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Home , Egocentric predicament, Ernst Mach, Men of Ideas, Natural kind, Peter Unger, Sense data

The Philosophical Works of A. J. Ayer

1930 Review of The Art of Thinking by Dimnet, in Oxford Outlook. 1933 'Atomic ', Analysis, vol. 1, no. I, pp. 2-6. 1934 'The Genesis of ', Analysis, vol. I, no. 4, pp. 55-8, repr. in M. Macdonald (ed.), and Analysis. 'On Particulars and Universals', Proceedings of the Aristote• lian Society, vol. XXXIV, pp. 51-62. 'Demonstration of the Impossibility of Metaphysics', Mind, vol. XLIII, no. 171, pp. 335-45, repr. in P. Edwards and A. Pap (eds), A Modern Introduction to Philosophy (Glencoe, Illinois Free Press; London: George Allen and Unwin, 1957). 1935 'Internal Relations', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristo• telian Society, vol. XIV, pp. 173-85. 'The Criterion of ', Analysis, vol. 3, nos I and 2, pp. 28-32. 'The Analytic Movement in Contemporary British Philos• ophy', in Histoire de Ia logique et de Ia philosophie scienti.fique (Paris: Hermann). 1936 , Truth and (London: Gollancz). 'The Principle of Verifiability, Mind, vol. XLV, no. 178, pp. 199-203. 'Concerning the Negation of Empirical Propositions', Erkenntnis, vol. 6, pp. 260--3. 'Truth by Convention', Analysis, vol. 4, nos 2 and 3, pp. 17-22. 'Freedom of the Will', The Aryan Path. Reviews of M. M. Lewis, Infant Speech; R. Aaron and A. Jocelyn Gibbs (eds), An Early Draft of Locke"s Essay; Alfred Noyce, Voltaire; all in the Spectator. 1937 'Verification and Experience', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. XXXVII, pp. 137-56. 'Does Philosophy Analyse Common ?', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. XVI, pp. 162-76. Review of 'Die Sogennanten Definitionen durch Abstraction' by H. Scholtz and H. Schweitzen, in Mind, vol. XLVI, no. 182, pp. 244-7. Bibliography 335 1938 'On the Scope of Empirical : A Rejoinder to ', Erkenntnis, vol. 7, pp. 267~74. 1940 The Foundations ofEmpirical Knowledge (London: Macmillan). 1944 'The of Freedom', Horizon, vol. 9, no. 52, pp. 228~37. 1945 'The Terminology of Sense-Data', Mind, vol. LIV, no. 216, pp. 289~312, (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'Jean Paul Sartre', Horizon, vol. 12, no. 67, pp. 12~26. 'Deistic Fallacies', Polemic, no. 1. 'Secret Session' (on J.-P. Sartre), Polemic, no. 2, pp. 60~3. 1946 'Freedom and Necessity', Polemic, no. 5, pp. 36~44. (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'Other Minds', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. xx, pp. 188~97. 'Contemporary British ', the Listener. 'Albert Camus', Horizon, vol. 13, no. 75, pp. 155~68. 1947 'The Claims of Philosophy', in Polemic, no. 7, pp. 18~33. and Reflections on Our Age (Unesco). '', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. XLVII, pp. 163~96, (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). Thinking and , University College London Inaugural Lecture (Athlone Press). 1948 'The Principle of Utility' in G. W. Keeton and G. Schwarzen• berger (eds), Jeremy Bentham and the Law (repr. in Philosophi• cal essays, 1954). 'Portrait of a Victorian Liberal: J. S. Mill', the Listener. 'Science and Philosophy', the Listener. 'Some Aspects of ', Rationalist Annual. 'Discussion: Philosophy without Science', Philosophy, vol. 23, no. 84, pp. 65~6. 'What Can Logic Do for Philosophy', Supplementary Pro• ceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. XXII, pp. 167~ 78. 1949 'On the Analysis of Moral Judgements', Horizon, vol. 20, no. 117, pp. 171~84. 'Mr. Koestler's New System', the New Statesman. 'Uber die Gedankenfreiheit', Der Monat. 'Ockham's Razor and ', the Listener. 'There is no Mystery', the Listener. 1950 'Basic Propositions' in M. Black (ed.), (Ithaca: Cornell University Press; repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954), pp. 60~75. 'J.-P. Sartre's Definition of Liberty', the Listener. 'Religion and the Intellectual', Partisan Revue. 1951 'Statements About the Past', Proceedings of the Aristotelian 336 and Society, vol. LII, pp. i-xx (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'On What There Is', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristo• telian Society, vol. xxv, pp. 137-48 (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'The Physical Basis of Mind', BBC talks (Oxford: Basil Blackwell). 'The ', in A. Heath ( ed. ), Scientific Thought in the 20th Century. 1952 British Empirical Philosophers, ed. with R. Winch (London: and Kegan Paul). 'Individuals', Mind, vol. LXI, no. 244, pp. 441-57 (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'Negation', Journal of Philosophy, vol. 49, no. 26, pp. 797-815 (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 1953 'Cogito Ergo Sum', Analysis, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 27-31. 'To See the World Rightly', 20th Century. 'The Identity of Indiscernib.les', Proceedings of XIth Inter• national Congress of Philosophy, vol. III, pp. 124-9 (North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam; repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954. 'L'Immutabilite du Passe', Etudes Philosophiques, no. 1, pp. 6-15. 'One's Knowledge of Other Minds', Theoria, vol. XIX, pp. 1-20 (repr. in Philosophical Essays, 1954). 