/ On the Cover: 'Captain Rawes', photographed at Chiswick House, London, by On the Back Cover: Entranc , Jonathan Buckley. 2001 International C This fIrst Camellia reticulata variety introduced to the West was brought from China in 1820 by English East Indiaman skipper Captain Richard Rawes. No wonder it "I was dumbfounded by the : caused a sensation when it first bloomed in 1826 for Thomas Carey Palmer in Kent, cactuses from the desert are '" England. shiny-leaved as those which g It was the start of an attraction to Camellia reticulata that has been going on for From "Counting My Chic years. by Deborah Devonshire (1 In the West, it created a stir when Walter Lammerts and Ralph Peer brought the Long Barn Books, Ebringl "Yunnan " out of China in the late 1940s (see pages 58 through 68). ISBN 1 902421 051 In China, it has been at the heart of an explosion of new named in the 1980s and 1990s by Professor Chang Hung Ta. The Huntington and other can of the 2001 Congress, fIll this Now, Professor Clifford R. Parks is leading a research effort that could result in a new revision ofthe genus Camellia (see page 91).

" '\ . ;1 I / 1 AIMS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SOCIETY

To foster the love of camellias throughout the world and maintain and increase their popularity

To undertake historical, scientific and horticultural research in connection with camellias

To co-operate with all national and regional camellia societies and with other horticultural societies

To disseminate information concerning camellias by means of bulletins and other publications

To encourage a friendly exchange between camellia enthusiasts of all nationalities

MAJOR DATES ON THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CALENDAR

6-9 March 2003 - International Camellia Congress, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China 2-5 March 2003 - Pre-Congress Tour 10-15 March 2003 - Post Congress Tours (see p.23)

Spring 2005 - International Camellia Congress, Locarno, Switzerland 2 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA JOURNAL 2001 No. 33 An Official Publication of the International Camellia Society ~ .. CONTENTS Page Directors and Officers 4 Message from the President Pat Macdonald 7 Otomo Endowment Research Fund Neville Haydon 16 Events, People and Places International Camellia Species Gao Jiyin with Cheng Zhuqing Garden in Jinhua City, China and He Meihua . 19 International Camellia Congress in Jinhua City, China 23 International Camellia Gardens of Excellence 26 A Camellia Flower Quilting Shunpei Demoto 33 A Japanese Garden at the Chelsea Flower Show Herb Short 34 Visiting Some Historic Camellias in Nara and Kyoto Shigeo Matsumoto 36 'Francofurtensis' and 'Teutonia' - Lost and Found Klaus Peper 43 Congress Pre-Congress Tour David Molloy 45 Gardens and Railroads? Joanna and Lew Gary 51 Descanso Gardens Reminiscences Jim McQuiston 53 The New Camellia Reticulata Hybrids Walter Lammerts 58 Newly Discovered Chinese Reticulata . for the Southern Camellia Garden Ralph Peer 66 About Ralph Peer Herb Short 69 Los Angeles Congress Post-Congress Tour Mayda Reynolds 71 The Sacramento Extension Roger Brehaut 75 Camellias at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne R.M. Withers 79 3 Obituaries Jean Laborey 85 Nancy Tooby 86 Joyce Wyndham 86 Violet Stone 87 Books "Higo Camellia, A Flower For The Third Millennium" by Franco Ghirardi 88 "Camellias" A curator's Introduction to the Camellia Collection in the Huntington Botanical Gardens by Ann Richardson (editor) 89 "0 Mundo da Camelia" by Veiga Ferreira and Maria Celina 89 Reprints of Old Camellia Books by Shinichiro Kishikawa 89 Culture and Research The Story of Camellia Reticulata Clifford R. Parks 91 Can You Count Camellia Chromosomes? John Pearman 104 Research for a New Classification Tiaojiang Xiao and System for the Genus Camellia Clifford R. Parks 108 The Winter Resistance of Recently David Parks and Introduced Camellia Species Clifford R. Parks 113 Systematic Studies of Camellia Japonica and Closely Related Norihiro Yoshikawa and Species Clifford R. Parks 117 A Current View of Camellias in Germany Peter Fischer 122 Leaves - Just Leaves Jennifer Trehane 128 Progress on Camellia Flower Peter Long, Christine Taylor Blight Research and Rosie Bradshaw 133 Ancient Cultivars of Camellia Japonica Dora Remotti 140 The Higo Way of Making Camellia Bonsai Shigeo Matsumoto 142 Tea Might Alleviate Cancer 148

In the Regions 150 Treasurer's Report 157 Membership 160 4 Directors and Officers 2001-2003

PATRON: Mr. Charles Puddle, Cae Derw, Tal-y-Cafn, Colwyn Bay, Clwyd LL28 5RH, United Kingdom

PRESIDENT: . Mrs. Pat Macdonald, Westwyn, 44 Kelland Road, RD.3 Waiuku, New Zealand

VICE PRESIDENTS: Mr. Greg Davis, 7815 Burgoyne, Houston, Texas, 77063-2801, U.S.A. Dr. Ross Hayter, Bells Flat Road, Yackandandah, Victoria 3749, Mrs. Pat Short, 41 Galveston Road, London SW15 2RZ, United Kingdom Dr. Shunpei Uemoto, 2-4-32, Uenohigashi, Toyonaka, Osaka 560, Japan

DIRECTORS: Africa Mr. Keith Kirsten, Keith Kirsten Horticultural International, P.O. Box 1458, Fourways,2005 Johannesburg, (see In The Regions p.150) Australia Mr. Bob Cherry, 2117 Greta Road, Kulnura, N.SW. 2250 Mr. Peter Levick, 73 Roland Avenue, Wahroonga, N.S.W. 2076 Miss Nance Swanson, 43 Wellington Road, East Lindfield, N.SW. 2070 Channel Islands and Other Regions Mrs. Ann Bushell, Richmond House, Richmond Avenue, St. Peter Port, _ Guernsey GYIIQQ, Channel Islands Mr.Marc De Coninck, Place Saint-Sebastien 28, B-1420 Braine-L'Allend, Belgium China Prof. Cheng Jinshui, P.O. Box 76, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083 Mr. Yang Shouchun, City Hall of Jinhua City, Zhejiang 321000 France Mme. Franc;oise Brivet, 32 rue des Fontaines, 92310 Sevres M. Max Hill, 30 Chernin du Bois Chaperon, 91640 Briis-sous-Forges (;er~any/Austria Mr. Peter Fischer, Hoden 16, D-21789 Wingst,Germany Mr. Waldemar Max Hansen, Griinenberger Strasse 24, D-73079 Siissen,Germany Italy Dr. Andrea Corneo, Via Sirtori 23,1-20129, Milano 5 Japan and other Asian regions Mr. Gorou Iimure, 3-1-13, Koyama, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 176, Japan Mr. Shigeo Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kita-Kyushu 808-0144, Japan New Zealand Mrs. Vonnie Cave, "Seafield", R.D. 4, Wanganui Mr. Neville Haydon,48 Takanini School Road, Takanini 1702 Portugal Sra. Clara Gil de Seabra,Pcta. Prof. Egas Moniz, 167-4 0 Esq., Porto

0 Sr. D. Pedro Miguel Pifieiro Lago, Rua Castelao 7-3 , 36600 Villagarcfa de Arosa, Pontevedra Switzerland Mrs. Mary Caroni, via Solaria 11, CH-6648 Minusio United Kingdom Mrs. Marigold Assinder, 29 Deodar Road, Putney,London SW15 2NP Mr. William Johnson, Trannack Vean, Heamoor, Penzance, Cornwall TR20 8UP Mr. Eric Taylor, 8 Cresford Road, Fulham, London SW6 2AN U.S.A. Mrs. Annabelle Fetterman, P.O. Box 306, Clinton, NC 28329-0306 Mr. Arthur Landry, 10522 Ferncliff Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA 70815 Mr. Robert Stroud, 2 Oakgrove Way, Slidell, LA 70458

INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA REGISTRAR: Mr. Malcolm Perry, 54 East Parade, Eastwood, N.S.W. 2122, Australia Dr. Neil Mitchell, 34 Hutchinson Crescent, Kambah, A.C.T. 2902, Australia

SECRETARY: Mrs. Eve Murphy, P.O. Box 313, Pukekohe, New Zealand

TREASURER: Mr. Neville Haydon, 48 Takanini School Road,Takanini 1702, New Zealand

MEMBERSHIP REGISTRAR: Dr. David Razzak, Bas S6jour, Ruettes des Fries, Cobo, Guernsey GY5 7PW, Channel Islands

EDITOR: Mr. Herbert Short, 41 Galveston Road, London SW15 2RZ, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] 6 COpy EDITOR Roger Long, Ozarda, Les Hamonets, St. John, Jersey JE3 4PF, Channel Islands

EDITORIAL BOARD Mrs. Vonnie Cave, "Seafield", R.D.24, Wanganui, New Zealand Mrs. Jean Comber, 521 Long Lake Drive, Pensacola, FL 32506, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Shiego Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Waakamatsu-ku, Kita-Kyushu, 808-0144 Japan; ecmail: [email protected] Tim Taizong Shao,·l Zhongxing Dadao, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325011; e-mail: [email protected] Kylie Waldon, P.O.Box 1651, Wodonga, Victoria, 3689, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Zhao Shiwei, Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Road, Beijing, 100093 China Member Emeritus: Mrs. Mieko Yamamoto, 1082-107 Higashiyama, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka-ken, 412-0024 Japan

Printed by George Over Limited, Rugby and Harrow, England

Copyright:No article or illustration may be reprinted without permission of the International Camellia Society and the author.

Time Table When it is 1200 (noon) at ICS Headquarters in New Zealand, it is-

October to April+ April to Octobet+

1000 - Eastern Australia 1000 0930 - Central Australia 0930 0800 - Western Australia 0800 0800 - Japan 0900 0700 - China 0800 0200 - South Africa 0200 2400 - Western Europe 0200 2300* - Channel Islands 0100 Portugal UK 1800* - East Coast USA 2000* 1700* - Gulf Coast USA 1900* 1500* - USA 1700*

* Previous day + Precise dates depend on when countries change to Summer Time. 7 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT

For an organisation to be healthy, there speaking regions have been given permission must be growth and progress. This year I to use up to 10% of their gross subscriptions am glad to report that the ICS is very collected towards the cost of translating healthy. International Camellia Journal articles First, we are growing, with more members, and distributing them to their members. representing more countries. At the 2001 We hope this will be helpful in bringing International Camellia Congress in Los more members into the Society, and Angeles, we welcomed our first member making the Journal more interesting for from South America in more than 10 years, existing members. Mr. Hernan Marquez, a camellia nurseryman. Congresses continue to be well attended from Buenos Aires, Argentina. I hope Mr. and their future is assured. Marquez will spearhead renewed interest in As reported elsewhere in the Journal, camellias in South America. we had a very successful and enjoyable con­ Second, we have made progress on sev­ gress in Los Angeles with an attendance of eral new initiatives proposed just before about 200 members from 17 countries. or during our term of office: Many thanks to the Southern California 1. Garden Scheme. The first International Camellia Society for hosting this congress Camellia Garden of Excellence awards for us. were made at the Los Angeles Congress to The next two congresses will be held in the following gardens: our newest regions, China and Switzerland. Descanso Gardens, California, USA We have a very energetic committee at Huntington Botanical Gardens, California, work in Jinhua, China, organising the 2003 USA Congress. Soon all members should Kamelien Paradies, Wingst, Germany receive from Jinhua a personal invitation Massee Lane Garden, Georgia, USA with full details of the congress and tours. Norfolk Botanical Garden, Virginia, USA Ron and I are going to Jinhua and Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, Wenzhou in March 2002 to meet with the Australia organisers. We have no doubt that this We hope that these awards will generate congress will be one not to be missed. a significant increase in public awareness Switzerland Region's application to hold and appreciation of camellias, and in the 2005 Congress in Locarno was granted. membership of the ICS. It will be hosted by the Swiss Camellia 2. Otomo Fund. Sufficient interest had Society and Lake Maggiore Tourist Office. accrued in the fund to make a first award The Italian Camellia Society will be of US$l ,000 to Dr. Clifford R. Parks to assisting with the organisation of a pre­ purchase materials for his very important or post-congress tour. Again, a very work verifying the validity of various enthusiastic committee has arrangements species namings and groupings. I do urge already well in hand. So members have members to make donations to this fund so much to look forward to in the next four that additional worthwhile camellia-related years. projects can be supported. Congresses every two years are certainly 3. Translation Assistance. Non-English­ the pinnacle of ICS activity. But we must 8

work harder to make membership of the and'yarieties under the leadership of Dr. Society interesting for every member. I am Parks and his team in the USA. And in saddened to hear of resignations because New Zealand, petal blight is under scrutiny members feel unable to attend congresses led by Dr. Peter Long and teams from and regional events. Massey and Lincoln Universities. Apart from holding congresses, weare It gives me great pleasure to welcome studying many aspects of the camellia ­ Mr. Charles Puddle, MBE, VMH, as our 1. We are looking to the future - broaden­ Patron. It is a fitting tribute to his work for ing our geographic horizons with breeders the ICS, as founding Secretary and Editor developing more camellias that are earlier of the Journal and his long association flowering to avoid petal blight, more with Mr. Tom Savige in the compilation of camellias that are cold hardy, heat hardy the "International Camellia Register". He and drought hardy, more that are small for has always maintained an active interest in pot culture, and more of different colours. the Society and his wisdom and advice are 2. We are looking back into the past. greatly appreciated. How and when did the first camellia get to My sincere thanks to all members of the . Europe, for example? Many countries are Executive, the Vice-Presidents, Directors, studying the history of their oldest and Membership Representatives for all camellias, rescuing them from oblivion their assistance so freely given, and to all and identifying them. This is very impor­ members, without whose enthusiastic support tant and satisfying work, and proof of the the Society would cease to exist. marvellous enduring qualities of the camellia. Kind regards, 3. We are using the scientific tools of the present to study the true identity of species 9

·;f.lCAIliW:i*, 1E1\1f,*~19J.~2t~~p~~~o ~~.~&~~*~.~ ••E~~ma,.~a~~$ft*o 2001:¥, 1£~IEm-~~J1IE~$*~*~1:, .!i~ft~~7.!t~JcjID;ili10:¥ *, ~(k* 13 i¥i~~}tl~~ &ft.fb~tt5'G~o f1!!;l!i¥i~ifl'l*~~:!ff# ~5'G.~o~(k,*~~~~~T~~ff*:-~W~TIEI\1f,~W* ~0 1£m-~liJl*~ iffi:ijJ'$~.{jc, ~jttl;m 1\1f,~.~q~#lf: @0 1:, ~1E1Jo1tI:ilj!:ltlTtx~01~L :!jrnH9i1tIJm@, 1f~~fH*W~*I~L f?l!E n:..illZ1tIit'f9~tRlJmllQ, f.ttlErli.\.:ltIT*frfj~7Ic~;j:Jk*@, t!1!mHli~*rfj ~a tRlJm@o :ffl-~:i3:@~~~0@2tf*lJt;j:Jkl'Fffl, IJlBIE~~0ik~m:* ~~.~o=~~(k~ffl~~.m~~~o ~m~am.Wl000~ Ji;~~ 1£2t~*~$ ~1:¥lf!Jt~~ ~B1l:ltlTft ±o afn!~>I):ffl-~IIJB1l :ltITt:f±1£*~!fWJlljJlll*ljJ~·~m~1:mt1~E*~~o ~~iA~flit~tlliJJ~ ••I~oR~.~.~lEaft~B.~~~~.~W%~~:¥~ .1IiJJw~ "/HIJFf" ~.D)J~m, ft «m~$L1J~~~» ep:¥~J!1i~=f ~ &1~*,:i3:...,-~m, ;j;§fi3fi~ftif~*~2l~f~~lf*@1JOA1#J.~o ;J~~P~!@iMHk:@:ti¥i1Jofl'l*~19J·~, ~Jj]!1!!*~,T * 13 17 1-00 ait- 200 ~ffl~ &~1Jo~~IEm-~~J1*~o 4-J5~pij{j(*~, 7HlUIiJ .~~~m~~±*~oWOO:¥,~IE~.*~m.~B~~a m*=~:r.t1£ ~ .!:5rli.\.~'·~I, #.!:5~~.Il.~~1lB- 2002 :¥ 3 JJ ff(kiJiIi:l] • 0 ~ ••J5! E8~m.~~mlf~&~W~~ ••~o ~±~~$. 2005:¥E8m-~it'rfj:t~*~B••$~m.o~*~IiJ~±*~1#J. ~lllfb~'I'WJ~.:l[t~~lIll*~',~**Ij*~1#J.~:m-~~:i3:{)(*~~~ 1W.!:5~J5~~::C~o 1lfS~**, afn~~jJtqll*~-f§t~o ~t~ll, jJ**~~~~~ ~,!lf"f;f]!~!f!~, mJ~, jt~, ~*flS~/l'\M~~£lljJ~afn~~* [email protected]~,.-~~~~ff~H~~#~M~*~?~.,a fn~m~A&B~ftkT~&~::C1f,~g1l!~1Mt1lJl~J;i'l~atoif~1E a~m~A&rz1f:i!~~.T*~tJ~,iiEI!I'IBfn~)Jt!h,#1Jo~)JiffliA .!:5f*t?o ~B1l:ltlTt:f±~IH.m~lEm~m~~Jj]!t!!f~mW~ij(J1J¥**lOO~~ IJmlljJllllljJ~ o.1lIi1~AAt:f±'"H.mmrw ~lll3t~:'&;f~~*~~m~m ~~ rfJ!t!!fl$IjT~~m~~-~~WJ;o ~jID_ff~~±~~~:ltIT·~~5'G~,~~~1#J.~~~ffW~:.& :¥~±~, lIllat, ~£E~*M«IEI\1f,*fE-t~» ±~rrF*~5'G~\f.J* AA~~,~~~W~~~=f1#J.~~0~$~,ft1#J.~~~~~o~J5, $~!@ ••~~~~&, ~±~, ••:.&3~~a~$~~~.M, !@Wmlf~&~~.~fflo (.W~3t~§M±**~, W**~) 10 MESSAGE DE LA PRESIDENTE

Pour rester en bonne sante, tout organ­ regroupements d'especes. J'encourage isme doit croitre et progresser. Cette vivement les membres a effectuer une annee, j'ai Ie plaisir de vous informer que donation a ce fonds de fa<;on a pouvoir l'ICS est en tres bonne sante. soutenir d'autres projets relatifs au camelia Tout d'abord, nous sommes en crois­ qui en valent la peine. sance: nous avons davantage de membres 3. Assistance Ii la traduction. Les regions representant davantage de pays. Au con­ non anglophones ont re<;u la permission gres International du Camelia 2001 aLos d'utiliser jusqu'a 10% de leurs cotisations Angeles, nous avons accueilli notre pre­ brutes per<;ues pour couvrir Ie cofit de la mier membre sud-americain depuis plus de traduction des articles de I'International dix ans, M. Heman Marquez, pepinieriste Camellia Journal et en assurerla distribu­ de camelias a Buenos Aires en Argentine. tion a leurs membres. Nous esperons que J'espere que M. Marquez sera Ie fer de cela contribuera il, attirer de nouveaux lance d'un interet renouvele pour Ie membres au sein de la Societe et rendra Ie camelia en Amerique du Sud. Journal plus interessant pour les membres En second lieu, nous avons progresse existants. dans plusieurs initiatives nouvelles pro­ Les congres continuent a connaitre un posees juste avant ou pendant rna presi­ joli succes de participation et leur avenir dence: est assure. 1. Programme de lardins. Les premiers Ainsi que mentionne par ailleurs dans Ie prix International Camellia Garden of Journal, Ie congres de Los Angeles a Excellence ont ete decernes au Congres de connu un gros succes, avec la participation Los Angeles aux jardins suivants: d'environ 200 membres en provenance de Descanso Gardens; Californie, USA 17 pays. Un tout grand merci ala Southern Huntington Botanical Gardens, Californie, California Camellia Society d'avoir organ­ USA ise ce congres. Massee Lane Garden, Georgie, USA Les deux prochains congres auront lieu Norfolk Botanical Garden, Virginie, USA dans nos regions les plus recentes: Chine et Kamelien Paradies, Wingst,Allemagne Suisse. Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, Uncomite tres dynamique s'est misa Australie l'ouvrage a Jinhua en Chine pour organis­ Nous esperons que l'attribution de ces er Ie Congres 2003. Tous les membres prix va permettre au public de mieux con­ recevront bientOt de Jinhua une invitation naitre et apprecier Ie camelia, et va amener personnelle avec tous les details du con­ de nouveaux membres a l'ICS. gres et des visites organisees. Ron et moi­ 2. Fonds Otomo. Le fonds a produit suff­ meme nous rendrons aJinhua et Wenzhou isarnment d'interets pour pouvoir attribuer en mars 2002 pour rencontrer les organisa­ un premier prix de 1 000 dollars US au Dr teurs. Nous avons la ferme conviction que Clifford Parks, ce qui lui permettra d'a­ ce congres sera un evenement a ne pas cheter Ie materiel necessaire pour son tres manquer! important travail de verification de la vali­ La candidature de la region Suisse pour dation des differentes appellations et accueillir Ie Congres 2005 a Locamo a ete 11 acceptee. Le congres sera organise par la tir de I'oubli et identifier leurs plus anci­ Societa Svizzera della Camelia en collabo­ ennes especes. Ce travail est tres important ration avec l'office du tourisme du Lac et gratifiant et constitue la preuve des mer­ Majeur. La Societa Italiana ciella Camelia veiIIeuses et persistantes qualites du aidera a organiser une tournee de yisites camelia. pre- ou post-congres. lei aussi, un comite 3. Sous la conduite du Dr Clifford Parks plein d'enthousiasmea deja bien les et son equipe aux Etats-Unis, nous util­ choses en main. Les membres ont ainsi de isons les outils scientifiques modernes belles rejouissances en perspective pour pour etudier la veritable identite des les quatre annees a venir. especes et varietes. Et en Nouvelle­ Les congres bisannuels constituent cer­ Zelande, Ie Dr Peter Long et des equipes tainement les points culminants des activ­ des universites de Massey et de Lincoln ites de I'ICS. Nous devons neanmoins tra­ etudient minutieusement Ie probleme de la vailler plus dur pour rendre la Societe plus rouille des petales. interessante pour chacun de ses membres. J'ai Ie grand plaisir d'accueillir M. Je suis triste quandj'apprends que certains Charles Puddle, MBE, VMH, en tant que membres nous quittent simplement parce Patron de notre association. C'est un juste qu'il ne leur est pas possible d'assister aux hommage rendu a son travail pour I'ICS, congres ou aux evenements regionaux. en tant que secretaire-fondateur et editeur A cote de la tenue de congres, nous etu­ du Journal, et asa longue association avec dions differentes facettes du camelia. M. Tom Savige pour la compilation du 1. Nous regardons vers J'avenir. Nous "International Camellia Register". II a tou­ elargissons nos .horizons geographiques jours conserve un interet actif dans la grace au developpement par les floricul­ Societe et ses conseils avises sont toujours teurs de camelias plus precoces pour eviter grandement apprecies. la rouille des petales, de camelias plus Je remercie sincerement tous les mem­ resistants au froid, a. la chaleur et a la bres de l'Executif, les vice-presidents, secheresse, de camelias plus petits pour la administrateurs-directeurs et delegues des culture en pots, et d'un plus grand choix de membres pour leur aide donnee sans couleurs. compter, ainsi que tous les metp.bres sans 2. Nous scrutons Ie passe. Comment et Ie soutienenthousiaste desquels la Societe quand Ie premier camelia arriva-t-il en cesserait d'exister. Europe par exemple? De nombreux pays etudient I'histoire du camelia pour ressor Avec mes meilleurs souhaits a tous. 12 BOTSCHAFT DER PRASIDENTIN

Damit eine Organisation gesund ist, muss und -gruppen, zu verleihen. Ich mochte es Wachstum und Fortschritt geben. In Mitglieder eindringlich urn weitere diesem Jahr freue mich berichten zu kon­ Spenden fUr diesen Fund bitten, darnit zusat­ nen, dass die ICS sehr gesund ist! zliche, sehr niitzliche Kamelienprojekte Erstens wachst die Mitgliedsanzahl an gefOrdert werden konnen. und mehr Lander werden somit vertreten. 3. Ubersetzungshilfe. Nicht englisch Beim Intemationalen Kamelienkongress in sprechende Regionen ist eine Erlaubnis 2001 in Los Angeles konnten wir unser erteilt worden, bis zu 10% ihrer ein­ erstes Mitglied aus Siidamerika, Herm genommenen Bruttovereinsbeitrage filr Heman Marquez, ein Kamelienziichter aus Ubersetzungskosten filr· Artikel aus dem Buenos Aires, in Argentinien, begriiBen. International Camellia Journal und zur Ich hoffe, dass Herr Marquez ein emeutes Weitergabe an ihre Mitglieder zuverwen­ Interesse an Kamelien in Siidamerika den. Wir hoffen, dass dieser Schritt dazu anfiihren wird. beitragt, neue Mitglieder anzuwerben und Zweitens haben wir Fortschritte in Bezug dass das Journal dadurch interessanter filr auf mehrere, neue Initiative zu verzeich­ bestehende Mitglieder wird. nen, die kurz vor, Ende oder wahrend Die Teilnahme an Kongressen ist weiter­ unserer Amtszeit vorgeschlagenen wur­ hin gut und ihre Zukunft ist gesichert. den: Wie anderswo im Journal berichtet, war 1. Garden Scheme. Die ersten Preise des der Kongress in Los Angeles erfolgreich Interm~tional Camellia Garden of und auch unterhaltsam; es nahmen ca. 200 Excellence wurden den folgenden Garten Mitglieder aus 1T verschiedenen Landem beim Los Angeles Kongress verliehen: teil. Unser Dank gebiihrt der Southern Descanso Gardens, Kalifomien, USA California Camellia Society, die den Huntington Botanical Gardens, Kongress fiir uns ausrichtete. Kalifomien, USA Die nachsten beiden Kongresse werden in Massee Lane Garden, Georgia, USA unseren neuesten Regionen, namlich No'rfolkBotanical Garden, Virginia, USA China und der Schweiz abgehalten wer­ Kamelien Paradies, Wingst, Deutschland den, Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, Ein sehr energiegeladenes Komitee arbeit­ Australien et in Jinhua, China, an der Organisation Wir hoffen, dass diese Preise dazu filhren des Kongresses in 2003. AIle'Mitglieder werden, das Interesse der Offentlichkeit werden bald eine personliche Einladung diesbeziiglich im groBen MaBe zu wecken mit den Kongresseinzelheiten und Reisen und folglich das Kamelienverstiindnis und aus Jinhua erhalten. Ron und ich werden die ICS-Mitgliedschaft zu fOrdem, im Miirz 2002 nach Jinhua und Wenzhou 2. Otomo Fund. Die Zinsen des Funds reisen, urn di~ Veranstalter zu treffen. Wir sind genug gewachsen, urn den ersten Preis sind davon iiberzeugt, dass dieser von US$ 1000 Herm Dr. Clifford Parks Kongress einer witd, den man nicht ver­ zum Kauf von Materialien filr seine passen sollte! auBerst wichtige Arbeit, die Verifikation Dem Antrag der schweizer Region, den .~ der Giiltigkeit verschiedener Artennamen­ Kongress in 2005 in Locamo zu halten, , 13 wurde Zustimmung erteilt.Er wird von der Landern wird die Geschichte ihrer iiltesten Societa Svizzera della Camelia und dem Kamelien erforscht; somit geraten sie nicht Lago Maggiore Fremdenverkehrsbiiro aus­ in Vergessenheit und werden identifiziert. gerichtet werden. Die Societa Italiana della Dies stellt eine sehr wichtige und Camelia wird bei der Organisation einer zufriedenstellende Aufgabe und den Reise vor oder nach dem Kongress helfen. Beweis der bestiindigen Qualitiiten von Auch hier hat ein sehr enthusiastisches Kamelien dar. Komitee alles bereits sehr gut im Griff. 3. Wir wenden aktuelle wissenschaftliche Mitglieder konnen sich also in den niich­ Werkzeuge an, die wahre Identitiit der sten vier Jahren auf vieles freuen. Arten und Vielfalt unter der Fiihrung von Die alle zwei Jahre stattfindenden Dr. Clifford Parks und seinem Team in den Kongresse sind der Hohepunkt aller ICS­ USA zu untersuchen. Und in Neu Seeland Aktivitiiten. Wir miissen jedoch noch mehr wird die Bniunfiiule von Dr. Peter Long daraufhin arbeiten, die Mitgliedschaft fiir und Teams an den Massey und Lincoln jedes Mitglied interessanter zu gestalten. Universitiiten erforscht. Es betriibt mich, zu horen, dass Mitglieder Es freut mich sehr, Herrn Charles Puddle, ausscheiden, da sie nicht an Kongressen MBE, VMH, als unseren Schirmherren oder regionalen Veranstaltungen teil­ begriiBen zu diirfen. Damit wird ihm nehmen konnen. angemessener Tribut fiir seine Arbeit fiir Abgesehen davon, dass wir Kongresse die ICS als griindender Schriftfiihrer abhalten, werden viele Aspekte der und Herausgeber des Journals und seine Kamelie untersucht: langjiihrige Zusammenarbeit mit Herrn 1. Wir richten unseren Blick auf die Tom Savige bei der Zusammenstellung des Zukunft: wir erweitern unseren geografis­ '~International Camellia Register" gezollt. chen Horizont mit Ziichtern, die Kamelien Ein starkes Engagement fiir die ICS hat er ziichten, die friiher bliihen, urn die immer gezeigt und seine Weisheit und sein Braunfiiule zu vermeiden, mehr Kamelien, Rat werden sehr geschiitzt. die winterfest und hitzefest sind und Meinen aufrichten Dank mochte ich allen . solche, die unter ganz trockenen Vorstandsmitgliedern, den Vizepriisidenten, Bedingungen gedeihen, mehr Kamelien, Direktoren und Mitgliedschaftsvertretern die klein sind und in Topfen gezogen wer­ fUr alle ihre so groBziigig geleistete Hilfe den konnen und mehr Kamelien mit ver­ aussprechenund allen Mitgliedern, ohne schiedenen Farben. deren enthusiastische Unterstiitzung die 2. Wir richten unseren Blick auf die ICS nicht weiter bestehen konnte. Vergangenheit: wie und wann z.B. kam die erste Kamelie nach Europa? In vielen Mit freundlichen GruBen. 14

-"':)o)*.ll~t.Mll!:3n·ibQ t.::.IlbI;:Ij:, Plt*.!:: ~~iI~R1iI!~T Q ~,~iI~ibQo *~lt, iI~*~.~-z'ibQ a-lJ.lj:*~~. I C S .!:: ¥Ii'efl:!HltQ:::' .!:: l..- <,Ii!'!, Ij 0 :%i\ lA;lt:Ij:-tO)~~iJtJl:I;:;tdv'-c, '! tdt:a\CT Q ooO)iJtJl:I;:·;tov'-c Plt* a-~I:T-c v'Qo P..JT~'ltlV.A -z'0)20 0 1 ~oo~'Y/{=\'-*~I;::tn1t'-cIj:, :::'0) 1 o~*M~ Ilb-c, $*1j:7lV'lt ~'T~iI' c;,:;t.::c..J .A 7 ~ V.A O)fjj~*, /---j­ ~ • "q lV-j'.A ~a-J!l!;tt.::.o "q lv-j'.A ~iI~m*I;::tnv'-cW~'*.j'l}mJO):%$!~;:t.i:c;,:hQ:::' .!:: a--l§.JI;: !jilj to)-z'ibQ o {Xv'-z', lA;lt:lj:4":!Jj:f~Wl O)~W1;to J:; vWlrdj

-to)lfc!1In;:~TQJtffl I;:~ffl l..- -c t J:; v':::. .!:: l;:t.i:0t.::. o :::.o):::..!:: iI~*m~ ""O)~m.1JQA~1JQa- t t.::. c;, l..-, vt*O)~~I;:Ij:~wil~J! I;:~ l..-IlbQ to).!:: t.i:Q:::''!:: a-$~TQo *~""d)$1JQ-1fiJtJl:Ij:*1JQ l..-~It-c;to I?, ~~*Ij:ili1:fJE ~:h -c v' Qo *~wO){t!l.O) ]n:¥Ii'ef~:h-cv'Q J:; 51;:, P..JT~'ltlv.Al;::tnv'-cij!J'·O) 1 7 ~OOil'c;,~ 200 4jO)~1JQa-~~-c, lA;lt:Ij:~I;:iI£*-z'~l..-v'*~a-mJ-f¥ETQ:::'.!::iI~-z'~t.::.o **~ a-~-f¥El..-~$~~7*N:7Wm~~~.*0) a-.l..-~v~ •• "i lMtO):l!l t~ l-V'it!lIK-z'ib Q,

"'Qo ilIk, *fl: ~ Y7~0)~mnttP<1~1n:#1;::1B~:lkiO~~fl:.~H;::~~i!i211l~;h,Q

,*-c'ilb Q 0 ;R p ~ ~ f.Hi 2 0 0 2 &¥ 3 JJ I;::~.m ~ rlfil}r1 ifH:"ft!jr~~ l-·C 3::-m11t1JlIJ ~ fl: jf,T QTiE'""('ilb Qo :. 0) *fl:I'iKilMjf,~T""~ -c'tt" , ~ fl#I'if"e t: Qo (j,:",'""(', P;!Jlv/m'""('2 0 05&¥*fl:~~-ml.J;:"'~O)A.{ A~-l!lIKO)if!l-A;h, ~7*~;h,ko :'0)*fl:~A.{A ••fl:~~~V3~~~.~.fl:~~~#-m~ ;h,Q o 7"~Y7~ ~ *,A" Y7~0)~1If[1;::-0"'-Cl'i, .( ~ :J 7 ••fl:iO~3i:tiTQ

:. ~ l;::It -::> -C'" Q0 :.:. O)~ffil fl: t * td/f{ QJI!M,'-c', l'I!!~llH'ijf k ~ J1!jrr l- -C'" Q0 . fl:ffil~e;;I'i 4 &¥f& ~~ l-lj.l;::~-::>-C]J{ ~ k "'0 ~&¥I;::~-m~;h,Q*fl:I'i, ifl!iO>l;:: Ie sf;Sj}JO)]J{#.i:'""('I'iilbQo l-iO>l-ttiO~~, .fl:fl:ffil -c'ilb Q :. ~ 13 f*iO~4tfl: ffill;:: ~ ~ ~ l- '" t 0)'""(' ilb Q ~ ?, fl#I'iJ! I;::~ jJ ~ *fl:~:tt!lJlitO)~f;Sj}J 1;::~1Jol±l*tt" ';b~$:I;::, ffiliO~JllI.il! T"" -c'ilb Q 0 fl: l--c", Q ~ 1Il'J~ '&lv-c', fll'i*~~ U'}i!!,"'~ l- -C"'Qo ~ -C, *fl:~-ml;:: -0 "'-C l'i:' 0) <- ~ H;:: l- -C, fl#I'i(j,::IJ[ 0) ~ ? tt, Y /~ ~ I;:: ~TQ$ilStl;::][Q.JiJf~~ l--C"'Q:' ~ ~¥a1!r l-t;:,,'o 1. fl#I'i~*~jf,-0Iif)-C"'Qo JlIJ,!?, ;ffi~;h,1iH:"~ltQt;:lif)l;:: t-::> ~Jf!.~~ 0), i~~'t!E· nl-'t!EO), ~:M:*.rk;ffiiSO)Y/'~ .~7":J-Y~.~ft~~~l--C.-::>-C, Y~~._O):tt!lR~.~~.* l-t;:,,'o

2. fl#I'i* t;:im\~~~ ~ JIg-::> -C ", Q 0 ~J *.1£, 3-P ~ /{1;::>ifc10$ifcti O)y/'~O)~seiO~.JiJf~~;h,-C:!O ~, ~*iJiO>~$c"'l±ll-t;: ~, ~f1O)lFi'JiE~ l-k ~ l--C"'Qo :';h,I'i1i~tt, trlIJ..IE:O)rr(f±_'""('ilb ~, *k, Y/~~iO~ *1lW ~ U', 7l<~~tt!f'i'j{~~'!?~:b-lt-C'" QiiEli:-c't ilb Qo 3. fl#I'i, *000)7 :J 7~:'- F· /{-7 Aj\!J±.&Vj\!J±O)'T-AO)ml¥O)r, Y~~O)~f1~._&f1O).~O)IFi'J-@~.JiJf~TQm~O)~~~~~.~

