. What did the police find in the restaurant?
7. Read the text and answer the following questions: (5) WANTED We are UK based architectural practice with a branch office in Kathmandu. We are looking for an experienced Architect to join our team in Kathmandu Office. ARCHITECT : One The candidate must have - B.E./M.E. degree in Architecture,
262 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 - 3-5 years of work experience, preferably with 1 year experience in UK/USA/Australia/New Zealand/ Canada or any English spoken countries. - Proven excellent skills on both written and spoken English. - Good command on design and architectural detail. Excellent communication skill to communicate with London office regularly. - Excellent Auto CAD and Microsoft Office skills. - Salary: NRs. 25,000-35,000 (Depending upon experience and skills) Candidates fulfilling above criteria should apply with their CV and their portfolio to [email protected] no later than 19 April, 2019. Only short-listed candidates will be called for interview.
A. Write the words from the above advertisement that are similar in meaning to the following definitions: 4×.5=2 a. Practical knowledge of same work b. Personal details c. A person who works for designing houses. d. An oral test B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the above text: 4×.5=2 a. Remuneration will depend upon experience and…………. b. The required academic qualification for the post is…….and architecture. c. ……..candidates will be informed for the interview. d. The last date for applying is ……………………. C. Read the above text and answer the following questions: 3×2=6 a. Who will be preferred for the post? b. What items should be submitted along with the application? c. What is the deadline for the submission of application?
GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 263 8. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate sentences in the box: (5) Shyam : Would you like a cup of tea? Radha : Yes, Sure. Shyam : Milk and sugar? Radha : ...... Shyam : Oh, no. Radha : ...... Shyam : The machine is ...... Radha : Let’s ...... Shyam : ...... a. What’s the matter? b. please. c. try the next coffee shop. d. That would be good idea. e. out of order.
9. Write a short story with the help of the given clues. (5)
A Barber and a Monkey A barber shop ...... near the jungle ...... a barber ...... people visit ...... shaving everyday ...... a monkey on a tree ...... watching ...... shaving finished ...... the barber goes to the river ...... the monkey climbs down ...... tries shaving ...... cuts mouth and nose ...... screams ...... moral.
10. Write an essay on “Tourism in Nepal” in about 200 words with the help of the following clues. (15) Introduction – tourist and tourism – prospects of tourism in Nepal – advantages and disadvantages – achievements in the past – suggestions for improvement. Or, Prepare a short travelogue or leaflet about your favourite place. Things you observed ...... things you did ...... how you got there ...... location ...... religion and culture
264 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8