'Truth', Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. 7, pp. 183-200 (repr. in The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, 1963). 1954 Philosophical Essays (London: Macmillan). 'Discussion of: "Sur la preuve en philosophie" ', Revue inter• nationale de philosophie, vol. 8, pp. 92-105, pp. 158-69. 'Can There be a Private Language', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. XXVIII, pp. 63-76, (repr. in The Concept of a Person, 1963). 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle', Encounter. 1955 'What is Communication', Studies in Communic&tion, vol. I (London: Seeker and War burg). 'Philosophy at Absolute Zero', Encounter and Jamtid Ock Framted. 1956 'What is a Law of Nature', Revue internationale de philosophie vol. 10, pp. 144-65 (repr. in The Concept of a Person, 1963). 'The Circle', BBC Series: The Revolution in Philosophy (London: Macmillan). 'Philosophical Scepticism' in H. D. Lewis (ed.), Contemporary Bibliography 337 (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.). 'The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell', the Observer. 'Mr. Wilson's Outsider', Encounter. 'Le Memoire expose', Bulletin de Ia societe francaise de philos• ophie (Paris). The Problem of Knowledge (London: Macmillan; USA: St Martin's Press; UK ). 1957 'In Defense of Reason', Encounter. Reviews of: G. H. Von Wright, R. Rhees, G. E. M. Ans• combe, Ludwig Wittenstein: Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics; A. Wood, Bertrand Russell: The Passionate Sceptic; Colin Wilson, Religion and the Rebel, in the Spec• tator. 'Perception', C. A. Mace (ed.), British Philosophy in the Mid- Century (Allen and Unwin). · 'Logical ', debate with Father Copleston in P. Edwards and A. Pap (eds), A Modern Introduction to Philos• ophy (London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd). 'The Concept of Probability as a Logical Relation' in S. Korner (ed.), Observation and Interpretation, Proceeding of 9th Symposium of Colston Research Society (New York: Dover). 1958 'Meaning and Intentionality', Proceedings of Xllth Congress of Philosophy, vol. r, pp. 141-55 (Sansoni Editore: Firenze). 'Philosophie et langage ordinaire', Dialectica. Biographies of and , in Encyclo• pedia Brittanica. Reviews in the Spectator of G. J. Warnock English Philosophy Since 1900; , The Blue and Brown Books; and , Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Memoir 1959 , ed. A. J. Ayer (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press; London: Allen and Unwin). 'Privacy', British Academy Henriette Hertz Trust Lecture (Oxford: University Press; repr. in The Concept of a Person, 1963). 'Critical Notice of P. F. Strawson's Individuals', Indian Jour• nal of Philosophy. 'Phenomenology and Linguistic Analysis', Supplementary Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. xxxnr, pp. 111-24. Reviews in the Spectator of K. Popper The Logic of Scientific Discovery; Bertrand Russell, My Philosophical Development; Stuart Hampshire, Thought and Action; , Words and Thin~s. 1960 'The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell' in Concise Encyclopedia 338 Perception and Identity of Philosophy and Philosophers (London: Rain bird McLean Ltd). 'Philosophy and Language', Oxford University Inaugural Lec• ture (Oxford University Press). 'Professor Malcolm on Dreams', Journal of Philosophy, vol. LVII, no. 16, pp. 517-35 (repr. in Metaphysics and ). 1961 'The Concept of a Person', Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture (repr. in The Concept of a Person, 1963). 'Reply to Mr. Stigen on Problem of Knowledge', Inquiry, vol. 4, pp. 291-304. 'Rejoinder to Professor Malcolm', Journal of Philosophy, vol. LXIII, no. 11, pp. 297-9. Review in Encounter of P. Thody, J.-P. Sartre. Review in Scientific American of E. Nagel, The Structure of Science. 'On the Probability of Particular Events' in Revue internationale de philosophie vol. 15, pp. 336-75 (repr. in The Concept of a Person, 1963). 1962 'Breaching the Dialectical Curtain - Philosophy in Russia', Observer. 'A History of Logic. The Ghost Revives', the New Statesman. 1963 'Impressions of Contemporary Russian Philosophy', Willesden Public Library, lectured and taped. 'The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell', Into the lOth Decade (London: Allen and Unwin). 'Carnap's Treatment of Other Minds' in A. Schilpp (ed.) The Philosophy of Rudolph Carnap (Evan ton, Illinois, USA: Northwestern University Press). 'Brain, Mind and Memory', the Sunday Times. 'Philosophy and Science' Ratio, vol. v, no. 2, pp. 156-67 (first published in Russian translation in Voprosy Filosofi 1962 and repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). 'Professor Popper's Work in Progress', the New Statesman. 'The Legacy of Hume', the New Statesman. The Concept of a Person and Other Essays (London: Macmil• lan; USA: St Martin's Press). 1964 'On Making Philosophy Intelligible', British Association Granada Television Lecture, published in Communication in the Modern World (published by Granada Television) (repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense). 'Reply to Mr. Getier on Personal Identity' (USA: Wayne State University). 'Freedom and Happiness', the New Statesman. Bibliography 339