F.Jf~ l--C"'Qo *t;:, '::';:L-~-7~ tq;::~"'-Cl'i, 1::"-~-. P ~?"'j\!J ±~~~-e-*~.&V:J ~;!J~~*~O)'T-AI;::~~, ;ffi~;h,?'~H;::-0"'-C tdil1t.JiJf~iO~rr:b;h, :mW -c", Q 0 :. 0)!3t, ~000)'T.y ~/v;( • /{ FIve;; ~fl#O)/{ " P ~ ~ l- -C.im*.t;::. ~ l'ifl O)*~tt.V-c'ilbQo I C S1itEU:l\llO):($_.&Vfl:w~~lt~~ l--Ci7), *t;: roo~ Y~~~••~~~~~l--C"A·~if~~~e;;~O)A&¥~][Q~:b~~~O), e;;O).lJb~I;::k", l- -C ~ ~O)¥a~'""('ilb Qo e;;1'i.fl:0)f;Sj}J1;:: ~ l- -C1jn;::~,t.,~~'!? ~It-C:!O ~, e;;0)j\!J~ ~ JJj]~I;::-0"'-CI'i*H;::~iM l-k"'o JJj]jJ~i'lI'l-*ttiO>-::>t;:, ~rrJm~~, /iltifl:A, R_, -El--C_~f,ijAI;::, *k, -EO)JIP.\r.!Ut3i:j>;fiO~tt iO>-::> t;: ~ l- t;: ~.fl: iO~iliJGlvttiO> t l-;h,tt ", , ~-C O)fl: ffil ~ e;; 1;::~i!kttiM~~*l-k"'o ~A /{~". ~7 P'~TlvF 16 OTOMO ENDOWMENT RESEARCH FUND

~PJttMF*1t~JfJi:£~

LE FONDS DE RECHERCHE DE LA FONDATION OTOMO DER OTOMO ENDOWMENT RESEARCH FUND

Advisory Board Report to the Directors' Donors to the Otomo Research \ Meeting 23 February 2001: Endowment Fund: ! The Fund has to date received donations Year to September 2001 of £ 8;218, on which interest of £ 768 has German Region, ICS been earned, making a total of £ 8,986. Haddick & Sohn The first meeting of the Advisory Board Mrs. Helene Hiihnerjager

was held by the three members present at Mrs. Karin Jacobs-Gebauer ''', the Congress: Mr. Davis, Mrs. Short and Mercato Verde Mr. Haydon. Dr. Uemoto had forwarded Rhomberg Park apologies and also helpful opinions by let­ Mr. & Mrs. Herbert Short ter. Mr. Ashworth has indicated his wish to resign from the Advisory Board at the end REQUEST FOR FUNDS of his one-year term. Clifford R. Parks When the capital of the Fund allows, The Identification of Isozyme and applications for grants will be advertised Flavonoid Genetic Markers for Use in through the Society Journal. In addition, Species Identification the Advisory Board is reserving the option to initiate or assist research on subjects felt Introduction to be of sufficient importance and urgency. A very large number of camellia species The Advisory Board invited Dr. Clifford have been named, particularly in recent Parks to forward an application for a grant years, which are very difficult to distin­ towards his work in verifying or otherwise guish. In some cases the problem is so the validity of various species namings and severe that specimens of some of these groupings. We are sure that the necessity taxa can only be identified if the investiga­ and urgency of this work will be clear to all tor knows the locality where the specimen after Dr. Parks' paper at the Congress. We was collected. Many of these taxa have are most fortunate that such an eminent their species name based on the characteristics scientist is willing to devote his time and to on a very small number of specimens. The involve his graduate students in this proj­ time-tested tradition of investigating popu­ ect. We recommend a grant of US$l ,000 to lations of specimens before naming new Dr. Parks, which is the amount that he has species has not been followed in the recent requested for the purchase of various con­ taxonomic investigations of the genus sumab1es required to continue the studies. Camellia. Neville Haydon The result is a growing chaos in species Chairman labeling. Investigators and collectors who 17 have not collected their specimens from Mr. T.J. Xiao is doing extensive the wild state in China cannot be certain sequence analysis of DNA extracts from of, Of indeed even approximate, the deter­ all available camellia species. His results minations of some species in their collec­ (see p.108) are particularly useful to tions. identify relationship patterns among The problem arises because individual groups of species (sections) within the camellia of the same species genus Camellia. However, while the growing in different localities and being results of the DNA analysis identify morphologically slightly different have relative genetic distance between been named as different species. These species, these distances cannot be trans­ small differences do not signal biological lated directly into species boundaries. differences between the populations in the We need to quantify additional morpho­ two localities but really only normal, logical and chemical characteristics of our intraspecific polymorphism (variation in natural camellia populations in order to characters) . identify species boundaries. Morphological It has been my objective for some time traits that are fixed or stable in species are to identify these false species that are real­ highly reliable for species characterization, ly a result of misinterpreted polymor­ but many morphological traits are variable phism. The problem is particularly acute in in and among populations of the same the species section Camellia in Yunnan and species of camellia. These variable traits Sichuan. Dr. H.T. Chang and his associates that are being used are unreliable for iden­ have named 21 species from this region in tifying species. This stability of character­ recent years. Most of these species are istics in populations must be determined nearly impossible to separate in a mixed by studies of field-collected materials as planting. In an effort to resolve this we did in the 2000 trip. problem, Ming (2000) has reduced the Certain chemical traits are excellent number of species in the genus to about genetic markers for populations and one-third by combining taxa. Many of species. Dr. Yoshikawa presented his his combinations are questionable, and allozyme data taken from populations of this "quick fix" does not resolve the diploid camellia species native to eastern problem. China and Japan in this meeting (see In an effort to better understand the clus­ p.1l7). These isozyme (allozyme) traits ter of related species in Yunnan and can be used to estimate the differences Sichuan, I have made several trips to this between populations and determine which area taking both samples and measure­ populations are similar as Dr. Yoshikawa ments. In our 2000 trip we took extensive showed in his presentation in this meeting. measurements from more than 10 plants In this manner he was able to characterize from each population visited. The analysis the populations he worked with, and he of these data has been presented in some also was able to show the correct affinities detail at the 2001 International Camellia of certain "problem" species. It is interest­ Congress (see p.91). We were able to rec­ ing to note that the taxa found to be most ognize five groups of populations, but at closely related in the isozyme study turn this time we cannot be certain that these out to be "sister" taxa in the DNA study. five groupings correspond to five distinct There are other groups of chemical char­ species. acters, such as pigments, that make 18 excellent species markers. When the col­ The DNA study now under way is ade­ lections from Hauping, Yunnan (originally quately funded for Mr. Xiao's tenure of identified as "diploid reticulata") first study. The morphological study involves flowered in my greenhouse, it was appar­ taking measurement on material in ent that the flower color was different from germplasm collections or wild-collected any hexaploid form of C.reticulata I have accessions as they become available. In ever seen. This difference in flower color is each future trip to China we will obtain a result of different anthocyanin pig­ detailed measurements from each popula­ ments in the flower petals and signals tion. The large germplasm collection being a possible biological difference developed by Mr. J.M. Gao at Fuyang between populations of camellias that (near Shanghai) and my collection are show the different colors. A complex array valuable resources for these studies. of other flavonoid pigments found in the The studies of allozymes of the western foliage as well as the flowers can be very Chinese species have only been barely useful indicators of relationship. initiated although we have leaf samples The genus Camellia has a wealth of available for analysis in the -80C deep these compounds, and preliminary stud­ freeze. We have collected and frozen ies done years ago suggested the value of samples for this purpose from each trip to resulting phylogeny as a starting point, it China made during the last seven years. will be possible to concentrate on defining A first approximation of plant pigment species differences using a populational variation can be readily done by thin approach to morphological variation, layer chromatography. More detailed allozyme analysis and information on analysis of plant pigments will involve plant pigments. A broadly based study of high pressure liquid chromatography. many different characteristies of the plant Equipment necessary for allozyme or plant will provide us with the most reliable pigment work is available in the Biology measure of species identity. Department of the University of North Carolina. Funds are requested for the pur­ Funds Requested chase of reagents, solvents and enzymes I am requesting $1,000 to continue the necessary for the continuation of these analysis of allozymes and plant pigments. studies. 19 Congress 2003 THE INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA SPECIES GARDEN IN JINHUA CITY, CHINA Gao Jiyin with Cheng Zhuqing, He Yongcai and He Meihua

LE JARDIN INTERNATIONAL DU CAMELlA A JINHUA CITY EN CHINE DER INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENARTENGARTEN IN JINHUA CITY, CHINA q:t 00 • ~.m ~~~ ~t ~ 00 ~Dj{f!i jI /~ q:-Iml The International Camellia Species The species represent 18 of 20 Sections Garden, the cornerstone for which was laid in the genus Camellia according to in the spring of 1999 by ICS President Pat Professor Chang Hungta's taxonomic Macdonald, is rapidly taking shape for the system. Each of the species is being 2003 International Camellia Congress in planted according to its taxonomic Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, China. position, making the garden a living The provincial and city governments book on . attach extreme importance to the construction It is anticipated that the garden will of the garden and are providing much sup­ be a place for visitation, research and port. More than 110 species have already collaboration by experts, botanists, been planted and it is expected that more nurserymen, gardeners and enthusiasts than 200 will be in place before the end of of the camellia world. If possible, plant this year, making it the first garden in the material of the various species will be world with this quantity of camellia made available to interested persons at species. the 2003 Congress.

Design drawing of the garden. 20 A corner of the garden with some of the large ., trees of species camellias.

The plan is that the 200 species will involve 18 of 20 sections in the genus Camellia as follows:

Section Quantity of species (Collected or to be collected) Archecamellia Sealy 3 Stereocarpus (Pierre) Sealy 3 Oleifera Chang 6 Furfuracea Chang l5 Paracamellia Sealy 17 Luteoflora Chang I Pseudocamellia Sealy 4 Tuberculata Chang 10 Camellia (L.) Dyer 49 Corallina Sealy 2 Brachyandra Chang 6 Chrysantha Chang 21 Longipedicellata Chang I Thea (L.) Dyer 20 Longissima Chang 2 Glaberrima Chang 2 Theopsis Cohen-Stuart 30 Eriandria Cohen-Stuart 8 21 An Ideal Place ornamental plants. Jinhua City is, perhaps, an ideal place for In addition, many of the species can be a species garden. It is the only city in used for hybridization to create new culti­ China to be given the title of "Camellia vars. Without question, a species garden is Town of China" by the China Agriculture . a convenient place to make intra-species Ministry. It is the center of production of and inter-species crosses. camellias in Eastern China - 70 million The establishment of the International I plants from this area are produced and sold Camellia Species Garden· will benefit all ! each year. the camellia people of the world, which is As is well known, China has the richest our major aim. resources of camellia species of any country in the world. More than 95% of The Garden the identified species, which number about The garden gate is of ancient Chinese 300, are distributed in different parts of style and will have a small lake in front. In China. This makes it easier to set up a all, the garden will be 12 acres (almost 5 collection in China than in other coun­ hectares). There will be an exhibition hall tries. for displaying specimens or photographs Also, many species can be collected of flowers, leaves, capsules, seeds, from the sites where they were originally branches and trunks of camellia species, discovered, which will help accurate as well as a laboratory for experimental comparisons between species. The genus work on the species in the garden. Plastic Camellia has been supplemented and houses will contain species that cannot tol­ revised many times since J. Robert Sealy's erate the cold winter; the houses will also taxonomic system was introduced in 1958, be used for propagation. but much confusion in the taxonomy still In addition to a main road through the exists. garden, there will be many meandering Moreover, it must be admitted that most pathways leading to the species in 18 plots of the camellia species in China are facing of different shapes and size. Big trees, such destruction, even to the point of extinction, as sweet osmanthus, magnolia, pine, palm because forests are being cut down to pro­ and oil-tea have been grafted onto camellia vide for agricultural cultivation. To collect cultivars and planted in the plots as shade and plant as many species as possible in a trees. Some spring-flowering shrubs, such garden can preserve them to some degree. as azaleas and roses are planted· around More importantly, most camellia species each of the camellia species as dividers. are useful horticulturally because of their Since 1999, we have been going to distant many features: beauty of color, shape, size mountains to dig up 10 to 20 individual and unusual fragrance of flowers; time of plants of each species for the garden. The flowering; bush shapeliness; special 110 species now planted in 12 sections foliage; and tolerance of cold, heat or sun. were collected from their original sites in Different populations, individuals and Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. forms with great variation of morphology Before the end of2001, we hope to collect are often found within each species, which at least 90 additional species from give us additional opportunities to select Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, ideal species. To plant the species in Hubei, and Fujian. a garden increases their value as It is very difficult for us to do the col­ 22 lecting, not only because the mountains Descanso Gardens, Longwood Gardens are far away and often dangerous, but and the University of North Carolina in the also because some of the species have . Please contact us! been destroyed. So, in a certain sense, Contact: Mr. Gao Jiyin each species we collect is quite precious. Subtropical Forestry Research Institute, Most of the species have their special Fuyang, Zhejiang, characteristics and may seem strange to CHINA 311400 camellia people who have never seen Fax: 0086-571-6331 1505 them. Some examples: the wrinkled, wal­ E-mail: [email protected] nut-like capsules of species in Section Tuberculata; the yellow flowers of species Gao Jiyin, a prOfessor at the Subtropical in Section Chrysantha; the special fragrance Forestry Research Institute, has con­ of species in Section Theopsis and Section tributed articles to the Journal for many Eriandria, as well as of some species in years. Cheng Zhuqing is Director of the Section Paracamellia and Section Jinhua Forestry Bureau and is leading the Camellia; and smooth leaf edges of construction ofthe garden. He Yongcai has C.subintegra, C.lienshanensis, C.azalea made great contributions to the garden and C.changii. and, with the exception of the camellia You are very welcome to visit the garden species, owns all ofthe trees in the garden. in 2003. Presently, we are collaborating on He Meihua is a city leader in Jinhua and a the research of camellia species with leader in the Chinese Camellia Society.

c. xifongensis is a species collected from Xifong county in Guizhou province. 23 INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA CONGRESS IN JINHUA, CHINA - MARCH 2003

2003 iFr=p 1E~~~~!F~ft~i)( LE CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DU CAMELIA A JINHUA CITY EN CHINE·MARS 2003 DER INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENKONGRESS IN JINHUA CITY - MARZ 2003 ~.nn;:1f.Ht Q OO~j1 /-\=t-*~- 2 0 0 3 iF- 3 ~

Pre-Congress Tour - March 2 - 5 Congress - March 6 - 9 Post-Congress Tour - March 10 - 15

ICS Congress Schedule March 6 AM Attend ceremony of fIrst day issue of special Camellia stamp. 8:30 -18:00 Registration in Jinhua Hotel. 18:30 Welcome Dinner. March 7 AM Opening ceremony and technical reports. PM Visit the Cultural Park of Chinese Camellia and the 4th Camellia Exhibition of China, the National Exhibition of Paintings and Photography of Camellias. Enjoy the evening performance. March 8 AM Technical reports. PM Visit the Collection of International Camellia Species and the Plantation of Camellias. The session of ICS Directors in the evening. March 9 AM A bus trip to Yiwu to visit China Small Commodities Market and the flowers and plants market. PM Tour Shuanglong Cave and the Temple of Huang Daxian. Farewell dinner Cost of hotel, meals and transportation during the meeting - US$ 180.00 pip Conference fee (including gift and remembrance) - US$ 260.00 . Total cost - US$ 440.00 pip Single supplement - US$ 72.00 pip

Organizer: International Camellia Society, China· Flowers and Plants Association, Jinhua Municipal Government Operator: Executive Committee of the Conference of International Camellia Society, China Flowers and Plants Association (Camellia Branch), China Region of the International Camellia Society, The People's Government ofWucheng District Site: Jinhua,Zhejiang Province, China. The city has a population of about 400,000. 24 Pre-Congress Tour - March 2 - 5 Shanghai- Suzhou - Qiandao Lake - Jinhua March 2 Mainly to visit the plantation of Eastern China Camellia Species in the Shanghai LonghuaArboretum. Tour NanpuBridge and view the development of the Pudong District. March 3 Bus trip to Suzhou. Tour the Humble Administrator's Garden and Zhouzhuang, a famous water town. March 4 Bus trip to Qiandao Lake. On the way, inspect the plantation of camellia species in Subtropical Forestry Research Institute in Fuyang. March 5 A boat cruise on Qiandao Lake, followed by bus trip to Lanxi for a visit to the Village of Zhuge's Family the Village of Orchid. Arrive in Jinhua.

Cost: US$ 240.00 pip (minimum of 10 persons) Single supplement: US$ 90.00 pip

Post-Congress Tour - March 10 - 15 Jinhua - Lishui - Wenzhou - Ningbo - Putuo - Shaoxing - Hangzhou March 10 Bus to Lishui. Inspect the ancient camellia trees in Wanxiang Park. After lunch in Lishui, bus trip to Wenzhoufor Camellia Exhibition. March 11 Participate in Wenzhou Camellia Exhibition in the morning. Bus to Yandang Mountain. Tour Lingyan and Dalong Falls and view Ling Feng Peak. March 12 Bus trip to Ningbo. Tour Tiantong Temple and inspect the Nursery of Red Camellia. March 13 Bus, to Putuo Mountain. Visit the old red camellia trees. Tour Fayu Temple, Huiji Temple and Puji Temple. March 14 Bus toShaoxing. After a city tour, which includes a visit to the Orchid Garden, the bus travels to Hangzhou. March 15 Inspect Hangzhou Botanical Garden and the Flower Nursery. Boat cruise on West Lake. Farewell dinner. March 16 Departure.

Cost: US$ 495 pip (minimum of 10 persons) Single supplement: US$ 180 pip

..~ ,i 25 Optional Tours

Tour A: Xian - Luoyang - Beijing - Shanghai Day 1 Bus to Hangzhou for the flight to Xian. Day 2 A full day excursion to visit Banpo Neolithic Museum, Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum and Huaqing Hot Spring. Day 3 Train to Luoyang. Tour Guanlin Temple. Day 4 Tour Longmen Grottos and Shaolin Temple, followed by flight to Beijing. Day 5 Spend the day touring the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs and Tiananmen Square. Day 6 Fly to Shanghai. City tour. Day 7 Departure

Quotation: US$ 736.00 pip (minimum of 10 persons) Single supplement: US$ 180.00

TourB: Hangzhou - Kunrning - Shanghai Day 1 Hangzhou to Kunrning by air. Visit the World Horti-Expo Garden and the Golden Temple. Day 2 Full day excursion to the Stone Forest, followed by late flight to Lijiang. Day 3 Tour the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, Ganzhi River, White Water River,Yufeng Temple and the Old Town. Day 4 Lijiang to Kunming by air. Day 5 Kunming to Shanghai by air. City tour.

Quotation: US$882.00 pip (minimum of 10 persons) Single supplement: US$150.00

China International Travel Service Jinhua is in charge of all the arrangements regarding the International Camellia Congress 2003 - Jinhua, the Pre- and Post­ Congress Tours, the Optional Tours and the hotel accommodations.

China International Travel Service Jinhua Tel: 86 - (0)579 - 2395558 Fax: 86 - (0)579 - 2394809 Contacts: Ms. Yang Hui, Mr. Zhen Yongzhong

Final program and booking form will be sent to all members by mid-2002 26

At the Huntington,statues add accent to the camellias in the North Vista. Pal Shorl INTERNATIONAL CAMELLIA GARDENS OF EXCELLENCE ~ ~~ ~ ill ~ft: 0 ®I LES JARDINS D'EXCELLENCE INTERNATIONAUX DU CAMELIA INTERNATIONALE KAMELIENGARTEN HOCHSTER QUALITAT OOI~iH~:*~/'\~~11 At the Los Angeles Congress, the rcs directors voted the first International Camellia Garden of Excellence awards under the Garden Scheme to six gardens: Descanso Gardens, Huntington Botanical Gardens, Massee Lane Garden and Norfolk Botanic Garden in the USA, Kamelien Paradies in Germany, and the Royal Botanical Gardens, Melbourne in Australia. Brief descriptions of the gardens follow. Three are taken from al1icles from previous Journals. 27 Descanso Gardens, La Canada, California Descanso Gardens is a 60-acre (24-hectare) display garden including 35 acres (14 hectares) of camellias. The expanding camellia collection currently includes 58 species and nearly 800 taxa amongst the 40,000-50,000 plants. Like many North American public gardens, Descanso began as a private estate. However, two qualities combine to make Descanso unique: the original owner of the property, Manchester Boddy, envisioned a working landscape to provide cut camellia flowers for the floriculture industry and plants for the nursery trade, and the naturalistic setting of the Pacific Coast live oaks Quercus agrifolia lending the name "Camellia Forest" to the collection. Descanso Gardens, originally Rancho de Descanso, was begun in 1936 when Manchester Boddy purchased the 165-acre (67-hectare) tract. In 1937 Boddy sought the advice of a nurseryman on the feasibility of his camellia plantation. The nurseryman told Boddy that camellias would not grow under the shade of the oaks on his property. Still, Boddy purchased the dozen camellias that the nursery had in stock and hired Howard Asper to tend to them. Now, 62 years later, the 'Mathotiana' and'Alba Plena' acquisitions are doing just fine. .. .In the summer of 1945, Walter Lammerts was hired to hybridize camellias, as well as hybridize roses and lilacs. Lammerts proved instrumental as well in the importation of Camellia reticulata cul­ tivars from the Kunming Institute of Botany in 1948 1999 Journal, p.62 (Also see articles in this 2001 Journal on p.53, p.58 and p.66.)

Huntington Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California In February 2001, ICS members attending the International Camellia Congress in Southern California will have an opportunity to see many plants blooming at the Huntington Botanical Gardens including large numbers of the 1,800 named camellias growing on the grounds. Starting with the Camellia Garden, intwo separate locations and covering 12 acres (4.8 ha), camellia enthusiasts will be able to see many historical camellias (the label in front of these trees lists date of introduction to the USA). An example is the rarely planted cul­ tivar, 'Variegata', brought to England in 1792 along with'Alba Plena'. It is located in the North Canyon Camellia Garden adjacent to the Japanese Garden. Camellias intro­ duced to the West prior to 1900 all have labels indicating their date of introduction and country of origin. Nuccio's Nurseries of Altadena, California, internationally known for camellias and azaleas, has introduced more than 150 camellias since 1950. Because of the proximity of the Huntington to the nursery and the long established relationship between the two, more than 100 Nuccio camellia introductions are planted in the gardens.... Species camellias are scattered about the gardens but recently planted ones are in a newly opened area called the Brown Garden.. ; . The Huntington also has several of the . C japonica ssp. rusticana (the "snow camellia"), and a number of choice C japonica Rigo camellias planted near the Japanese House in the Japanese Garden. A large collection of C.sasanqua, located mostly on "Sasanqua Hillside" in the North 28 Canyon, will have gone past their bloom in February but there will be many mid-season japonicas everywhere in the two camellia gardens. In an area called "Elegans Lane", all sporting members of the original Camellia japonica 'Elegans' are planted together so that the public can compare the intriguing suc­ cession of mutations. Established in 1919 by Henry E. Huntington, a railroad and real estate developer, The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens make up an educational and cultural centre serving both scholars and the general public. A col­ lector at heart, Huntington was fascinated with acquiring plants, rare books, manuscripts, and art objects, some statues being outdoors, adding accent to the gardens. 1999 Journal, p. 57 ("Camellias, A Curator:~ Introduction to the Camellia Collection in the Huntington Botanical Gardens", was published in 2001 and is reviewed in the Books section. p.88.) KameIien Paradies, Wingst At first there was a nursery, founded by Peter Fischer's father in 1929 in Wingst - a town that is not even on many maps, close to the North Sea on highway B73 near Cuxhaven in northern Germany. The camellia was only one of many plants sold by the nursery. This changed when Peter took over in 1968. I had the chance to follow the changing of the old nursery into a modern 2-hectare (5­ acre) exhibition garden. There are about 1,000 different camellia varieties and 50 species. The emphasis is on old European camellias, but there are many new varieties from all

A section of the garden at Wingst behind the Camellia Cafe. Hilbert Linlhe. 29 parts of the world. In addition to the camellias, the outdoor area includes rhododendrons, alpines, a rose garden, a Japanese garden, a sun garden featuring yellow-flowering plants, and a blue, white and silver garden. There is a show house that features about 300 camel­ lias, and a series of greenhouses. Exhausted? You can rest in the Camellia Cafe drinking tea and tasting camellia cake. I also like his camellia paintings very much. A highlight is the yearly camellia festival in March - a meeting of German and for­ eign camellia enthusiasts. We congratulate Peter on the award and hope to have the chance to visit his camellia garden for many, many years. Peter and German ICS members would be proud to wel­ come camellia lovers from allover the world. . Dr. Hubert Linthe (Also see Peter Fischer sLos Angeles Congress lecture, p .122.)

Massee Lane Garden, Fort Valley, Georgia In 1965, Dave Strother offered his camellia garden, the pecan grove and farming land of 160 acres in Peach and Macon counties for [a permanent headquarters for the American Camellia Society]. The Board unanimously accepted his generous gift and in May 1968, the headquarters was officially moved to Massee Lane Garden. In preparation for this move, members had built a handsome, 18th century style, brick building. The mahogany-paneled library was a favorite spot of Mr. Strother. Until his death in 1970, he spent a good part of each working day reading from the extensive col­ lection. When ACS acquired the property, the garden was filled with mature camellias, which Mr. Strother had begun planting in the 1930s. 'Ville de Nantes' was a favorite, as evi­ denced by the number in the garden. Each Sunday during the blooming season, the gar­ den was teeming with visitors, led by the owner. Growers throughout the United States were honored when he asked for a scion of a newly developed variety. According to his friend, Maxwell Murray, "No distance was too far to travel to gain a new plant or a scion." Although winters are fairly mild in Middle Georgia, the Governing Board voted in 1970 to build a large greenhouse for the more tender camellia varieties.... 1995 Journal, p.39

Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne The Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, are in Victoria, Australia, 1.5 km (1 mile) from the centre of Melbourne. They are situated close to Government House and the Yarra river, and cover 35 hectares (86 acres). They are on an undulating site sloping down to a large lake 4.2 ha (lOA acres) in area. There are nine main lawns, semi"enclosed and· linked by broad curving paths with plantings along their sides. Edward Hyams in "Great Botanical Gardens of the World" wrote that "It is worth cross­ ing half the world to see them". Carol Henty in her book "For the People's Pleasure" wrote of the beauty of the Gardens, and stated that they have the finest collection in Australia of plants from southern China and the most comprehensive collection of natives from New Guinea grown here. The 30

A lake view at Ihe Royal Balanic Gardens.

Bob Wilhers

viburnum collection, with 40 species, is species were donated. For the year 200 I, it said to be Austral ia's best, and the collec­ was decided to consolidate previous plant­ tion of 40 oak varieties is Australia's ings and only one further species was largest. added. Many more cultivars are being Jenny Happell in Florea, Summer 200 I, grown for addition in future years. published by the Gardens, wrote that there At a function held at the Gardens on 24 are about 800 camellias spread throughout April 200 I, Dr. Ross Hayter, Vice the Gardens, including approximately 200 President of the ICS, presented the award in the main camellia bed. recognising the Gardens as an Since the camellia collection in the International Camellia Garden of Gardens became the National Reference Excellence. In accepting the award, Dr. Collection of the Australian Camellia Philip Moors, Director of the Gardens, Research Society in 1996, the main said he appreciated the recognition, espe­ emphasis has been directed to further cially because so few collections have planting of Australian-raised registered been so designated. It reflected the work cultivars in the collection. and skills of many people, from William During 1997-98, there were donations Guilfoyle and Alex Jessep who created of 55 Australian-registered cultivars, plus a much of the collection, to the current staff number of sasanqua cultivars registered by and volunteers who now nurture and Bob Cherry of Pa.radise Plants in New improve it. South Wales, II species, four original Camellias are now well established in the Chinese reticulatas, a large number of Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, and Chinese cultivars, five old European culti­ the work with them will be continually vars, and one New Zealand and two expanded in the future. American cultivars. Dr. R.M. Withers During 1999,42 Australian-raised cul­ tivars and five old recticulata cultivars For more information by Bob Withers were donated. During 2000, eight about the history of the camellias at the Australian-raised cultivars and three Gardens, see p.79. 31

Norfolk Botanical Gardens, Norfolk, Virginia Notfolk Botanical Garden emerged from during World War II when the area was the swamps and vines of Virginia in the proposed for barracks and hospital 1930s when a group of Works Progress grounds. Administration workers cleared the vines Heutte was a lover of all kinds of plants, and underbrush and planted several thou­ but he did have three favorite groups, sand azaleas. The first superintendent of which became the backbone of the Notfolk the then Azalea Gardens was Fred Heutte. Botanical Garden. First was the genus who was an avid plant collector and enthu­ Rhododendron and. more specifically. siast. He expanded and refined the collec­ evergreen azaleas, which christened the tions over the next decade, creating a par­ Garden. Next came the crapemyrtle, adise that was recognized and admired as which, through his efforts, became the city one of the top gardens in the country by the tree for Notfolk. Today there are hundreds National Geographic Society. This recog­ of beautiful, contorted, old Lagerslroemias nition saved the Gardens from destruction gracing the boulevards, as well as the . ,.. , '. ,,"II.·r ' ~ .•~:',"Y.... ·... ~ .~. ~~ ~ • oA' ~" \·4,t: ... ~ ., . ... ;~. ,. "" . . ;...... ~ :~~.~.f( .<~~ • " . .~' , ..;.T •;.' .. ..." . .-. 1.. ... '~. '.' J . .... ?- ~:...... ,.' ; ,~. .,.:; .....\.~~.'y~ ,;i;~~ ~ ~ .,,'i',' ...... "'.. 7' : ~...... ' f" .'.• ~ , ... - '. .. , '.''''~'j r~'it· ,.. '. ,:, . : '\ &' • • ,! ;.' f' " ' tlfr"'l i~ I i1,'~;" ~ I~ , ;, :,f.,: " . Itt!~. ~;~;lfi:~"~,.I ~,~'; ~.,. I A' ! '. .' I' '; " . •..., . ,'",,"III~~ ,.; \~~.~'" " .,.:'~.. I I:,~, " 'C_, I ~:j"::',\"/': ..\. f.. ,. 'I' 11'" ',, "', I' ." •. .';' ' • .<' . ' ..' ~~. ~,~!'t,' i I 1.\-;'," .~. ! :.: '.' I . r. '(.. •. ).t . .. ~ ,i> :\ ..' ~...... •.' .' , 1"'... t"·· " '- .. ' .' ,~ •..., I r; ......

'/

..:: ~ .-jf. . .~ : .'V.....~. ~ ......

Many survivors of

1984-1985 winter .... I·A" .. .::~' . have regained their " ',.' glorious proportions. .... '. : 32 Norfolk Botanical Garden. cultivars of the modem era in camellia Finally, and probably most significantly, breeding. was the camellia. Heutte fell in love with The combined camellia collection con­ camellias in the 1940s. In the 1950s and tains almost 900 camellias and well over 60s, he wrote to anyone and everyone he 2,000 plants. Approximately 10 acres (4 could think of tosend him scions from dif­ ha) are dedicated strictly to camellias. The ferent camellia cultivars and species. He first camellias begin to bloom in and his staff worked diligently to graft September with the earliest C.sasanqua, I"" these scions on rootstock of C.sasanqua C.sinensis, other species and even a few and CJaponica until the collection boasted Higo japonicas. The season peaks in nearly 670 varieties. The plants grew and March and lasts until April or May with the flourished for years· and many varieties last japonica blooms. were shared with local enthusiasts as well In 2002, the American Camellia Society as friends all around the country. will hold its annual meeting in Norfolk in Unfortunately, 1984-1985 winter tem­ late March, with the Virginia Chapter as peratures dropped to record lows near OF(­ host. Most ACS members have not been ;'\ 18 C) killing many 20-30-ft plants to the here since the annual meeting some 20 i ground or completely. Most of the plants years ago. We hope they will be surprised frozen were C.reticulata cultivars and and delighted by the changes. hybrids, but a number of japonicas and The Norfolk Botanical Garden staff is sasanquas also were lost. proud to have earned a National Collection Over the last 17 years, many of the sur­ Designation in 1996 from the American vivors have again regained their glorious Assodation of Botanic Gardens and proportions and, with the help of the Arboreta .and International Camellia Virginia Camellia Society, various volun­ Society recognition as a Garden of teer groups and individuals, the understock Excellence in 2001. We eagerly anticipate reversions have been mostly removed or the help and suggestions of camellia pruned out. The vines and underbrush that experts from around the country and hope crept in after the devastating winter also that some international members will also have been cleared, providing easy access visit us to enjoy the collection and share to the tougher members of the collection. their expertise. With the help of Bennetts Today, in addition to the original camel­ Creek Nursery, a local grower, and our lias planted by Fred Heutte and his crew, camellia enthusiasts we hope to continue we also have a new collection. The to make camellias exciting, fun and prom­ Hofheimer Camellia Garden, dedicated in ising for everyone. The aisles are framed, 1992, has nearly 550 different camellias the pathways are formed and the camellia .and continues to grow each year through petals are laid down for you. We hope you the financial and educational support of can come visit us soon to enjoy 155 acres the Virginia Camellia Society. The (63 ha) of botanical beauty. Hofheimer selections are a wonderful complement to the original collection, Michael A. Andruczyk highlighting the newer, as well as the best, Curator of Plant Collections Norfolk Botanical Garden 33

~ Akiko Kawata with "Camellias in the Snow".

A CAMELLIA FLOWER QUII.TING Shunpei Uemoto

-~1ti7\En~~1t5k CAPITONNAGE DE FLEURS DE CAMELIAS EIN KAMELIENBLUTENQUILT ';J /'\~(J)1t(J)~JvT-1 ,/.;l The November 2000 Quiller's Newslel/er silks, using both hand and machine tech­ Magazine reported on the International niques. Each camellia petal is individually Quilt Festival in Houston, Texas, USA, in bound and then attached to the quilt top, which more than 140 quilts from II creating a three-dimensional effect with countries and three continents were shadowing around the flower." included in the exhibit. "Camellias in the It is only recently that this quilt returned Snow", a 56 in x 75 in (142 cm x 190 cm) from the USA show tour. So, I went to her quilt by Akiko Kawata of Osaka, Japan, house to see the work and have an was an entry. interview with her. Quilter's Newslelfer Magazine said of Mrs. Kawata is a 53-year-old housewife the quilt: "Akiko pieced the petals and blessed with three children - now a leaves from a variety of antique Japanese gentleman and two ladies. Her husband 34 manages a great, precious timber shop in are the result of chimera phenomenon, not Osaka. of virus disease. About 20 years ago, she began to quilt. In the work, some Japanese emotions She has created over 20 projects and has were given expression, creating a mood been aiming at prizes in international quilt that results in a quilt of fine art. contests. She is now attempting to create in her Her first, prize-winning work was "Le mind an image of fallen camellia flowers Jardin Blue" in The Quilt Expo in Lyons, on the ground as the scene for a quilt for France, in 1995. That quilt was inspired by next year. I am most eager to see her quilt French painter Raoul Dufy. work to come. "Camellias in the Snow" was made from Dr. Shunpei Uemoto is a vice-president the powerful impression she had of the of the ICS. He is president of Gita Junior flowers during an early spring snow fall on College and was previously a professor at a quiet night. She encountered this scene in the Kyushu University Horticultural the garden of an old temple in Kyoto. It Science Institute. He has contributed a took one year for her capture this number of articles to the Journal and lec­ impression on the quilt. tures at International Camellia The flower petals are all stitched three Congresses. dimensionally. Thevariegated flower petals

A JAPANESE GARDEN AT THE CHELSEA FLOWER SHOW Herb Short

UN JARDIN JAPONAIS AUX FLORALIES DE CHELSEA EIN JAPANISCHER GARTEN IN DER CHELSEA FLOWER SHOW

7:r.Jv~~· 77lJ~~3~~;:~lt0 8*~1II

For the second time in three years, The Daily Telegraph, one of London's camellias were part of a garden receiving a leading newspapers. gold medal from the Royal Horticultural The exhibit was supported by the Society at the Chelsea Flower Show in Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and London on 22-25 May; 'A Real Japanese Transport and the Embassy of Japan. And Garden' ('Shin Gyo So') was designed by when the Chelsea Flower Show ended, the Professor Masao Fukuhara of Osaka garden was rebuilt at the National Botanic University and the Japan 2001 team, a spe­ Garden of Wales at Llanarthne in cial project group comprised of non~profit Carmarthenshire, near Swansea. organizations associated with parks and Unlike the previous gold medal winner, <,' open spaces in Japan. It was spOnsored by designed for the French fashion house of 35 Chanel and filled with white camellias were told that plans are to add suitable (1998 Journal, p.22-25), the Japanese gar­ camellias to the Japanese garden. To help den had only a few camellias spotted here with camellia selection, and for reference, and there as background. Because the "Nippon Tsubaki - Sazanka Meikan" camellia season was essentially over, the (The Nomenclature of Japanese Camellias camellias were all of the late-blooming and Sasanquas) by the Japan Camellia C japonica 'Blood of China'. Society, along with the English translation, During their annual Autumn Weekend was presented in behalf of the International in October, UK Region members visited Camellia Society to the National Botanic the National Botanic Garden of Wales and Garden of Wales.

