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Rethinking the Gospel Sources Volume 2 the Unity and Plurality Of RETHINKING THE GOSPEL SOURCES VOLUME 2: THE UNITY AND PLURALITY OF Q Early Christianity and Its Literature Gail R. O’Day, General Editor Editorial Board Warren Carter Beverly Roberts Gaventa Judith M. Lieu Joseph Verheyden Sze-kar Wan Number 1 RETHINKING THE GOSPEL SOURCES VOLUME 2: THE UNITY AND PLURALITY OF Q RETHINKING THE GOSPEL SOURCES VOLUME 2: THE UNITY AND PLURALITY OF Q by Delbert Burkett Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta RETHINKING THE GOSPEL SOURCES VOLUME 2: THE UNITY AND PLURALITY OF Q Copyright © 2009 by the Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burkett, Delbert Royce. Rethinking the Gospel sources. Volume 2, The unity and plurality of Q / by Delbert Burkett. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical Literature early Christianity and its literature ; no. 1) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-58983-412-5 (paper binding : alk. paper) 1. Two source hypothesis (Synoptics criticism) 2. Q hypothesis (Synoptics criticism) I. Title. II. Title: Unity and plurality of Q. BS2555.52.B86 2009b 226.'066—dc22 2009017569 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 standards for paper permanence. Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................vii Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................ix Abbreviations and Symbols in Tables ...................................................................x 1. The Necessity of Q ............................................................................................1 2. Q: Unity or Plurality? .....................................................................................33 3. The Core of Q ..................................................................................................51 4. Other Q in the Double Tradition ..................................................................61 5. Q Material Unique to One Gospel ...............................................................69 6. The Original Order of Q ................................................................................87 7. Causes of Verbal Disagreement in Q Parallels ............................................93 8. Combination of Q with the Markan Source ..............................................113 9. Combination of Q with M ...........................................................................135 10. Combination of Q with L.............................................................................171 11. Other Causes of Differences in Wording ...................................................207 12. Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................213 Appendices A. “Editorial Fatigue” as an Argument against Q .....................................217 B. Features of Style and Theme in Q ...........................................................221 C. Q in Matthew’s Order ..............................................................................231 D. Q in Luke’s Order .....................................................................................239 E. Did the Evangelist Compose Matthew 13:36–43 and 13:49–50? .......245 Works Cited ..........................................................................................................251 Index of Ancient Sources....................................................................................261 Index of Modern Authors...................................................................................279 Preface This book constitutes the second of a series on the Synoptic Problem. The first volume, Rethinking the Gospel Sources: From Proto-Mark to Mark (T&T Clark, 2004), offered a new theory about the sources of the material that Mark shares with Matthew and/or Luke. The present book continues the former by examining “Q,” the presumed source of the non-Markan material common to Matthew and Luke. I address two disputed issues in the study of Q: Is it necessary to hypoth- esize such a source, and, if so, did the Q material come from a single source or more than one? In chapter 1, I address the first issue and conclude that some form of the Q hypothesis is necessary. In chapters 2–11, I address the second issue. I conclude that Q existed as a single written source unified by recurring features of style and theme. I then identify the reasons why Matthew and Luke often disagree in the wording of Q. Chapter 12 summarizes my conclusions. Several appendices then set out significant results of this study. Where appeal to the Greek has been necessary, I have used the Greek text common to the twenty-seventh edition of Nestle-Aland and the fourth edition of the United Bible Societies text. Where appeal to the Greek has not been neces- sary, I have used my own fairly literal English translation. I am grateful to several scholars who read the first draft and offered percep- tive criticism: Dale Allison, David Neville, Leif Vaage, Joseph Verheyden, and William O. Walker Jr. In response to their comments, I rewrote the entire book, from chapter 2 forward. I am also grateful to John Kloppenborg, who reviewed the book for publication. In response to his perceptive critique, I rewrote most of the book a second time. -vii- Abbreviations AB Anchor Bible ABD The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992. AnBib Analecta Biblica BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CRINT Compendia Rerum Iudicarum ad Novum Testamentum ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses ExpT Expository Times FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments FZPT Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie ICC International Critical Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies NovT Novum Testamentum NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus NTS New Testament Studies RHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosphie religieuses SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers SBT Studies in Biblical Theology SemeiaSt Semeia Studies SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series SNTU Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt TJT Toronto Journal of Theology WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft -ix- Abbreviations and Symbols in Tables In the tables and the text, I use the following abbreviations and symbols. L Luke’s special material M Matthew’s special material PMkA Proto-Mark A: a revision of Proto-Mark used by Mark and Mat- thew PMkB Proto-Mark B: a revision of Proto-Mark used by Mark and Luke Q A source common to Matthew and Luke R Redaction — A line indicates a place where one Evangelist or the other has probably omitted material. → An arrow preceding a reference in smaller font (e.g., → 4:6b) indicates a place to which one Evangelist or the other probably moved the material so indicated. While the reference appears where the material originally stood in its source, the arrow points to the place to which the Evangelist moved it. ( ) Parentheses indicate passages where material from one source has been conflated with parallel material from another source. [ ] Brackets, unless otherwise indicated, enclose wording that is uncertain in the Greek text. { } Braces, unless otherwise indicated, enclose wording from a source different than the one under consideration. -x- 1 The Necessity of Q The Gospels of Matthew and Luke have a good bit of non-Markan material in common. Two primary explanations for this material have been proposed. According to the Two-Document hypothesis, Matthew and Luke drew this material from the same source, traditionally known as “Q.” The primary alter- native to the Q hypothesis proposes that this material originated with the Gospel of Matthew and that Luke took it from there. Several theories adopt this alternative, including Farrer’s theory, the Three-Source hypothesis, the Augustinian hypothesis, and the Neo-Griesbach or Two-Gospel hypothesis. Proponents of Farrer’s theory in particular have argued against the Q hypoth- esis in favor of the view that Luke used Matthew. I will therefore examine the arguments on both sides of the issue. From that examination, I conclude that the arguments for Luke’s use of Matthew lack substance, while the arguments for Q are quite strong. Arguments for Luke’s Use of Matthew Proponents of the Neo-Griesbach hypothesis have provided few arguments for Luke’s use of Matthew. When William R. Farmer revived Griesbach’s theory, he directed most of his effort toward criticizing the priority of Mark rather . Less common is the view that Matthew used
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