'Man as a Subject for Science', Auguste Contte Memorial Lecture, (University of London Athlone Press) (repr. in Meta• and common Sense, 1969). 'Knowledge, and ', Festschrift for Professor Jorgensen, published in Danish Philosophical Yearbook vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Munksgaard) (repr. in Metaphysics and Com• mon Sense, 1969). 1965 Review in Mind, val. LXXV, no. 299, pp. 444-7, On the Nature of Meanings, by N. E. Christensen. Review of E. Gellner, Thought and Change, in the Sunday Times. 'Chance', Scientific American (October), val. 213, no. 4 (repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). 1966 ' and Reform', Encounter. 'What I Believe' in What I Believe (London: Allen and Un• win). 'The Relevance of Humanism: An Inquiry into Humanism' (BBC publications). 'Philosophy and Politics', Eleanor Rathbone Memorial Lec• ture (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press) (repr. in Meta• physics and Common Sense, 1969). 'Metaphysics and Common Sense' in W. Kennick and Morris Lazerowitz (eds), Metaphysics (USA: Prentice Hall) (repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). Rev-iew of P. B. Medawar, Scientific Thought: The Art of the Soluble, in the New Statesman. 1967 'Reflections on Existentialism', Presidental Address to Modern Association, published in Modern Lan• guages, val. XLVIII, no. 1 (repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). Review of The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1872-1914 in Encounter. 'Has Austin Refuted the Sense Datum Theory?', Synthese, val. xvm, pp. 117-40 (repr. in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). 'Induction and the Calculus of Probabilities', Entretiens de Liege. 1968 'Philosophy and ', given to Philosophical Congress in Vienna. 'On what There Is', Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and (repr. as On What Must There Be? in Metaphysics and Common Sense, 1969). 'G. E. Moore on Propositions and Facts', in M. Lazerowitz 340 Perception and Identity and A. Ambrose (eds), G. E. Moore: Essays in Retrospect (London: Allen and Unwin). The Orlgins of (London: Macmillan and Co.; San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co.). Review of The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, vol. II, in the Spectator. Review of D. Armstrong, Mind and Matter. A Materialist Theory of Mind, in the New Statesman. Review of Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham vol. 1, 1752-1776, vol. II, 1777-1780, ed. by T. L. S. Sprigge, in the Observer. Review of J.-P. Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew, tr. by G. J. Becher, and Paul Nizan, Aden-Arabie, in the Spectator. The Humanist Outlook, ed. and introduced by A. J. Ayer (Lon• don: Pemberton Books). 1969 'An Honest Ghost', Festschrift in honour of Professor . 'Qu' est'ce que la Communication?', Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. 23, pp. 385-403. Metaphysics and Common Sense (London: Macmillan; San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co.). 1970 'Has Harrod Answered Hume', Festschrift in honour of Sir Roy Harrod in Induction, Growth and Trade (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 'Pragmatism and Logic', Times Literary Supplement. 1971 Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage (London: Mac• millan; USA: Harvard University Press; 1970 Lectures at Harvard University). 'Le Pro b1eme de la confirmation, Revue internationale de philos• ophie, vol. 25, pp. 1-31. Contribution to 'Conversations with Philosophers', published in Modern British Philosophy (London: Seeker and Warburg). Contribution to 'Profiles and Discussion', published in Reflexive Water (London: Souvenir Press) ed. by Fons Elders. 1972 Probability and Evidence (London: Macmillan; Columbia University Press, USA, Lectures for 1970 at Columbia University). Bertrand Russell (London: Fontana; USA: Viking Press). 'Bertrand Russell', article in the Evening Standard. 'Russell as a ', British Academy Lecture. 1973 'Wittgenstein on Certainty', Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture, published in Understanding Wittgenstein, pp. 226-45 (London: Macmillan Press, 197 4). Bibliography 341 'Dummett on Frege', Rev1ew of M. Dummett's Frege: Philos• ophy of Language in the Listener. 'Reflections on the Varna Congress', I.I.P. Proceedings. The Central Questions of Philosophy (London: Weidenfeld; USA: Holt Reinhardt). 'On a Supposed Antimony', Mind, vol. LXXXII, no. 325, pp. 125-6. 'The Case for ': Review of The Nature of Things by A. M. Quinton, Encounter. 1974 'Wittgenstein, the School Master', review of W. W. Bartley, Wittgenstein, III, in the Observer. 1975 'Self Evidence' in E. Pivcevic (ed), Phenomenology and Philo• sophical Understanding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 'Identity and Reference' in Philosophia, vol. 5, no. 3, repr. in Language in Focus, ed. A. Kasher, a volume in honour of Y. Bar Hillel (Reidel, 1976). 'Philosophy' in The Owl Of Minerva, edited by C. J. Bontemps and S. J. Odell, (USA: McGraw-Hill). 1977 Part of My Life (London: Collins). 'The Causal Theory of Perception', Supplementary Proceed• ings of the Aristotelian Society, vol. LI, pp. 105-26. 1978 'Introduction to William James' in W. James, Pragmatism and Meaning of Truth (Harvard University Press, paperback edn). Contribution in Men of Ideas, BBC. 'Revival of Oxford Philosophy', Guardian. 1979 'Meaning and Truth', review of Truth and Enigmas by . 'Weight of Evidence', review of The Possible and The Probable by Jonathan Cohen, Books and Bookmen. 'Geist und Korper' (Mind and Body) in Seele und Leib: Geist und Mat erie (Berne: Peter Lang).