Red Camellias (centre) were part of the Japanese Garden at the Chelsea Flower Show, 36 VISITING SOME HISTORIC CAMELLIAS IN NARA AND KYOTO Shigeo Matsumoto ~~_~*~mW~-~A~ffi~.~~*~~# VISITE DE CERTAINS CAMELIAS HISTORIQUES ANARA ET KYOTO DEN HISTORISCHEN KAMELIEN IN NARA UND KYOTO EINEN BESUCH ABSTATTEN ~~ • w:m;ff45 'Y /~~~IDJ Nara was once the capital of Japan in the Camellia Society have been hoping to Nara period (710-784). Built in the 7th make a systematic expedition to Nara to century, it is the oldest of all existing cities see the old camellias that have been pre­ in Japan. Some temples and shrines in served at the ancient temples and shrines. \ Nara have recently been designated as This long cherished dream was turned into , World Heritage Sites for their old build­ reality in April by 43 members from all ings and superb natural environment. over Japan.. Nara and camellias have been deeply related to each other. There is an old docu­ .10 April ment in Nihon Shoki, Chronicles of Japan, There are three famous camellias of Nara: stating that in 685 AD a person from 'Samurai Tsubaki', 'Nori-koboshi' and Yoshino of Nara dedicated a white camel­ 'Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki'. The first place lia to Emperor Tenmu. The description is to visit was Denk6-ji (l on map, p.38), a 1-'. the oldest record proving the existence of a Buddhist temple, where 'Samurai Tsubaki' \ ,.' camellia with white flowers. is growing. The camellia is flourishing During the Nara period, people of the beside the main building of the temple. upper class began to appreciate camellias The tree seemed to be much younger than for their flowers, where before they had we had imagined: its trunk only about 50 been treated only as trees for producing cm (20 in) in circumference, the entire tree oil. only about 6m (20 ft) in height and 7m (23 In Many6-shu, Japan's oldest collection ft) in spread. The flower is a pink, semi­ .~ of poems, which was compiled at the end double of medium size and is of the so­ of the Nara period about 1,300 years ago, called chiri-tsubaki type, which means a there are six poems about camellias as flower with petals that scatter when it falls. objects of appreciation. One, by This is a second-generation tree. The Yakamochi 6tomo, says, original 'Samurai Tsubaki' unfortunately "Ashibiki no yatsuo no tsubaki tsuraF withered and died about half a century ago surani, when it was transplanted on the occasion mitomo akameya uetekeru kimi." of road construction. which means something like this: The next visited was to Hokke-ji(2) Watching you plant a camellia with shin­ which is one ofthe ancient nuns' temples, ing leaves, where Imperial Princesses were appointed I am never weary of eternity. head priestess. The main camellia here is a For many years the members of the Japan 'Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki', which was 37 just in full bloom. It also is a relatively young tree. In the precincts there were many cherry trees in full bloom. East Garden was spe­ cially opened that day, and in the attached area there is a relatively new camellia gar­ den planted with about 100 japonicas. It will be an excellent camellia garden in the near future. Our next stop was Futai-ji(3), an old Buddhist temple famous as a "flower tem­ ple" because of the numerous flowering trees planted all over its precincts. This temple was built about 800 AD by Arihira­ no-Narihira, an important retainer at the Imperial Court, for the Emperor Heisei for his retirement. The temple is also famous for a camellia called 'Narihira-tsubaki', which had two trunks united naturally in the middle, just 'Goshik i-yae-chiri-tsubaki' like an approach graft. People worshiped it as symbol of matrimony. Unfortunately it In the evening, the camellia expedition was blown down by a typhoon in 1961, party checked into a hotel in a suburb of and a camellia of the second generation is Nara. The hotel is a relatively new one, now growing. In addition to the new furnished with many fitness facilities uti­ 'Narihira-tsubaki', there are more than 150 lizing a hot spring dug 800m (2,600 ft) camellias planted in the precincts. deep to pump up hot water. It was crowded

'Samurai TSlibaki' 38 39 40

tidy, pure white formal-double flowers. Then we climbed many stone steps to neighboring Nigatsu-d6(6), which is famous for a temple service called Omizu­ tori. The ceremony has been held in early spring every year for 1,200 years- praying for peace in the land, happiness for the people, and rich harvests in the fields. The climax comes in the evening of J2 March, when large, flaming torches are carried around the verandah by running priests. In the ceremony, camellia flowers made of paper are used. They are called "Ichimai­ gawari", having alternate white and red petals (see 1999 Journal, p.xX). As we looked out from the verandah, the Nara 'Nori-koboshi' plains were being covered by a spring mist. with many people, even on a weekday. After visiting the main temple of T6dai­ 11 April ji to see the Great Statue of Buddha, we Our bus left the hotel bound for T6dai­ moved on to Kasuga-taisha(7). In the ji(4), which is the headquarters of the spacious precincts of the shrine, there is Kegon sect of Buddhism. It is famous for Many6 Botanical Garden(8), in which all the world's largest bronze statue of the plants written about in Many6-shu Buddha and the world's largest wooden poems are planted. Of course, camellias of structure which houses the statue. The some 100 cultivars, collected on a volun­ temple was founded in the Nara Period. teer basis, occupy a considerable space in There are many temples scattered around the garden. They were in full bloom under the huge precincts of the T6dai-ji complex, an ideal canopy of tall, deciduous trees. I and we headed first for Kaizan-d6(S), a searched for a tree of C.chrysantha, which small temple where 'Nori-koboshi', one of I once contributed to this garden when I the three famous camellias of Nara, is was living in Nara. But to my regret, I growing. As soon as we entered the gate, could find it nowhere. specially opened for our group today, we After taking lunch. we headed for could easily find our objective in full Byakug6-ji to see the last one of Nara's bloom. three famous camellias. Byakug6-ji is an The flower is a single red blotched with old temple located on a mountainside in white. The trunk is about 30cm (12 in) in the southern part of Nara. We had to diameter, branching into two at a height of struggle with many stone steps, gasping about I m (3 ft). The south branch seems to before reaching the temple. be losing vigor, with somewhat yellowish The historic camellia 'Shichi-fukujin', leaves. The sunlight seems to be too harsh, meaning "the Seven Deities of Good without any shading. Fortune", was just in full bloom in the In the vicinity of 'Nori-koboshi' there is middle of the front garden. This variety of another famous tree - 'Shiratama", with camellia is 'Goshiki-yae-chiri-tsubaki' 41 (five-coloured· falling camellia), and dou­ The main reason for our breakaway was ble-formed flowers of many colour pat­ to visit Reikancji, a nuns' temple in Kyoto. terns appear at the same· time - such as In February, we had traveled to the white-striped red, all red, all pink, all International Camellia Congress in Los white, pink-bordered white, etc. Angeles with Shingen Sato, the head The tree measures l.lm (43 in) in circum­ priestess of Reikan-ji. At that time she ference, 8m (26 ft) in height, with a crown asked Mikio to diagnose the condition of . of 14m (46 ft). It is estimated to be about 'Reikan-ji Jikko', one of the historic 400 years old. We were struck with admi­ camellias of the temple. ration watching this awesome camellia. It Reikan-ji is one of the highest-ranking was fascinating to see the many petals nuns' temples in Japan, and it is famous for scattered on the ground in the manner of its the garden where the beloved camellias of name. In the precincts there are many other the Emperor Go-mizu-m-o (1596-1680) camellias flourishing under tall trees. are still thriving and being well cared for. The last place visited for the day was The huge, old tree of 'Reikan-ji Jikko' can Nara Gokoku-jinja(10), where the war be seen on the right just inside the main dead of Nara Prefecture are enshrined. As gate. It is a red anemone more than 400 we entered the gate, I happened to see years old. The circumference is about 102m familiar people in "happi coat" uniform. (47 in) and the height is about 8m (26 ft). They were members of the Yamato The root system is partly exposed, show­ Camellia Bonsai Society to which I once ing that the soil is too shallow. The foliage belonged when I was living in Nara. The is somewhat yellowish due to the direct secretariat of the Society has been placed sunlight, but, according to Mikio's diagno­ in this shrine and some annual activities sis, the tree is still vigorous enough and take place here. We rejoiced at our reunion beyond Nun SatO's worry. The scene, with after the years. fallen flowers scattered on the moss-cov­ All over the spacious precincts more ered ground around the roots, was fantas­ than 30,000 camellia trees of some 200 tic. varieties flourish. All of them were donat­ There are many other camellias, like ed, and are being taken care of, by the peo­ 'Shiratama', 'Akebono', 'Kujaku' and ple of the deity. In the meeting hall there 'Oniji', decorously planted here and there were some bonsai and pots of camellias in the beautiful garden at Reikan-ji. It is specially displayed for us, and we were without doubt one of the most refined, dig­ kindly served light refreshments. I parted nified camellia gardens in Japan and is with my ex-colleagues with the hope of worth visiting at least once by every meeting them again before too long. camellia enthusiast. 12 April After pleasant camellia talks with Nun In the morning the main body of the Sato, we headed to Ginkaku-ji (Silver party set out to visit some famous places Temple). An alley of about 15 minutes' for camellias in the southern suburbs of walking length leading to Ginkaku-ji is Nara, such as Jion-ji, Omiwa-jinja, and called Philosophy Road. We thought it Hase-dera. But four members from could also be called Camellia Road, as we Kyushu, induding Mikio Akashi of the found many wild camellias in bloom Akashi Green Nursery and I, left the group along the way. to go to Kyoto. In the middle of Philosophy Road there 42

is a temple called H6nen-ji. In its extensive of Kyoto camellia gardens, came to an end precincts there are some huge, old wild at last, and we hurried home taking a japonicas more than 500 years old among Shinkansen Express from Kyoto Station. tall deciduous trees. In Los Angeles in February six famous We approached Ginkaku-ji at last. Even gardens from the USA, Germany and on a rainy weekday the temple was contin­ Australia were designated as International ually crowded with pilgrims. On both sicles Camellia Gardens of Excellence. I think of the approach there are famous camellia some gardens in Japan should also be nom­ hedges. The mixed hedges of camellias inated as soon as possible so that camellia and oaks are about 10m (30 ft) tall and enthusiasts from all over the world will composed of two steps, the lower one hid­ know they can enjoy visiting them. ing the sparse branching of the taller one. What an ingenious device! The spacious ShiReo MatsumolO is a j/"eqllellt contribu­ old garden of the temple is not always tor to the Journal, as both author and planted with many camellias, but it is no translator uf articles. He is a member 0/ doubt worth seeing. the Journal's Editorial Board, as weil as Our enjoyable, significant camellia an lCS Director. expedition to Nara, with a bonus glimpse

a Famous hedges of camellias at the Silver Temple in Kyoto. 43 'FRANCOFURTENSIS' AND 'TEUTONIA'­ LOST AND FOUND Klaus Peper

1~ lIJ -1"~ *8

¥~ ;f31ijt 00 ~JJ *:m~i)( f8 ~ lill~ ~ TOUR AVANT· CONGRES DU CONGRES DE LOS ANGELES LOS ANGELES KONGRESS - DIE REISE VOR DEM KONGRESS o '"if":/it/V7- *4;7" V Y 7~ By the afternoon of 16 February most of Southern California Camellia Society us who had booked for the Pre-Congress show in the Friends Hall. A marvellous Tour had straggled into the Hilton Hotel, display greeted liS: in the region of 1,500 Pasadena, in various stages of jet lag. We blooms enhanced by striking cut glass and were soon enlivened by Bobby Belcher silver prizes to reward the successful com­ and her team of helpers at the registration petitors. We were delighted that Bob desk. All the literature came in a beautiful Ehrhart, former American Camellia linen shopping bag decorated with a Society president who was on the tour with camellia motif. This was but the first us, had managed to find the time to enter example of the attention to detail which some of his wonderful blooms - which was to be the hallmark of the Congress and came all the way from Walnut Creek near the Tours - and secure four prizes. The following day the Pre-Congress Tour Some of our old favourites, such as began on a high note with a visit· to the 'Valentine Day', 'Lasca Beauty', 'Dr Huntington Botanical Gardens. We were Clifford Parks'and 'Tomorrow Park Hill' greeted by the Head Gardener, Jim were still going strong. And there were Richardson, and after a treat of coffee varieties new to many of us, including the (backed up by a wonderful array of dough­ very large 'Frank Hauser', a real show nuts), we were off on a guided tour of the stopper. We were amazed that the Southern gardens, which are set in the park-like sur­ California Camellia Council manages to roundings of a 200-acre (80-ha) estate. The hold a show like this every week during Desert Garden was particularly impressive the flowering season. with its massive display of cacti, many in After the Show we went to Descanso bloom. Some plants which caught the eye Gardens. Descanso is covered elsewhere were Agave attentuate 'Nova', Aloe dawei (see p.53), so I shall mention only two 'Jacob's Ladder' and Acarus gramineus items. First, the elegant champagne and 'Minima Aurea' . exotic finger food reception, provided for We did not see the magnificent camellia us at the 1930s Hollywood-style home collection on this occasion as we were due built by the then owner of Descanso, E. to return for this purpose during the Manchester Boddy, was truly memorable. Congress. But as a reminder, we did carry Secondly, a little bit of history about a 30­ away the commemorative camellia table ft (lO-m) tall camellia on the premises. mats, produced specially for our luncheon. About 40 years ago at a guess, John In the afternoon we attended the Sobeck, then Head Gardener at Ralph 46 Peer's home, Park Hill (see p.69), bred a the museum, to the huge collection of very pretty williamsii and named it paintings in the many galleries. Being 'Rosina Sobeck', after his wife. Dr Jimmy Presidents Day holiday, the place was Smart, a former ICS Director, obtained a crowded but still managed to handle the scion a little later and propagated it at his vast numbers without discomfort. Marwood Hill Gardens in England. At the Rogers Gardens Nursery, the first However, it was only recently registered thing that struck us was the blaze of colour from the UK ("International Camellia throughout - so unexpected in February. Register" Supplement, p.356). Descanso Amongst the interesting plants on sale were must have received one of the first ones some delightful standard Leptospermum from Park Hill because of its size. and fan-trained camellias. Enquiries at Park Hill elicited no informa­ We spent a pleasant evening exploring .' tion about the camellia, nor on the Sobeck the Old Town in San Diego. The next family. Perhaps the original plant is still morning we visited the garden of Joanna there but unlabelled. It would be interest­ and Lt:w Gary in nearby Rancho Bernardo. ing to hear if anyone knows any more of its In addition to the camellias, including a history. dazzling 'Red Crystal', their garden fea­ [Editor's note: There is no detailed tures the Green River and Red Rocks description of 'Rosina Sobeck' in the Railroad, a G-scale model railway (see Register Supplement because that infor­ p.5l). mation was not received until after the At our next stop we actually rode the closing date. A description and photo are in rails - a remarkable 55-minute, 5-mile (8­ the 1996 Journal, p.86.] km) train ride through the huge San Diego On Sunday morning, we set off with an Wild Animal Park, where we had many overnight bag for San Diego. Our first stop opportunities to photograph rare and exot­ enroute was the Mildred E. Mathias ic animals living in their almost-natural Botanical Garden at the University of environment. Two recently born rhinocer­ California in Los Angeles. Set in a small, os reminded us that the Park is active in a shady canyon, this serene garden contains conservation programme to breed endan­ 4,000 rare and native species. Divided into gered species. 13 thematic sections, it features tropical The afternoon saw us on another railway, and sub-tropical plants. The spectacular riding behind a miniature live-steam loco­ trees included Australian Eucalyptus and motive at Bell Gardens, touring a U5-acre large Dawn Redwoods. Two trees which (46-ha) farm set in an inspiring landscape. stood out were the Drunken Tree, Chorisia Started by the creator of the Taco Bell fast insignis, leaning wildly, and a magnificent food chain, the farm combines agriculture Rose Gum, Eucalyptus grandis. A wonder­ with educational tourism, thus showing a ful red and white C.reticulata 'Damanao' generation inclined to think that food orig­ ('Cornelian') and other camellias were inates in supermarkets where it really scattered throughout the grounds. comes from. A three-hour stop at the Getty Museum Back in Pasadena, we assembled next gave time for only a fleeting impression of morning for a visit to the Donald C. this great institution. Everything was stun­ Tillman Water Reclamation Plant in the ning from the unmanned trams which took San Fernando Valley. This may not sound us on a winding course up the steep hill to very exciting, but attached to the utilitarian 47

Gladys and Leslie Riggall (then director for Africa) discuss prize winners at Huntington show.

'Covina' (left) at the Japanese garden at the Tillman Water Reclamation Plant in San Fel11ando Valley (below). 48 reclamation plant treating 60 million gal­ den setting. Needless to say there was a lons (227 million liters) per day of sewage fine bush of Cjaponica 'Virginia is a magnificent Japanese garden. This gar­ Robinson' displaying its lovely orchid den is in every detail - kept so pink semi-double flowers to perfection. by local Japanese-Americans, who were In the evening many of us joined a large manicuring the pines, needle-by-needle, and enthusiastic gathering for the with scissors, as done in Kyoto temple American Camellia Society dinner at the grounds. The garden style is Chisen­ Hilton. Kaiyushiki, or wet garden with prome­ The following day started with a visit to nade. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Los Angeles State and County gardens of this type were constructed for Arboretum with its magnificent backdrop Japanese feudal lords. of the snow-capped San Gabriel The predominant camelliain the garden, Mountains. It is situated next to that Mecca beautifully planted in light shade, is of horse-race-goers, Santa Anita Park, Cjaponica 'Covina', which was in full which, when opened in 1907, was bloom. There were numerous sasanquas, described in newspaper accounts as including 'Jean May', but most were not in "approaching the beauty of the Duke of bloom. Instead of grass, the ground is cov­ Richmond's Park at Goodwood in ered very effectively by Dichondra repens. England". The water attracts numerous birds includ­ Perhaps because the soil at the Arboretum ing cormorants, ducks and egrets. One is not particularly good for camellias, we wonders how the fish manage to cohabit did not see many, and, indeed, in one area with them. recent plantings were all dead. However, Following our visit to Park Hill, our tour we managed to find live plants of the retic­ route through Hollywood, down Sunset ulata hybrid 'Dr Clifford Parks'. But no Boulevard and up into Beverley Hills, plant of 'Lasca Beauty' (its name uses the gave us an idea of the style in which the initials of the Arboretum) could be found. movie stars live. Security notices were at Both were originated by Dr. Parks when he practically every gate, many offering worked there.(see p.9l). />-; "armed response"! Other species compensated for the dis­ I Our next stop was at the Virginia appointing camellias, such as the spectacu­ Robinson Gardens. The house and garden lar collection of aloes in full bloom. created by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Winchester Another memorable feature is the Mayberg Robinson, heirs to the J.W. Robinson Waterfall, an entirely natural looking man­ Department Store empire, were all that one made waterfall with water recirculating at would expect of Beverley Hills - and the rate of 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) more. The six acres (2.4 ha) include five per hour. distinct gardens. Most surprising, perhaps, Walking on, we came to the enchanting was the tropical palm garden containing a Queen Anne Cottage built by the entrepre­ large collection of Australian King Palms neur Elisha Jackson (Lucky) Baldwin in and an enormous primeval Banyan Fig. the late 19th century as a place to entertain The under planting included some magnif" his friends. His nickname "Lucky" result­ icent clivias in full bloom. ed from his purchase of large quantities of The house, in Mediterranean Classical land at $1 per acre and their sale one year

Revival style, fits beautifully into the gar­ later at $15 per acre. There were unidenti­ o..,i 49

'Virginia Robinson' at the Virginia Robinson Gardens.

Just one small section of Nuccio's Nurseries.

The barbeque at Ihe Braccis. Sergio (left) shows how l() grow winners. 50 fied camellias growing well in pots at the "retired" Julius, camellia in each hand, doorstep of the cottage and larger ones in running down a nursery aisle at the speed the heavily shaded ground beside the of someone half his age, to the huge mar­ veranda. quee with family members helping fill In the afternoon, we explored Baton luncheon plates - is to begin to under­ Canyon County Park. This is a 190-acre stand why they are so famous in the camel­ (76-ha) nature reserve preserving a sample lia world. It was easy to lose oneself of original Los Angeles habitat in an area exploring aisle after aisle of camellias usu­ that is being rapidly changed by develop­ ally only seen as names in a catalogue. ment. We noted the warnings about rattle Tom Nuccio introduced us to many new snakes and poison oak and emerged varieties and some unusual camellia unscathed. species, and discussed their finer points as We concluded the Pre-Congress Tour on the main speaker of the evening at the joint a high note at the gardens of Tom and meeting of the societies at the Arboretum. Dody Gilfoy and their neighbours Joe and Most of these plants were raffled off. And Lisa Cochran, Irv and Nina Seegman, and then there was Marilee Gray, a director of Joe and Alberta Boccalero. These gardens the Southern California Camellia Society. are situated on a road in a residential area Her talk about tools she found helpful in that is backed by Descanso Gardens. They gardening went along rather routinely until were an explosion of colour, and included she put the audience into stitches of laugh­ many camellias in full bloom. One wished ter - and finally speech-stopping hysteria that C.reticulata 'Miss Thlare' grew as - demonstrating how she searched for well in England as it does here. Even so, it show blooms in her garden before dawn was noticeable that camellias in the sun­ using a miner's type headlamp held in nier areas of these gardens were flowering place on her forehead with a "brain-numb­

better than those in the more densely shad­ ing" elastic headband. One pre-dawn gar­ "~ ed places. After a mouth-watering tea we den search had also enlivened what had said our farewells to our generous hosts been a routine neighbourhood police and boarded our buses to return to the patrol. Hilton and the end of our Pre-Congress Had we not been there, we would not Tour, which had been organised and man­ haveqelieved that the Braccis could feed a aged so charmingly and efficiently by couple of hundred people at a barbeque in Bobby Belcher and her sister-in-law their backyard.. It was there that we also Yvonne Belcher. learned how camellias are grown for show We cannot conclude this account without blooms. Across the rear of the backyard, a few words about three events that were under shade netting, were several rows of part of the Congress itself: a luncheon at stick-like plants with minimal foliage but Nuccio's Nurseries, a joint meeting of the one or two dinner-plate-size blooms. Only Pacific Camellia Society and the Southern in America! California Camellia Society, and an American style barbeque at the home of David Molloy lives in Kingswear, South Sergio and Elsie Bracci. Devon, England. He dabbles in propagat­ We all knew of Nuccio's Nurseries, but ing camellias and has made severalcontri­ to observe the place in action - from the butions to the Journal over the years. 51 GARDENS AND RAILROADS? Joanna and Lew Gary

JARDINS ET CHEMIN DE FER? GARTEN UND EISENBAHNEN?

It started approximately 10 years ago as passes a cymbidium orchid "farm" as it your typical home landscaping. There wends its way through a route lined with were roses, daylilies, citrus trees, stone miniature trees pruned from common, tiny fruit trees, a lap pool and, of course, leafed shrubs employing the art of bonsai. camellias for winter color. Upon retire­ The GREEN RIVER AND RED ROCKS ment, a G scale mogul engine complete RAILROAD has approximately 300 feet with track and cars were introduced. The of track installed in a beautiful garden set­ mogul longed for a route of its own so the ting. There was minimal disturbance to the GREEN RIVER AND RED ROCKS existing collections of roses and other RAILROAD was born' It travels the ornamentals. reversing loops at each end length of the yard, encircles two ponds, of the yard encircling the water ponds and streams. Travel with us as we view the landscape from our GRRRRReat train' We leave the flag stop at Green River, and travel through an area of dense vegetation consisting principally of jasmine, minia­ ture roses and tall, colorful epidendrum before picking up passengers at the lively Canyon City Station platform. As we pull away from the station, the train passes Honeyville Farm with its pigs, cattle, chickens and several old farm buildings. We notice C.lransarisanensis trained as a small tree with its tiny leaves and white single blooms shading the farmhouse from the western sun. We pause briefly at the Animal Flats whistle stop, after which buffalo hunting grounds come into view in amongst the large rock formations of Cascade Canyon. Here the hills are dotted with 'Dwmf Shishi', the very compact low growing, Train passes camellia and Indian village. small leafed camellia with bright red semi­ 52 double flowers. The train then crosses the white blooms edged in light pink and Red Rocks River Bridge where you view a attracts many visitors to the village center. large camellia forest in the distance before As we continue our travels, we pass the touring Bear Lake complete with fish and State Forestry Fire Station and its azalea water lilies. This giant forest consists of 'Secchu-nocmatsu' attracting humming­ approximately 30 large camellia plants birds to its small, white tubular flowers. lending vivid color to the garden from Azalea 'Unzen Tsutsuji' (thyme azalea) purest white to the deepest red. casts the shadow of its miniature leaves on Our journey winds on through a dwarf the red wall of the fire station. blue spruce forest with log cabins, back­ We continue south among stands of packers and a quaint Indian village nestled C forrestii, small shrubs with tiny white among the red rock formations. The train blooms whose fragrance eases the familiar gains altitude and we enjoy viewing odors of cattle wandering home for sup­ wildlife as the train circles the lake. We per! And finally, our trip culminates at finally pull into Silverton Station for load­ Canyon City where we tour the celebrated ing and unloading vacationers. Old Iron Horse Hotel and Jailhouse. It is As we continue our journey back over here that the tiniest rose in the world, a Red Rocks River Bridge leading to the pink micro-mini, called 'Si' , is displayed. long trestle which spans the Cascade We hope you have enjoyed the train tour Canyon, we observe the recently built through our yard. If you are ever in the San "Bird and Breakfast" shaded with Diego area, stop in to see it all for your­ C.transnokoensis showing off its small selves! single white blooms and red tinted buds. This B&B is part of the Tall Timber Resort Joanna and Lew Gary live in Rancho on the edge of Cascade Canyon where Bernardo, California. The Pre-Congress dense azalea 'Kazan' displays its soft Tour of the International Camellia peach blooms and azalea 'Haru-no-umi' Congress in Los Angeles visited the garden towers above. and railroad. We thank the Garys and the We travel on to the historic Smith's Southern California Camellia Society for General Store where camellia 'Jewel Box' permission to reprint this article which is displayed as the village centerpiece. appeared in The Camellia Review, Vol.62 , This sasanqua is covered with small, single No.1. 53

A forest of unnamed reticulata hybrids is a legacy from Yunnan.

DESCANSO GARDENS REMINISCENCES lim McQuiston

REMINISCENCE DES JARDINS DE DESCANSO ERINNERUNGEN AN DIE DESCANSO GARTEN T'7, 7J / Y~JJ!~ O),~,V\t±I

My visits and volunteering at Descanso succeed in life. Arriving in Los Angeles, Gardens in La Canada, California, cover he became friends with Harry Chandler, over 60 years. Now, Descanso is designat­ publisher of the and a ed as an ICS Garden of Excellence, and major force in bringing water to Los rightly so. Douglas Thompson's 1962 vol­ AngeJes, making it possible for the city to ume, "Descanso Gardens, Its History and grow to its greatness of today. In 1926, Camel Iias", is comprehensive but dated. Boddy was able to buy into a floundering Here for your amusement are some recol­ "rag", the Daily News, and force it back to lections and anecdotes. health. The News published myriad after­ E. Manchester Boddy rose from relative noon editions, competing with William poverty but with a powerful desire to Randolph Hearst's Herald-Express. espe­ 54 cially for the racing crowd. [Editor's note: and rendered the corsages unsalable. for Hearst and his camellias see p.71] When the United States entered World The pressure of publishing generated a War II, Japanese and Japanese-Americans longing for a restful getaway location. In on the West Coast were interned. Those 1927, Boddy learned of La Canada, a val­ with nurseries in California were forced to ley about one hour away from the News give up their businesses, making available and devoted mainly to citrus fruit, grapes, thousands of camellia plants in pots. and cattle. He built a modest "cabin" home Boddy redirected his attention to the nurs­ on the mountain slope, where, nearby, he ery business, including hybridization. raised cattle and engaged in hunting fowl After J. Howard Asper was hired to man­ and game. The early buildings are still in age and develop the camellia collection, it use today. expanded to 600,000 plants by 1943, with In 1937, Boddy purchased a 165-acre a massive greenhouse where the parking parcelfonlling a dell with brush, poison lot now stands and other greenhouses else­ oak and live oak, which he intended to where. develop into an estate and working ranch. In addition to camellias, the wholesale This parcel, which we know as Descanso nursery developed roses, ceanothus, lep­ Gardens, was Boddy's home, completed in tospermum, and other plants. 1938 during the Great Depression; and he In 1945, Walter E. Lammerts joined the began planting camellias under the oaks staff and hybridized many famous plants lining his driveway. of various types. For example, 'Chrysler .,i In Los Angeles, men customarily gave Imperial' and 'Queen Elizabeth' roses their dates corsages of gardenias, mostly were created at Descanso under his direc­ obtained in the Los Angeles Civic Center tion, and are still found in many gardens. but actually grown in Mexico. However, a Lammerts is also credited with the prop­ gardenia corsage usually browned the agation of the "Yunnan reticulatas", and morning after. their initial hybrids. In 1952, his 15 culti­ Boddy was familiar with the story of vars were the only ones available and a Violetta, who was amply corsaged with grafted plant was priced at $100 (equiva­ 'Alba Plena' in Verdi's opera La Traviata, lent to $1,300 today) with no guarantee of based on the Dumas play, La Dame aux -survivability. [Editor's Note: for Lammerts Camelias (called Camille in the English and the Yunnan retics, see p.58.] version). And Boddy knew that 'Alba During the nursery's heyday, the public Plena' corsages were very long-lasting. It could not enter the camellia forest except was not long before this entrepreneur and at certain times - and then, only with several friends decided to try their hands at supervision. I visited many times. People raising camellias for hardy corsages. were watched to see that they did not take To provide diversity, Boddy planted any scions. The old entrance has since blocks of corsage-flower camellias, such been closed and its parking lot is only used as 'Alba Plena', 'Daikagura', 'Debutante', for overflow now. 'Otome', and 'Professor Sargent'. Today, Descanso has been blessed with its own these give Descanso an orchard-effect water supply. Water in Southern California where the original plantings survive intact. is generally imported from sources at least However, the business hit a snag because 200 miles (320 km) away. Consequently, a petal blight developed during shipment garden like Descanso would be saddled 55

One of the original •Alba Plena 'plantings. with a great expense without a completely upkeep. The water system required reliable adequate supply under its control. regulators to reduce the very high water Water is collected from a canyon high pressure. Occasionally, foreign matter in the foothills several miles away and would defeat the regulators and cause stored in tanks, from which it is piped pipes to break. The acid soil cOlToded the under streets and over highways to piping. Help became scarce. Finally, in Descanso. The principal problem is that 1957. the county contemplated selling during the rainy winter the tanks do not Descanso to housing developers. have the capacity to store all the available A group of alarmed persons took on the water needed during the hot summer. task of preserving Descanso for the coun­ When Boddy retired in 1953, he decid­ ty, and the Descanso Gardens Guild came ed to move out of Los Angeles County, into being. Through its tireless effort, taking the nursery with him. Rather than Descanso today is a showpiece and an see the garden destroyed, he offered it at a important depository of cultivars. Because nominal sum to the county as a parkland. Descanso has some of the originals of var­ The county, at the urging of Supervisor ious camellias and other plants, it will be John Anson Ford, bought it on installments possible to obtain fresh cuttings from the and set the county engineers to work on originals if continual propagation has expanding the reservoir to make the gar­ resulted in mutations over the years. Also, den self-sufficient. But before construction with the large area available. singly-plant­ could begin, another supervisor objected to ed specimens have been spotted in various keeping Descanso because attendance was locations, guarding against potential poor. The reservoir was never built, but the destruction of a cultivar when all plants are demand to rescind the purchase of the gar­ growing in the same location. den was not effected. Descanso still The orchard-style plantings permit their belongs to Los Angeles County. use as understock for new grafts. And there Problems developed with county own­ is plenty of open ground for new plantings, ership because funds were lacking for such as those coming now from discovery 56

trips to Asia. graphic error for 'Lalla Rookh', the name Because it began as a " flower orchard", of the heroine in Thomas Moore's epic Descanso is divisible into more-or-less dis­ poem. crete sections according to their status at Howard Asper's folly of choice is also the time of planting. The easternmost part represented. Of two reticulatas he originat­ contains most of the "orchard". The cen­ ed, he gave away the good one (now trally located grassy "common" is ringed named 'Howard Asper') and kept the with mostly single specimens of old culti­ "dog", which we call 'Howard Asper II'. vars which had their origins in the 1700s Then there is 'Elisabeth', a beautiful and 1800s in the western world. The japonica with dark blue-green foliage and Yunnan reticulatas are grouped near the an unusual flower that is essentially white. Boddy mansion. And to the west are more Elisabeth, a Bavarian princess and raving orchards and, finally, plants representing beauty, married Emperor Franz Josef of specimens from 1945 to 1970 donated by Austria in 1854. She was an accomplished members of the Southern California horsewoman, intelligent and unreserved, Camellia Society. often mingling with people on the street. Under the supervision of Tim Thibault, The Budapest Museum has an extensive Curator of the Camellia Forest, Descanso section about her and says that, as a condi­ is now filling its open space with cultivars tion of her marriage, she demanded proper and species which heretofore were absent. respect for Hungary, which had capitulated New arrivals are being received, and to Austria in 1849. She became empress of scions are being propagated, regularly. Austria and queen of Hungary, and the When I began volunteering at Descanso, Elisabeth Bridge over the Danube at it bothered me that the camellias were Budapest was named for her. almost all unidentified, so I took it upon But her later life was filled with tragedy myself to identify as many as possible. and she was assassinated by an Italian There were no records for assistance, but anarchist on a ferry crossing Lake Geneva there were enough people in the area who in 1898. The weapon was a sharpened could positively identify great numbers of three-cornered file, such as used for sharp~ the collection. The identification process ening saw teeth, and there was only a faint still continues; especially with plants prob­ trace of blood when her chest was pierced ably from the early 1800s. Visitors knowl­ by it. edgeable about early cultivars are encour­ 'Elisabeth' bears a faint trace of pink, aged to participate in the identification generally on a single petal, the trace process. resembling a trickle of blood. And, Among the camellias, there are many, in 'Elisabeth' is listed as being ofItalianori­ addition to 'Alba Plena', that have stories gin in 1851. A prophetic indicator of histo­ associated with them. For instance, ry! Descanso has blocks of 'Captain Martin's As I worked with the Descanso camel­ Favorite', whose story is aptly related on lias, I encountered solitary persons in rapt page 276 of the "International Camellia contemplation and reverie. They said they ~ Register". And, there are many plants of loved to isolate themselves within the for­ I i 'Lallarook', the spelling clouded because est of plants, a situation seldom found in a the originator seems to have misspelled it. public garden anywhere. From October to The Register lists 'Lallarook' as an ortho­ May one can enjoy the succession of 57 camellia blooms, and because our rainfall shade, but the trees fruit and reproduce is concentrated within a few winter excessively, becoming a pesty weed. We months, there is almost no time when the need another drought-resistant tree for a camellia forest is not an inviting place to benign canopy. sojourn . The Descanso Gardens Guild has com­ However, there are potential problems pleted many interesting buildings for vari­ with the camellia forest, related to the ous purposes throughout the Gardens, and canopy of Live Oak trees, which are near­ has completed a world-class rosarium in ly all of the same antiquity. The trees may part of the sunny area. The Guild has now be reaching the end of life, hastened by the taken complete control over the manage­ irrigation under them. And Oak Root ment of the park from the county, and with Fungus, Armillaria mella, has killed a our Executive Director, Richard Schulhof, spectacular rhododendron lane and is Descanso Gardens will continue to devel­ attacking various oaks and other plants op in the future. within the forest. Occasionally, huge oak branches fall and splinter extensive areas. Jim McQuiston is a resident of Los To date there seems to be no treatment Angeles. In addition to his long associa­ against this fungus. tion with Descanso Gardens, he is a mem­ As the oaks are removed, the camellias ber of the SOt/them California Camellia lack shade. Experiments with Prunus car­ Society and the ICS. oliniana have produced a regenerated

