Approved by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional material Green ENGLISH GRAMMAR and Composition 8 Authors Deepak Marahatta Krishna Prasad Subedi GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 1 Green ENGLISH GRAMMAR and Composition 8 Publisher: Green Books Copyright: Authors (2075 BS) All rights reserved. No part of this book maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior information in writing from the publisher or the author. Edition Layout First : B.S. 2075 (2018 AD) The Focus Computer Re-print : B.S. 2076 (2019 AD) [email protected] Re-print : B.S. 2077 (2020 AD) Re-print : B.S. 2078 (2021 AD) Printed in Nepal Preface GREEN ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION is a series of ten books designed primarily for classroom use. It embraces recent approaches in teaching and learning English grammar through a contextualized approach. Every grammar concept is introduced through appropriate contexts and the learner is gradually taken through the process of inferring the rule from language use. These contexts are always related to the age and interests of the learners. The grammar rules are presented in a language that is easy to understand and internalize. They are further reinforced through a variety of learner-centred tasks and activities, many of which take place in their real life situations. The grammatical concepts have been treated in a very simple way in the beginner series with progression to more details in later series. The main purpose of GREEN GRAMMAR is to develop in young learners an understanding and control of the essential blocks of English grammar and to provide them with a solid platform for further development of language. The focus of grammar is both fluency and accuracy. The emphasis across the series is on meaning and appropriate use of forms in different situations. GREEN GRAMMAR is divided into individual units or lessons each of which has a single focus. The units follow a tried and tested ‘presentation-explanation-practice’ format. All the units begin with a text in context (e.g. a rhyme, a dialogue, a chart, a story, a letter, or a picture-based description) that demonstrates how the grammatical forms are used in real life situations. The presentation activities have been carefully graded to stimulate learner’s interest while at the same time focusing on the grammatical rules inductively. The explanation which follows draws attention to the relevant parts of the text and examples. Effort has been made to include a variety of exercises to reinforce learning goals and avoid boredom. All the units consist of writing activities related to the grammatical concepts introduced in each level. The activities included under Speaking Fun provide exposure to a variety of language functions. All the units have a comprehension section which invites students to consolidate their understanding of grammar and reading skill. Each book ends with Smart Writing Activities, a writing section that aims at developing learners’ writing skills in an effortless and creative way. These activities are related to meaningful themes that the learner is likely to find at each stage of learning. Finally, with its profusion of lively and colourful illustrations, GREEN GRAMMAR demonstrates that the learning of grammar, even at primary level, should not be difficult or boring. On the contrary, when the learning materials are relevant to the age and interests of the young learner, grammar lessons can be not only interesting but also fun. Authors 2018 Content 1. Sentence ..........................................5 2. Nouns ...........................................36 3. Determiners ......................................46 4. Pronouns.........................................70 5. Question Tag .....................................84 6. Subject Verb Agreement ............................97 7. Tense ...........................................110 8. Conditional Sentences.............................140 9. Prepositions .....................................150 10. Active and Passive Voice...........................173 11. Conjunctions ....................................194 12. Causative Verbs ..................................213 13. Direct and Indirect Speech.........................221 Model Questions Set: 1 ............................253 Model Questions Set: 2 ............................259 1 Sentence Reading Student : Excuse me, I would like to buy some books. Bookseller : Yes, please. What kind of books? Student : I want to buy an English grammar book for class VIII. Bookseller : Alright. Here you are. Any other books? Student : Yes. I would also like to buy a mini dictionary. Bookseller : Please, take your dictionary. Student : How much are these books? Bookseller : Only Rs. 300. Student : Rs. 300? What an expensive book it is! Bookseller : They are good too. Do you want the cheaper one? Student : Let’s try next. Bookseller : Take this one. It’s only Rs 200. Student : Thanks. Take your price. Bookseller : Welcome. Look at these sentences. I would like to buy some books. I want to buy an English grammar book for class VIII. I would also like to buy a mini dictionary. It’s only Rs 300. These sentences begin with subject and end with full stop. So they are statements. GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 5 Now read these sentences. These sentences begin with wh-words What kind of books? and end with question mark. So they are wh-questions. This sentences begins with auxiliary verbs Do you want the cheaper one? and end with question mark. It expects Yes/No in answer. So it is Yes/No question. This sentence expresses surprise and What an expensive book it is! ends with exclamation mark. So it is exclamatory sentence. Take your price. These sentences begin with verb and end Take this one. with full stop. So they are imperative Please, take your dictionary. sentences. Types of Sentences i. Assertive Sentence When a sentence states facts, describes things or events, it is called an assertive sentence. Description may be in positive or negative, so there are two types of assertive sentences. Affirmative Sentence: When the statement is positive and affirms something, it is an affirmative sentence. Examples: Sulochana reads a book. They play match. Janam does his homework. Negative Sentence: When the statement is negative and denies something, it is called a negative sentence. In these sentences, every sentence has ‘not’ which is a sign of negation. When Examples: the statement is negative or the sentence I do not play cricket. contains ‘no’ or ‘not’, it is always Hari does not solve the sums. negative. As these sentences contain ‘not’, so these are negative sentences. A Samita does not work in our school. full stop (.) is placed at the end of every assertive or declarative sentence. 6 GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 ii. Interrogative Sentence A sensible and meaningful group of words, in which a question is asked, is an interrogative sentence. It is of two types. Yes/No question: When a question begins with helping verbs like is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, shall, etc. and expects Yes/No in answer, it is Yes/No question. Examples: Is it your pen? Do you like orange? Will you join us? Wh-question: When a question begins with a question word like what, where, when, why, whose, how, etc., it is a wh-question. Where does your father work? What was she doing? When did they come? Why are you late for school? iii. Imperative Sentence A sentence which contains a command, desire or request, is called an imperative sentence. Examples: Go there. (order) In an imperative sentence, the subject (you) is implied. Please give me a glass of water. (request) It is not mentioned but only Roman, type this letter. (command) understood. Don’t let them quarrel. (advice) iv. Exclamatory Sentence A sentence expressing some sudden feeling of grief, surprise, anger or pleasure, etc. is called an exclamatory sentence. Examples: Hurrah! He won the prize. How intelligent the boy is! Bravo! Go ahead and open the fire. Ah! He is lying on the death bed. GREEN English Grammar and Composition- 8 7 v. Optative Sentence A sentence expressing wish or prayer is called an optative sentence. It is also followed by a mark of exclamation (!). Examples: Wish you best of luck! May God bless you! May you have a happy Dashain! Best wishes for your birthday! Activity 1 Identify the types of sentences and write in the space provided. 1. I drink coffee. ........................................................ 2. Do you not go to see him? ........................................................ 3. We go for a morning walk. ........................................................ 4. Anup is a good boy. ........................................................ 5. Will you come to my house tomorrow? ........................................................ 6. Why are you late for school? ........................................................ 7. Open your books, students. ........................................................ 8. Jagat, do not tease the poor. ........................................................ 9. Ah! He is lying on the death bed. ........................................................ 10. Is she buying a bag? ........................................................ 11. Alas! He is no more. ........................................................ 12. How intelligent the girl is! .......................................................