Forthcoming 'Analytical Philosophy', Proceedings, liP, Dusseldorf, 1978. ' and Rationality', Festschrift for Sir Peter Strawson. Hume, (Oxford University Press). Introduction to VI Book of John Stuart Mill's System of Logic. Bibliography

AR TIC'LES CITED

G. E. M. Anscom be, The Intentionality of Sensation: A Grammatical Feature' in R. J. Butler (ed.) Analytical Philosophy (2nd series). --- 'Memory "Experience" and Causation' H. D. Lewis (ed.) in Contemporary British Philosophy (4th ser.) J. L. Austin, 'Other Minds' in Philosophical Papers, eds J. 0. Urmson and G. Warnock. N. J. Block, and J. A. Fodor, 'What Psychological States Are Not' in Philosophical Review LXXXI (1972). R. Cartwright, ' and Attributes' in Nous I (1967). --'Some Remarks on Essentialism' in Journal of Philosophy LXV (1968). M. Deutscher, and C. B. Martin, 'The Causal Theory of Memory' in Philosophical Review, LXXV ( 1966). A. Flew, 'Locke and the Problem of Personal Identity' in Philosophy, XXVI (1951). J. A. Fodor, and N. J. Block, 'What Psychological States Are Not' in Philosophical Review, LXXXI ( 1972). J. Foster, 'Psycho-physical Causal Relations' in American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. I (1968). S. Freud, 'Screen Memories' in his Complete Psychological Works, J. Strachey, (ed.) Vol. m. -- 'A Difficulty in the Path of Psycho-Analysis' in his Complete Psychological Works, ed. J. Strachey, Vol. XVII. S. Kripke, 'Identity and Necessity' in Identity and Individuation, ed. M. K. Munitz. J. L. Mackie, 'Locke's Anticipation of Kripke' in Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 6 (1974). C. B. Martin, and M. Deutscher, The Causal Theory of Memory' in Philosophical Review, LXXV (1966). T. Nagel, 'What Is It Like To Be a Bat?' in Philosophical Review, LXXXIII (1974). D. Parfit, 'Personal Identity' in Philosophical Review, LXXX (1971) reprinted in Personal Identity, ed. J. Perry. C. A. B. Peacocke, 'Appendix to "The De Re 'Must'"' in G. Evans and J. McDowell, Truth and Meaning: Essays in . D. Pears, 'Hume's Account of Personal Identity' in : A Symposium, ed. D. Pears. J. Perry, 'Can the Self Divide?' in Journal of Philosophy, LXIX (1972). A. N. Prior, 'Opposite Number' in Reveiw of Metaphysics, II (1957). --- Time, and Identity' in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, LXVI ( 1965--6). H. Putnam, 'Is Semantics Possible' in Languages, Belief and Metaphysics, eds H. Kiefer and M. Munitz. W. V. 0. Quine, 'Quantifiers and Propositional Attitudes' in Journal of Philosophy, LIII (1955), reprinted in Ways of Paradox and Other Essays. B. Russell, 'Knowledge by Acquaintance, Knowledge by ' in and Logic. --- 'The Relation of Sense-Data to Physics' in Mysticism and Logic. 344 Bibliography D. Sandford, 'Borderline Logic' in American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. I (1975). W. Sellars, ' and the ' in Science, Perception and . R. Sharvey, 'Why a Class Can't Change Its Members' in Nous II (1968). S. Shoemaker (with R. Chisholm), The Loose and Popular and the Strict and Philosophical of Identity' in Perception and Personal Identity, eds. N. S. Care and R. Grimm. S. Shoemaker, 'Persons and Their Past' in American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 7 (1970). S. C. Wheeler III. 'Reference and Vagueness' in Synthese, Vol. 30, No's. 3-4 (1976). D. Wiggins, 'Identity, Continuity and Essentialism' in Synthese, Vol. 23 (1974). --- The DeRe "Must"; A Note on the of Essentialist Claims' in G. Evans and J. McDowell, Truth and Meaning: Essays in Semantics (1976). --- 'Locke, Butler and the Stream of : and Men as a Natural Kind' in Philosophy, LI (1976), reprinted in A. 0. Rorty (ed.), The Identities of Persons. B. Williams, 'Personal Identity and Individuation' in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, LVII (1956--7) also in Problems of the Self R. Wollheim, The Mind and the Mind's Image of Itself in International Journal of Psychoanalysis 50 ( 1969). -- 'Imagination and Identification' in his On Art and the Mind. ---'Identification and Imagination: The Inner Structure of a Psychic Mechanism', book cited in R. Wollheim (ed.), Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays. C. Adam and P. Tannery, Oeuvres de Descartes (reissued Paris: Voin 1964--75). , Metaphysics. J. L. Austin, Sense and Sensibilia, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962). ---Philosophical Papers, eds. J. 0. Urmson and G. Warnock (2nd ed, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970). M. Black (ed.) Philosophical Analysis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950). R. J. Butler, (ed.), Analytical Philosophy, (2nd ser., Oxford: Blackwell, 1965). N. S. Care, and R. H. Grimm, (eds), Perception and Personal Identity, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1969). R. Descartes, Discourse on the Method, in Philosophical Writings, (eds) G. E. M. Anscom be and P. T. Geach (Edinburgh: 1954). M. Dummett, Frege: , (London: Duckworth, 1973). A. Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born- Briefwechsel 1916-1955 (: 1969). G. Evans, and J. McDowell, Truth and Meaning: Essays in Semantics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). S. Freud, J. Strachey (ed.) Complete Psychological Works, (London: Hogarth Press.) P. T. Geach, Logic Matters (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972). C. I. Gerhardt, Philosophische Schriften von G. W. Leibniz 1-VJ/ (Berlin: 1875-90). C. I. Gerhardt, Mathematische Schriften von G. W. Leibtziz I-Vll, Berlin-Halle: 1849-63. J. W. von Goethe, Warheit und Dichtung, N. Goodman, Fact, Fiction and Forecast (Cambridge, : Harvard, 1955). ---Problems and Projects (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972). D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge (Oxford: 1888). H. Ishiguro, Leibniz: Philosophy of Logic and Language, (London: Duckworth, 1972). I. Kant, , translated by N. Kemp Smith (London: Macmillan & Co., 1929). A. Kasher (ed.), Language in Focus, (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1976). Bibliography 345 J. M. Keynes, A Treatise on Probability (London: Macmillan, 1921). H. Kiefer and M. Munitz (eds), Mind, Language and Reality (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1970). S. Korner (ed.), Observation and Interpretation (New York: Dover, 1957). -~Experience and Theory (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966). --- Experience and Conduct (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976). Leibniz, Discourse of Metaphysics, trans. by P. Lucas and L. Grint. (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press 1952). H. D. Lewis (ed.), Contemporary British Philosophy (4th ser. London: Allen and Unwin, 1976). Locke, Fraser (ed.), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, (Oxford: 1894). J. L. Mackie, Truth, Probability and Paradox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973). --- The Cement of the Universe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974). --- Problems from Locke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). M. Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenologie de Ia Perception (Paris: Gallimard, 1945). J. S. Mill, A System of Logic (8th edn. London: 1941). M. K. Munitz, Identity and Individuation (New York: Press, 1971 ). D. Pears, David Hume: A Symposium (London: Macmillan, 1963). --- Questions in the Philosophy of Mind (London: Duckworth, 1975). J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press 1975). K. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (London: Hutchinson, 1959). H. H. Price, Perception (London: Methuen, 1932). W. V. 0. Quine, From A Logical Point of View (Cambridge, Mass.: University of Harvard Press, 1953). -- Word and Object (Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press, 1960). --- Ways of Paradox and Other Essays (New York: , 1966, enlarged edn 1977). A. 0. Rorty, The Identities of Persons (Univ. of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976). B. Russell, and A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica Vol 1 (Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press, 1910). B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy (London: Oxford University Press, 1912). ---Mysticism and Logic (2nd edn London; Allen and Unwin, 1917). ---The Analysis of Mind (London: Allen and Unwin, 1921). -- An Enquiry into Meaning and Truth (London: Allen and Unwin, 1940). ---Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits (London: Allen and Unwin, 1948). G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London: Hutchinson, 1949). ---Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954). P. A. Schlipp (ed.), The Philosophy of (La Salle, Illinois: The Open Court Publishing Co., 1974). W. Sellars, Science, Perception and Reality (London: Routledge, 1963). S. Shoemaker, Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963). D. C. Stove, Probability and flume's Inductive Scepticism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). P. F. Strawson, Individuals (London: Methuen, 1959). P. Suppes, Introduction to Logic (Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand, 1957). R. G. Swinburne, An Introduction to Confirmation Theory (London: Methuen, 1973). S. Themerson, The Artifacts of Mind and Body (London: Gaberbocchus, 1973). D. Wiggins, Identity and Spatio- Temporal Continuity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1967). B. Williams, Problems of the Self (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973). 346 Bibliography --- Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry (Hannondsworth: Penguin, 1978). R. Wollheim, On Art and the Mind (London: 1973). R. Wollheim (ed.) Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays (New York: Anchor Books 1974). M. J. Woods, Substance and Quality, B. Phil. Thesis (Oxford University, 1958, (unpublished). Notes on the Contributors