'Elisabeth': a prophetic indicator of history. 58 THE NEW CAMELLIA RETICULATA HYBRIDS The Story of Their Discovery, Importation and Propagation Dr. W. E. Lammerts, Descanso Gardens, La Canada, California

~JfJTAT¥J~ft~3t~~~ LES NOUVEAUX HYBRIDES RETICULATA DU CAMELIA DIE NEUEN CAMELLIA RETICULATA HYBRIDEN ~ ~"'~:/ /~::\=-~~r.fI In November, 1944, while at the botanist, of variations occurring in C.retic­ University of California, Los Angeles, I ulata and related species. Thus in the accepted an invitation of Dr. David Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society McLean, President of the Southern of 1938 in an article entitled "Recent California Camellia Society, to address the Progress in Botanical Exploration in membership on the development of new China" he said, "In this connection the varieties of plants by hybridization. writer wishes to call attention to the fact Becoming enthusiastic by the interest the that Yunnan is famous for the numerous group displayed in camellia research, I varieties of beautiful camellias. Over ". \ later enlisted the aid of several large seventy varieties·, all of great beauty, are libraries such as that of Harvard University cultivated in Yunnanfu (Kunming). It is a through the exchange courtesies of the matter not ascertained but most probably University of California library, in order to true that there may be more than one assemble the many books containing species (reticulata) which contributed to descriptions of all known camellia species. the wealth of varieties of cultivated Careful study of Index Kewensis indicated camellias in Yunnan." that no less than 80 species of Camellia However, no other varieties had been and Thea had been described! By, April, reported or collected since the Forrest 1945, I had assembled the descriptions of collection of the single~flowered wild all of them. The wealth of variation and type in 1924. As the Captain Rawes adaptability of this genus proved amazing. variety, known since 1820, is completely Some species were collected from altitudes sterile, it seemed quite possible that it of 9000 feet in the Mount Morrison range of was actually an intergenerichybrid with Formosa, where the winter temperatures the related genus Tutcheria, as suggested must be comparable to those of by Robert Casamajor [1]. Accordingly, my Pennsylvania and . Others were first reaction was to discount the variability reported from India, the Dutch East Indies reported in C.reticulataby Chinese and Indo-China. botanists such as H.H. Hu as being only While following this fascinating and that minute type so dear to the hearts of often difficult trail of species descriptions, many professional botanists. a great amount of data relative to varieties Such was the situation in the summer of of Camellia japonica and C.sasanqua was 1945 when I joined the staff of Descanso discovered, and mention was even made Gardens' in La Canada, California, and by one H.B. Hu, a very reputable Chinese established its horticultural research 59 department. Our work then included the not be easy to procure it." assembling, testing and evaluation. of all Needless to say, I immediately wrote to kinds of camellias. As soon as contacts Professor T.T. Yu. But months went by could be made in Japan, China, Indo­ with no reply, and I began to feel that our China and India, letters were sent to var­ efforts had again reached a dead end. ious United States consuls, newspaper Then on January 15, 1948, we received a correspondents and military personnel, letter which re-awakened all the old soliciting aid in collecting seeds of the excitement. It was dated January 6, 1948, various species native to each country. was from H.T. Tsai of the Yunnan Though a few interesting collections of Botanical Institute, and read as follows: C.japonica seed resulted, very little of "Your kind letter duly received. The real significance developed as a result of cultivated camellias in Yunnan are all this approach. belonging to C.reticulata. It bears In the fall of 1946, still hoping for more flowers 5 inches and more in diameter. direct leads in my search for species, I Camellia reticulata is in tree form, decided to write to botanists associated really blooms to make magnificent and with the various museums, particularly fiery scene from November to May. those who had collected plants in the C.reticulata has more than 20 varieties. Asiatic area. Among those to whom I And all the varieties are to be propagated wrote was Dr. ED. Merrill, botanist of the only by grafting on the C.japonica stocks. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. Cutting method will not be successful. He suggested contacting among others, Dr. Seeding only produce single flowers." Hsu Hsen Hu referred to above, then at the Evidently Dr. T.T. Yu had turned my Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, letter over to his colleague Tsai, who Peiping, China. On April 16, 1947, I wrote finally answered it. Needless to say, we Dr. Hu as well as about a dozen other spared no effort in pursuit of this main Chinese botanists. You can readily imag­ chance. Letters of credit were dispatched ine the thrill that was mine upon reading to the Bank of China, Kunming, for the the following letter received from Hu in total cost of the plants plus air express early July: charges to Shanghai.. Meanwhile "Your letter of April 16th, duly received. arrangements were made to have .them Yunnan province is famous for its numer­ flown to San Francisco via Pan­ ous varieties of Camellia reticulata. These American Air Cargo Line. In order to are all obtainable in Kunming, the capital avoid all possibility of damage, I asked Mr. of that province. I suggest you write to H.T. Tsai to send them in the original con­ Professor T.T: Yu for more information as tainers undisturbed . in any way. he is in charge of the Yunnan Botanical Fortunately for my peace ofmind, I was at Institute at Black Dragon Pool, Kunming, that time unaware of the United States China. Only transportation is difficult in quarantine ruling prohibiting entry of the interior of China at the present time; it plants growing in native Chinese soil! may be very expensive to procure cuttings Finally on March 10, 1948, we received or seeds of the camellias. Camellia hetero~ teletype word from the Pan-American phylla is surely a very interesting and office in Shanghai that the camellia plants beautiful species but as it is found only in had arrived there safely and were being a temple in a distant district, I think it may shipped on the next flight for San 60 Francisco. The local Pan-American offi­ vanetIes after all? I was momentarily cial estimated that the Cargo Clipper afraid to look. But full of confidence, Mrs. should arrive in San Francisco on Monday Lammerts rushed up, and called excitedly, morning, March 15. "They are the real thing!" Mrs. Lammerts and I, therefore, started I grabbed my leaf samples and quickly for San Francisco in the small panel truck compared them through the open spaces early Saturday morning, planning to return between the crate slats. Sure enough, with the plants. We arrived in San though each one varied strikingly in leaf Francisco that evening and immediately shape, all were unmistakably C.reticulata drove to the Pan-American Airways office in character. What a great relief! The long for details on the situation. The flight was chance we took on the honesty of men we still expected Monday morning, March 15. had never even seen had paid off. Two of On Sunday afternoon we drove up to the the plants actually had flowers on them, University of California Botanical Garden most unusual ones in shape and beauty, in in Strawberry Canyon above Berkeley, to spite of the long trip. After looking the get leaves of the Captain Rawes variety of plants and crates over again and again and C.reticulata for comparison with those of talking to the young man in charge until he the reticulata varieties expected. probably thought we were a bit queer, we A check with Pan-American officials reluctantly went back to our hotel. indicated that the flight was scheduled to The next morning our first hurdle, arrive Monday evening instead of in the release of the plants from the United morning, as originally expected. After dinner States customs office, was rapidly Monday evening we again, for the third time, effected by a Mr. Hennessy, and finally at drove out to Pan-American air field. noon we arrived with them at the United Finally at 9:30 P.M. we saw, by the States Department ofAgriculture office on relatively dim lights of the air field, Embarcadero Street. The men there kindly the beautiful large silver ship come helped me to unpack them. The plants slowly circling in. were in original Chinese soil and pots, as I A veritable downpour of rain didn't had requested to protect the shipment, exactly decrease our uneasy tension of which was an unintentional violation of expectancy. A girl and her brother were quarantine laws, but the officials allowed eagerly awaiting their father returning me to wash off all the native red Chinese from a three-year stay in Shanghai. We soil, a long and difficult job, and replant were just as excited as they were. The them in moist peat in gallon cans. plane finally landed at 9:36. Then after At 3:30 the quarantine officials began another long wait while the passengers fumigation and by 5:30 the task was stepped off the ramp, and the father was finished. All the officials, particularly reunited with his happy son and daughter, Mr. Ross and Mr. Galbraith, were most the crew finally began unloading the cooperative. They were very painstak" cargo. ing and thorough in their examination, The two strangely crude-looking crates of and one cannot help feeling assured plants were really there and were actually that with such a careful system of being carefully hauled up the cargo ramp! inspection and fumigation we are well Would they really contain the C.reticulata protected from foreign pests. , varieties or be a fake, i.e., CJaponica Immediately after the release from .; 61 quarantine we loaded the plants on the as green and turgid as if cut the day before panel truck and returned as far south as receiving them. However, in spite of every Salinas, California, Tuesday evening. precaution and the use of the finest stock We arrived in La Canada the next day in these died also. time to store our valuable plants safely in About this time we were astonished to our greenhouses by 4:00 P.M. hear that Mr. Ralph Peer, independently of On Thursday Mr. Howard Asper, Curator us, had established contact with Tsai and of the Gardens, and I transplanted them imported 19 of the varieties [2]. into large 8-inch pots, using the regular Unfortunately, all except three of these John Innes potting mixture consisting of 7 died following air express shipment and parts good loam, 3 parts of peat and 2 parts fumigation. Upon learning of our experi­ of sand. We replaced some of the plants in ence, he decided to let us graft scions of the original quaint-looking Chinese pots, the two surviving varieties we lacked. This which have rounded bottoms as shown in was done in December, 1949, and fortu­ Figure 1. Also the relatively crude nately these scions have made excellent approach graft may be noted. This is more growth. In March, 1950, final importation clearly shown in Figure 2. We noted that of these varieties was made and we are the root system looked good, the rootlets a now certain that 18 varieties are success­ clean glistening white. We kept the plants fully established. in a very high relative humidity, and the Once we had successfully established the night temperatures above 60 F. On March 15 varieties, the next problem was to build 19, Mr. Asper grafted scions from each up an adequate supply of plants. variety on large stocks in 5-gallon cans as Fortunately, my experience with C japoni­ an added precaution against loss. Some of ca hybrid seedlings clearly showed that the plants were dropping a few leaves, as continuous light, high nutrient level and predicted by Mr. Galbraith. Also some of temperatures above 65 F greatly increased the shoots were starting new growth ­ vegetative growth. Accordingly, as soon as possibly the result of stimulation from the grafts made in the winter of 1948-49 methyl bromide fumes. It looked as if were well knit and established, they were we had successfully established all 20 placed under continuous light, that is, day­ varieties. light supplemented at night by light from By April 28, in spite of our earlier opti­ 100-watt Mazda lamps. They were fed mism, it was quite clear that five of the weekly with Descanso Plant Food at the varieties were harmed by the long trip, the rate of 114-ounce per gallon and kept at fumigation, or both, and probably would temperatures not lower than 65 F. Some of die. The scions takenon March 19 all died the grafts made in January of 1949 were 10 also, in spite of most painstaking efforts feet high by October, 1949, and the aver­ and care, We accordingly made two more age height was 6 feet. Flower buds were attempts to secure these, but each time the formed very abundantly on most of the bare-root shipments, in spite of every care young grafts. in packing on the part of H.T. Tsai, We are now increasing to 25 plants each resulted eventually in only dead plants. of these very remarkable varieties and plan Finally in the spring of 1949 we to release complete sets of the 15 original rece"ived scions of the five varieties in survivors in the spring of 1952. excellent condition. In fact, they looked Many of the varieties flowered in the 62 spring of 1949, and the flowers actually two years, I have combined these in the exceeded the descriptions given by H.T. descriptions that follow. Preliminary Tsai in both size and beauty of flower. The experiments last spring indicate that these ., most remarkable feature of these camellias varieties may with great difficulty be is the amazing transformation they undergo crossed with C japonica varieties. I have in flower development. Thus Purple Gown growing now about 15 small hybrids opened into a formal deep purple-red with resulting from these crosses. The exciting minute pin stripes of white (Plate 1). Aside possibilities to be realized from such com­ from its unusual size of 5 to 6 inches in binations can readily be imagined. As may diameter, one tended to compare it at this be seen from the descriptions, the foliage stage with C japonica variety C.M. Hovey. of these new C.reticulata varieties is a It then goes into the second phase of devel­ great improvement over the Captain opment; each petal enlarges, and the cen­ Rawes type. Nevertheless, the compact tral petals rise, giving the flower a huge habit and very glossy leaf of C japonica is semi-spherical shape or full peony form well worth combining with the remarkable ., much like a beautifully shaped Daikagura flower qualities of the reticulata varieties. flower. The size increases to an overall of Particularly desirable would be really 6 to 8 inches in diameter, each petal crin­ early-flowering reticulata varieties corre­ kled near the base, waved in outline and of sponding to C japonica Daikagura in a lovely crepe-like texture. The color behavior. A large-scale program designed "-; changes to a most beautiful wine-red, still to accomplish these objectives is now with the very minute pin stripe of white. under way at Descanso Gardens. Lion's Head undergoes a similar transfor­ 1. Casamajor, R. Camellia reticulata - an mation, ending in a flower of most vivid enigma. American Camellia Yearbook deep red variegated with white (Plate II). 1949. pp. 95-106. 1949. I am indeed indebted to Mr. Ralph Peer 2. Peer, R. Newly discovered Chinese for. sending me the descriptions given by reticulata. Southern California Camellia T.T. Yu at the recent Camellia and Society Bulletin II [2]: 9, II. December, Magnolia Conference held on April 4, 1949. 1950, at London, England [3]. After care­ 3. Yu, T. T. Camellia reticulata and its gar­ fully studying these descriptions and den varieties. Camellia and Magnolia adding my own observations of the last Conference [Report]. April, 1950.

"-...; 63 Names and Brief Descriptions of Camellia Reticulata Varieties

Import No. Chinese Narne English Name Description

13 Moutancha Peony, or Peony Very large flower, 6 to Flowered 8 inches in diameter; petals wavy and crinkled, of lovely crepe-like texture, bright pink, marked with white veins and stripes on inner petals. Formal double. Medium growth habit. Name Moutan, for tree peony, means wealth and dignity.

15. (Not given) Butterfly Wing Petals loose and X Peony undulate; rose-pink semi-double oflarge size. Medium-sized, elongate leaves.

18. Tataohung Large Crimson or Carmine red, semi-double Great Peach Blossom flowers of very large size, each petal of exquisite crepe texture, wavy and crinkled. Very large leaves; vigorous, spreading growth habit. Sets seed freely.

20. Tayinhung Large Spinel Pink Semi-double flowers of or Great Shot Silk brilliant pink with loose, wavy petals in delightful informal arrangement. Extremely vigorous plant; large, dark green leaves. Sets seed occasionally.

21. Tzepao Purple Gown The flower first opens into a regular formal double, deep purple-red in color, with pink stripes of white, then 64 transforms into a greatly enlarged, informal peony-formed 6­ to 8-inch flower with -, I lovely wavy petals of ~

exquisite wine-red color. Large wide leaves --I

on very vigorous plant I I of compact growth habit. , 24. Hsiao Kueiyeh Small Osmanthus Medium size, rose-form, --; Leaf double. Flowers of

unusual orchid-pink -, color. The leaves of this variety are very -, small and plant of vigorous, slender, open growth habit.

25. Sungtze1in Pine Cone Scale Flowers similar in form or Pine Cone and color to Purple Gown but even more double, though somewhat smaller in diameter. \Tery compact plant. Tree 30

feet high, trunk 20 " inches in diameter. 28. Liuyehyinhung Willow Leaf Spinel Large, pale pink flowers Pink or Narrow- have wavy petals of a leaved Shot Silk silky, velvety texture. Medium growth habit. One of original trees has trunk 14 inches in diameter, bearing over a thousand flowers.

29. Talicha Tali or Queen of Tali Flowers 6 inches or more in diameter, rose-pink lightly variegated with white. Medium growth habit.

30 Paochuca Jewellery or Noble Large 6-inch flower, Pearl semi-double, with petals very crinkled, deep red 65 in color. Large, wide leaves; compact growth.

31. Tamarnao Large Cornelian The flowers are deep rose in color, heavily marbled with white. There are about 6 rows of petals, each exquisitely waved and crinkled, and a few small petaloids in the center. Large, dark green leaves; compact, strong growth habit.

32. Changchatie-Chih Chang's Temple The semi-double flowers are very large, 6 to 8 inches in diameter, of brilliant pale pink. A new variety recently discovered in an ancient ruin in Yunnan, China, known as Chang's Temple. Large wide leaves; vigorous, compact habit of growth.

33. Tsueban Chrysanthemum Petal The flowers are about 4 or Rose Flowered inches in diameter, pink, fully double and imbricated: Medium-sized leaves; rather slender, open growth habit.

34. Shihtzetou Lion's Head The flowers are deep red in color, each petal unusually variegated with white, heavily crinkled near base. A large semi-double. Vigorous, wide spreading growth habit. By the Temple of Hsishan, Kunming, there exists an old tree 50 feet tall with trunk 20 inches in 66 diameter.

37. Hoyehtiechih Thick Leaf Butterfly The rose-pink flowers Wing or Great are about 6 inches in Butterfly Wings diameter, with many broad and beautifully waved petals. Rather slender, open habit of growth.

This article is reprintedfrom the American Camellia Yearbook 1950, with the kind per­ mission of the American Camellia Society. Figures 1 and 2 and Plates 1 and 11 have not been reproduced.

i NEWLY DISCOVERED CHINESE RETICULATA FOR " THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CAMELLIA GARDEN Ralph S. Peer

RETICULATA CHINOIS RECEMMENT DECOUVERT POUR LE JARDIN DES CAMELIAS DE CALIFORNIE DU SUD DIE NEU ENTDECKTE CHINESISCHE RETICULATA FUR DEN SUDKALIFORNISCHENEN GARTEN

For several years, rumors have persist­ occupied by the Japanese. It is located at ed that there were to be found in China an altitude of about 6,000 feet, in what can many varieties of C.reticulata different in best be described as the foothills of the color andfonn from the reticulata which Himalaya Mountains, and is practically "i grows so well in Southern California, and unapproachable for tourists except by a which found its way here from China via plane operating once each week from England many years ago. During the early Hong Kong. part of this year, while engaged in a trip After considerable correspondence it around the world, the writer gathered became possible to have shipped from apparently authentic information indicat­ Kunming direct to Los Angeles by air ing that not less than twenty varieties of freight one each of twenty varieties of Ca~ellia reticulata were being propagated C.reticulata. These plants were badly in Kunming, the capital of Yunnan, the weakened by the long journey and by the southernmost province of China. During fumigation administered by the Plant the war Kunming became famous as the Quarantine in San Francisco. A strenuous head of the Burma Road and served as a effort was made to save them, but all port of entry into that part of China not except three varieties have died. Contact

'-, 67 with the shipper of these plants was lost the year 1951 some of them will have blos­ during the summer, perhaps because of somed in the Gardens co-sponsored by Communist activities, and it became nec­ Southern California Camellia Society and essary to find some other method to obtain Huntington Library and Art Gallery in additional plants from Kunming. Pasadena. The head of the Gardens Department of Following is a list giving the English the Hong Kong Government, Mr. Ralph translation of the Chinese names of these Dean, had been asked to find somebody varieties, together with a short description: willing to make the trip to Kunming, who could be depended upon to bring back the PEONY FLOWERED: 6-8" in diame­ rare camellias. After several months delay, ter, petals wavy and spiraled, bright pink, Prof. Chun, head of the Department of semi-double. Botany of the Sun Yat Sen University of BUTTERFLY WINGS: Petals loose and Canton, while on a visit to the neighboring undulate, rose pink. Hong Kong was inveigled into making this THE DWARF: The flower is rose col­ somewhat perilous journey. ored, semi-double. This plant is a very Both the Committee in charge of the slow grower with broad, round leaves. Southern California Camellia Gardens, EARLY PEACH BLOOM: Blossoms and the Secretary of the Royal are about 6" across and grow in clusters, Horticultural Society in London were carmen rose in color. apprised of the offer of Prof. Chun to GREAT PEACH BLOOM: The flow­ secure the much-desired plants. Thru the ers are carmen red. cooperation of both institutions, the expe­ GREAT SHOT SILK: The blossoms dition was financed and Prof. Chun flew to are a brilliant pink with loose, wavy petals. Kunming early in September. For one rea­ PURPLE GOWN : The blossoms are son or another, he was forced to remain for regular in form, densely petaled of a rich three weeks and then returned to Hong deep and dark scarlet, lightly striped with Kong by plane, carrying as baggage sixty­ white. five of these rare and unusual reticulata LARGE OSMANTHUS LVD. : The specimens. Prof. Chun then left immedi­ blossoms are pink and semi~double. ately for his home in Canton, and unfortu­ SMALL OSMANTHUS LVD. : The nately has not again returned to Hong flowers are pink and medium size. The Kong. No doubt he has deemed it better leaves are very small. policy to remain n Canton until the fight­ PINE CONE: This has a blossom simi­ ing in that region dies down. Until then the lar in form and color to Purple Gown, but details of his trip to the interior will remain smaller in size. unknown. SHOT SILK: The blossoms have large The committee and the Royal and loose pinkish-red petals. Horticultural Society have both decided to NARROW-LVD. SHOT SILK : The leave the sixty-five plants in Hong Kong large blossoms have wavy petals of a silky, until about the first of the year, 1950, when velvety texture in pale pink. the weather will be most propitious for NOBLE PEARL: Large flowered. The shipment by air freight to Pasadena and to blossoms are deep red color. London. Altogether, nineteen new varieties QUEEN OF TALI: The blossoms are 6" have been secured, and it is hoped that by or more in diameter, rose pink, lightly 68 splashed with white. varieties and species of camellias, both CHANG'S TEMPLE: The blossoms are from other parts of this country, and from large, of a brilliant pale pink. This is a new abroad. By working thru and with foreign variety discovered in an ancient ruin in horticultural societies and botanic gardens Yunnan known as Chang's Temple. it is expected that many extraordinary ROSE FLOWERED: The blossoms are specimens will be secured during the year 3" or 4" in diameter, pink, fully double, 1950. Plans are being developed for various and imbricated. foreign expeditions to obtain camellia LION HEAD: The blossoms are deep plants of an almost legendary character, red in color, with the petals usually varie­ but whose existence is already well estab­ gated with white stripes. lished by dried specimens brought back LARGE CaRNELIAN: The blossoms many years ago by plant explorers. are deep rose in color, heavily marbled Because of the favorable terrain, and our with white. There are five or six rows of equable climate, it is reasonably certain petals. And a few small petaloids in the that within a few years the Gardens will center. contain examples of most of the known GREAT BUTTERFLY WINGS: The species of camellias. rose pink blossoms are up to 5" in diame­ ter with many broad and beautifully waved Our thanks to the Southern California petals. Camellia Society for permission to reprint It is the policy of the Committee to this article, which first appeared in the obtain for display in the Gardens the max­ Southern California Camellia Society imum possible number of new and rare Bulletin II, No.2, December 1949. 69 ABOUT RALPH PEER Herb Short

A PROPOS DE RALPH PEER UBER RALPH PEER

Ralph Sylvester Peer is a legend in two publications in the USA, including one in worlds - camellias and country music. To the American Camellia Yearbook 1956 visit his home, Park Hill, overlooking Los about his two visits to the glasshouses of Angeles, during the 200 I Pre-Congress Belgian King Leopold II at Laeken and Tour - 41 years after Peer's death - was listing all of the camellias there (see pA3). to revive the legend for some of us and to Peer's 5-acre (2-ha) garden was carved introduce it to others. out of a steep, alkaline hill behind Los According to Jim Emmons, Park Hill's Angeles, which may explain some of Buildings and Grounds Supervisor, the bed today's health problems with the camel­ across the driveway from the house was lias planted on the terraces that drop away planted in 1949 with the famous Yunnan behind the house. At the time of his death reticulatas that helped an "astonished" in 1960, the camellia collection totaled Walter Lammerts to complete his collec­ about 3,000 varieties, including some from tion at Descanso (see p.5S and 66). We Russia and most of the species known in knew that all but three of Peer's originals the 1950s. We needed a time stretcher to had died during the first year and we often explore those fascinating terraces. wonder about the fate of the others. We Unfortunately, our Tour carried us onward were not to find out because the camellias in the bed were mostly unlabeled. But one exception - a bush with lovely orchid­ pink blooms labeled 'Kohinor' - gave a clue as to what might have been there shortly after 1949. The "International Camellia Register" lists it as a "6 year old chance seedling of 'Buddha' that first bloomed 1963" and was originated by Monique Peer, Ralph's widow. 'Buddha' is one of two reticulata hybrids originated by Professor Tsai at Kunming and sent to Descanso in 1950. The other was 'Confucius' The Peers traveled worldwide and col­ lected thousands of exotic plants. He wrote 'Kohinor' in the 1949 bed at Park Hill. numerous articles that appeared mainly in 70 much too soon, but to the also fascinating "Early in the 1950s Ralph Peer came to Virginia Robinson Gardens (see pA8). Bodnant for the first time, and in subse­ One of the camellias on the terraces is quent years I met him at Bodnant and in the original plant of 'California', which London. His camellia interest was was brought to the Los Angeles suburb of immense and, on his world travels collect­ Manhattan Beach from Japan in 1879 ing camellias, he was equally concerned (according to Park Hill) or 1888 (accord­ with the duplication and confused nomen­ ing to the Register). It was purchased by clature of camellias. We discussed ways in Peer in 1958 and moved to Park Hill. which the problem could be resolved." Peer was awarded the Veitch Memorial Peer was able to travel so much because Gold Medal by the Royal Horticultural he owned an international music publish­ Society (London) in 1954. He was presi­ ing business with offices in 26 countries. dent of the American Camellia Society Mythology has it that "country music" was from 1957 to 1959 and held many offices born in 1927, when he was working for the in other horticultural societies. Victor Talking Machine Company and dis­ Although he died two years before the covered Jimmie Rogers and the Carter ICS was formed, there is little doubt he Family, Actually, he had started in 1920 as would have been a member. Charles a talent scout with Okeh Records, discov­ Puddle wrote in the 1986 Journal: ering country-music artists.

The original plant of 'California' which came from Japan in the 1800's. , 71 LOS ANGELES CONGRESS Post Congress Tour Mayda Reynolds

TOUR APRES·CONGRES DU CONGRES DE LOS ANGELES LOS ANGELES KONGRESS . DIE REISE NACH DEM KONGRESS p-V-/'~J1-'.A*~;j{.A }- 'Y7~ After studying camellias in wonderful in 1984. Ganna Walska was a colourful gardens, at camellia shows and lectures personality who married six times and, during the Congress, our international after the last divorce in 1946, devoted the group set off in two coaches to travel the rest of her life to this amazing garden. It scenic Pacific Coast road northwards to is really a series of gardens with mass Santa Barbara. The tour guides were our plantings of some rare and unusual indefatigable Congress organiser, Bobbie plants. Belcher and her sister-in-law Yvonne, who Guides led us in groups of eight to mar­ were full of enthusiasm to show us more of vel at the rare cycads forming the largest the Golden State. collection in the USA, bromeliads, aloes, Our first stop was at the beautiful Santa cacti and euphorbias, Chilean wine palms Barbara Mission, which was founded by Jubaea chilensis and epiphyllums. the Franciscan Friars in 1786. After lunch Camellias were to be found, appropriately, in Carpinteria, we visited the Santa in the Japanese garden and a bloom of Barbara Botanical Gardens at Mission C.reticulata 'Buddha' was placed theatrically Canyon, which boasts 65 acres (25 at the feet of the stone Buddha. hectares) of California flora. It is divided We could have spent all day there but our into eight different habitats to represent next destination was the Firestone Winery, various regions in California, including the where we enjoyed a wine tasting and redwood forests, oak and canyon wood­ lunch. lands, meadows and deserts. It was misty Our overnight stay was at San Luis and dull, but we were able to enjoy the Obispo and we departed the following interesting plants of this region, such as morning for Hearst Castle, built by Arctostaphylos hookeri, A. manzanita, Viguiera William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), laciniata, Berberis, Penastemon, Ceonothus, newspaper publisher, tycoon and collector Heuchera, Ribes, Fremontodendron, his, of art and antiques from around the world. Dudleya, Quercus, Pinus and Salvia. He needed large houses to display his Following a very wet night, we left Santa collection! On this estate, his winter Barbara early on a pleasantly warm and home on the West Coast, the main house sunny morning, after stopping at the harbour has 115 rooms .and there are three guest­ to take photos of the picturesque coast. A houses. Situated on a hill in the Santa short journey took us to the famous gardens Lucia Mountains, with magnificent views of Lotusland, former home of Polish opera of the Pacific Ocean, it is obviously a very singer Madame Ganna Walska, who died popular attraction and well staffed to cope 72 with huge crowds. through the Del Monte Forest to Pebble We followed our guide to the Greco­ Beach, amid spectacular scenery. Roman Neptune Pool, from where we Our visit to Filoli Gardens the following climbed countless steps to terraces above day was one of the highlights of the tour. the pool area to find camellias, including The formal garden of 16 acres (6.5 C Japonica 'Pink Perfection', 'Bella hectares) is set in a beautiful woodland Romana', 'R. L. Wheeler' and area, part of a 654-acre (265-ha) estate, 'Hagoromo', planted in formal beds. As which lies on the eastern side of the Hearst was here for most of February each California Coast Range mountains about year, shrubs and trees in bloom at this time 30 miles (48 km) south of San Francisco. were planted near the house. We were welcomed by members of the From Hearst Castle we travelled to Peninsula Camellia Society and a team of Monterey where we were to stay for two guides led us through the garden, which nights. We enjoyed dinner at one of the was created in 1917 when the house was many restaurants on the wharf, and after a built for Mr. & Mrs. William Bowers leisurely start the following morning, we Bourn II. They lived there until their visited the justly famous Monterey Bay deaths in 1937 when the estate was Aquarium on Cannery Row. An afternoon acquired by Mr. & Mrs. William Roth. tour took us on the Seventeen-mile Drive, Mrs. Roth was responsible for the planting of hundreds of camellias and roses, as well as rhododendrons and magnolias. The garden consists of several distinct areas such as the rose garden, walled garden, knot gardens, sunken garden and woodland garden. There are many fine trees such as the Camperdown elm Ulmus glabra 'Camperdownii', a small dome­ shaped tree with fantastically twisted pendulous branches, huge New Zealand beech trees Nothofagus solandri, impos­ ing Irish yews Taxus baccata 'Stricta', and graceful olive trees Olea europaea. The magnolias were magnificent, especially M.campbellii and M. x soulangeana in the entrance courtyard. Our special interest in camellias was taken into account and we were given information sheets listing 119 species and cultivars. More than 300 camel­ lias are planted throughout the garden and we were allowed plenty of time to study and photograph the many japonicas and reticulatas in bloom. According to our information sheets, the oldest camellias in the garden were Rolf Tiefenbach Filoli gardens: a tour highlight. imported from Japan, by the Domoto 73

Barbara Tuffli entertaining. . Harold Paige' is in the right foreground.

Brothers' Nursery. Some examples are home-baked cakes. It was a jolly pany and japonicas 'Pink Perfection' and 'Pink when we bade farewell, our hostess kindly Ball'. Filoli also has large mature presented us with souvenir photo albums, specimens of Toichi Domoto's own each containing a photograph of her garden. introductions, japonicas .Shiro Chan', We travelled north, heading for Walnut 'Ecclefield' and 'Flame'. There are many Creek, on the outskirts of San Francisco, camellias from the Nuccio Nursery where we were to spend the last two nights notably japonicas 'Guilio Nuccio', and of the tour. The roads were busy and we 'Nuccio's Gem', and saluenensis were caught in a San Francisco traffic jam 'Buttons'n Bows'. - quite an experience. We arrived late, Filoli's house and garden were given to but just in time for the hotel's free cocktail the National Trust for Historic hour! Preservation in 1975 and is maintained by The next morning we arrived at garden of 19 staff and more than 100 garden volun­ Bob Ehrhart, former American Camellia teers. The Peninsula Camellia Society Society president. Although many of us had actively supports the staff by identifying heard of his vast collection of camellias, we the camellias, donating plants and giving were amazed to see so many camellias in cultural advice. pots (Bob says about 2,000) on terraced After an excellent lunch in a room slopes, beneath sheltering pine trees in an decorated with camellias, we left area of 5 acres (2 ha). The collection was Filoli to visit the lovely home and garden started in 1967 and one can only marvel at of Mrs. Barbara Tuffli, President of the the dedication needed to care for all these Peninsula Camellia Society. We admired plants. We spent ages looking at so many the many camellias in bloom including blooms, to mention a few - japonicas CJaponica 'Si Iver Anniversary' , C.retiCl/­ 'Thiny Drops', 'Dahlohnega', 'Fir Cone lara x japonica 'Hulyn Smith', C.reticula­ Variegated', and 'Mrs D.W. Davis ta 'William Hertrich' and' Larry Piet', and Descanso', and reticulata 'Crimson Robe'. several C.hiemalis 'Kanjiro' in tubs. We We gathered at the house and refreshments met members of the Peninsula Camellia were served: two huge iced cakes with the Society and enjoyed tea and delicious greeting "Welcome lCS Camellia 74 Friends". President Pat Macdonald and it was pleasant to wander along thanked our host and after many farewells meandering paths through the different we were on our way to the Fisherman's areas, including some with camellias. Wharf for lunch. Time was limited, so only the truly ener­ In the afternoon we had a tour of the getic managed to lake in the arboretum as residential areas of San Francisco and well as the gardens. the towering heights above the city. It The tour ended with a farewell dinner was a fine, clear day and the view from at the hotel. Speeches were made and the Twin Peaks was excellent. Our last glowing tributes were paid to Bobbie and stop was at the Strybing Arboretum and Yvonne and our coach drivers. Botan ical Garden at San Francisco's However, those of us on Yvonne's coach Golden Gate Park. This botanical garden had another journey next day, from San has a fine collection of plants from the Francisco to Los Angeles airport, along world's Mediterranean and mild temperate Highway 99, the "Blossom Trail". zones, and tropical mountain regions. We were free to tour the gardens on our own Mayda Reynolds is a past-president of the ICS living in Jersey.