D. M. ARMSTRONG. Challis Professor of Philosophy. in the University of Sydney since 1964. He previously taught at Birkbeck College, University of London, and in the University of Melbourne. His publications include Perception and the Physical World, A Materialist Theory of the Mind, Belief, Truth and Knowledge and Universals and . His main interests are in , epistemo• logy and the philosophy of mind.

MICHAEL DuMMETT. Succeeded, in 1979, Sir Alfred Ayer as Wykeham Professor of Logic in the , having since 1974 been Senior Research Fellow at All College. From 1961 to 1974 he was Reader in the Philosophy of Mathematics in the University of Oxford, and in 1976 he was William James Lecturer at Harvard University. His publications include Frege: Philosophy of Language, Elements of Intuitionism and Truth and Other Enigmas.

JOHN FosTER. Lecturer in Philosophy in the University of Oxford and Fellow of Brasenose College. A former pupil of Sir Alfred Ayer, his main interests are in , philosophy of mind and .

STEPHAN KoRNER. Professor of Philosophy in the University of Bristol since 1952 and (jointly) in Yale University since 1970. His publications include Conceptual Thinking, Kant, The Philosophy of Mathematics, Experience and Theory, Fundamen• tal Questions in Philosophy, Categorical Frameworks and Experience and Conduct.

GRAHAM MACDONALD (editor of this volume). A graduate of the University of Witwatersrand and gaining a B Phil. at Oxford, where he was a postgraduate pupil of Sir Alfred Ayer, he was appointed in 1974 Lecturer in Philosophy in the University of Bradford, having previously taught in the University of Witwaters• rand. His publications include an introductory text (with R. Lindley and D. Fellows), What Philosophy Does.

J. L. MACKIE. Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at University College, Oxford. He previously taught in the universities of Otago, Sydney and York. His publica• tions include Truth, Probability and Paradox, The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation, Problems from Locke and : Inventing Right and Wrong. He is interested in the philosophy of science, of religion, and of law, as well as in epistemology, metaphysics and moral philosophy.

DAVID PEARS. Reader in Philosophy in the University of Oxford and Tutor in Philosophy at Christ Church College. His publications include Bertrand Russell and the British Tradition in Philosophy, Wittgenstein and Some Questions in the Philosophy of Mind. His main interests are in the philosophy of mind and in the work of Aristotle, Russell and Wittgenstein.

P. F. STRA WSON. Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy in the University of Oxford and Fellow of Magdalen College. From 1948 to 1968 he was Fellow 348

of University College, Oxford. His publications include Introduction to Logical Theory, Individuals, The Bounds of Sense and Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar.

CHARLES TAYLOR. Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory in the Univer• sity of Oxford. He was previously Professor of Philosophy and Political Science in McGill University, Montreal. His publications include The Explanation of Behav• iour and Hegel. His main interests are in philosophy of mind and political theory.

PETER UNGER. Professor of Philosophy in New York University. Working under Sir Alfred Ayer, he received his D Phil. from Oxford in 1966. His publications include Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism. His main interests are in epistemology, metaphysics and the philosophy of language.

DAVID WIGGINS. Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College in the University of London. From 1959 to 1967 he was Lecturer and Fellow of New College, Oxford. His publications include Identity and Spatio-Temporal Continuity and Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life (the British Academy's Henrietta Hertz Lecture, 1977).

BERNARD WILLIAMS. Knightsbridge Professor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge since 1967, and Fellow of King's College. He earlier taught at Oxford, at University College, London (appointed by Sir Alfred Ayer), and at Bedford College, London. His publications include Morality, Problems of the Se(f, A Critique of and Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry.

RICHARD WoLLHEIM. Grote Professor of Philosophy of Mind and Logic in the University of London. He has taught at University College, London since 1949 (until 1959 under Sir Alfred Ayer). His publications include F. H. Bradley, Art and its Objects, Freud and Art and the Mind. His main interests are in the philosophy of mind and in .

A. J. A YER. From 1959-1978 Wykeham Professor of Logic in the University of Oxford and a Fellow of New College. He was previously Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic in the University of London, at University College. He is a fellow of the British Academy, Honorary Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, Doctor honoris causa of the University of Brussels, Honorary D.Litt. of the University of East Anglia, Honorary Doctor of the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Chevalier de Ia Legion d'Honneur and Member of the Bulgarian Order of Cyril and Methodius, I st class. He was knighted in 1970. Name Index

Chapter references are printed in bold type.

Albert Einstein- Hedwig und Max Born 97, 98, 154, 155, 160,233,267,276, - Briefweschel/916-1955 276 277,280,281,289,331,333 Alexander the Great 234 Chisholm, Roderick 234 Analysis of Mind, The 61, 82 Christie, Agatha 321 Analytical Philosophy 98 Cicero 149, 249 Anderson, John 84 Complete Psychological Works 233, 234 Anscombe, G. E. M. 98,233 Concept of a Person and Other Essays, Aquinas, Thomas 18, 263 The 129,154,184,186,233 Aristotle 146, 152, 156, 263 Concept of Mind, The I 01, Ill Armstrong, D. M. 84,278,281,282, Contemporary British Philosophy, 4th ser. 294 233 Arnauld 136, 137, 154, 156 Crick, F. 157 Art(facts of Mind and Body, The 157 Crippen 255 Austin, J. L. 61, 64, 65, 70ff, 82, 158, Critique of Pure Reason 60, 112, 276 287 Ayer,A.J. lpassim;2passim;3 Davidson, Donald 6 passim; 4, 84, 85, 90, 91, 97, 98; 5 David Hume: A Symposium 234 100-2, Ill, 112; 6 passim; 7 passim; De Bello Gallico 308 8163, 167,170, 171, 178, 184; 9186, Der Logische Aujbau der Welt 325 195ff, 210, 223, 232, 233, 234; 10 235; Descartes, Rene 99, 156, 163, 172ff, II passim; 12 passim; 13 277, 333 183,235,242,244,245,249 Descartes: The Project of Pure Barcan Marcus, Ruth 141, 142, 311 Enquiry 261 Bayes 121, 128, 303 Deutscher, Max 82, 233 Berkeley, George 21, 87, 92, 282, 329 Dickens, Charles 141, 310 Bergson, H. 13 Dilemmas I 02, Ill Black, Max 82 Discourse of Metaphysics 157 Block, N.J. 234 Discourse on the Method 184 Bohr, N. 263 Dummett, M. I, 261, 277ff, 293ff Born, Max 275 Brutus 308 Einstein, A. 275 Butler, Bishop 223 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Butler, R. J. 98 An 29, 30, 157, 158 Eubulides 248ff Caesar, Julius 140, 145ff, 156, 306ff Evans, Gareth 154, 160 Cambridge 131 Evening Star 140, 141, 155,306 Care, Norman S. 234 Experience and Conduct 276 Carnap, R. 116, 126, 289, 305, 325 Experience and Theory 276 Cartwright, Richard 154, 155, !56 Categories 156 Fact, Fiction and Forecast 129 Cementofthe Universe, The 129,130 Fann, K. T. 82 Central Questions of Philosophy, The Feyerabend, Paul 92 1-7, 12,21,29,35,36,41ff,60,84ff, Flew, Anthony 233 350 Name Index Fodor, J. A. 234 Languages, Belief and Metaphysics 234 Foster, John 36, 161, 184,280, ::I4ff Language in Focus !54 Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, Language, Truth and Logic 67, 82, 131, The 131, 186,233 133, 135,252,261,262,276,277,325, Frege: Philosophy of Language 26! 329,331,333 Freud: A Collection of Critical Leibniz, G. 133, 135ff, 146-60 passim, Essays 233 263,271 Freud, S. 13, 216, 221 ~2, 233, 234 Leibniz~Arnauld Correspondence !54 From a Logical Point of View !54. !55 Leibnizens Mathematischen Schri.ften !57 Leihniz's Philosophy of Logic and Geach, P. T. !54 Language !53, 157, 158 George VI 326, 327 Lewis, C. I. 278, 326 Gerhardt 153, 154, !57 Lewis, H. D. 233 Godel 263 Lock~ John 8,21,29, 30, 31, 33,41, Goethe,J. VV. von !98ff, 206,233,322 48, 99, 110, 116, 148, 157, 158, !59, Goodman, Nelson 12, 119, 120, 129, 173, 174, 184, 194, 292 155, 157,278,283,304,316,325 Logic of Scientific Discovery, The !29 Grimm, Robert H. 234 Logical Syntax of Language 265 London 13! Hamlet 134-5 Harrod, R. 115, 120, 128, 129,305 Macbeth 89, 134 Hesperus 140, 141 Macdonald, Graham 277 Howarth, Jane 234 Mackie, J. L. 41, 48ff, 60, 113, 129, Human Knowledge, Its Scope and 130, 158, 292, 298ff Limits 66 Malebranche 35 Hume, David 36, 48, 110, 114ff, 168, Marcus, Ruth Barcan 141, 142, 311 172ff, 183, 232, 234, 235, 290, 299, 300, Martin, C. B. 82, 233 310,314,315 McDowell, John 154, 160 Merceau-Ponty, M. 110, 112 Identity and Individuation !54, 234 Metaphysics 156 Identity and Spatio-Temporal Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol. IV: Continuity !53, 234 Studies in Metaphysics 25! Identities of Persons, The 234 Mill, J. S. 123, 128, 129, 130, 168,301, Individuals 156, 183 305 Introduction to Confirmation Theory, Mind and the World-order 326 An !29 Mind, Language, and Reality 234 Introduction to Logic !55 Moore, G. E. 97,240 Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, An 66, Munitz, Milton K. 154, 234 67, 82 Mysticism and Logic 82 Ishiguro, Hide 153, !57, 158, 234 Nagel, Thomas 234 Jackson, Frank 87,98 Nostradamus 310, 311 James, VV. 178, 315, 325 Nouveaux Essais 133, 156, !57, 159 Joske, VV. D. 93, 94 Observation and Interpretation 129 Kant, I. 53, 55, 60, 99, 110, Ill, 112, Oeuvres de Descartes 156 263,267,268,271,272,274,276 On Art and The Mind 233, 234 Kasher, A. !54 Origins of Pragmatism, The 184, 186, Kemp Smith, N. 112 233,315,316,317,333 Keynes, J. M. 116, 129 Oxford Philosophy 131 Kiefer, H. 234 Korner, S. 129, 262, 276, 325, 329ff Parfit, Derek 234 Kripke, S. 141, 157,232,234 Pears, David 61, 234, 285ff Name Index 351 Peacocke, C. A. B. !54 Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity 234 Peirce, C. 267, 273, 326, 330 Sellars, Wilfred 91, 92, 98, 281 Perception 333 Sense and Sensibilia 82 Perception and Persona/Identity 234 Shakespeare, W. 134 Perry, John 234 Sharvey, R. 156 Personal Identity 234 Shoemaker, Sidney 233, 234 Phenomenologie de Ia perception II 0, 112 Silverman, Ralph 251 Philosophical Essays 82, !57, 260, 261, Slote, Michael 234 333 Smart, J. T. C. 91 Philosophical Investigations 110 Socrates 327 Philosophical Papers 82 Stout, G. F. 91 Philosophy of Karl Popper, The 129 Stove, D. C. 129 263 Strachey,James 233 Popper, Karl 113, 115, 117, 129 Strawson, P. F. 41, 148,156,157, 163ff, Price, H. H. 286, 333 171,182,183,277,281,282, 289ff Principia Mathematica 63, 65, 82, 266 Structure of Appearance, The 325 Prior, A. N. 234, 254 Substance and Quality 158 Probability and Evidence 115, 117, 129, Suppes, Patrick 155 130 Swinburne, R. G. 129 Probability and Hume's Inductive Symposium on J. L. Austin 82 Scepticism 129 System of Logic, A 129; 130 Problem of Knowledge, The 75, 76, 82, 100, Ill, 112, 186, 195, 197,233,234, Tarski, A. 155 251,260,261 Taylor, Charles 99, 291 Problems and Projects 155, !57 Themerson, Stefan 157 Problems of Analysis (ed. M. Black) 82 Transcendental Dialectics 267 Problems of Philosophy, The 62, 63, 65, 82 Treatise of Human Nature, A llfr-17, Problems of the Self 233, 234 129, 184, 234 Problems from Locke 60, 130 Treatise on Probability, A 129 Putnam, H. 157,232,234 Truth and Meaning: Essays in Semantics 154, 160 Questions in the Philosophy of Mind 234 Truth, Probability and Paradox 129, 130 Quine, W. V. 134, 138, 139, 142, 143, 154, 155, 253, 298, 327 Unger, Peter 235, 236, 324