Camellias in pots cover the slopes at Bob ErhaI1's Bob uses a commercial refrigerator to store garden in Walnut Creek. blooms For shows. 75 THE SACRAMENTO EXTENSION Roger Brehaut

LEPROLONGEMENTDESACRAMENTO DIE VERLANGERUNG DES AUSFLUGS NACH SACRAMENTO

In 1983 the Camellia Society of we were able to admire the prize blooms, Sacramento hosted the International and the impressive collection of trophies to Camellia Congress, and the organisers of be awarded. The hall included an excellent the 2001 Congress offered an extension of set of information placards on subjects the Post-Congress Tour, to include this such as camellia species, varieties, cultiva­ year's Sacramento Camellia Show. There tion, pests and diseases, and how to pre­ was insufficient interest in this option for it pare blooms for entry in a show. There to take place. Nevertheless seven UK and were also stalls for sales of plants and art, Channel Islands participants from the Los and providing refreshments, including ice Angeles Congress travelled to Sacramento cream. on their own for the local society's 77th And there was a stand with information Annual Show. about Matsuyama, Sacramento's Sister Arriving in late morning, we made our City in Japan. Begun in 1981, with the way to the venue to find a notice reading establishment of the Matsuyama­ "Open to the general public at 3 pm". Our Sacramento Sister City Corporation, the time being limited, we cautiously peered mission is to create rapport between the through the door to be warmly welcomed cities by exchanging cultural, civic, educa­ and invited to look around the tables while tional, commercial and industrial activi­ the judging proceeded. In the afternoon, ties. The camellia is the symbolic flower of

Honours but no prizes: three 'Nuccio's Carousel' with five' Night Rider' and five 'Tiny Princess' behind. 76 both cities. the gold rush days was James Warren, a Although admission to the show was nurseryman and florist from . He free, visitors were invited to buy a camel­ soon realised that he had a better chance of lia button to help defray costs. A competi­ making money by continuing in his old tion is held each year among art students trade than by searching for gold. In 1852 for the design of the button. he advertised in the local newspaper, "A The culmination of our welcome was splendid set of roots, roses, camel­ when the seven of us were invited to the lias, grape vines, etc., will be ready for home of one of the members for an examination in our hall on Monday." In evening of camellia chat, and refresh­ 1853, he wrote of the camellia, "This truly ments. Sadly, we learned that the 10-day magnificent plant, unsurpassed in loveli­ Camellia Festival, which had been held for ness, will ere long, become aclimated with 40 years, was discontinued after 1994 us, to form our pride as an omamental tree because of increasing financial difficulties. in our garden." Sacramento's second claim to fame is its The annual camellia show started in association with camellias, which is tied to 1925, and in 1941 the City Council adopt­ its first claim to fame: the discovery of ed the camellia as its official flower. In gold there in 1848. Tens of thousands of 1953 the Camellia Festival Association of prospectors flocked to the area. Being situ­ Sacramento was formed, and after pro­ ated near the centre of California, in rich claiming Sacramento "The Camellia agricultural land, at the confluence of two Capital of the World", held its first rivers, it was chosen as the state capital in Camellia Festival in March 1954. 1850. Ten years later a description of the fes­ Among those attracted to Sacramento in tival in the Inrernational Camellia Journal

,Baronne de Bleichroeder' in the Capitol Park. 77

Old camellias fill the park with the Capitol building in the background. listed some of the events. The election of dating from the 1860s, is surrounded by 40 nine Camellia Princesses from among acres (16 hectares) of park land with whom a Camellia Queen would be chosen; mature plants from allover the world. The a Camellia Ball; the presentation of a Capitol Park contains many fine trees, camellia plant to all babies born during the sometimes planted to commemorate a par­ period; the Pink Perfection Lunch, with a ticular event. For example, there is a grove fashion show; a concert, based on the planted in 1897 as saplings taken from the Festival theme, by the Sacramento battlefields in memory of the veterans of Symphony Orchestra and Symphony the Civil War. A planting of California Chorus; the presentation of camellias to all Coastal Redwoods in 1921 was dedicated patients in the local hospitals and rest to the first California boy to fall in World homes; a special ballet paying tribute to War I. A more recent memorial is to camellia names and colours; the Camellia Californians who died in Vietnam. Pageant of Folk Dance: the Camellia Conspicuous were the magnolias, some Parade through the city with over 100 soaring to heights of 20m (65 ft), and the floats and 2, 000 pal1icipants; and, of squirrels scampering around the grounds. course, the Annual Camellia show involv­ As for the camellias, one account says ing over 10,000 blooms, and demonstra­ that there are 2,600 plants of 600 varieties, tions of such activities as grafting and cor­ while another claims 2,800 plants and over sage making. 800 varieties. They are pal1icularly con­ The California State Capitol building, centrated in the Pioneer Camellia Grove 78 on the north side if the park, dedicated to two oldest stand either side of the main the early builders of California. Most were entrance. The formal double pink remind­ planted between 50 and 60 years ago, ed us of 'Mathotiana Rosea', while the although some are older. The majority deep red anemone type looked rather like seem to be labelled, but in view of the size 'Cliveana'. We judged both trees to be of the trees, typically 5 - 6m (16-23 ft) tall over 6m (20 ft) tall, and measured the with a l5cm (6 in) trunk diameter, it can be trunk diameter near the base at 32cm (12.5 time-consuming to locate the label. With in). The curator told us that he believed such a large collection there is little point them to date from the building of the in mentioning individuals. But an impres­ house, over 120 years ago. sive 'Empress of Russia' caught our eye, We thoroughly enjoyed our three days "' as did many relatively unfamiliar names, in Sacramento, and to those who opted not such as 'Mrs Abby Wilder', 'Eureka Red' , to go, we can only say: you missed a treat. " and 'Baronne de Bleichroeder'. It is said that there are over a million References camellias planted in Sacramento, and they Olrich, Jerry. 1964. "Sacramento the are certainly conspicuous along the streets, Camellia Capital".International Camellia around churches and public buildings, and Journal; VoU No.2, p.73. in private gardens. We visited the Combatalade, EA 1965. "The Story of Governor's Mansion, built in 1877 by Sacramento's Camellia Festival". Albert Gallatin, a prosperous merchant, International Camellia Journal; VoLl and bought in 1903 by the State of No.3, p. 32. California as a home for the State Perring, Cicely. 1983. "Sacramento Governor. Thirteen governors lived in the Congress, California U.S.A."International house during the next 64 years, the last Camellia Journal; No.15, p. 8. occupants being Ronald and Nancy Reagan, in 1967. Roger Brehaut is an ICS member in I Mrs. Reagan did not like the house, and Guernsey, Channel Islands. He and his " they moved out before their term of office wife Dorothy contributed the 1996 Journal ended, when the building was designated a article "On the Trail of Wild Camellias in State Historical Landmark. There are sev­ Yunnan and Sichuan". eral camellia trees in the grounds, but the

",' 79 CAMELLIAS AT THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, MELBOURNE Dr. R. M. Withers

LE CAMELIA AUX ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS (JARDINS BOTANIQUES ROYAUX) DE MELBOURNE. KAMELIEN 1M KONIGLICHEN BOTANISCHEN GARTEN IN MELBOURNE

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, consisting of herself, Michelle Arundell, in Victoria, Australia, which earlier this Ken Brown, the late Tom Savige, myself, year were designated an International and (in 1993) Erica McMinn. We viewed Camellia Society Garden of Excellence the camellias as they flowered and at (see p.26) - have some 800 camellias. frequent intervals throughout the flow­ That is a far cry from 1851, when Henry ering season, beginning with cultivars of Ginn listed five camellias as growing in C.sasanqua in March and continuing until the Gardens - C.welbeckii (probably the cultivars of C japonica had finished C japonica 'Welbankiana'), C.variegata, flowering in November. C.'Double Red', C.'Peonia Flora' (probably We achieved considerable success in C,japonica 'Paeoniiflora'), and C.'Rubra'. It naming a great number of camellias, is unlikely that any of the originals remain. relabelling them and forming a grid for Baron von Mueller's "Plants Under future reference as to their location. Cultivation in the Melbourne Botanic Although we made great progress, there Gardens 1858" mentions only two camellias: was still a lot of work to be done. This con­ Camellia japonica and Thea sinensis (syn. tinued throughout the flowering seasons of Camellia sinensis). later years. We certainly have to thank William In his Annual Report of 1875, Guilfoyle Guilfoyle (Director 1873-1909) for plant­ listed 85 camellia cultivars as having been ing large numbers of camellias in the planted in the gardens between 1873 and Gardens. Guilfoyle labelled his plants 1875. Our group was able to identify more with painted timber signs, which, in addi­ than 20 of the plants, including the culti­ tion to the plant's name, included the name vars 'Arciduchessa Augusta', 'Azurea', of the botanist who described the plant, the 'Bronachia', 'Cadroe', 'Helenor' and its natural order to which it belonged, and its sports 'Redgrove' and 'Tabbs', 'Henri country of origin. Favre', 'Lady Belmore', 'Lady Parker', He was also responsible for the wonderful 'Myrtifolia (Australia)' and 'Woodsii'. landscaping in the gardens. Guilfoyle also mentioned C.reticulata With the passage of time, the writing on but we could not locate this plant. many of GuilfoyIe's labels was obliterated, In his Annual Report of 1876, Guilfoyle so that many of the old camellias no longer. listed a further 24 Cjaponica cultivars had names. As a result, early in 1992, which had been planted since May 1875, Jenny Happell, leader of the Voluntary but we were unable to identify any of Guides, formed a re-identification group, these. 80 There are many other old japonica culti­ val's in the Gardens of special interest, apart from those already mentioned. One of the oldest and largest is 'Anemoniflora' near the Herbarium. On the western side of the Director's residence is a plant of 'Pompone' with examples of its sports, 'Paeoniiflora' and 'Paeoniiflora Alba'. Nearby is a large plant of 'Hagoromo' (' Magnoliiflora') and a plant of 'Tricolor' . On the edge of the lawn behind the Herbarium is a plant of 'Emperor of Russia Variegated'. Its flowers vary greatly in form and degree of variegation. Other old cultivars in the main camellia beds are: 'Albertii' 'Angela Cocchi', 'C.M. Hovey', 'Cassandra', 'Chandleri', 'Como', 'Constance', 'Contessa Calini', 'Fannie Sanchio]i', 'Francois Wiot', 'Gloire de Nantes', 'Grandiflora Rosea', 'Great Eastern', 'La Pace Rubra', 'Lady Clare' 'Albertii' ('Akashigata'), 'Leviathan', 'Madame Louis van Houtte', 'Marina', 'Mrs Anne Marie Hovey', 'Otome', 'Purple Woronzoff' (also known as 'Lavendel '), 'Professore Giovanni Santarelli', 'Pukekura', 'Rossii', 'Ruth Kemp', 'Sacco', 'Speciosa', 'Speciosissima', 'Tokyo', and 'Valma Grantham' and its red sport. Many large plants of 'Alba Plena' are to be found. And a large plant of 'Lady Loch' is near the largest oak tree in the Gardens, Quercus canariensis, the Algerian oak planted by Lady Loch on 15 November 1809. In the round bend opposite the Director's residence is a magnificent old plant of 'Yae-wabisuke'. I have no record of when this was planted in the Gardens.

The Jessep Era Alex Jessep was Director of the Gardens during the period j 941-1957 and he was responsible for planting the English oak, .Leviathan' 81 Quercus rabur, in the Western Lawn just named in 1949 by Walter Hazlewood after before his retirement. He was able to a Sydney horticulturalist. obtain the original stock plant of 'The An article written by Alex Jessep and Czar', which is planted on the southern published in the ACRS Camellia Annual boundary of the main camellia bed. This No.2, of December 1955, was entitled camellia was originated early in the 20th "Old Sasanqua Camellias planted at the century in Australia by Neil Breslin of East Melbourne Botanic Gardens". In the arti­ Camberwell, Victoria. cle he said that the C.reticulata mentioned During Jessep's directorship, many by Guilfoyle in 1875 could no longer be Australian-raised japonica seedlings were found and that the oldest reticulata in the planted in the Gardens. 'Mrs Bell' was Gardens, donated in 1905 by Alister Clark, raised in Sydney and named by GA.Bell had been imported from England. This is a in 1879. 'Pilida', which originated at the very stunted plant growing in the bed Gardens and was named in 1945, is grow­ opposite the Director's residence. ing in the small bed on the south border of Jessep stated that in 1915, Melbourne the Oak Lawn. 'William Honey' was nurseryman R.W. Hodgins imported 25 named after a horticulturalist. 'Dorothy plants, representing five cultivars, of Jessep', named in 1952 after the wife of c.sasanqua from Japan. He donated one of Alex Jessep, is growing on the border each to the Gardens: 'Azuma-nishiki', along the path on the west of the Director's residence. 'A.W. Jessep', named in 1950, is growing in the bed to the east of the old Kiosk. 'Edward Marsh', named in 1956 by A.L. Stewart, an early officer of the Austrailian Camellia Research Society; 'George Russ', named after the former head gardener at Burnley Horticultural College; and 'Winifred Clendennin', named after the wife of a Melbourne radi­ ologist and prominent horticulturalist, are growing in the bed along the path behind the old Kiosk. 'Henry Turnbull', named in 1950, is growing beside the path to the west of the Director's residence. 'John Medley', near the Director's residence, was named after a former Vice Chancellor of Melbourne University. 'Melbourne White', growing in the main camellia bed, was named by Dr. C.R. Merrillees in 1953. 'Burnham Beeches' was named in 1952 by Professor E.G. Waterhouse after the property of the Nicholas family, owners of a pharmaceuti­ cal firm that made the well-known anal­ gesic Aspro. 'Thomas Treseder' was Original plant of 'The Czar'. 82 'Fukuzutsumi' (erroneously 'Apple duction is C.reticulata 'Fred Tuckfield', Blossom'), 'Mikunik6, 'Mine-no-yuki' the largest plant of this cultivar I have seen. and 'Onigoromo'. Nearby is the largest plant I have seen of We have been able to locate all the of the C.crapnelliana and; in another bed, two of sasanquas mentioned. 'Azuma-nishiki', the largest plants I have seen of C.sinensis 'Fukuzutsumi' and 'Mikunik6' are grow­ var. sinensis. Among the hybrids are large ing along the northern boundary, plants of 'Fragrant Pink'· and 'Pink 'Onigoromo' near B Gate, and 'Mine-no­ Cascade'. yuki' in the main camellia bed. Jessep stat­ An exciting discovery in recent years ed that 'Mine-no-yuki' was situated under was three plants of the graft chimera the dense shade of some large trees and 'Daisy Eagleson'. These were grown from was stunted in growth, but it is now more scions of 'Daisy Eagleson' grafted onto

exposed and growing and flowering well. C.sasanqua understocks by Erica .~ Jessep also said that a light pink coloured McMinn. They contain branches with typ­ camellia labelled C.sasanqua 'Rosea' was ical leaves and flowers of the sasanqua not the original plant mentioned by 'Maiden's Blush' ,other branches with typ­ Guilfoyle and was planted after 1896. This ical leaves and flowers of the japonica is the oldest sasanqua in the Gardens and is seedling used for the original graft into located near B gate. He said that a number 'Maiden's Blush' rootstock to obtain the of sasanqua seedlings had been planted; if chimera, and still other branches of the they were white with pink markings they chimera 'Daisy Eagleson' itself. were usually called 'Apple Blossom', and Dr. William Ackerman wrote in "The if a pink, 'Rosea'. This agrees with our Camellia" (American Camellia Society, observations. 1978), edited by David Feathers and Jessep stated that after 1945 several Milton H. Brown, that 'Daisy Eagleson' is newer sasanqua cultivars were planted in only the third, fully authenticated woody the Gardens, and in 1955 six new cultivars graft chimera". It was originated in 1954 were imported from the USA. through grafting by Tom Eagleson of Port There are large plants of many other cul­ Arthur, Texas. "A scion of CJaponica L. (a tivars of C.sasanqua to be found growing diploid) was grafted into a rootstock of in the Gardens, including 'Benizuru', C.sasanqua Thumb 'Maiden's Blush' (a 'Enid', 'Momozono', 'Plantation Pink', hexaploid). The new cultivar was a graft 'Setsugekka', and 'Kanjir6 ('Hiryu' chimera withepidennal tissue of C.sasan­ Australia), a C.hiemalis species often con­ qua and internal tissue of CJaponica." sidered a sasanqua hybrid. Ackerman reported that "many charac­ ters of the chimera showed complete inde­ Post Jessep pendence and some showed an interaction Since the directorship of Alex Jessep, between the two components. One entirely plantings of camellias have continued in new character was found: chimeral flowers

the Gardens, including newer cultivars of had 6 to 8 styles, in contrast to the 3 styles I sasanqua, japonica, reticulata, and various typical of the component species." "i hybrids and species. One of the major con­ Seeds were obtained from the C.sasan­ tributors of plants during the past 20 years qua component. These have been sown was the late Len Hobbs. and results are awaited with interest. Also, One plant of comparatively recent intro­ a number of grafts have been done using 83 discuss a proposal to establish an Australian National Reference Collection of Camellias at the Gardens. The discus­ sions proved fruitful and, later in 1996, the Gardens' Camellia Collection was made the Australian National Reference Collection of the Australian Camellia Research Society. A new Master Plan of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne was published in 1997 listing the following objectives for various categories of the Camellia Collection.

Camellia species I. Demonstrate the diversity of species within the genus Camellia. 'Dorothy Jessep' 2. Provide reference material for research. 3. Demonstrate plants which have cultural, scions from both components of the par­ ornamental, economic and medicinal use. ent. Some have produced typical plants of 4. Conserve rare and endangered Camellia 'Maiden's Blush'; others have produced taxa and interpret the importance of con­ plants with typical C japonica leaves; and serving threatened populations. still others with some stems with typical 5. Demonstrate plants with horticultural c.sasanqua leaves and some stems with potential in southeastern Australia. typical C japonica leaves. 6. Demonstrate parent plants of common cultivars. Reference Collection On May 1996 I arranged for the National Camellia cultivars. (Non-Australian) President of the ACRS, Maurie Ashworth, I. Demonstrate the diversity that can be to meet the Director of the Royal Botanic achieved in one species through selection Gardens, Melbourne, Dr. Philip Moors, to and hybridising.

'A.W. Jessep' 84 2. Display a range of camellia cultivars with sheltered conditions should be used. developed world-wide. Possible sites include the shaded sides of 3. Display some well-known cultivars. beds on the Princes Lawn, or as a replace­ 4. Demonstrate some early Chinese culti­ ment for the poorly performing rhododen­ vars that pre-dated camellia introduction drons in the Director's Tunnel, or Gardens into Europe, to highlight the Asian origin House. of camellias. 2. Reduce the repetition of some common stock in the camellia bed and increase the Camellia Cultivars (Australian) range of representative species and culti­ 1. Demonstrate a full range of camellia vars in the categories described above. cultivars developed by early Australian 3. Work with the Australian Camellia camellia breeders. Research Society in the future development 2. Demonstrate a representative range of of the collection. camellias bred in Australia in the 20th 4. Construct a path through the camellia century and continuing into the 21st cen­ bed to improve access to the collection. tury. 3. Display the diversity that can be Dr. Bob Withers is a holder ofthe Veitch achieved in one species through selection Memorial Gold Medal awarded by the and hybridising. Royal HorticulturalSociety (London). He 4. Display a range of camellias which have is already planning afull day's visit to the a relationship to prominent plants people Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, with in Victoria. guided tours and presentations on the his­ tory of the Gardens and its camellias, for Recommendations an application by the Australia Region to 1. Maintain the focus of the camellia col­ host an International Camellia Congress lection at the camellia bed at the northern in Melbourne following the 2005 Congress end of the Oak Lawn. If space for addi­ in Locarno. tional plantings is needed, nearby beds 85 OBITUARIES CARNET DE DEUIL VERSTORBEN iH~'

Jean Laborey He was the author of many articles, and It is with great sadness that we report the his book, "Les Camelias", was a reference. death of Jean Laborey at the age of 91. He It is the only complete works on this sub­ served as a director of the International ject written by a French citizen in the last Camellia Society for France for 12 years 30 years. (1983 - 1994). Jean was always available to give pre­ A horticultural engineer who graduated cious advice and possibly the address from the National Higher School of where we could find a camellia. Horticulture (Ecole Nationale Superieure In the Netherlands, he was awarded the d'Horticulture) at Versailles, Jean Laborey Oranje Nassau, and in France, the Merite was internationally renowned in the field agricole by the Ministry of Agriculture. of horticulture. He retired in 1975 after a A great camellia specialist has left us; we particularly rich professional life. will miss his charisma and his warmth. He successfully acclimatised a multitude Max Hill of plants collected during his travels over­ seas, in his magnificent garden in Ploumanah, on the north coast of Brittany. A fine collection of camellias thrives in this garden; Jean was particularly fond of simple flowers, especially Higo camellias. With his friend Claude Thoby, who also was an ICS director for France, he renewed the popularity of camellias in the country by demystifying the, often false, reputation of this magnificent shrub. He was a talented organiser of trips and all those who accompanied him to the rcs conferences appreciated his enthusiasm and his gifts as an orator. He organised study trips to Japan, New Zealand and the USA, to name just a few. He knew the most beautiful camellia gardens and the biggest camellia specialists. During his time as the president of the "Camellia section" of the French National HOt1icuiturai Society (Societe Nationale , .-.tL!'G~~ d'Horticulture de France), Jean also took Jean Laborey in his garden part in numerous events, including those at the botanical gardens (Parc Floral) in Paris. 86 Nancy Tooby Nancy was born in March 1922 in a During the summer, the International snow- and ice-bound Saskatchewan, Camellia Society lost one of it staunchest Canada. She was premature and so tiny it supporters and most tireless workers, was doubtful if she would survive. But she Nancy Tooby, wife of the fourth president quickly showed the tenacity and will for of the ICS, John Tooby. which she was known throughout her life. One of her greatest joys and contribu­ Her family returned to England when she tions was in flower arranging. For many was three. At age 19, she drove a Red years, she helped Joyce Wyndham, who Cross ambulance, transporting wounded also died this year, with the ICS stand at soldiers from the train at Worcester station the Royal Horticultural Society shows in to their assigned hospitals. She remained London. John and Nancy filled their car an active supporter of Red Cross and gave with blooms from their Bransford garden an annual garden party to raise funds. and drove for more than three hours to get Nancy is buried in the cemetery beside to London at the crack of dawn to help set the tiny, ancient, candle-lit church hidden everything up. At the UK Region weekend in the rough countryside just down the events, it was always a joy to be greeted lane. She and John were its mainstays, pro­ with large arrangements of camellias in the viding flowers and resisting all attempts to hotel foyer and then, for each guest, a install electricity. small vase of camellias in their bedroom. Elizabeth Scott-Moncrieff Nancy was always involved in making these arrangements. Joyce Wyndham She contributed in many other ways. The passing of Joyce Wyndham in the John was the camellia expert and Nancy spring of 200 I deprives the rcs of an out­ gave him her total support. At ICS confer­ standing contributor to its well being over ences she made sure, with tact and kind­ a period of many years. Joyce was an out­ ness, that all newcomers felt included. She standing artist as was documented in the managed to communicate with those who 1986 Journal when she became a UK spoke little or no English - lack of a Region Director, a post she held with dis­ common language was no barrier for tinction until 199 I. Nancy. She used her artistic talents in designing items for the UK Region to sell to raise funds, notably the very popular head squares and scarves. Many members treas­ ure the paintings Joyce produced and sold. She was commissioned by the de Rothschilds to paint camellias and other plants at Exbury Gardens. A great tribute to her talent. UK members will remember her as the organiser of very successful weekend con­ ferences and garden visits. These events were always notable for large attendance and happy atmosphere due to the meticu­ Nancy and John Tooby in their garden. lous preparation and organisation. 87 chased a very similar specimen from the Woolworth variety store chain many years before for one shilling and sixpence. It was not quite what the garden owner expected, but it made sense and he put that label on the plant. Geoffrey Yates

Violet May Stone Vi Stone, a former vice-president and a director of the USA Region, died in October. Her obituary will appear in the 2002 Journal. Joyce Wyndham in the early J9805.

She was just as successful in staging exhibits on behalf of the [CS at Royal Horticultural Society shows. Optimistically, she would always say, "This time we are going for gold". But the closest she came amongst the many medals was a silver gilt. Any medal achieved by an amateur exhibitor or a specialist society is highly commendable. She also mounted the [CS stand at the 1985 Chelsea Flower Show at the request of the then President Violet Lort-Phillips. Because it is held in May, at the close of the camellia season, Chelsea presents a difficult challenge. The solution - wiring blooms of •Alexander Hunter' through the calyx to the stem enabled the blooms to last the entire five days of the show. The event was described by Joyce in the 1985 Journal and reprinted in the [998 Journal on p. 25. My family will always remember her for a sharp sense of humour. On one occasion, at an ICS visit to a large garden in Hampshire, members were invited by the owner to name many large but unidentified camellias in the garden, starting with a magnificent specimen in full flower by the front of the house. Joyce immediately said, "Woolworth", adding that she had pur­ 88 BOOKS

NOUVELLES PARTUTIONS ECRITES BUCHER

"Higo Camellia, A Flower For The this flower form are considered, at first, to Third Millennium" by Franco Ghirardi have been produced by natural hybridiza­ Maria Pacini Fazzi Editore, Lucca, Italy, tion between 'Yabu-tsubaki' (the wild, or 2000 common, bush camellia, Cjaponica) and ISBN 88-7246-440-4, 166 pages 'Yuki-tsubaki' (the snow camellia or I must confess that I felt a kind of shock, Cjaponica ssp. rusticana), both species of rather than a surprise, to discover that this camellias found in Japan. Those Higo-type book was written by an overseas enthusi­ camellias were secretly collected, inherited ast, not by a Japanese. There are not so and developed by Higo samurai and their many books dealing exclusively with Higo descendants for about 170 years until they camellias, even in Japan - "Higo were revealed to the general public after Camellia" by Taizo Hiratsuka published in the Second World War. 1964 being the most famous one. Japanese In the later pages of the book, the author Higo lovers have long been hoping for a describes 118 varieties of Higo camellias: new publication including information almost all of the existing Higo cultivars, about newly made Higos. from the traditional ones, like 'Osaraku', Dr. Ghinirdi's enthusiasm for Higo 'Egao' and 'Higo-kumagai', to the newly camellias (he is the only overseas member produced ones, like 'Kyokko-kan', 'Uchu­ of the Higo Camellia Society) and his deep no-hikari' and 'Nagoi-no-haru', etc. In the understanding, not only of Higo camellias descriptions of each variety, the history, themselves but of what is underlying in flower colour, flower size, petal shape, their background, has made it possible for numbers of petals and stamens, the charac­ him to publish this wonderful book. The teristics of foliage, etc., are conscientious­ text is in Italian and English. ly covered. The beautiful, high quality In the first 43 pages, Dr. Ghirardi writes. photographs, which accompany almost all about everything related to Higo camel­ the varieties mentioned, make it easy to lias: their history, legends, traditions, ritu­ understand the descriptions and will great­ als, bonsai, the tea ceremony, the ly help hobbyists in choosing varieties to Tokugawa Dynasty and the lord of Higo, purchase. the six flowers of Higo, the characteristics Unfortunately, the author does not fol­ of Higo people, and so on. Higo is the old low the Hepburn system, officially adopt­ name of a region now called Kumamoto ed by the International Code of Prefecture, on Kyushu Island, the south­ Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants and ernmost of the four major islands of Japan. used by the "International Camellia The Higo camellia is not a species of Register" for the transliteration of the genus Camellia, but is a group name Of Japanese cultivar names. The omission of . a unique flower form characterized by a any diacritical vowel bars as used by the single, flat flower pattern with flared or Hepburn system can change the entire ringed stamens in the center. Camellias of meaning of the word in Japanese (see 1999 89 Journal. p.l25). Many of the Huntington's camellias are Despite this fault, the book will surely shown with lovely photographs. Flower be welcomed among camellia enthusiasts fonus are illustrated with drawings and of the world as the most excellent treatise photographs. Subjects include variegation, on Higo camellias, contributing to the the most common species, sports and expansion of growing Higo camellias camellia culture. worldwide. It is difficult to find a page without a In the Japanese horticultural world there photo, or at least opposite a page with one. is a saying, "Bonsai begins with pines and Splendid! ends with them again." I am determined to Herb Short return to Higo camellias again, having been inspired by this great book. As a "0 Mundo da Camelia" by Veiga camellia hobbyist born and raised in Ferreira and Maria Celina Kumamoto, I am most grateful to Dr. Gnuica de Paredes, Portugal, 2000 Ghirardi. He has reintroduced our pride, ISBN 972-95205-4-2, 172 pages Higo camellias, to the whole world. In spite of being written in Portuguese, Shigeo Matsumoto this book is definitely a must for all Maria Pacini Fazzi Editore camellia lovers as it includes 739 colour Piazza S. Romano 16 plates of identified camellias and 34 dia­ 55100 Lucca, Italy grams, which, of course, speak for them­ Tel: 39-(0)583-55530 selves. Fax: 39-(0)583-418245 In this splendid hard cover book, about [email protected] 30 Portuguese cultivars are shown and www.pacinifazzi.it identified. The authors, who are ICS members, have "Camellias" A Curator's Introduction to given special attention to important guide­ the Camellia Collection in the Huntington lines as to grow camellias in the open, in Botanical Gardens. Ann Richardson [edi­ greenhouses, in woods, in rural and city tor]. Huntington Library Press, San gardens. There are also references to Marino, California, 2001 camellia diseases and pests, and ways of ISBN 0-87328-190-X (paper); preventing them or getting nd of them. ISBN 0-87328-193-4 (cloth), 80 pages "Clara Gil de Seabra This is a revised and expanded edition Inquiries about "0 Mundo da Camelia" of an earlier book in the Huntington should be sent to: Pictorial Guide series. Ann Richardson, Eng. Veiga Ferreira who is curator of Huntington's Asian Quinta da Costo, Marecos Gardens, has created a well-presented, 4560-221 Penafiel compact book that is not only a guide to Portugal the camellias at the Huntington, but also a Fax: 351-226090036 fine introductory work for beginners and a handy general reference work for those Reprints of Old Camellia Books who like to keep things brief and beautiful. Dr. Shinichiro Kishikawa continues to There is a brief history of camellias and turn out his amazing computer reproduc­ how they got to the USA, California, the tions of rare old camellia books. In addi­ Huntington and nearby Descanso Gardens. tion to the six volumes reported in the 90 2000 Journal, p.30-31, the following four Kishikawa Camellia Book Collection 4-IV volumes are now available: "Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias", Tome 4, A. Verschaffelt, Vol.7, 1854 & Kishikawa Camellia Book Collection 3-2 Vol.8, 1855; French text with 96 color "Iconographie du Genre Camellia", Tome plates. II, M. L'Abbe Berlese, 1843; French text with color plates 101 - 200. Very few people can own rare originals. These are the next best thing, and much Kishikawa Camellia Book Collection 3-3 more practical for reference and research. "iconographie du Genre Camellia", Tome For additional information contact: III, M. L' Abbe Berlese, 1843; French text Dr. Shinichiro Kishikawa with color plates 201 - 300. 1-9-18 Chodoh Higashi-osaka city Kishikawa Camellia Book Collection 4-III Osaka-fu "Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias", 5770056 Japan Tome 3, A. Verschaffelt, Vol.5, 1852 & B-mail: [email protected] Vol.6, 1853; French text with 97 color Herb Short plates. 91 THE STORY OF CAMELLIA RETICULATA Los Angeles Congress Lecture by Clifford R. Parks

L'HISTOIRE DU CAMELIA RETICULATA DIE GESCHICHTE DER CAMELLIA RETICULATA ~y /~:f-~;:"0V\l

In 1962, I began my involvement with forms of C.reticulata forma simplex and the genus Camellia. The blooms on the Kunming cultivars are hexaploids cultivars of Camellia reticulata in the gar­ (6n=90). For more information about dens of Southern California remain one of camellia chromosomes see p.104;] my strongest impressions from my intro­ More than 30 years passed before we duction to camellias. could reconsider our early speculations on In 1963 at the Los Angeles State and Camellia reticulata and its close relatives. County Arboretum we initiated a study of In 1994, I was introduced to the great C.reticulata and its relatives, and at that diversity of camellias associated with time measured specimens of all living C.reticulata that are native to the river accessions of C.reticulata and other valley of the Jinsha Jiang, the branch of species related to it. All we had in botani­ the Yangtze in northern Yunnan and cal collections at that time were the wild­ southern Sichuan. form hexaploid, C.reticulata forma sim­ I visited and studied camellias on sev­ plex, the triploid 'Captain Rawes', the eral trips to this area in 1994, 1996, 1997 hexaploid Kunming cultivars, a hexaploid and 2000. In the decade before, Dr. Chang with red anthers before anthesis, C.pitardii Hung-ta had named a large number of var.yunnanica, and two similar diploids, camellia species from this area. I have had C.pitardii var. pitardii and C.saluenensis. difficulty distinguishing many of these After completing that study, we con­ taxa, and it gradually has become obvious cluded the hexaploids were closely related, that identification of a specimen is only and the two diploids were very similar and possible with knowledge of the site of probably not distinct at the species level collection. (Parks et ai, 1963). That was as far as it During these trips I became acquainted was possible to go with the living mate­ with Xiao Tiao-jiang from the Kunming rials we had available to us. Institute of Botany. Mr. Xiao and Madam [Note: The base number, or haploid Xia Lifang of the same institute have stud­ number, in camellias is 15 (n=15). Most ied the chromosome numbers of the varieties of C japonica are diploid camellias related to C.reticulata. Xiao (2n=30). The triploid 'Captain Rawes' is helped me collect samples for laboratory 3n=45. Tetraploids, such as C.granthami~, analysis, and he later joined my laboratory ana, are 4n=60. Pentaploids, such as group at the University of North Carolina C.sasanqua 'Narumigata', are 5n=75, as a graduate student. while almost all of the sasanquas, the wild In 1996, Xiao reported that these species 92 Figure I, Chromosome numbers of the Jinsha Jiang camellias (reprinted from Parks and Xiao. 1998),

(I) Diploid morphologically similar to C.re/ieulala in Yanbian. Sichuan (2n=30) (2) Diploid morphologically similar to C.reliculata in Huaping, Yunnan (2n=30) (3) Cjinshajiangica in Xiaobaoding. Dukou. hexaploid (2n=90) (4) C.albosericea in Xiaobaoding. Dukou, hexaploid (2n=90 (5) C.lanosiruba in Wale, Yanbian. tetraploid (2n=60) (6) C.brevignya in Hujiawan, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (7) C.brevipeliolata in Tangjie, Miyi. tetraploid (2n=60) (8) C.chunii in Hujiawan, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (9) C.huiliensis in Fenghe. Huili. tetraploid (2n=60) (10) C,minor in Quingganban, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (11) C.oLigophlebia in Puwei, Miyi. tetraploid (2n=60) (12) CpenlapelaLa in Yanbian. unknown chromosome number (13) Cpenlaphlax in Luojishan, Xichang. tetraploid (2n=60) (14) CpenlaphyLacoides in Longshuguo. Miyi, tetraploid (2n=60) (15) C.slochoclada in Luojishan, Xichang. (2n=60) (16) C.lenuivaLvis in Longzhoushan, Huili. diploid (2n=30) (17) C.xiehangensis in Luojishan, Xichang, tetraploid (2n=60) (18) C.subliberopetaLa in Huili-Dukou border. hexaploid (2n=90) (19) CpheLLoderma in Dahuoshan, Guosheng, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (20) C.baiLinshanica in Dongbawan. Guosheng, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (21) C.bambusifoLia in Dahua, Guosheng. Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (22) C.kandianiea in Yangzhuchang, Gosheng, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) (23) C.brevicoLwnna in Dabi, Guosheng, Yanbian, tetraploid (2n=60) 93 are arranged in a polyploid series of reticulata (Xia et ai, 1994). diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. 2. A second group of diploids with near­ Xiao's distribution of chromosome num­ white to pink flowers occurs widely over bers in the Jinshajiang valley is presented southern Sichuan and Yunnan and has in Figure I as a basis for grouping this much smaller leaves and flowers than the large number of species which are related red-flowered individuals. The populations to C.reticulata. For convenience in this of the white-to-pink-flowered diploids discussion, this group of species is termed have been given several names, including the "reticulata complex". Xiao and I pub­ C.saluenensis, C pitardii var. pitardii, lished a summary of the Jinsha Jiang C.huiliensis, and others. camellias in 1998 (Parks and Xiao, 1998). 3. A third recognizably different diploid, Note in Figure 1 the tetraploids are C.tenuivalvis, is found on the upper slopes mostly distributed in southern Sichuan of Longzhoushan, a mountain in southern while the hexaploids are more abundant in Sichuan, near the town of Huili. northern Yunnan. The diploids are scat­ There are two similar, but recognizably tered over the entire range. different, groups of tetraploids in southern There are three distinctly different Sichuan: groups of diploids: 1. West of the Jinsha Jiang, the tetraploids I. The ones with red flowers and coarse are fairly widespread and typically have foliage occur in southern Sichuan within red flowers and morphological structures the vicinity of Huaping and Yanbian, smaller than those of the red diploid popu­ which are close to the Yunnan-Sichuan lations in the same area. As with the red border. In Xia Lifang's lecture at the 1996 diploid, individuals in populations Val)' Symposium on Reticulata at Kunming, she greatly in the intensity of red coloration said: "The diploid types of C.reticulata (See Figure 2 showing population varia­ were were first discovered in Hauping tion in red intensity); however, the hue County of Yunnan and Yanbian County of of red pigmentation is the same in all Sichuan and were identified by Prof. Min populations of the red diploids and Tianlu at the Kunming Institute of Botany" tetraploids. (1996 Journal, p.59). It was her opinion 2. On the eastern side of the Jinsha Jiang, that they are diploid forms of Camellia there are extensive populations of slightly