Ramsey,F.P. 1,16,97 Valberg, Jerry 234 Reid, T. 223 Van Straaten, Z. !57 Robinson, H. M. 183 Vanzetti 321 Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg 234 Von Juhos, B. 67 Rorty, Richard 92 Russell, B. 61ff, 82, 97, 135, 155, 160, Wahrheit und Dichtung 233 278,279,287,289,295,297,315,325 Watling, John 234 Russell and Moore: The Analytical Watson, J. !57 Heritage 82 Ways of Paradox and Other Essays !54 Ryle, Gilbert 101, 102, Ill, 132 Wheeler, Samuel 236, 249, 251 Wiggins, D. 131, 154, 156, 160, 234, Sacco 321 306ff, 324 Sainsbury, R. M. 184 Williams, Bernard 190, 233, 234, 252, Sameness and Substance 153 325, 326, 328ff Sanford, David H. 251 Wittgenstein, L. 3, II 0, 328 Schlick, M. 67 Wollheim, Richard 186,233,234, 314ff Schilpp, P. A. 129 Woods, M. J. 158 Science, Perception, and Reality 98 Word and Object 155 Subject Index

Chapter references are printed in bold type.

abstraction operator 139 194, 197ff, 215ff; influence Ll!J, £-v.J, absurdity, reduction to 237, 243, 264, 211; Jaw 114; mechanism 58, 122; 265 origin 229, 230; powers 298, 299; acquaintance, knowledge by 61ff, 82 I ; relation 51, 52, 86ff, acquisition condition 203ff, 219, 233, 115, 164, 167, 168, 169, 184, 299; 319, 320, 322 sequences 122, 124 affective adequacy 215, 216; impact 36, 37, 84, II 0, 166, 272, 318, 209; influence 211ff, 229, 230; store 323 209,212ff,230,231, 319, 320,323; causation 169, 191,207,217, 228; of tendency 208; tone 208,209,212, memory 197ff, 321 215,216,220,222,229ff,319,321,323 cause 35,293,295 alternation 269 cell 242ff analogy, argument from 164, 329 circular(ity) 115, 116, 119, 167, 168, analytic !54; propositions 134, 135, 170, 174, 186, 189, 192,299,300,316 307, 330; truth 115-16, 149, 330, class 142; of propositions 271 analyticity 134, 135 cognitive 210,215,220,223, 262; ancestral 187 impact 209; influence 211 ; atom 10 passim meaning 325; principles 270,271; attitudes, propositional 166, 175, 184, supremacy 272ff; state 203ff, 318; 316 store 209 attribute 142, 149, 155, 156, 163, 165, common sense I, 14, 16ff, 27, 41, 42, 182, 272; non-observable 271 ; 47,49ff, 110,120,240,249,263,273, fictitious 273; individuating 274 274,289,294,298 communication, interpersonal 227, 228 basic propositions 66ff, 82 compresence, sensible 316ff Bayes's theorem 121,128,303 concept, individual 153 behaviour, bodily 317 concept of a mind 166; of a person Biography(ies) 187, 188, 192, 202ff, 315 162ff, 182,227,232, 314ff; ofa bivalence, principle of 4, 5, 7, 278 subject 179 bodily behaviour 317; continuity 178, 37, 38, 54, 153, 156, 159, 165, 318; identity 314, 318; sensation 184; a priori Ill, 268, 270, 271 ff, 178 331; fundamental 145; ideal 272, body 8 passim, 226, 315 273, 275, 331; interpretative 270ff; brain, continuity of 317 interpreted 270ff; linking 331 ; natural - kind- 146; physical 32, Cartesian 167, 172ff, 317 46; sortal 145; theoretical 331 categorial framework 272, 274, 332 Concepts of objects 46, 53, 290, 292 Categories 268 conditionals, subjunctive 3, 6, 7, 268, causal chain 85, 222; clause 322; 269,281,293,317, 318; unfulfilled 84 condition 322; connection 52, 97; conditions 298; acquisition 203ff, definition !57; dependence 51, 180, 219,233, 319,320,322; background 314,317, 318; explanation 31, 48; 124; causal 322; identity !55; generalisation !51, 317-18; history necessary 76, 86, 123, 186, 187, 192ff, 352 Subject Index 353 conditions - continued dispositions 192, 193 285,309,314, 319; normal 24ff, 57; dualist 168, 174, 314; orthodox 167, persistence 145, 146, 150, 151, 159; 171, 172 sufficient 80, 86, 123, 186, 194ff, 222, dualistic 162, 163, 164, 166, 182, 183 261,285,309,314, 319; truth 38, 39, 74, 78, 151, 322, 328 ego 163, 164 conjunction 269, 272, 305 egocentric predicament 258 co-consciousness 316 embodiment 168; causal 182 conscious I 06 emotion(al) 219,321 consciousness 54, 162, 163, 173, 183, empirical, conclusions 303; 184, 194, 244, 318; unity of 110; see