Figure 2. Variation in intensity of red pigmentation Figure 3. Variation in intensity of white to deep in flowers from different plants of the tetraploid pink pigmentation in flowers from different plants Cnlllellia brevignyn collected at Guosheng, of the tetraploid Cnmellia boreali-Ylmnanica col­ Sichuan. lected in Poisen Anise Canyon. Xichang, Sichuan. 94 more robust tetraploids with flowers that We sampled populations from all of the range from nearly white to medium pink. five groupings I mentioned above. We took Figure 3 is an illustration of a population detailed measurements from floral and that is highly variable in the intensity of foliar structures fromlO or more plants per pink pigmentation. The flower colors are population. By this means we hoped to the same as the C.saluenensis group, but determine if the variation between species the tetraploids have larger morphological (populations) is continuous or discontinu­ structures. ous. Discontinuous patterns of variation The hexaploids are widespread but more would show the populations to be different abundant in Yunnan. They are highly vari­ and support subdivision into distinct able from population to population with species, while continuous variation would regard to both the size of structures and provide evidence that some of the Chang flower color. The white-to-pink-flowered species should be merged. Our route was hexaploids C.pitardii var. yunnanica are designed to visit as many different popula­ very difficult to distinguish from the tions of the "reticulata complex" as possi­ tetraploids of the same flower color, iden­ ble. Our route is pictured on the map in tified here as C.boreali-yunnanica. Figure 4. In the 1998 article, Xiao and I grouped The populations we visited are listed in all of the species Chang named from this Table 1 with locality, chromosome number area into five groups: two diploid, two category, and our best estimate of the cor­ tetraploid, and one hexaploid. We suggest­ rect Chang species name. For discussion ed that the validity of the species from this the populations are grouped in Table I by area could not be evaluated without more the five flower colors - chromosome study of the wild populations. number categories, as follows: red [Editor's note: Readers can find several diploids, pink diploids, red tetraploids, articles in the 1996 Journal on this subject. pink tetraploids, and hexaploids. Included are the 1996 collecting tour of Dr. In order to be efficient in recording data, Parks (p.20-25), the red camellias in the 45 floral and foliar characteristics includ­ Jinshajiang Valley (p.58-61), and the ing color and size of the bracts, perianth, International Symposium on Camellia androecium, gynoecium, and foliage were Reticulata (p.61-68).] printed on standardized data sheets before going to China. Data for each of the 10 or The Winter 2000 Collecting Trip more plants collected from each study site Even after visiting the sites of the wild each day were recorded on the prepared plant and cultivating wild collected speci­ data sheets in the evenings. Since it was mens, I still find it impossible to distin­ early spring, fruit were usually not avail­ guish many of the species recently able, but fruit data was gleaned from vari­ described by Dr. Chang, which fall into the ous sources, so we have approximate five general groupings I define above. In information on fruit characteristics. The the effort to better understand the Chang recording of data was a tedious job, but the species, we returned to northern Yunnan other members assisted me in recording and southern Sichuan in the late winter 'Of data, and for that I was very grateful. After 2000 to take detailed measurements on returning home, the data was transferred to plants from a large number of natural pop­ Excel, a spread sheet computer program, ulations. ­ for analysis. 95

Ar s vi it

.s / I I /)} •

Figure 4. The route we followed on our spring 2000 collecting trip in Yunnan and Sichuan. (Adapted from a map prepared by Dr. Tomasl Anisko of Longwood Gardens, Kennell Square, PA, USA. 96

Ctillrcllaln LacIUf)' S-prdo olmr.•aU JIlo .. r ClJIUf, Obnnlti101 __' ~ Nlllnticf

..: .ll1W>u;.'.stai'iliiil, - :z:..m;... ~'1 - ~~. -iiiihufJ&ij:"~..~,S\Cliii;a ._­ 1,""w'Wjl_I') (~l: IlcC' •.a::- --' D"'~'iOiZI.".MiEIiirCUiiii,):'Sitmn;-HullO;-i'lftnlrliaNlf-»Qaurlii< Ob-PhlIi

enllrc-llim l.ru~lIlh • S[ltd'" namr. AliLl Ftu\\'rr Cohw\ ·hrIJI'tItl~IJll,C'.1t j'lulAhn

,1"-{Xk:h~n9~I!o\4w.s(;l,t o1l1 ...XJdUIl1~.s..:. I m:wl*J-WU.iIlIUI.=.C,OO)r ,

·1I'''l'i,,;;-(R~.,,1rj,~luipl''Il.-'flii)l1''' 'dlrlt;1iL.l"re1ii;:1II:tI"~O}rRl:"d

- ·II'upln;1Reom.."1.·Huoplnl'"'iiliilClll 'diplol"....,I.,JI,..~O};Jl.,

tllrrrmr'~uJ:r·'nt ~.J-1-t""l"-1bn)r.'flJ"" ..' -e:-,nl n...-ell'j 1;ib1'"1't". • ' itt",h...-(!'I",r-IlnIi~·V" ', "lrtlfrlfPin• " Ct1u.m.n IQlfa 1I'I1;t'Yn,,,r''',,..m·('i''l'

Table I, Locality information and species determination for each collection site (Color coding on all tables is the same with green designating red flower color and pink designating white to pink colors. The num­ ber of lines indicates the chromosome number with one line indicating diploid, two lines indicating tetraploid and t!u'ee lines indicating hexaploid,) 97 Some of the traits showed no significant Pubescence patterns are presented in Table variation between populations, and these 4. Note that there are significant differ­ traits were dropped from the study. ences in the amount of hair on the outside However, 30 of the measured traits were of of the petals and the inside of the bracts, some interest and the summary of these with more pubescence on plants of the red measurements are presented in four tables diploid, red tetraploid, and hexaploids (tables 2-5). In the tables similar popula­ groups. tions are grouped in the five categories These traits will not fully separate the presented in Table 1 since the plants in dif­ populations. Foliar traits are presented in ferent populations of the same category are Table 5. Pubescence is occasional on the generally quite similar. twigs and petioles but is not diagnostic. On In Table 2 the number and size of petals the leaves, pubescence has the same pat­ are presented. There are somewhat differ­ tern on the lower side of the leaves as it ent average values, but the variation is does on the outside of the petals and the continuous and these traits cannot be used inside of the bracts. There are significant to separate populations. The depth of the differences in average leaf size, but the notch at the tip of the petal is less in the red range in leaf sizes overlaps in all cases. tetraploids, but it is not diagnostic. The The portion of the leaf that is serrated (the fusion of petals to petals and petals to base is usually not serrated) and the length filaments varies, but these traits do not of the petiole are not diagnostic. separate the groups, either. Flower color falls into two categories Some of these characteristics have been that are clearly separate. The red diploids used by Chang to characterize the species and tetraploids have exactly the same hue named from the Jinshajiang Valley (see of red, and it has a measurably larger com­ Parks and Xiao, 1998), but measurements ponent of orange than is found in the red from many individuals in a population hexaploids. The white or pink diploids and show these traits to vary continuously. tetraploids have pale pigmentation with Table 3 lists six traits associated with the more of a lavender component, and the androecium and the gynoecium. The color is never intense, but can be highly degree of fusion of the filaments does not variable. significantly differ among any of these Figure 3 shows the array of pink shades populations, but there are substantial dif­ found in the putative tetraploid population ferences in the average androecial and 16. A low frequency of individuals of the gynoeciallength; however, the variation is pink diploids, pink tetraploids and all of continuous. The styles and filaments are the pink hexaploids we have examined roughly of similar length. Most individu­ have filaments that are red or pink before als in all populations have three locules, anthesis. This trait has not been found in but occasionally individuals with two or the red diploids, tetraploids or wild red four occur - and on rare occasions, even hexaploids. Xiao et al (1996) found that five. the white tetraploids have a different Styles are mostly fused, but this trait is characteristic in the pollen wall. variable from individual to individuaL Although fruit was not available on the Again, while there are differences in aver­ 2000 study trip, fruit was collected from ages among the categories, none of these some wild populations in September of traits can be used to separate them. 1997. Dried fruit has also been found in 98

"Ufl'"1111U I.fll'llif) "i1H'C'lr\ Ulmll!,lInLll'ltll'll:f rlilur, (1Irunw.urnl:'1I NumluH'"

I" I:>l~ ...n \:l1l.Ii'I•.xJ.Jlwl~..liJ'h""n W~!II

~ 1"""j...... ",-""'Wlt!1 u 11 .....l3i",,, ~,u.wllUJUi(Gllh'l'jnl tD~-:'fll. - ~U W,rpl.£ \11""""'<1. Hlllpl",. VII"'""' d'1'lm.! rr1!nd.. RC'l.f ------­ ~I 1I'oplnr IRnTTn1lrl, UUlr1nv;-YII..",n dlrlnld..,..,r

u ~1 ..pl'rH u'r'TtU\'n1h!p:-YNI;l(l1rr1~Y\lnrum r-mh",nrm,.Tt3 tll. P'i"k ~- -t""l"""n~I-'Jmnr.¥""""'-- ~...... m-t.lf)-Jko.q.-l't,oIc

I~~- -)",mm"..1NcorfhII \....lImm"-­ 1...... ,.".",,~~IIr.I'1" ~"=- ~.anar..~.Y= -". CrJ1tlIIu"u~UJ..I(<:ll c=­ = 1­ :7 -11011'1 .. vll!1'1n .."""" f'tllmon;-.l:"I:lInmlngr....llnrm..­ -r---mhrrl7f"7lT!ff)n, I·'n'=

Table 2. Measuremenls of floral structures.

POl'l1llnllan1 1\\l::ra.IO Rnnic ofpolol ~onM ..f IUlio ofL;ngili C'1'1h ofy"nl jtcltl.l Funlun "f""W lu I ,,"Ill lonllh" !'Clal \>1d"''' ",din n04t'h III Ion DJ1

1 .~, .u.J.:l..l:U\ S.l )~ -lb I ~S. 1 1 1.13 ~.7 I" 43.7 nn

..l\L11 .--.J.ll ';_~6l.. JU~U 1.1-1 ~- 4.5 .l:l . -I~.5 37.0 I

I I.~n. _ .­ ::Ji. ~t :la:.:JL: - j,~ .I,U -I;~_L-'!{~ .­ .--l~~' -'1' -j-_.­ -1­

,

Table 3. Measuremenrs of floral structures (conrinued). 99

T~dJlc J. MC:HlJrt'n1Cnl\ ur nor-oil .Iructurn (t'unlillun.l).

I pulllllon,' FusIon r L,na or LmK'h .rplIll!' Stj'le. hlJl:nlnn H NutnbC'.t oft ul=­ r:uaun Ur)'~t¢l liHrnenl5 nudl't')«lum1 ur t.\ttt1ion (+) -~-) . _-:'3 26;Q: ~~ I~~ .!=:,V. ­ ___'"U ~.o:_ .:.- :::s9~__I_ .21...c:::::I~-- .-01-:'-I:==3J_ . -l , -- .­ - . 10,11 61 --no ---i-! II lU ,NI . ­ . 1-­ I;:lO ..31-<­ 'll.ll ··UIL ­ J: !O 1·I:t Table for Inrom\ltltm 1111 rKlrultllnn!Jl

'OIIUU\C('S " t~ In mlllimetm

Table 4. Vestilure (presence of hair) on floral paJ1s.

Tflhlt: ·1. "~"ITiuF~ {Jlrco.)I,'IH:l: ur hll r) un Ourul tllJrl~

I II,", on pellta IIJirun Mdnxciwn II"" on n.",1 b"'''i liol, un pl'lli l'opu:atJon ouuf~e I ' l..!de l",ld' 'kl\siUc. DUll'de 11UId< 0Ilm:1I) URlt)l: 1'J~ ~1 I.I-F=.' I;'..... • , Ul lU ~~, 3'J ., 12 ::.-0) __ .!..~ :In­ .!..j ....D . .u 1.:> J.!: : -l.5 I--­ -. . I-­ I· .1:::::·":1::- j-r,­I-I'n--l-:\I---~t- ., --1~:~- I­ 11;1~,1·11\- -t'.11 1- '1,11-< I'" 1-1"11 -"'. "~17:I-'

~u. ;~ , :!"1 1.0 III III III 111 'II i 1.7 ~1.7 UO '-' ·1- Ll I.U ..J.U -:"7 _ .U: I I.'.

I Set' rI1U:C I (or Inroml:tllon conrtmlng. popUll1llono;

J Th~' p~l!nte 4InUlr un th~ utpJl [mh ~d IJC:1:JII[lau:~J b) 11 nUlrINr 'rum I, J.

1,(1- :"-1 0 Iulr pft'lt'nl on DIl.:m of :mr IndhidUJI in populnllon

II- ~,., .. omr: Indl\·ldUOllJ. h.l\'c h.m 00 nrylln" hue olhtr.;; dn no1.- \,;II~" n~ 1.l.1n:,U4lt~ rc~, muh Id~ ha\r h..un\hl:t" \·ulu~... nor J.U Indla!r mfl.l 'nl,h~;dwL1r Iu\c hwr

J.O • Iblt pR:\enl Jln or~o:n of Jlllntll\'hJuu;, In popuh.lliun

Table 5. Measurements of foliar structures. 100 the spring under flowering trees and fruit The white to pink diploids have been has been collected from wild plants grown divided into several similar species, and under garden conditions. the diversity in this group is not surprising. There is a high level of variation among It occurs over a wide geographical area, the limited number of fruit samples avail­ and over a wide altitudinal gradient. It able. The surface of the hexaploid fruit should be treated as one polymorphic was much rougher than that of a small species, Camellia pitardii. It has been sug­ \ . number of tetraploid fruit available for gested that this taxon is native to dry open study. Figure 5 shows examples of places, but it probably is a woodland plant tetraploid fruit with smooth wall surface that survives in these open habitats after \ (right side of photo) and hexaploids with deforestation. At one high mountain local­ rough wall surface (left side of photo). ity (Longzhoushan in Sichuan) a similar There was great variation in fruit size and diploid often occurs, with slightly deeper wall thickness throughout the study. There pink flowers and some characteristic dif­ are substantial differences among the ferences in morphology. This plant, named tetraploids, but the variation is very large C.tenuivalvis, is recognizably different and within populations. The populations of merits taxonomic recognition, perhaps at C.saluenensis and plants related to it have the varietal level. much smaller fruit with thinner walls. The white to pink tetraploid populations C.tenuivalvis, as the name implies, has are all highly similar except population 16, small fruit with very thin wails. It is impor­ which is highly variable - particularly for tant that more fruit structures should be flower color. These populations are similar included in the morphological analysis. in most traits to the diploids, but usually The five categories can be separated by can be recognized by larger size, particu­ chromosome number and flower color. larly of fruit, and coarser habit, but it will However, the myriad of traits discussed in not be possible to distinguish some indi­ Tables 2-5 merely shows trends in average viduals. Populations of both chromosome values that cannot separate the groups. The numbers occasionally display the red red diploids and tetraploids can be partial­ anther trait. ly distinguished by size of parts and the What do we call these plants? generally larger, coarser nature of the The red-flowered diploid is biological­ diploids, but many individuals are interme­ ly different but morphologically close to diate. the tetraploid of the same flower color. A Chang divided the red tetrapioids into 11 species name has never been assigned to it. species (see Parks and Xiao, 1998), and I think we should wait and observe more while there are some striking differences populations before we decide on whether between populations, it is doubtful or not to assign a species name to the red whether the red tetraploid group can be diploids. subdivided further. Since this group of The red tetraploids are highly variable, plants grows in a region very dissected by and these have been divided into 11 mountains, it is expected that population species (Chang, 1989; Liu et aI, 1991). As isolation could lead to genetic drift. Thus, reported here I find little evidence to sepa­ small isolated populations might appear rate this variable group into many species. somewhat different in particular charac­ Perhaps the red tetraploids should be teristics. merged into one taxon. More study is 101

Figure 5. Fruil surface character­ istics of lelraploid capsules (righl) and hexaploid capsules (left). needed on the red-flowerd tetraploid naturally although both occur in geograph­ group. ically adjacent areas in northern Yunnan. The white to pink diploids should be Origin of the Polyploids condensed into one taxon, and as far as I One can speculate on the origin of the can determine, the first name published polyploids. The red diploids and (Sealy, 1958) was Cpifardii. Camellia tetrapJoids are identical in floral coloration huiliensis and C.saluenensis would and similar in most morphological traits, become Cpifardii. Camellia fenuivalvis is but it is curious that the tetraploids are usu­ very closely related, but its morphology is ally smaller than the diploids. The red recognizably different, and thus it should diploids probably gave rise to the red retain its identity as a species. tetrapJoids through polyploidization. The populations of the white to pink There is no evidence as to whether it was tetraploids are quite similar and should be an autopolyploid origin (chromosome dou­ merged into one taxon. Camellia boreali­ bling of a single individual or two geneti­ yunnalliea was the first name used for a cally highly similar individuals) or an member of this group of populations. allopolyploid origin (chromosome dou­ There is evidence of two or more origins bling of a hybrid with two genetically dif­ for the hexaploids, but the hexaploids have ferent parents). been much hybridized. Because of the sim­ It seems that this occurred west of the ilarities in this group, and wild populations Jinsha Jiang, since the red diploid and with diverse traits, it is simplest to merge tetraploid never occurs east of that ri ver. In the hexaploids into one species, C.refieula­ similar manner, the white or pink ta. Of course, Ming (2000) has already tetraploids are probably derived by poly­ made this change. (See article by Xiao and ploidization from the Cpilardii diploids Parks, p.IOS.) east of the river. While the two tetraploid The hexaploids have several wild forms. groups are quite similar in general mor­ Two common ones include the wild rose­ phology, they have some consistent differ­ red form that Sealy named C.relielllala ences and probably arose independently. It forma simplex, and the light pink one with is quite possible, considering the diversity red anthers, Cpitardii var. yunnanica. I of traits (polymorphism) that the poly­ have never seen the two growing together ploids may have multiple origins. 102 How did the hexaploids originate? The "reticulata complex" is presented in Figure red hexaploid, C.reticulata forma simplex, 6. Other hexaploids populations we have as defined by Sealy (1958), appears much not investigated may have yet different like the wild plants on Zixishan, the moun­ traits. tain at Chuxiong, Yunnan. These lack the In cultivation at places like Zixishan, red anthers, but have a red hue that is one observes ancient trees of early culti­ slightly toward the lavender as determined vars. They have exactly the same flower by careful comparisons with the red color as the wild forms, but the flowers are diploids or tetraploids. This suggests that bigger and variously double. Probably, the red strain, perhaps the tetraploid, has these were selected for their superior traits picked up an additional genome from one from large wild populations. Characters of the forms of C.pitardii to increase the such as doubleness and large flower size chromosome number from tetraploid to occur spontaneously in wild populations. hexaploid. Some of these first cuJtivars were probably The other, more lavender, hexaploid, selected from the large, wild populations C.pitardii var. yunnanica, is morphologi­ that still survive on that very mountain. cally similar to C.boreali-yunnanica and As we inspect the flowers of a wide seems to be derived by addition of another range of the cultivated Kunming reticu­ genome from C.pitardii. Because all indi­ latas, we observe many that have a hue viduals sampled in this taxon have the red more magenta or orchid in color. Some of anthers, they may be all derived from a these display red or pink anthers as the single origin since the red-anthered trait is fJowers open before anthesis. It is well variable in diploid or tetraploid popula­ known that these different forms of tions. A diagrammatic model of reticulate C.reticulata and C.pitardii var. yunnanica evolution in the polyploid series of the hybridize very easily (Parks, 1990). Once

Reticulate evolution 01 Camellia rel/cut.ra

..4 10 'c d : cu ...:'0

-...... l(.n",rl'l§"ltCwt. :I.of~ '.''\

Figure 6. A model for reticulate evolution among the polyploid taxa of Yunnan and Sichuan. 103 these two, and perhaps other, hexaploids plex. Camellia Review 25 (2):12-29. were cultiv

Our contingent and numerous "camp followers" in a stand of spectacularly beautiful camellia trees at locality 16 in Poison Anise Canyon outside of Xichang, Sichuan. The participants are. from the left side, Tiao-jiang Xiao (back row). Barbara Thakor (front row), local visitor (back row), local visitor (front row), Tim Thibault (back row), local visitor (front row). Tomasz Anisko (back row), local visitor (kneeling), Katherine Rankin (back row), local visitor (front row), Jeft' Lynch (back row), Betty McConaughy (front row), Ronald Rabideau (back 1'0'-"), Clifford Parks (front row), and David Parks. 104 CAN YOU COUNT CAMELLIA CHROMOSOMES? John Pearman

1~~~t~ ili~1t~ $ d> xt ~~1* O!b ? PEUT - ON COMPTER LES CHROMOSOMES DU CAMELIA? KANN MAN KAMELIENCHROMOSOME ZAHLEN?

\.. The most fashionable word currently people know that living bodies are made of heard in horticultural circles is "chromo­ cells. Cells are complex living "building somes." Breeders of garden plants are blocks," microscopic in size. A camellia finding that a knowledge of chromosomes plant would be made up of millions of is some help in predicting the likely suc­ cells. Within each cell is a structure called cess or failure of certain crosses. It is by no the nucleus. In the early days of cell stud­ means a complete or infallible guide, how­ ies, it was found that certain cells, when ever. The current craze for chromosomes stained with dyes and examined under a stems from the recent appearance of sever­ microscope, had coloured bodies inside al new and extremely showy varieties of their nuclei. These were named chromo­ garden plants which contain an abnormal­ somes, a word which means literally ly large number of chromosomes. These "coloured bodies."

natural "freaks" tend to be bigger plants Chromosomes have since been investi­ ....:; than ordinary hybrids and to have larger gated carefully by scientists studying cells flowers. Tetraploid snapdragons (marketed (called cytologists) and by scientists study­ as "tetra-snaps") are a typical example. ing the patterns of heredity (called geneti­ These very attractive garden plants have cists). twice as many chromosomes as normal Along the chromosomes are a number of snapdragon varieties. Will an increase in genes. These are made of the chemical the chromosome number of camellia deoxyribonucleic acid, usually known by plants be the next direction for camellia its initials DNA. The biology of genes is breeding programmes? not completely understood. However, it is " This article is an attempt to write down known that these genes determine the the story of camellia chromosomes in sim­ nature of each living thing: its characteris­ ple terms. Such a story has already been tics, its susceptibilities, its potential. The told in many textbooks of biology but genes found on camellia chromosomes readers without a scientific background are determine the nature of each camellia bewildered, understandably, by the terms plant: its growth habit, flowering pattern, , used (monoploids, diploids, meiosis, etc.), flower colour, susceptibility to disease and --:i but seldom explained in such writings. It is so on. not possible to record this story without Chromosomes can be seen as "coloured using "big words," but this article tries to bodies" only in cells which are dividing, explain their meaning as it goes along. though they are present in the nucleus of In this age of "popular science" many every living cell. For this reason scientists 105 setting out to count the number of chromo­ ovary of the female organ (the pistil of the somes in a particular camellia variety usu­ flower). The miniature plant seen in each ally use root-tip cells. The root tips are one camellia seed results from the sexual union region of a plant where growth takes place. of a pollen grain from the male parent and It is in such growth regions that the cells an egg from the female parent. The cells in are dividing; hence, the chromosomes of the plant which grows from this seed will such cells are readily seen. each contain two sets of chromosomes. Every living thing has a specific and The cells of most camellia plants are, basic number of chromosomes. This basic therefore, diploid (two sets of chromo­ number is called the monoploid number somes), and 2n = 30, or 2 xiS. and may be expressed as n =? or x =? (In The story is complicated, however, by older texts the basic number of chromo­ several natural "freaks" which are found somes is referred to as the haploid num­ among the many camellia varieties and ber.) hybrids. In humans the monoploid number is 23: Most varieties of Camellia japonica are that is, n = 2'3. This basic number of chro­ diploid ( 2n = 30), but Camellia japonica mosomes is only found in the human sex 'Akashigata' (syn. 'Lady Clare') has 43 cells - sperm cells in men and eggs in chromosomes in each of its body cells. women. The ordinary body cells of This represents 3 basic sets of chromo­ humans contain 46 chromosomes or two somes, making it a triploid where 3n =45, basic sets of 23. The source of this double or 3 xIS. set of chromosomes lies in the sexual ori­ Some camellias contain 4 basic sets of gin of each human who began life as one chromosomes in each of their body cells, cell, a fertilised egg. The fertilised egg is for example C.tenuiflora. These are called the fusion ora sperm from the father (one tetraploids (4n = 60, or 4 xiS). set of chromosomes) with an egg from the Yet other camellias contain 6 basic sets mother (one set of chromosomes) and so it of chromosomes in each of their body contains two sets of chromosomes. The cells. These are called hexaploids (6n = 90, fertilised egg by dividing and dividing or 6 x 15) and examples include C.oleifera, eventually grows into the millions of cells C.reticulata and nearly all the varieties of which make up the human body as we C.sasanqua. C.sasanqua 'Narumigata' is commonly recognise it. Like the fertilised an exception, having 75 chromosomes in egg each of these body cells contains two each of its body cells. With 5 basic sets of sets of chromosomes, that is, 23 pairs of chromosomes it is a pentaploid: 5n =75, or chromosomes. Cells containing two sets 5 xIS. of chromosomes are called diploid cells. Most camellias contain two sets of chro­ The diploid number may be written as 2n = mosomes (2n =30) within their body cells. ? or 2x =? In humans 2n =46, or 2 x 23. In order to produce the sex cells, some The basic monoploid number of chro­ body cells (in the male anthers and female mosomes in camellias is 15: that is, n = 15. ovary) must divide in such a way that the This number of chromosomes would be sex cells (male pollen and female eggs) found in the sex cells of many camellias, in end up containing only one set of chromo­ the pollen produced by the anthers of the somes. This special kind of cell division male sex organ (the stamens within the which halves the chromosome number is flower) and in the eggs produced in the called meiosis. 106 In diploids meiosis involves a pairing of so. Crosses between C.sinensis (2n =30) the similar chromosomes followed by their and C.rusticana (2n = 30), for instance, separation into two equal groups so that have not been successful. each sex cell ends up containing only one The fertility of a cross depends on many set of chromosomes. In tetraploids (4 sets, factors besides the chromosome number of or 60 chromosomes) meiosis would result the parents. The degree of relationship in sex cells containing 2 sets of chromo­ between the parents is one such factor. No somes (30 chromosomes). Similarly hexa­ one would expect success in, for example, ploids (6 sets, or 90 chromosomes) would crossing a camellia with a daffodil. If produce sex cells containing 3 sets of chro­ crosses between distantly related parents mosomes (45 chromosomes). Triploids, are successful then the offspring are usual­ with 45 chromosomes in their body cells, ly very weak. and pentaploids, with 75 chromosomes in Other factors influencing success are theirs, are usually sterile, since the odd associated with the complex processes that number of chromosomes cannot divide follow on after pollination of the female. into two equal groups during meiosis. For Will the pollen grow through the female? the same reason crosses between camellias Will the pollen and egg unite sexually? with different chromosome numbers often Will the fertilised egg develop? result in sterile hybrids. When On the whole it is best for amateur breed­ C.granthamiana (60 chromosomes) is ers to stick to simple crosses between par­

crossed with C japonica (30 chromo­ ents likely to be compatible and to leave --~ somes) the hybrid offspring ends up with the rest to professional plant breeders. The I 30 + 15 = 45 chromosomes. professionals may treat the seed of a "dif­ Generally one would not expect success ficult" parent (such as a triploid or penta­ using triploids or pentaploids as parents ploid) with the chemical colchicine. This since their chromosomes cannot divide by upsets the normal division of cells (called meiosis into two equal groups which are mitosis). Such a treatment may lead to a multiples of 15. However, there are, as is doubling of the chromosome number of usual in Nature, some surprises. C.sasan­ the body cells of a plant developing from qua 'Narumigata' (5n = 75) has been such a seed. These plants which now have crossed successfully with C.granthamiana an even, rather than odd, number of chro­ (4n = 60). The resulting hybrid has 60 mosomes are thus able to produce fertile chromosomes: 30 from C.granthamiana, sex cells by meiosis. Cuttings may be as theoretically expected, and 30 from treated with colchicine to produce a simi­ 'Narumigata'. The "Girl" camellias lar result. ('Dream Girl', 'Show Girl', etc.) were It has been found that an increase in the bred by crossing 'Narumigata (5n = 75) chromosome number of many plants by with C.reticulata (6n = 90). The "Girls" careful breeding leads to plants which are contain 90 chromosomes: 45 from C.retic­ larger than the ordinary kinds, with larger ulata, as expected, and 45 from leaves and flowers as well. Camellia 'Narumigata' . breeders continue to search for a means of On the other hand one would expect in increasing the colour range of camellia theory that camellias with the same chro­ flowers and of producing camellias with a mosome number could be crossed to yield pleasing scent. The use of colchicine may fertile hybrids. However, this is not always aid the making of hybrid crosses which 107 formerly were almost impossible. Whether 1. C. D. Darlington and A. P. Wylie this kind of "scientific interference" is (1961): "Chromosome Atlas of Flowering desirable is another issue. Plants", George Allen and Unwin, London. The art of counting chromosomes in root 2. W. L. Ackerman (1971): Genetic and tip cells is difficult to acquire. It takes Cytological Studies with Camellia and much skill in dliving a microscope and Related Genera. Technical Bulletin patience to do it effectively. The following No.1427: United States Department of procedure is used to prepare the root tip Agriculture, Agricultural Research cells for examination. Young, actively Service, Washington, D.C. growing root tips are obtained and chemi­ cally "frozen" by placing them in a solu­ Preparation of Schiff's Reagent: tion of 1 part glacial acetic acid to 3 parts 1. Dissolve 1 gm of basic fuchsin in 200 absolute ethyl alcohol for 15-30 minutes. ml hot distilled water. They are then transferred to small tubes 2. Add 20 ml normal hydrochloric acid (to containing normal hydrochloric acid. make normal hydrochloric acid use 82.5 These tubes are then placed in a small bath m1 reagent hydrochloric acid to 1 litre dis­ of water (for 10 minutes), the water tem­ tilled water). perature being kept at a constant 60C. The 3. Filter into a brown bottle (probably this acid is then poured from the tubes and should be done before the addition of the water added to wash the root tips. The hydrochloric acid). water is then poured off and a complex 4. Add 2 gm of potassium or sodium stain, known as Schiff's reagent, is poured metabisulphite. into the tubes containing the tips. Schiff's 5. Allow the solution to bleach for 6 hours reagent stains chromosomes a bright red or more. Usually it becomes colourless or colour. The tips are allowed to stain for pale yellow and is suitable for use in either 15-60 minutes. If staining is successful, condition. the growing region just behind the root tip Since light causes a slow decomposition will tum deep red. The recipe for Schiff's of Schiff's Reagent it must be stored in a reagent is given at the end of this article. tightly stoppered dark bottle, preferably Other chromosome stains, such as aceto­ under refrigeration. orcein, may be used in a similar way. Now the tips are ready for microscopic exami­ I would like to thank Dr. Peter G. Valder, nation. The coloured tip is cut off and BScAgr., PhD.(Cantab.), Senior Lecturer, placed in a drop of 45 % acetic acid on a School of Biological Sciences, University microscope glass slide and squashed. of Sydney, for the help he has generously Squashing is accomplished by placing a given in order to keep this account of chro­ coverslip over the tip in the acid drop and mosomes relatively free from erroneous pressing down gently through 2-3 thick­ over-simplifications. nesses of paper towelling. Hopefully one is now ready to see camellia cells and begin John Pearman of Killara, NSW; counting the number of chromosomes each Australia, wrote this article for the 1973 contains. Journal. For a number of years he has Good chromosome hunting! been involved in building an "ecologically The chromosome numbers given in this sustainable dwelling". article are taken from two sources: 108 RESEARCH FOR A NEW CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR THE GENUS CAlVIELLIA Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Camellia L. () based on the DNA sequences of RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) Los Angeles Congress lecture by Tiaojiang Xiao and Clifford R. Parks , ~ft~~~f)f*~7J¥tI¥J iiJfJ'E \. RECHERCHE D'UN NOUVEAU SYSTEME DE CLASSIFICATION POUR LE GENRE CAMELIA SUCHE NACH EINEM KLASSIFIZIERUNGSSYSTEM FUR DEN GENUS KAMELIE

The three classification systems based workers, Chang and Ming. For example, on morphology have been prepared for the the now-well-recognized species genus Camellia respectively by Sealy C.chekiangoleosa was only known to (1958), Chang (1981 and 1998 in Sealy as a seed sample with no description Chinese), and Ming (2000 in Chinese). that had reached the Royal Botanical The 1981 monograph by Chang was trans­ Garden at Kew, near London, in November lated into English by Chang and 1957. Sealy was only able to mention the Bartholomew (1984). species name, with no description, in his Sealy, Chang and Ming disagree sub­ book. Sealy (1958)recognized 106 species stantially on the boundaries of subgenera in the genus Camellia, of which 82 species and sections and the circumscription of were divided into 12 sections. Because of most camellia species. These major dis­ fragmentary information, Sealy could not agreements involving classification of the determine the affinities of the remaining genus Camellia create substantial confu­ 24 species, and thus he placed them in a sion among those involved in the cultiva­ group he named "Dubiae". tion, research and sale of camellia species. In his monograph Chang (1981, 1984) It is not clear which of these classification recognized 196 species, which he divided systems provides the most accurate picture into 4 subgenera and 20 sections. Since of species relationships and species defini­ 1981, Chang (1991) and Liu. et al (1991) tions. have continued to identify and add new Our research aims are to investigate phy­ species to the genus Camellia. For logenetic relationships, compare patterns instance, Section Camellia contained 33 with the taxonomic treatments by Sealy, species in the 1981 monograph, but he Chang and Ming, and eventually propose a expanded the number of species in this revision of the classification of the genus section to 70 in 1991. At present, the num­ Camellia based on phylogeny, morphology ber of species recognized in the genus and all other available data. Camellia by Chang is estimated to be about 350 or about three times the number Background Sealy recognized in 1958. When Sealy wrote his monograph in Chang has continued to modify his sys­ 1958, he did not have the great diversity of tem. In 1996, he deleted Section Piquitia plant specimens available to the Chinese and established two new sections, 109 Protocamellia and Pleurocarpa. In 1998, uncertain homologies may be artificial. Chang published a second revision, but Such a tree must be verified by objective with only minor changes over the 1981 non-morphological approaches. version, in that he combined some Section In recent years, the construction of phy­ Camellia species. For example, he com­ logenetic trees based on DNA sequence bined C.minor with C.saluensis, C.kandi­ data has proven very useful in plant sys­ anica with C.bailinshanica and C.penta­ tematics. So far, several genes from the phylacoides with C.oligophlebia. chloroplast genome, some nuclear riboso­ In his publication, Ming (2000) essen­ mal genes and some protein-coding genes tially follows Sealy's sectional arrange­ have been used to show show phylogenet­ ment, but he recognizes far fewer species ic relationships. than Chang. Thus in his monograph, Ming For example, in a study of 25 recognizes 119 species, which are divided Rhododendron species in the family into 2 subgenera and 14 sections. About Ericaceae, Denton (1998) first determined 190 species recognized by Chang have the utilities of the sequences of the RPB2 been combined. Of particular note are 23 gene for phylogenetic analysis. She new species from the Jinshajiang Valley in showed that the RPB2 gene contained a section Camellia named by Chang, which considerable number of nucleotide substi­ are merged by Ming into C.reticulata and tutions, especially in the intron (non-cod­ C.saluenensis. ing) regions, and suggested that the RPB2 The traditional methods of morphologi­ gene has potential for plant phylogenetic cal analysis still play an important role in analysis at various taxonomic levels. plant systematics, especially in species In the genus Camellia, phylogenetic identification. However, the use of this analysis has been attempted with a few data in phylogenetic analysis is less chloroplast sequences (trn spacer, rbcL informative. gene, atpB-rbcL spacer, rpL16 intron) by First, the traditional morphological analy­ Thakor (1998). Of these, Thakor found sis employs intuition. The use of this data only rpL16 to be of use and then only for in constructing a phylogeny, or tree of reIa­ analysis of intraspecific genetic variation tionship, may overweight characters con­ (variation within species). sidered by the investigator to be of partic­ The objectives of this study are: ular importance. Further, the measure­ 1. To investigate phylogenetic relation­ ments of the selected characters are often ships in the genus Camellia using two dif­ based on a relatively small number of dried ferent segments of the RPB2 gene, exon herbarium specimens. Thus, strongly con­ 11-17 and intron 23. flicting results are obtained when the 2. To compare the phylogenetic patterns importance of the selected characters are developed in this study with the taxonom­ treated differently by different workers. ic treatments proposed by Sealy, Chang Secondly, it is difficult to determine and Ming, and to propose a revision of the whether characteristics that appear the classification of the genus Camellia based same in different species are actually the on the RPB2-based phylogeny, the mor­ same (homologous) or merely appear the phology and all other available data. same. Therefore, a phylogenetic tree of species relationships constructed from Materials and Methods these morphological characteristics of A total of 146 taxa (species or popula­ 110 tions within species) representing 13 sec­ genus Camellia into sections and subgen­ tions (Chang, 1981) of Camellia were col­ era (Sealy recognizes only one subgenus) lected from Dr. Jiyin Gao, Tim Thibault, of closely related species. The sectional J.C. Rosmann, and other sources. pattern shows up on the DNA-based phy­ DNA was extracted from foliar samples logenetic tree as clusters of closely related in all cases. In order to place the genus branches. Some of these patterns are dis­

Camellia among the genera most closely cussed in the following paragraphs. i\ related to it, foliar samples of DNA were Section Camellia is composed of most taken from genera found by Prince (1998) of the brightly colored, cultivated species to be most closely related to Camellia. The in the genus. It is treated as a single unit by , most closely related genera (outgroups) the monographers, but it forms two distinct \ chosen were Polyspora and Pyrenaria. In clusters in the DNA sequence analysis. ". order to avoid errors of misidentification, The red-flowered species in eastern China .i DNA samples from most of the species cluster together in each analysis. The red­ '\ were sequenced from two or more individ­ flowered species from western China, uals from different sources. Voucher including the highly variable species herbarium specimens were deposited in C.reticulata, C.saluenensis and their rela­ the Herbarium of the University of North tives, comprise a distinctly different clus­ Carolina at Chapel Hill. For those interest­ ter. ed in the detail of the laboratory work, the In 1958 Sealy placed C.sasanqua, methods of analysis are presented in C.oleifera and several related species into Appendix 1. section Paracamellia while Chang (1981) separated C.sasanqua and C.oleifera into Results and Discussion separate sections. The DNA sequence data In this study the computer is used to strongly supports Sealy's conclusion with characterize the DNA similarities among all of the Paracamellia species forming a species. After this characterization, the tight cluster. computer generates a phylogenetic tree of Section Theopsis separates into two clus­ species relationships. Species adjacent on ters on different branches of the phyloge­ the tree are closely related and vice versa. netic tree. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the All yellow-flowered species of the genus ,! DNA sequence data supports some parts of cluster on one branch of the tree. the morphological phylogenies of the The tea species cluster into a single monographers Sealy, Chang and Ming, but grouping and seem to be most closely

there are many major points of disagree­ related to the species of section Camellia ; ment with each. distributed in southwestern China. _.. 1 The major findings of the DNA analysis Certain species are clustered with others may be summarized as follows: with which they do not seem to belong. 1. The species of the genus Camellia For example, C.granthamiana, C.albigi­ " represent a broad monophyletic group with gas and C.grijsii cluster with section i all species derived from a common ances­ Camellia from western China. These tor. This supports the treatments by all species are morphologically quite different three monographers, Sealy (1958), Chang from the species of Section Camellia, and (1981,1998), and Ming (2000). would not be expected to merge with them. 2. All three monographers divide the The reason for this cluster is not known, \ 111 but some of these species (e.g., and Hall, Benjamin D. 1998. Usefulness of C.granthamiana) are polyploids and may RNA Polymerase II coding sequences for contain DNA from species placed in dif­ estimation of green plant phylogeny. Mol. ferent sections. It is well known that many Biol. Evol. 15(8): 1082-1085. natural polyploids are natural hybrids Doyle, U. and J.L. Doyle. 1987. A rapid between different species, and such plants DNA isolation procedure for small quanti­ are difficult to place in the phylogenetic ties of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. analysis because the computer will recog­ Liu, Hengshen, Yunzhong Zhang, Guoxi nize the diverse DNA they contain. Xiang and Chang Hung Ta. 1991. New species of red Camellia from Sichuan. Acknowledgments Acta Sci. Nat.Univ. Sunyatseni. 20:72-80. The authors would like to thank Bull. 19:11-15. Professor Benjamin Hall of the University Ming Tienlu. 2000. Monograph of the of Washington in Seattle for providing genus Camellia. Yunnan Science and assistance with primer sequences. We Technology Press. would also like to thank Professor Jiyin Prince, Linda. 1998. Systematics of the Gao of the Subtropical Forestry Research Theoideae (Theaceae) and the resolution Institute in Fuyang, Zhejiang, China, Tim of morphological, anatomical and molecu­ Thibault of Descanso Gardens, La Canada, lar data. PhD. Thesis, University of North California, USA, and Jean-Claude Rosmann Carolina, Chapel Hill. (in Press). of Boucau, France, for providing speci­ Sealy, J.Robert, 1958. "A revision of the mens for DNA analysis. Funds for this genus Camellia". The Royal Horticultural research were provided by proceeds from Society. London. plant sales at the North Carolina Botanical Swofford, D.L. PAUP: Phylogenetic Garden, the American Camellia Society, analysis using parsimony (* and other and miscellaneous gifts from many methods), version 4.0.a.b. Sunderland, sources. MA:Sinauer Associates, Inc. (in Press). Thakor, Barbara H.l998. Phylogenetic Literature Cited relationships among the species of genus Chang, Hung Ta. 1981. A taxonomy of Camellia (Theaceae). Ph.D. Thesis, the genus Camellia. Acta Scientiarum University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Naturalium. Universitatis Sunyatseni. (in Press). Monogr. Ser. 1:1-180. [Editor's note: Also see related articles - - -. 1990. New species of Chinese from the New Zealand Congress in the Theaceae. Acta Sci. Nat.Univ. Sunyatseni, 1997 Journal by Barbara Thakor, p.130­ 29:85-93. 134, and Linda Prince, p.135-144.] ----. 1991. A revision of the Sect. Chrysantha of Camellia. Acta Sci. Appendix 1 - Methods Nat.Univ. Sunyatseni, 30 (2):76-84. DNA Extraction ­ -- -- and Bruce Bartholomew (trans­ DNA was extracted using a modified lator). 1984. "Camellias". Timber Press, CTAB buffer method (Doyle and Doyle Portland, Oregon. 1987; Porter 1997). Fresh .(about 120mg) --- -. 1998. "China Flora". China or dried (about 70mg) leaves were ground Science Press. with a mortar and pestle under liquid N2. Denton, Amy 1., McConaughy, Betty L. Ground material was then mixed with 1 ml 112 CTAB buffer, transferred to a 1.5 ml sequences through direct sequencing of microcentrifuge tube and incubated in a PCR products. The primer sequences used water bath at 65C for 1 hour. When the in this study and their approximate posi­ tube was cooled down to room tempera­ tion on RPB2 gene will be published else­ ture, about 0.8 ml of 24:1 chloroform : where. isoamyl solution was added to the tube. Sequence Alignment - After centrifuging, the aqueous phase was All sequences were edited with transferred into a clean 1.5 ml centrifuge SEQUENCHER (Gene Codes tube and mixed with equal volume of iso­ Corporation). Multiple sequence align­ propyl alcohol at -20C and left overnight. ments were performed with ClustalX 1.81 The precipitated DNA was collected (Higgins et al 2000) and by eye with the through centrifugation and purified with help of program AI-Seq Version 2.0. washing buffer (1 M NaAc, pH 4.8,76% Phylogenetic Analysis - ethanol, lOml ammonium acetate ). Maximum parsimony (MP) was imple­ Finally, the DNA was air-dried and resus­ mented in PAUP test version 4.0a.b by pended in 50 to 100 ml TE buffer (pH 8.0). Swofford, using heuristic searches (acc­ PCR Amplification ­ tran; 100 random addition replicates; TBP PCR was conducted in a Perkin Elmer branch swapping; steepest descent; equally model 480 Cycler. Standard amplification weighted and unordered substitutions). volume is 35 ml. The amplification condi­ tions were set as follows: 2 minutes at 93C Tiaojiang Xiao has contributed previous for 1 cycle; 1 minute at 93C (denatura­ articles to the Journal. He was a student tion), 1 minute at 57C (annealing), 1 and expedition guide at the Kunming minute at nc (extension) for 35 cycles; 7 Institute of Botany, Yunnan, China, and is minutes at 72C for a final extension. now a graduate student studying under Dr. Six camellia-specific primers were Parks at the University ofNorth Carolina, designed. With these primers, we were Chapel Hill, NC, USA, . able to sequence the entire 23rd intron

I '1 113 THE WINTER RESISTANCE OF RECENTLY INTRODUCED CAMELLIA SPECIES Los Angeles Congress Lecture by David Parks and Clifford R. Parks

LA RESISTANCE A L'HIVER DES ESPECES DE CAMELIAS INTRODUITES RECEMMENT WINTERHARTE NEU EINGEFUHRTER KAMELIENARTEN :ltiur~* ~ :nt;:m~M:~/~~£;fti

The climate of our garden and nursery ridge, where patches of snow survive into in central North Carolina, USA, requires late February. The plants are similar to that any plant grown outdoors must C.saluenensis with white to pale pink tolerate low temperatures near minus flowers 7- JO cm (2.75-4.0 in) in diameter. 18 degrees Celsius (0 F). Several species The specimens we observed were grow­ are grown successfully in our area includ­ ing in full sun and formed beautiful ing Camellia japonica, c.sasanqua, rounded shrubs 1-2 m (3.25-6.5 ft) tall. C.sinensis and C.oleifera. In areas with These plants were regenerating from more severe winters than ours, the selec­ stumps, as were the oak relative, tion of cold-hardy plants is limited to a few Lithocarpus, growing with them. It is varieties. likely that the cameIJias once grew as an Our major objective in the breeding pro­ understory plant in a Lithocarpus forest. gram to develop winter tolerance is to In fact, on the other side of the ridge, the increase the diversity of cold-hardy original forest is intact and larger camellias species and hybrids that can be specimens (some respectable trees) of grown in areas with colder winters, C.tenuivalvis grow under old, bent where the temperature may drop below specimens of Lithocarpus. -18C. This tolerance must be transferred Seeds and cllttings have been repeat­ from species that are naturally adapted to edly collected from the Longzhoushan colder climates. Along with hardiness, it is populations of C.tenuivalvis for study and hoped that these new species may also contribute new floral characteristics, inter­ esting plant architecture and new foliage traits. In the attempt to identify new cold-hardy stocks for breeding, we are investigating species with northerly ranges, as well as those of high elevations. The populations of C.tenuivalvis, growing at 3,200 m (JO ,700 ft) on Longzhoushan (Dragonfoot Mountain) in southwestern China, near Huili, Sichuan, hold great promise of being a source of hardiness. The plants grow naturally on an exposed, windy c.,el1u;l'ah·;s growing at 3,200m on Longzhoushan. 114 breeding in the West. Unfortunately, plants province, China, sent us a pollen sample from the montane population do not toler­ and a few seed of a species he determined ate hot, humid summers, and this weak­ to be Camellia hezhangensis. It was col­ ness limits the direct cultivation in the hot, lected from a high-elevation site \ humid areas where camellias are grown. of 3,000 m in southwestern China in However, they may grow well in dryer or Guizhou province. Like C.tenuivalvis, cooler climates. C.hezhangensis is intolerant of hot and wet This species hybridizes readily with summer conditions, and thus does not sur­ CJaponica, and we now have generated a vive the summer season in North Carolina. significant number of progeny for testing. We have no information on the biology or C.tenuivalvis is very closely related to relationships of this species. C.saluenensis, and we expect hybrids In China, camellias are native to the between C.tenuivalvis and C.japonica to region south of the Yangtze River, resemble C.X williamsii hybrids. Excellent although there may be cases of species worthiness combined with hardiness could ranges that extend a little north of that east­ make unique and successful cultivars, but west line formed by the river. The species we will have to wait to observe results. native to eastern and southeastern China Jizushan, another mountain 3,000 m are a good source for winter hardiness as (10,000 ft) in height, is located a short dis­ well as many other valuable traits. Some tance from Longzhoushan. Typical forms species native to this region that have of C.saluenensis grow over much of this recently come into cultivation include: mountain essentially to the summit. C.chekiangoleosa, C.crassisima, C.edithae, Initially, we thought these were different C.polyodonta and C.semiserrata (see distri­ from other forms of C.saluenensis because bution map, p.116). . they grew under larger trees. But there is There is only preliminary data on har­ growing evidence that these C.saluenensis diness, but the ability to withstand cold is shrubs survive in open fields as stump correlated with geographical location of sprouts after deforestation. origin. C.chekiangoleosa has the most We have collected pollen and scions northerly range and it is very hardy. from some high-elevation forms from C.semiserrata is .found further south and 1'\ Jizushan in a breeding attempt. These has much less cold resistance. These plants have pale pink blooms with deeper species are all closely related to CJaponica pink markings and, like all forms of and easily hybridized with it. C.saluenensis, are difficult to cultivate in One species in this group from eastern hot, humid climates such as North China that shows particular merit is Carolina. Crosses using these high-eleva­ C.chekiangoleosa. This species occurs nat­ tion forms should produce C.X williamsii urally in the northern part of the camellia .hybrids that have increased cold resist­ range in Fujian, Hunan, Hupei, Jianxi and ance. This group of hybrids has excellent Zhejiang provinces. The climate in these garden-worthiness and with increased parts of China is much like that of the cen­ hardiness could provide unique and tral eastern USA, with hot and humid sum­ successful cultivars for cooler regions mers and cold winters. where camellias are cultivated. . Recently we have obtained several Mr. Jiyin Gao of the Subtropical Forestry clones and a large seed sample of Research Institute in Fuyang, Zhejiang C.chekiangoleosa. A large number of liS

C.chekiallgoleosa is a strong red, slightly more orange than Cjaponico.

seedlings have been planted out-of-doors stood temperatures of -18C (OF) without in the last few years, and these have grown any cold injury, and bloomed the following vigorously and shown no symptoms of' spring. The blooming season is very late cold injury. Some have bloomed profusely and the flowers hold up to high tempera­ and even set seeds. The flower color varies tures very well. Unfortunately, the flowers from bright pink to red and flowering can of this variety are formal double and can­ occur in the fall or early spring. This not be used for breeding since it does not species offers a strong red color (slightly produce any pollen. more orange in hue than C japonica) , as However, a second cultivar, 'Momudan' well as large flower size, thus making it an CHeimudan') - the Chinese name means excellent breeding parent. black, or dark, peony has peony-form The flower bud scales are dry and tan flowers that serve as an excellent male or in color, giving the appearance that the pollen parent. We cannot be certain flower buds are dead. But this is normal in whether these cultivars might be interspe­ this and several other species of Camellia. cific . hybrids with C japonica or some Plantings of this species have been outside other species, but both have the character­ without injury for a few years. The coldest istic foliage of C.edithae. Hybrids between temperature recorded during this period 'Momudan' and C.japonica have now been was -15C (5F); however, during this period planted outdoors for hardiness testing. there was heavy snow that covered most of C.crassissima occurs in southeastern the plants and protected them. China just south of the range of C.chekian­ Another species with dry flower-bud goleosa in Jiangxi province (see map). A scales is C.ediilwe. This species is native large number of wild collected seeds from to Fujian province in southeastern China. native localities have been germinated and We only have two double-flowered culti­ planted outdoors in North Carolina, and vars of this species. The wild, single-flow­ they are doing very well. So far, these ered form of this species has never been plants have only been exposed to tempera­ available. We obtained one variety with tures of -12C (IOF), but no cold injury has formal double flowers from a collection in been observed. This species has not flow­ Guangzhou several years ago. This one is ered in our plantings yet. quite dependable outdoors. It has with­ FUl1her south, in the provinces of 116

108' 110' 112' 114' 116'

. I I I C. cheki8ngoleosa ---+-­

\ 2B'----t-----+-----:

Species distribution in eastern and southeastern China.

Guangdong and Guangxi, C.polyodonta sources of hardiness. We look forward to and C.semiserrata occur over a rather wide evaluating new hybrids developed by range. Plants of these species are less crossing these species with the new resistant to cold injury, and many individ­ species from cooler parts of China. uals show injury symptoms after being With continued hybridization and test­ exposed to temperatures of -12C (IOF). ing, we hope to be able to develop hardier However, some plants are unharmed at varieties with clustered flowers, new C.X those temperatures. These are vigorous williamsii hybrids, improved red-pigment­ species with handsome foliage and showy ed flowers, new foliage variations - and red-to-pink flowers that will be excellent more. While we need to continue breeding garden specimens in milder zones where with the new introductions, we also need camellias are cultivated. to be searching for new materials from the There are now numerous species that regions where camellias are wild. There offer potential for breeding hardiness. are undocumented reports of tea and other C fraterna is a source of hardiness in Camellia species growing in parts of China cluster-flowered cultivars, and two culti­ that have colder winters than North val'S with good hardiness, 'Crimson Carolina. Expeditions need to be planned Candles' and 'Tiny Princess', have been to explore these possibilities. developed. The hardiest strains of C japonica and The Parks' Camellia Forest Nursery is C.oleifera continue to offer excellent in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. 117 SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA AND CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES Los Angeles Congress lecture by Norihiro Yoshikawa and Clifford R. Parks

ETUDES SYSTEMATIQUES DU CAMELIA JAPONICA ET ESPECES PROCHES APPARENTEES SYSTEMATISCHE STUDIEN UBER CAMELLIA JAPONICA UND ENG VERWANDTE ARTEN

This paper will discuss the variation, country. population differentiation and systematic C.crassissima, C.phellocapsa, C.polyo­ relationships of C.chekiangoleosa, C.cras­ donta and C.semiserrata are distributed in SISSlma, C Japonica ssp. japonica, south central China. CJaponica ssp. rusticana, C.phellocapsa, To investigate the questions posed here, C.polyodonta and C.semiserrata. The nat­ isoenzyme (isozyme) extracts from leaves ural history of these Camellia species also of each plant included in the investigation will be explored. were analyzed. Isozymes are the different The questions being discussed are: forms of an enzyme system that have the 1) How much population variation does same biological activity. These different each species have? forms of the enzyme protein are controlled 2) Are populations within each species by different mutants (alleles) of the same alike or different? gene. Eighteen to 20 different enzyme 3) What are the relationships among these systems were extracted and analyzed. species? In all, 98 mutant variants for the approx­ 4) When did these species diverge? imately 20 enzyme systems were found. The map in the article by David W. and The distribution of these mutanta in the Clifford R. Parks (p.116) shows the distri­ natural plant populations was used to esti­ bution pattern of the Chinese species being mate the amount of diff(irence among the discussed. populations within species and among the The wild type CJaponica ssp. japonica is different species. For example, if two pop­ the common bush camellia, and it contains ulations have nearly identical isoenzymes, a very large number of cultivated forms. It they are considered to be closely related. is distributed widely in Japan and is native If, on the other hand, large differences in to southern South Korea, Taiwan and some isoenzyme makeup occur between two other islands off the coast of China. populations, they are considered to be dis­ The wild type CJaponica ssp. rusticana tantly related. is known as the snow camellia, and it is A significant number of populations sometimes treated as a distinct species, were analyzed for each species, but the C.rusticana. It occurs in high-snowfall Japanese species were analyzed in greater mountainous areas on the Sea of Japan side detail to determine the relationship of Japan. between the two subspecies of CJaponica. C.chekiangoleosa is from China and dis­ The CJaponica story will be reported at a tributed mostly in the eastern part of the later date. 118 How much population variation does where low FST values of 0.01 to 0.04 were each species have? One of the standard measured. This means that all of the popu­ measures of genetic variation in a popula­ lations of C.chekiangoleosa studied are tion is the level of heterozygosity. A het­ genetically similar to one another. The erozygote plant or animal has more than same is true for the populations of C.cras­ one form, or allele, of one or more genes. sissima and C.polyodonta. For example, if a person carries the gene On the other hand, the populations of the forms for both right and left handedness, two subspecies of C japonica are much he will be right handed; and he will be het­ more differentiated. C.semiserrata also i' erozygous for the "handedness" gene. He has differentiated species. The FST values could pass either the right or left form of for the species with differentiated popula­ the gene for handedness to his child. If a tions range from 0.14 to 0.18. population of organisms (plant or animal) C.phellocapsa was only represented in included individuals that are heterozygous this study by a single population, and thus for many genes, that population has a high it was not possible to calculate FST values. variation level. Conversely, a low value of The differences in genetic variation and heterozygosity in a population indicates population differentiation of these species low variability. might be explained by differences in Heterozygosities of C.chekiangoleosa, Pleistocene history - from 2 million years C.crassissima and C.polyodonta were before present (YBP) to the end of the 0.13, 0.12 and 0.11, respectively. These Wisconsin ice sheet about 20,000 YBP. low heterozygosities indicate low varia­ Population extinction and reduced refugial tion. These values are typical in long-lived size during the Pleistocene glacial woody perennials, temperate plants and advances have been proposed to explain plants outcrossed by animals. low genetic diversity. The low values of

On the other hand, C.semiserrata, genetic variation and population differenti­ \ C japonica ssp. japonica and ssprusticana ation in C.chekiangoleosa, C.crassissima had relatively high values of heterozygosi­ and C.polyodonta might be due to a reduc­ ties, ranging from 0.16 to 0.20. And, tion of populations during the Pleistocene. C.phellocapsa had an extremely high Only small populations might have sur­ value of heterozygosity of 0.33. vived in limited refugia - areas of rela­ tively unaltered climate during periods of Population Differentiation continental climatic change. Are populations of one species similar to On the other hand, the high genetic val.­ one another, or are they genetically differ­ ues for C.semiserrata, Cjaponica ssp. entiated? The level of population differen­ japonica and ssp. rusticana probably indi­ tiation among populations of a species is cate more survivors during the full glacial measured by a statistic called FST. We will advance during Pleistocene time. This compare the level of genetic differences greater survival was possible for C.semi­ among populations for each species. serrata because it was distributed further Low population differentiation was south, and for C.japonica probably observed in C.chekiangoleosa, C.ctassis~ because water surrounded the Japanese sima and C.polyodonta. That is, there was populations and moderated the cold. little genetic difference among the popula­ Of the Chinese species, C.chekian­ tions within each of these three species, goleosa, C.crassissima and C.polyodonta 119

are distributed more northerly than C.semi­ and Cpolyodonta would have been forced serrata. Average mean temperatures for to migrate southward during the glacial January in the natural ranges of C.chekian­ advances. If these species survived in lim­ goleosa and C.crassissima are between 4 ited small refugia, genetic diversity might and 8C (39-46F), and those of Cpolyodon­ have been reduced during these fa are between 8 and 12C (46-54F). The Pleistocene bottlenecks. January temperature range for the more On the other hand. C.semiserrata occurs widely distributed c.semiserrafa is 8 to in a mi IdeI' region and an 8C (j 4F) 16C (46-6IF). decrease in January temperatures might Mean annual temperatures in these not have destroyed as many populations as regions of China during the Pleistocene may have been the case with the former glacial advances are not available, but esti­ three species. Tn addition, populations of mates have been calculated for adjacent C.semiserrata might have been protected Japan. According to these calculations, the by warmth from the South China Sea. mean annual temperatures during the gla­ The map above shows the possible dis­ cial advances were 8 to IOC (14-18F) tribution of broad-leaved evergreens in lower than present temperature. Japan during the Pleistocene glacial If this estimate is applied to adjacent advances. Since C japonica ssp. japonica China, C.chekianRoleosa, C.crassissima is one of the hardiest broad-leaved ever­ 120 green plants, its distribution during glacial Therefore, two species groups are appar­ advances could be larger than shown on ent. One is an eastern distributed group the map. Warmth from the Pacific Ocean including ssp.japonica, ssp. rusticana and might also have protected populations of C.chekiangoleosa. The other is a south ssp. japonica. central group, consisting of C.crassissima, Subspecies rusticana probably survived C.semiserrata and C.polyodonta. at the high snowfall areas, although it is It seems that distinct species have genet­ said that amounts of snow during the gla­ ic identities of at least 0.8 among species. cial advances were less than before or after C.crassissima might be a subspecies of that time. Professor Tsukada, a paleob­ C.semiserrata as indicated by the high otanist at the University of Washington genetic identity 0.9. Ssp. rusticana might estimates that high snowfall areas during be a distinct species because the difference the glacial advances were as indicated on between ssp.japonica and ssp. rusticana is the map and assumes that subspecies rusti­ nearly the same as that between cana was distributed in these areas at the C.chekiangoleosa and ssp. japonica or time. C.semiserrata and C.polyodonta. However, the presence of intense natural Relationships of Species hybrid populations between ssp. japonica This chart shows all the combinations of and ssp. rusticana also suggests ssp. rusti­ genetic identities among these species. If cana is a subspecies. This decision can not the value of genetic identity is close to 1, be made at present. the species being compared share many common alleles and are closely related. If Species Divergence it is close to 0, the species do not have When did these species diverge? many common alleles and are more dis­ Although there is no generally accepted tantly related. method for the estimation of divergence C.phellocapsa has high similarity to both time from allozyme data, J.P. Thorpe C.polyodonta and C.semiserrata. As (Annual Review of Ecology and shown earlier, C.phellocapsa has an Systematics 13: 139-168) has proposed a extremely high value of heterozygosity. It means of estimating divergence time from is known that high heterozygosity is often this data. By his molecular clock, genetic observed in hybrid populations. Since identities of 0.8 and 0.7 correspond to C.phellocapsa has high heterozygosity and divergence times of 4.5 and 6.9 million high similarity to both C.polyodonta and years, respectively. C.semiserrata, this species might be a According to this estimate, divergences hybrid species of C.polyodonta and of ssp. japonica and ssp. rusticana, ssp. C.semiserrata. japonica and C.chekiangoleosa, and The snow camellia, C japonica ssp. rus­ C.semiserrata and C.polyodonta were ticana has high similarity, as indicated by about 4.5 million years ago, .but it is safe to a genetic identity value of approximately say sometime in the late Pliocene, which 0.8, to both Cjaponica ssp. japonica and ended about 2 million YBP. C.chekiangoleosa. C.crassissima has 'a The separation of C.chekiangoleosa and high similarity to C.semiserrata, and C.semiserrata or C.polyodonta occurred C.polyodonta has greater similarity to about 7 million years ago, in the middle C.semiserrata than to C.chekiangoleosa. Pliocene. It seems that the species were 121 divided into two groups, the eastern group middle Pliocene, two groups might have and the south central group at the middle formed: the eastern group and the south Pliocene, and then further divided into central group. At this time, the Japanese each species at the late Pliocene. Archipelago was still connected to the Natural History continent. Based on these results, we will now Approximately 5 million years ago, or speculate on the natural history of these late Pliocene, further separation occurred. camellias. Let's start from middle The geological change at this time might Miocene, preceding the Pliocene. explain the separation of ssp. japonica, In the middle Miocene deposits in Japan, ssp. rusticana and C.chekiangoleosa. It is the fossilized leaves of a species closely said that the Japanese Archipelago was resembling C japonica have been found disconnected from the continent around 5 from central Honshu to the northern island million years ago. It is also said that heavy of Hokkaido. This fossil species is named snowfall·at the Sea of Japan side had start­ C.protojaponica and has been considered a ed at this time due to the flow of the warm possible ancestor of the extant species current to the Sea of Japan. Separation of Cjaponica. the land and start of the period of high The fossil data is not available from snowfall could have triggered the specia­ China to show whether or not this fossil tion of these three camellias at the similar species was distributed in China. But time of 4.5 million years ago, as suggested China and Japan were a continuous land­ by allozyme data. mass at that time, so we can assume it was also distributed in China. Nori Yoshikawa has written previously Since the crude molecular clock estimate on this subject (1997 Journal, p.126-129) for the divergence of the modem camellia as a graduate student of Dr. Parks at the species of Japan and eastern China is much University ofNorth Carolina, Chapel Hill, later than the middle Miocene, it seems NC, USA. He is now a postdoctoral fellow probable that C.protojaponica is an ances­ in the Dept of Biotechnology, Osaka tor of all of these camellia species. University, Japan. About 7 to 8 million years ago, which is 122 A CURRENT VIEW OF CAMELLIAS IN GERMANY Los Angeles Congress lecture by Peter Fischer

1}~ ~ ~ft; I¥JI~~ VUE ACTUELLE SUR LE CAMELIA EN ALLEMAGNE \. EIN AKTUELLER UBERBLICK UBER KAMELIEN IN DEUTSCHLAND

Only a few people in Germany have there is for flower buds to develop and new many years of experience with camellias. I shoots to mature. Shoots that are not well am the son of a nurseryman who started matured will be destroyed and immature growing camellias and other greenhouse flower buds fall to the ground in plants 40 years before I was bom. I have November after a little frost. been working with camellias for more than The German climate is unreliable and 30 years in my own nursery and I can only July and August never have frost. assure you that this is not the economically This frost will of course be only at night in appropriate thing to do in Germany, a few places, but it is obvious that only a especially under the aspect of few species are suitable for German gardens. "Globalisation of the Green Market." Nevertheless, some varieties have adjusted Production costs are higher than any­ to German gardens and do very well, and where else in the world. their flower production increases every year. However, the camellias produced in A camellia cultivated in Germany will Germany are superior in their cold resist­ always be more successful in German ance compared with the same varieties gardens than the same variety imported from other parts of the world. from a less qarsh climate. The imported The weather conditions in Germany ­ camellia may be bigger or more beautiful, \ temperature, light intensity, hours of day­ but its faster growth has made it too delicate light and rainfall ~ limit the rate of for typical German winters. growth and the development of flower In 1999, we had a "century summer" buds. Young plants often do not set many which led to a rich development of buds buds. The flowering period starts late and and optimum maturity. The spring of 2000 often continues well beyond the end of gave us a marvelous period of bloom ­ May, when the new growth begins. This something that may happen once every 10 leaves little time for growth, which normally years. Friends in other areas in Germany ends in August. When no new buds show at confirmed that the quality of flowers was that time, or the terminal buds have not yet very high. split open, no flowers can be expected for the new season. Attracting Customers The saluenensis hybrids are an exception In my home town of Wingst, there are and have an average annual growth of more cows than people. This makes it approximately 10 cm (4 in). However, the necessary to attract camellia connoisseurs longer the growth process, the less chance and customers from near and far - even 123 from abroad. We produce 50 wi Id species Society members is growing. These and a multitude of camellia varieties. Our friends have realised that the beauty of emphasis is on old European varieties, camellias increases over the years and see many of which have come close to that there is a good future for camellias in extinction. Germany. Occasionally, we uncover old treasures. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe described For instance, I was happy to recover the the German longing for Southern or old German 'FrancofUl1ensis' with the help Mediterranean gardens two centuries ago of the Russian Botanical Garden in St. and today nothing has changed. Goethe Petersburg (also see p.43). was interested in camellias and discussed Last year, 2 million camellias were them with Johann Heinrich Seidel in 1790. produced in Germany. An additional 2.5 However his main topic then was the meta­ million were imported. However, most morphosis of plants in general, not the camellias in Germany are sold in garden camel Iias as such. centres and, without sufficient instruction [Editor's note: For more on the Seidel for their care, many of these plants perish. family see 1996 Journal, p.1l2] Mass producers may even welcome this situation - the result of our "throwaway" Ten Times More attitude. During the 1988 ICS Congress in Most German camellia lovers are care­ Naples, Italy, we had just overcome a very ful friends of their plants. I don't make this cold winter. I described the situation of the remark Iightly: the circle of Camellia heavily damaged camellias and the losses

The show house features about 300 camellias. Hubert Linlhe 124 in my garden, but my view for the future tions. The oldest plants 'Mikuni-no­ continued to be optimistic. At that time homare', 'Hiodoshi', 'Asahi-no-mai', and there were only 40 different camellias 'Ky6-nishiki' are now 3 m (10 ft) tall. The planted in the open. Today there are 10 older plants show a reliable setting of times more to see. In the meantime, some flower buds. Even after hard winters, of them have grown taller than my head. Higos will bloom, although they some­ I will not list here all of the existing times have black frozen anthers in their open-air camellias in my garden; however, flowers. This is a little disturbing because I would like to mention the ones I consid­ the golden powder puff of stamens in the er most important. These include varieties middle of each flower usually glows. The which can be found in various parts of mild German spring weather often allows Germany. only a short flowering period. 'Donckelaeri', or 'Masayoshi', has to be 'Higo-hatsuwarai' and 'Yukimiguruma' mentioned first. This japonica plant is 40 emit a light fragrance in mild spring sun­ years old now, but is only 2 m (6.5 ft) high. shine when the temperature is more than Of the same red, with white blotches, but 15C (59F). 'Nioi-fubuki' has a stronger with fuller, peony-form flowers, 'Collettii' fragrance but is, unfortunately, not hardy regularly gives joy even in a less protected enough for most German gardens. spot. With its diameter of 3 m (10 ft) this plant is very impressive even when it is not Defining Hardiness in bloom. Both of these varieties flower I would like to define the term "hardi­ after every winter. ness". Camellias which permanently live 'Hagoromo' (also known as outside must be able to survive the changing 'Magnoliiflora') has a wonderful pyramid conditions of the German winter in order to shaped structure, but its light coloured be in full bloom at springtime. Sometimes flowers are very sensitive. A great number there is too much frost or a long period of of the elegant semi-double and noble cold which destroys flower buds, but the individual flowers are damaged by wind, plant itself will survive and regenerate in

sun and ram during German spring the following growth period. This plant '-, weather. can be called "winter-resistant". 'Moshio', 'Oki-no-nami', 'Lady Vansittart' In my own garden, there is not a single and 'Ascona'are japonica varieties with camellia which does not have at least some flowers similar to 'Hagoromo', but are smaIl overgrown and healed wounds from absolutely non-sensitive to weather condi" bark splitting at the bottom of its stem. The tions and hardy enough for severe German probability for winter-damaged camellias winters. to survive and stabilise is greater than the 'Berenice Boddy' is a highlight each year death of the whole plant after one winter. with its long flowering period. Although it The short summer we sometimes have in is a japonica, it has a remarkably light Germany is a problem for many camellias. structure. The large number of light pink Japonica varieties must face up to minie and quite weather-resistant flowers appear mum light and temperature during their as cascades. growth period to develop flower buds. If a Higo camellias must be mentioned pos­ second shoot grows, this shoot will in all itively and the 12 varieties in my garden probability develop no flower buds and are absolutely suitable for German condi­ will not survive the following winter. 125