conditions 333; discourse 263; also unconsciousness 263, 264; knowledge continuity sensible- 316ff; 287; meaning 252, 259; probability physical 323; principle of 266, 271, 119; realism 55; theory 329 275, 330; see also brain; self empiricism 110, 136, 259; British 186; continuous functions 263, 264 verificationist 260 contradiction 282; self- 187, 224; empiricist 169, 189ff, 210, 258; contradictory, self- 49, 226ff classical- 185, 195, 232 conventional(-al, -alism) 187,258,330 entelechies 245 corrigibility 95 · entrenched predicates 301 counterfactually 137, 148, 179,241, epistemic probability 116ff, 301, 302; 244, 310 situation 199ff criterion of identity 146, 152, 323, 331 epistemological considerations I 00; intermediates 97; status 37; point death 185, 245 103 decomposition 241, 243; arguments epistemologically based 281 ; 242; see also sorites, arguments primitive 331; privileged 109 dedicto 171, 306; necessity 134, 135; epistemology 210, 249; empiricist 191 translation 139 131, 133, 147ff, 246; deduction 115ff individual 137, 148, 245; deductive validity 299, 300 nominal 148, 158 definition 147, 149, 156, 157, 180; essentialism 133, 136, 143, 147ff, 306, causal 157; disguised 330; 329 nominal 158; stipulative 265, 266, essentialist 141, 152, !53 329; see also stream excluded middle, principle of 263, 275, demonstrative 327, 328; symbols 67 330 de re 171 ; conceivings 148; modal existential 135; assertion 143, 148, 151, 154; quantification 269 modality 143, 308; necessary experience 23, 24, 26ff, 31, 37, 39, 68, properties 145; necessity 138, 139, 74, 78, !Olff, 119, 164ff, l76,9passim, 141, 142, 149, 150, 155, 156, 179,306, 259, 272, 287ff, 298ff, 315ff; 311, 313; 'possibly' 139; predicates auditory- 175; memory- 193; 139 subjectless 171 ; perceptual 99ff; 308ff; absolute (cf. perceptible 66; sense 2passim, 101, representation, absolute) 16, 25, 33ff, 175, 176, 280, 286ff; visual I 02 294ff; definite 135; identifying 164, experiential memory 186, 194ff, 319ff 327; logically equivalent 312; explanation I, 34, 35, 114, 115, 118, relative 16, 25, 33, 36, 37, 294ff; 127, 144ff, 161' 164, 262, 274, 296, state- 126; theory of- 155; vague 299; causal 31, 48; philosophical 144, 304 259; physical 58; second-level 139 disembodied 171 explanatory account 224; adequacy dispositional manner 30; properties 221 ; function 276; power 267ff; 29, 31, 114,294,295 theories 114 354 Subject Index extensional(ly) 62, 64, 65, 67, 71, 136, identity - continued 155, 156, 158, 180 of 189ff, 209,215, 223ftj, relative extensional positions 141; principle 145; self- 147,311, 312; set- 142, 143 143, 312; subject 168, !73ff;seealso extentionalism 136; extensionalist 138 conditions; indiscernibles; link; memory extensionality !52; axiom of 142, 144 path; time; illusion, argument from 2, 97; fact 65, 329; complex 63, 65; hard metaphysical 246 I, 2; physical 163; psychological image, manifest 91, 282, 289; 163,21l;relational 301;soft 2 scientific 91 factual content 253, 258, 325ff, 332; images 184 error 69ff, 287, 288, 309; inferences imagining, centrally 195, 208, 211, 216, 130,299, 300; proposition 267,268, 217 270; regularity 299 imaginary situation 224ff factually false 286 imagination 216,219,221 fission 179, 180, 224ff, 234, 318, 323 indifference, principle of 120, 121, 125, fregian 135 126, 128, 129, 302, 303 frequency 117, 120 indiscernibles, identity of 328 function 218, 219; of memory 218ff, indiscernibility 282, 283; condition 9, 319; of metaphysical principles 262, 10 264; see also explanatory function indiscriminability I Off functional adaptation 221 ; role 161 ff, individuation 149,272, 273; 182, 318 autonomous !51 ; conception of fusion 174, 179, 180, 234, 318 145, 146; principle of 138, 150ff, 159, 191; theory of 147, 150, !59 generic constitution 146, 313 individuation of classes 142ff genetic 139; feature 147 individuative, sortal 150, !51 genus 146, 178,313 incorrigibility 61, 69, 78, 100,286