Every year, several varieties lose many small, bright red, anemone-form flowers. flower buds in November after nights with I saw this plant by chance 10 years ago in temperatures of -IOC (14F). This is a very Northern Italy. There was no label attached. typical phenomenon for flower buds which Its blossoms resembled 'Anemoniflora' but developed too late and therefore could not the leaves were different and it had a scent. fully mature. In Germany, we cannot The real drama: It stood in the garden of an establish winter-resistant North American old villa and was to be cut down to make camellia varieties easily. If the winter in way for a new carpark. Italian friends North Carolina, for instance, is longer and gave me a lot of help to save this plant and stronger than it ever is in Germany, the to prepare it in good gardener's style for the summer there, in contrast with that in my long journey of 1,600 km (l,000 mi) to the country, is nearly ideal for a good ripening north and over the Alps. of camellias. Research in Italy showed that this camellia Many years ago, Dr. William Ackerman was about one hundred years old. We even was kind enough to send me some cuttings found the correct name. This japonica variety, of his new hybrids. His 'Frostprince which Berlese described in his 1841 Double Form' exists only as an indoor "Iconography", is 'Rubina' and bred by a plant. In the open field the plants died from Mr. Harrison in about 1837 in New York. bark splitting. Just one of those that Dr. Although this camellia has shown hardly Ackerman sent me, a still unnamed any growth during the last 10 years, it has oleifera-saluenensis hybrid with flowers been in full blossom year after year. Its similar to 'Brigadoon', resists the German flowers only last for a short time and its winter quite well. leaves are quite sensitive to the winter sun. I have observed that the varieties similar Nevertheless, I think this camellia is a to sasanqua do not open many flowers marvellous addition to my garden. until the beginning of German winter and Another real beauty, with splendid therefore they freeze even if the plant itself blossoms every year, is a species survives. Cjaponica that has stood in my Japanese Dr. Clifford Parks' japonica hybrids and garden for 15 years. With a width of 4 m selections of his April Series have not been (13 ft) and a height of only 2 m (6.5 ft), its sufficiently tried and tested yet in many shoots are full ofleavesdowri to the Germany. The crossing potential, however, ground. Since it is located in full sunshine, has shown good qualities for surviving the we have to provide some shade by using German winter and I am very optimistic fleece. The fleece cover does not touch the that they will be suitable for German gardens. plant because it is supported by a special In Germany, under normal weather conditions, frame. This also protects the plant from about 90% of the flowering period is between stormy weather and the weight of winter the end of March and the beginning of May. snow. This kind of protection is recommended for all locations in Germany where camellias In the Garden would suffer from the winter sun and Please allow me to give you a brief drying continental winds . . history of the biggest camellia in my A layer of aged cow manure 20 cm (8 in) garden: a splendid plant about 5m (16 ft) high, carefully spread around the trunk of high and 3m (10 ft) wide, full of leaves each camellia and renewed each winter, from the top to the ground and full of can be helpful. This layer protects the 126 camellia roots from a hard freeze and it resists any kind of winter precipitation. assures that the plant will slowly defrost Normally stems and flowers are very deli­ from the inside after the winter. During the cate but it withstands German garden con­ growth period the plant gets ideal nutrition ditions. from the manure layer, and, most impor­ Very similar and delicate as well, but tant in my area where there is only sandy with an upright growth, is 'Spring soil, I never have to water the plant ­ Festival', which is another type of cuspi­ even in the hottest summer - because this data hybrid. The pink double flowers of layer also prevents the plant from drying this variety are extremely resistant to out. bad weather conditions. My lecture is based on my own practical Of the many williamsii hybrids, experience. I have collected my own 'Donation' is the most favourite, as it is in weather data over many years and without England. Annual dense clusters of flowers, this research I could not make statements intense colour and flower shape make this as to the reliability of camellias in our plant an eye-catcher. In my garden you can German winter. People are often surprised find 'Donation' in different locations since to learn that camellias don't need special it tolerates the German growing conditions care if the plant is in the right soil and well. location. 'Daintiness', 'Water Lily', 'Debbie', Our lively ICS, with friends from all over 'Coppelia' and 'Francis Hanger' are simi­ the world, helps me greatly with answers lar good hybrids with high garden value in to my daily questions. I see my lecture Germany and the added advantage that, today as a practical and up-to-date contin­ unlike many japonica hybrids, they still set uation of Waldemar Hansen's lecture two good flower buds even after bad summers. years ago in Japan (1999 Journal, p.112­ In my opinion, the most beautiful red 117). hybrid is Nuccio's 'Freedom Bell'. Its There is tradition and there is progress in resistance to German winters, its dense the German section. All of you are heartily clusters of blooms and its very solid invited to visit us at any time. Germany is growth make this variety extremely valuable. not really able to host an ICS congress, but In Germany it has a long flowering period there exists a very dynamic German and is absolutely weather resistant. camellia group. Julius Nuccio was correct Hybrids with reticulata blood have also when he said "It is the camellia that proven to have good winter resistance for enables us to overcome different national many years. 'Inspiration' is a real dream barriers." when it is in full bloom. It performs even when planted in a less than ideal location. Hybrids and Other Camellias in 'Black Lace' can be a real beauty, but it Germany does not always set flower buds during the Let me return to my description of German summer. 'Leonard Messel' is a camellias in Germany and take a closer much more reliable bloomer, even though look at hybrids which I especially adore. its relatively large semi-double flowers On top of the list is 'Cornish Snow'. often suffer from the wind, sun and rain. This iron-hard cuspidata hybrid often As for sasanquas, a 3m-high 'Plantation starts to bloom before Christmas and fin­ Pink' has been standing in my garden for ishes in May. Despite its white flowers, it 20 years. However, these beautiful autumn­ 127 flowering camellias are not very suitable for A C.pitardii cross with Cjaponica German gardens because of their poor bud 'Akebono' resulted in a hybrid with very setting after normal German summers and japonica-like leaves. Named 'Loki because they rarely manage to finish Schmidt', for the camellia-loving wife of a blooming before the winter comes and former German chancellor, it has a simple destroys the buds. Since all tested varieties almost white flower with a pink "washed" of sasanquas have died because of bark­ petal border. This variety, which has been splitting damage at the bottom of their grown outdoors for only four years, is trunks, I recommend that all sasanquas be developing so well that I am highly grown in containers indoors. optimistic about its suitability for I recommend the same for Camellia German gardens. sinensis. I have had one growing in my I would like to introduce here a japonica garden for more than 12 years, producing seedling which appears to be suitable for blossoms and even ripe fruit, but I still our gardens. It has not yet been named. think that it will have only limited success With the help of the late Yoshiaki Andoh, a under normal weather conditions in former vice-.president of the ICS, I Germany. received· 'Shibori-sei6bo' from Japan. A seedling of this variety looks rather stiff, is Novelties from Germany not really beautiful and has distorted Germany has only limited possibilities leaves. However, its blossoms surprise me for developing new camellias, but I can every year because there are always three report some small successes. completely different flowers on one plant. A still unnamed and strong japonica vari­ Each bloom is trumpet shaped with seven ety was developed from a Korea seedling. It to nine petals. There are white blooms next is reliably resistant. Its single red flow­ to red peppered ones with a white base and ers, with seven to nine petals, are not white blooms with pinkish-red streaks. very big. This curiosity has been flowering reliably A chance seedling flowering in 1988 for for many years and with no damage. the first time, named 'Wingster Olymp', Maybe I should call it 'Wingster Trinity'. has proven to be very winter-resistant in Finally, I would like to mention Neville many places. Tom Savige, the late Haydon's fantastic 'Takanini', a japonica International Registrar, thought the large variety that has given me great pleasure for white semi-double flower would be too many years. It begins flowering in tender for the Australian sun, but it has December and often continues to May. It proven to be relatively insensitive to the may be surprising, even to Neville, that his weather in Germany. New Zealander is tough enough for 'Dagmar Berghoff', with light pink, German gardens. It begins blooming with medium-size blooms, is a successful new dark red blossoms and says "good bye" hybrid resulting from a pitardii seedling. It with nearly orange/red ones. has been growing in my garden for nearly 10 years, and its extremely long blooming Peter Fischer is an ICS German director, period gives a lot of pleasure. as well as nurseryman. 128 LEAVES - JUST LEAVES Los Angeles Congress Lecture by Jennifer Trehane

DES FEUILLES - JUSTE DES FEUILL BLATTER -- EINFACH NUR BLATTER ",

We grow camellias because they provide as the source of energy to power the us with a wonderful display of flowers, photosynthesis process. which, by careful choice of varieties, we A look at a cross section of a camellia can enjoy almost all year round. We exhibit leaf shows how these manufacturing units blooms at shows, enjoy their brightness in are designed for efficient operation. The gardens and feel cheered when they flower chloroplasts are sometimes present in the through the dull days of winter and early epidermal cells close to the leaf surface. spring. They are in greater numbers, especially in But what about their leaves - those the rectangular palisade, and in- the more "evergreen" features of our camellias? irregular shaped, spongy mesophylliayers Why do we tend to neglect to mention further inside. them, or even notice them, particularly? The air spaces between cells, especially Perhaps it is because they are always in the spongy mesophyll, allow efficient "there" and we take them for granted. gaseous exchange within the leaf. These

We shouldn't, of course, because without spaces are connected directly or indirectly \, them there would be no flowers. They are to the stomata, which are located mainly of crucial importance to our plants, being on the under surface of the leaf. The the primary food factories responsible for stomata, which are opened and closed by combining the raw materials around them the action of the two guard cells on either to manufacture the carbohydrates and side of them, allow and regulate the proteins the plants need for all their life exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and processes. water vapour between the interior of the The basic raw materials are water and leaf and the atmosphere around it. carbon dioxide. The water is absorbed by The stomata also control transpiration the roots and carried to the leaves by the (evaporation of water) from the leaf. stems. The carbon dioxide, available in the Maximum transpiration occurs in summer, air, is taken in through the leaf pores, the when the plant needs cooling and also stomata. The two raw materials are then when photosynthesis is at its most active. combined in the process of photosynthesis, It is important that plenty of water is using light as the source of energy. available through the roots to replace that The green colouring, chlorophyll, in the lost from the leaves. Wilting takes place "<... leaves is vital to this process. Chloroplasts, when transpiration is more rapid than bearing the chlorophyll, harness light from water uptake - a stark sign that our the sun and enable the plant to use it camellias are in desperate need of water. 129 cuticular wax than others. The shiny leaves of most C japonica indicate an effective coating of wax. The gloss reflects light and reduces heat absorption in summer and heat loss in winter, ideal for a species such as C japonica that comes from an area where summers may be bright and hot and winters can be very cold and wet. At the other extreme, the delicate, matt-surfaced leaves of C.lutchuensis appear to have very little cuticle, because they do not need much protec­ tion in a sub-tropical climate. Somewhere in between are species such as C.reticulata and C.saluenensis, which have quite leathery leaves (thick cell walls) with a mall surface (lillie cuticular wax). These species tend to grow amongst pine trees, in semi-shade, and experience moderately cold, dry winters. One species, C.tenuivalvis, photographed Green zone in leaf with choroplasts. growing on an exposed hillside at 3,200 (Magnification x126) metres (10,500 ft) on Longzhoushan in Sichuan, China, has very pointed leaves One thing that is apparent is that which are markedly keeled like a boat and variegated leaves, which have white excellent for conducting rainwater and or yellow colouring instead of being snow down to the soil below (also see p uniformly green, have areas that are 113). lacking in chlorophyll. For me, this The yellow camellias, such as C.nitidis­ explains why many such plants, whether variegated by virus infection or produced as a result of "sporting" (chimera), tend to lack vigour. They are unable to harness the sun's energy as efficiently as fully green-leaved plants. I have also found that many variegated leaves, especially those which have thin external surfaces (cuticles), become brown very readily, with dead cells in the colourless areas, especially in cold weather. Is there a connection here too?

Adaptations Some species have thicker layers of C.tenllivalvis on Longzhoushan. 130 sima, which are in very deep shade in sub­ The problem may be a shortage, or tropical bamboo forests in Guangxi, China, excess, of vital minerals and we can even have extra large leaves whose surface area identify which ones by the colour and, is further increased with high ridges. These sometimes, the pattern of colouring (see plants are able to catch sufficient light for photos: [3] general starvation, [4] lack of their metabolism even in what appear to be iron, [5] excess of phosphorus). There may incredibly dark conditions. Their leaves are be chewed edges when adult vine weevils thin and light in texture, ideally suited to are at large, or holes when there has been their habitat. an invasion of sap-sucking insects, such as To further increase available surface area scale insects. for light absorption and gaseous exchange Sooty mould fungus on the upper surface where cooling by transpiration in hot dry of a leaf is also a sure sign - and fre­ conditions is also necessary, species have a quently the first we notice - that insects huge number of very small leaves. or mites have been feeding and excreting C.lutchuensis, C.transnokoensis and "honeydew", which, in turn, acts as a c.sasanqua are good examples. marvellous medium for the fungus. Scorched leaves, which usually drop Leaves as Indicators later, due to too much exposure to sun and In cultivation, we may note other adap­ wind, especially when combined with low tations. When we experience hard frosts temperatures, tell us that our camellia is in and strong winds our camellias tend to need of more shelter. Varieties vary greatly look poor, with their leaves hanging list­ in their susceptibility, so maybe another lessly instead of being held up boldly. cultivar can be planted in its place. They are merely adapting to harsh condi­ It is not always appreciated, however, tions by keeping their vulnerable lower that the appearance of a few yellow/brown surfaces, with their stomatal pores, out of leaves, especially near the centre of a the wind as far as possible. It is a sensible plant, are to be expected. It is normal for a precaution, equivalent to our wrapping camellia to shed some of its older leaves, '1 our coats around us to keep warm. especially before cellular activity and new ! A camellia suffering lack of water in the growth starts in spring, when the plant has soil in summer has a similar appearance. It, used up all its stored food reserves during also, is suffering from dehydration. It is the flowering period. In fact, this is when easy to rehydrate in summer by watering my plants look decidedly tired and poor the camellia. But in winter there may be before perking up as the new season gets more to it than that, if the soil is frozen. under way. We have to wait until the water in the soil thaws and, meanwhile, reduce the loss of Leaves to Enjoy '[ water by transpiration, and therefore stress Camellia foliage is, to my mind, greatly on the plant, by keeping the leaves protect­ under-appreciated. Here in California, ed from the wind. where the production of blooms for exhi­ Leaves tell us so much about the condi­ bition purposes is the main objective, this tion of our camellias. Ifthey are bright and is understandable. Big blooms also tend green, we know that all is welLAs soon as to be borne on bushes of varieties which they look pale or dull, or discoloured, we have naturally sparse foliage, and keen know that something is wrong. exhibitors tend to prune their bushes 131

t·~ I ~ • ..,.,. .~. -"~'. tt \. 't7\ .. '.\~' ~.~ ~\J;'~-'~ .~. ,"~'.- (" ,, t·)~. . ,,' "" . J Leaves with general mineral deficiency.

heavily, too. These "hat racks" are not meant to look attractive! However, where camellias are grown for their value as garden plants, the shape of a bush and the qualities of its foliage are much more important and should certainly be included as a consideration when pur­ chasing plants. A mass of flowers in winter or spring, on a bush with attractive foliage, A lack of iron. is truly an asset in any garden, There is nothing better than a back­ ground of deep green camellia foliage on a tidy, bushy plant to show off C010Ulfui summer flowers, or to lend depth to a sum­ mer shrub border. Leaf shape, size and colour can add interest, especially in a mixed border in a garden where camell ias become important as evergreen features during their non-flowering season. There are so many variations. Varieties with variegated foliage may be appreciated, bearing in mind their possible An excess of phosphorus. lack of vigour due to low chlorophyll levels. Variegation may be due to sporting, tones in their young leaves. Camellia cuspi­ such as C japonica 'Variegata', C.rusticalla data and some of its hybrids, such as 'Reigyoku', or c.sasanqua 'Sasanqua 'Spring Festival' and 'Cornish Snow', Variegated'. It may also be due to virus have wonderful red/bronze young growth. infection. 'Ruddigore' and 'Bob Hope' are Cjaponi­ Young growth can also be a very attractive ca examples, while 'Elegant Beauty' and feature. Many species, such as C./wchllensis 'Wilber Foss' are examples of the and C.1ransnokoensis, have striking red williamsii hybrids. 132

'Reigyoku': variegation due to sporting" Virus infection variegation.

The best of the lot, in my collection at gle bush may carry leaves of different sizes least, is 'Night Rider', the New Zealand and shapes, and an assessment based on an hybrid by Oz Blumhardt, with wonderful agreed standard needs to be made. Maybe deep red young leaves which mature to it should be "the third leaf behind a deep green with a red cast. I can accept its flower", as used by Dr. Clifford Parks dur­ tendency to produce flowers irregularly in ing studies in the field in China in 2000? our English climate. Let us all appreciate our camellia leaves Leaves are also of great significance as a little more. Let us also, when registering features to consider when trying to identify new cultivars, include a description of camellias with similar or even identical leaves to help future identification. With flowers. A description of leaves and habit over 35,000 cultivars included in the of a bush can be crucial in identification, "International Camellia Register", there especially in historic collections. are bound to be many which have very Fortunately, we do have this information similar blooms. for many older cultivars.1t is sadly lacking for many newer ones. Jennifer Trehane is a former vice-presi­ We must not forget, however, that a sin dent of the ICS. She is author of "Came/lias" (Bat~jord, London /998).

Young leaves of 'Spring Festival', Young leaves of 'Elegant Beauty'. 133 PROGRESS ON CAMELLIA FLOWER BLIGHT RESEARCH Los Angeles Congress Lecture by Peter Long, Christine Taylor and Rosie Bradshaw

~1t1t~m B{lliJf~Jtt*-~ PROGRES DE LA RECHERCHE SUR LA ROUILLE DE LA FLEUR DE CAMELIA FORTSCHRITT IN DER KAMELIENBLUTENFAULE-FORSCHUNG 'Y /~q:.:mJ1l:tL~iJf~(f)~~ Since the mid-1990s, our group has been Disease Resistance studying camellia flower blight (Ciborinia *Measuring and screening for resistance ­ camelliae Kohn). We now have a better Resistance testing is a common proce­ understanding of the pathogen and how it dure, used when assessing new varieties of interacts with camellia flowers. many crops, for example, com, pumpkins. We have identified a number of species As well as testing the new variety for the of camellia with high levels of resistance size, taste and appearance of its fruit, its to the disease and studies on resistance resistance to diseases is assessed. mechanisms should assist breeders in pin­ Resistance is rarely absolute, which means pointing traits that can be used in resist­ it is important to quantify the level of ance breeding programmes. resistance for each variety. Biological control studies are in their Initially, all camellias were thought to be infancy but work to date indicates that there at least fairly susceptible to Ciborinia is potential for success in this area also. camelliae, but when it was found that Overall, our group feels that resistant some species were difficult to infect, it varieties and biocontrol agents that can became important to quantify this level of protect the flowers are the best long term resistance. To obtain this quantifiable options and that is where we are concen­ information, a test and its conditions need trating our resources. to be as standard and repeatable as possi­ This presentation covers five aspects of .ble. For example, in the field two bushes our camellia flower blight research work: next to each other may have different Disease Resistance amounts of disease. It may be that one is *Measuring and screening for resistance more resistant than the other, but it may *Resistance mechanisms also be that more spores landed on one Biological Control bush than the other or that flowers dried The Disease Cycle more quickly on one plant because of *Symptoms, survival and infection greater exposure to sun or wind. A testing *The triggers for spore development and procedure must be able to contrbl factors release into the air like spore concentration, incubation tem­ *Row spores infect flowers perature and the relative humidity (RR) of Evaluation of Control Strategies the air in order that the real effects (like *Prevention of spore production resistance or susceptibility) can be deter­ *Protection of the flowers mined. Molecular Identification To control the incubation temperature 134 and RH, the inoculated flowers and petals (see Table I opposite). are incubated in plastic containers. The Where more than one variety of a species base of the container is covered in wet (for example, CJaponica) has been tested, paper towels (to maintain RH) and mesh all fall within the same resistance group­ holds the flower/petals off the wet paper. ing. Approximately half the species tested The containers are sealed in polyethylene so far fall into the susceptible category and bags to minimise air movement and the half into the resistant category (with the whole container incubated in a tempera­ autumn flowering species grouped togeth­ ture-controlled room. er). Controlling spore numbers is more dif­ *Resistance mechanisms ­ ficult. The prefened method is to mix Many plants have a multitude of resist­ spores with water, creating a spore suspen­ ance mechanisms, but the critical point is sion. The concentration of spores in the when and if the invader triggers those suspension can be adjusted by adding or resistance mechanisms. Resistant plants removing water, to give the desired num­ 'recognise' the pathogen quickly and ber of spores/milli1itre. respond by producing physical or chemical Unfortunately, the spore suspension defenses. Susceptible plants may not method does not work as well with 'recognise' the pathogen until it is too late Ciborinia camelliae as with many other to stop their invasion. fungi as the spores do not appear to survive Our knowledge of resistance mecha­ well in water. Three techniques were com­ nisms comes from the study of other pared for efficacy of infection: plant/pathogen interactions, for example, I. Spore suspension (quantifiable data) wheat and rusts. Little or nothing was 2. Airborne inoculation in laboratory (dif­ known about the camellia/Ciborinia ficult to quantify data) camelliae interaction when we started this 3. Airborne inoculation in the field (diffi­ work. We are looking for evidence of cult to quantify data) resistance mechanisms in those camellia Since there are slight differences in the species that have been identified as resist­ results obtained using these methods, the ant, and whether those same mechanisms amalgamated results should present a fair occur in susceptible camellia species but, and reliable picture of levels of resistance. for whatever reason, are not triggered by There are three comparisons to make when the pathogen. interpreting the data. These are the effects Resistance can occur on the surface of of I) wet vs. dry inoculations, 2) flower vs. the petal or inside the petal once the petal inoculations and 3) laboratory vs. pathogen has penetrated. Our group has field inoculations. demonstrated the behaviour of Ciborinia The laboratory airborne inoculation of camelliae spores and hyphae on the sur­ petals is quick and reasonably consistent face of camellia petals and we are now and has been used as the method of choice looking for defense mechanisms that oper­ to develop a Resistance Rating Scale. ate within the cells, once the fungus has Using this scale, disease reactions of a penetrated through the surface. camellia species/variety can be grouped The internal defenses can be physical or into one of four categories: chemical. An example of physical resist­ I=susceptible, 2=moderately susceptible, ance is the formation of lignitubers in 3=moderately resistant and 4=resistant response to fungal hyphae. Lignitubers are 135

Camellia SpecieslHybrids Resistance Rating C.checkiangoleosa 1 C.cuspidata 4 C.euryoides 4 Cforestii 4 Cfraterna 4 C.gigantocarpa 1 C.grijsii 4 Cjaponica 1 Cjaponica hybrids 1-2 C.longicarpa 4 C.lutchuensis 4 C.maliflora 2 C.pitardii var. pitardii 1 C.polyodonta 1 C.reticulata 1 C.reticulata hybrids 1 C.rosaeflora 1 C.semiserrata 1 C.transarisanensis 4 Table 1. C.transnokoensis 4 Resistance clas­ sification of C.trichocarpa 4 camellia C.yuhsienensis 4 species. C.yunnanensis 4 Autumn flowering species 1-2 sites on the cell wall that become much fungal cell wall, the fungus is destroyed. thickened through the deposition of lignin The last New Zealand flower blight sea­ in opposition to the fungal hyphae. In a son (Sept.-Nov. 2000) was the first season resistant reaction, the cell lays down lignin of our research into this field. We are look­ at the site the fungus is trying to penetrate, ing at several potential mechanisms: 1) preventing the fungus penetrating into the anti-fungal phenolics (these strengthen cell. plant cell walls); 2) chitinase (degrades An example of chemical resistance is the fungal cell walls); 3) lignitubers (barrier to production of chitinase. Chitinase is an·. penetration by fungus). enzyme that breaks down chitin. Fungal Christine Taylor has found that C.cusp­ cell walls (and not plant cell walls) contain idata is highly resistant to flower blight chitin, so by degrading the chitin in the and preliminary investigations on this 136 species by PhD student Vingnana-singam The Disease Cycle have shown that there is an accumulation *Symptoms, survival and infection - of phenolic materials in the walls of cells Camellia flower blight is caused by the under the spores of Ciborinia camelliae. fungus Ciborinia camelliae Kohn. The ini­ These. cells also collapse and we suspect tial symptoms of infection consist of small there is production of other antifungal (1-2 mm) brown spots on the petals. Each chemicals in these and surrounding cells. 'spot is the result of infection by one spore '. In another resistant species, of the pathogen. The spots enlarge until the C.transnokoensis, the spores of the entire petal has died and become brown in pathogen germinate but the infection colour. When only one, or a few petals, on hyphae grow across the surface of the petal a flower are infected, the disease spreads and appear unable to penetrate. to the base of the flower then progresses up These preliminary studies raise some the remaining petals from the base. interesting questions. How many different A mat of white or grey fungal threads resistance mechanisms operate in camellia (hyphae) forms around the base of the species? How easy will it be to transfer flower under the sepals. resistance in breeding programmes? Do After two or more weeks, the fungus the susceptible species such as C. japoni­ forms black survival structures, called ca, C. reticulata and their hybrids lack sclerotia. They develop near the base of resistance mechanisms or do they possess the infected flower and vary in shape and such mechanisms but the flower blight size, from that of an apple seed to complex pathogen has found a way to avoid trigger­ structures 1-2 cm across that take on the ing them into action? If this is the case, shape of the flower base. In either case, then can we sensitise them to the pathogen, they have a hard, black, outer case and a perhaps by treating the plant with an elici­ soft grey-brown centre. They usually form tor? after the flower drops to the ground but are frequently found in flowers that remain Biological Control caught in the branches of the plant. A past PhD student, Dr Darryl Cook, These sclerotia survive in or on the developed a technique for isolation of ground over summer, autumn and winter yeast and bacteria that were potential bio­ until the next spring when some will ger­ control agents. The principal of the tech­ minate while others may remain dormant nique was to use germinated spores as bait for several years. Upon germination, they to isolate such yeast and bacteria. Mr produce a fruiting body shaped like a golf­ Vingnana-singam has used this technique tee (the apothecium). The spores are to isolate a number of microbes and has formed on the top of this structure and are two bacteria that have given high levels of released into the air. If they land on a protection on individual petals under labo­ camellia flower they can germinate and ratory conditions, but considerable further cause a new infection. ... work is required to test them under field *The triggers for spore development and conditions and to assess their suitability release into the air - for formulation into a form that could, be Light, temperature and moisture are manufactured and sold. Nevertheless, in involved in triggering spore release but the principle, this work suggests that suitable details have not yet been worked out. Work biocontrol agents may exist. of Masterate student Jennifer Bright has

-' 137 shown that there are one or two peaks of fungicide (prevents the sclerotia germinat­ spore release from an apothecium and that ing and kills the apothecia). in either case most spores are released in ... Applying a biological control agent that the first 8-10 days even though an apothe­ attacks the sclerotia and destroys them - a cium may produce spores for up to 17 days technique being investigated at Lincoln if the conditions are suitable. The potential University, New Zealand. number of spores from one apothecium is ... Use of organic mulches which can sup­ considerable: 11 ,900,000 from the most press apothecial formation. There is little prolific apothecium with an average of information on this technique at present. 7,660,000 from 10 apothecia. All these techniques will reduce the num­ *How spores infect flowers ­ ber of spores produced but are unlikely to Fungal spores that land on susceptible totally eliminate spore production from the host tissue may produce an infection tube treated areas. A further complication is that that penetrates the tissue immediately or spores can blow into the area from neigh­ meanders across the surface for some dis­ bouring gardens in sufficient numbers to tance before penetration takes place. cause a major disease outbreak. Vingnana-singam has shown that if the *Protection of the flowers ­ infection tubes of Ciborinia camelliae Possible techniques here include: penetrate immediately there is less chance ... Use offungicides sprayed onto the flow­ of them contacting fungicide deposits or ers. A major difficulty with this technique being contacted by biocontrol agents than is obtaining adequate coverage of the if they meandered across the surface flowers. Complete coverage of both sur­ before penetration. faces of all petals and other flowering parts After penetration, fungal hyphae may is necessary before spores land on them. penetrate· the cells immediately or they This requires an excellent spray applica­ may grow between the cells. Vingnana­ tion, repeated sufficiently frequently, to singam's studies have shown that the fun­ protect all flowers as they open. In many gus grows underneath the cuticle and instances this would be daily! between the cells without actually entering Systemic fungicides do not alleviate this them for at least 72 hours. After that time problem. They move in the xylem sap, thus it ramifies through all the cells and petal droplets of fungicide spray landing on a tissues. leaf would move towards the tips and edges of the leaf. They would not move Evaluation of Control Strategies into and through the stem to the flowers. *Prevention of spore production ­ Spray absorbed through the stems would Possible techniques here include: move with the transpiration stream into the ... Collection of fallen flowers (reduces the leaves . number of sclerotia that survive to the next In our opinion, control of flower blight season). by foliar fungicide sprays is unlikely to ... Pruning of all lower branches (increases provide an effective control of flower airflow and thus reduces humidity at blight in the foreseeable future other than ground level thereby creating less to treat a few individual blooms. favourable conditions for apothecial for­ ... Use of resistant varieties. This is likely mation and survival). to be the ultimate control measure as it ... Spraying the ground with a long lasting requires no further action on the part of the 138 grower and does not result in contamina­ structure must be correct and since it tion of the environment by toxic chemi­ occurs in every living cell, whether that of cals. The discovery of resistance in some an insect, fungus, plant or animal, the species of camellias offers hope of suc­ genes coding for the structure are very cessfully breeding resistant varieties in the similar in all these organisms. The ribo­ medium term. some is made of three gene products and ... Use of biocontrol agents that attack the the three genes are separated by internal germinating spores and protect the flowers transcribed spacer regions (ITS land from infection. This approach faces similar ITS2). Lying between Genes I and 2 is the problems to that of using fungicides unless ITS 1 region and between Genes 2 and 3 is biocontrol agents that multiply and spread the ITS2 region. The ITS regions do not over the surface of the flowers can be code for any gene products. found. There is also the possibility of find­ Although the three genes are similar in ing bacteria and fungi that trigger the host all organisms, the two ITS regions vary resistance mechanisms and thereby induce from one species to another. These two resistance to flower blight. short sections of DNA are not used to make the ribosome; they are DNA with no Molecular Identification apparent function except to create "space" The ability to detect and confirm the between the functional products. Because identity of the pathogen in plant material they do not have a function, the DNA code without having to carry out isolations onto can vary in these regions and since they are agar medium and then study the character­ between the three ribosomal genes they are istics of any fungi isolated would be of easy to find. great value for experimental work and for The similarities and differences in DNA quarantine services dealing with imported occur at the base level. There are four camellias. This can now be done using bases, called A, G, C and T (the letters are molecular techniques. short for their chemical names, adenine, The key to this approach is to find a part guanine, cytosine and thymine). It is the of the fungal DNA that is only found in sequence of these bases in the DNA that this pathogen and in no other organism. A determines whether they make a function­ short sequence of DNA which is specific to al product (like Gene l) or nothing at all Ciborinia camelliae could be used to make (like ITSl and ITS2). However, even the a DNA probe that can distinguish it from non-functional regions can provide infor­ the DNA of any other organism. The abili­ mation about an organism. In our case, the ty to detect and identify Ciborinia camelli­ search is for the base sequences in the ae with molecular precision would give ITS 1 and ITS2 regions to find sections that greater confidence to the results of this and are unique to Ciborinia camelliae. other research. To summarise, several different isolates A technique based on the sequence of of Ciborinia camelliae are collected, the bases that make up the ribosomal gene DNA extracted multiplied and then group has already been used successfully sequenced across the ITS land ITS2 to differentiate the DNA of various species regions by machine so that the exact of insects, fungi and plants. Ribosomes use sequence of bases along the entire section messages from the genes as a template to is known. The sequence of bases of all the make proteins. To function, the ribosome Ciborinia camelliae isolates are compared 139 to make sure the sequence is identical and ing this work and of Descanso and then it is compared with the sequences Huntington Gardens for providing the from the same ITS 1 and ITS2 regions facilities and financial support that made it recorded for other fungi and plants. Even a possible for Christine Taylor to spend few differences between the sequences of nearly three months in 1999 and 2000 in Ciborinia camelliae and other organisms Los Angeles to continue her studies on are enough to enable us to make the dis­ resistance during the northern hemisphere tinction. The ultimate aim is to be able to blight season. grind diseased camellia tissue in a drop of water and then add a probe which will Peter Long presented the paper. He is detect the pathogen if it is present. Senior Lecturer in Plant Pathology at the Institutes of Natural Resources and Acknowledgement Molecular Biosciences at Massey We would like to acknowledge the finan­ University, Palmerston North, New cial support of the New Zealand Memorial Zealand. Christine Taylor and Rosie Trust and Massey University for support Bradshaw are graduate students. 140 ANCIENT CULTIVARS OF CAMELLIA JAPONICA An Important Genetic Resource in the Lake Maggiore Area in Northern Italy Los Angeles Congress lecture by Dora Remotti ti*~~IW~~~~ ANCIENS CULTIVARS DU CAMELIA JAPONICA URALTE CAMELLIA JAPONICA KULTURFORMEN V->r ~.:::;lJ • 'Y /~~O)t1lt'£fj The camellia, introduced in Italy in 1760, examined and characterized. The parame­ assumed a remarkable position in Italian ters that were analysed concerned the floriculture during the 19th century, espe­ ancient period of their introduction (esti­ cially in some particular geographical mated on the grounds of bibliographic areas where the hybridization activity information or, when missing, through the reached high levels of perfection. observation of the size of the specimen) In the outskirts of Milan, Genoa, Florence and the typicalness of the cultivar. and in the area of Lake Maggiore, the Since the determination of the cultivar cultivation of the camellia became wide­ was made using descriptions included in spread and was introduced into a great the 18th century catalogues and by the number of gardens. With the end of the comparison with ancient prints published in 19th century, the interest in this flower magazines of horticulture of that time or in i decreased, which led to a reduction in its specific picture catalogues, it was necessary " market value. In spite of camellias being that the cultivar show the peculiar features in , replaced in gardens with new ornamen­ order to consider its identification correct. I ~. tal species, several historical parks and The morpho-botanical characterization gardens presently host old camellia consisted in filling in specific identification specimens dating back to their ancient cards in which the following features were introduction. Their safeguard and pro­ considered: tection from exploitation are becoming * Flower (shape, diameter, depth, size) important goals because of their histori­ * Petals (number, shape, surface, edge, cal, cultural and scientific meaning. colour) Our recent investigation carried out in the * Stamens and petaloids (number, arrange­ historical gardens along the shores of Lake ment, colour) Maggiore identified 100 cultivars which * Leaf (length, width, leaf index, shape, .... had been produced in the nineteenth century. colour) * Characteristics of the specimen observed

Materials and Methods (size, growth form, blooming period, den­ \ This research was articulated in two sity) phases: 1) a bibliographical investigation A photograph was attached to each card by means of which it was possible to locate to illustrate the flower of the individual the gardens containing a considerable cultivar. Historical and bibliographical presence of CJaponica; 2) field work, dur­ information was also included: origin, ing which the identified specimens were year of production, name of the raiser,

'"I 141 synonyms, original description (the very province of Verbania: Villa Taranto (Verbania­ fIrst one), further quotations, bibliographic Pallanza),VillaAnelli (Oggebbio),Villa Ruscono­ references of the original picture and the Clerici (Verbania-Pallanza), Villa San subsequent ones and, when found, the Remigio (Verbania-Pallanza), the botanical ancient print. garden Isola Madre, Villa Ada Troubetzkoy The characterization and identifIcation (Ghiffa), the nursery la Margotta (Cannero wotk were carried out in the gardens of the Riviera), and concerned the following cultivars:

'Alba Plena', 'Albino Botti', 'Althaeiflora', 'Anemonaetlora Alba', 'Anemoniflora', 'Angelo Cocchi' , 'Arciduca Carlo', 'ArciduchessaAugusta'; 'Baron de Vriere' , 'Bella di Firenze' , 'Bella Lamberti', 'Bella Romana' , 'Bonomiana'; 'C.M. Hovey', 'CalipsoVera', 'Camilla Hebert', 'Carlotta Papudoff', 'Carolina Franzini', 'Caryophyllitlora Major', 'Caryophylloides', 'Commensa', 'Compte de Gomer', 'Conte di Cavour', 'ContessaWoronzoff', 'Corallina', 'Covina', 'Cruciata'; 'Daviesi', 'Donckelaeri' ('Masayoshi'), 'Duchesse d'Orleans'; 'Elegans', 'Eleonora Franchetti', 'Elisabetta Hebert' , 'Emperor'; 'Fimbriata', 'Formosa de Young', 'Francesco Fenuccio', 'Francofurtensis', 'Frederic Alba'; 'General Colletti', 'Gigantea', 'Gloria del Verbano', 'Gloria delle Isole Borromeo', 'Gran Sultano', 'GranditloraAlba'; 'Humilis';'il Gioiello', 'il Tramonto'; 'L'Avvenire' , 'Lavinia Maggi Rubra', 'Lavinia Maggi Alba', 'Lavinia Maggi'; 'Madame de Strekaloff', 'Madoni', 'Magnoliaetlora' ('Hagoromo'), 'Marchesa Margherita Serra', 'Margherita Colleoni' ,'Margherite Gouillon', 'Maria Antonietta', 'Maria Bagnasco', 'Marmorata', 'MathotianaAlba', 'Mathotiana Rosea', 'Mathotiana', 'Montironi', 'Nebulosa', 'Nobilissima'; 'Oki-no-nami', 'Oscar Borrini', 'Otome'; 'Paolina Maggi', 'Parvula', 'Pelagii', 'Preston Rose', 'Prince Troubetzkoy', 'Prof Filippo Parlatore'; 'Rawesiana', 'Reine de Beautes', 'Ridolfi Striata', 'Roi de Belges', 'Roma Risorta', 'Rubescens Major'; 'Sacco di Lainate' ;Sacco Vera', 'Sacco', 'Saccoi', 'Sarah Frost', 'Sericea', 'Souvenir de Bahaud-Litou', 'StellaPolare'; 'Teutonia', 'Tricolor', 'Triomphe de Mayence', 'Triphosa'; 'Valtevareda', 'Variegata Plena', 'Vergine di Collebeato' , 'Ville de Nantes' , 'Vrrginia Franco', 'Vittorio EmanueleIl'

Conclusions vars - even when the gardens were aban­ The identifIcation and morpho-botanical doned during wartime or property succes­ characterization of C Japonica cultivars, sions and also during exceptionally bad besides helping to safeguard them and to weather conditions - has proven their protect their exploitation, permitted the outstanding resistance and therefore the rediscovery of an interesting genetic success of their use in gardens . heritage. This discovered information can be used advantageously in the Dr. Dora Remotti ofTurin University and restoration of historical gardens. In Dr. Andrea Corneo, ICS Italian director, modern floriculture these ancient cultivars managed the research work. This lecture is are surely adaptable to local eco-pedologi­ an extension ofthe article that appeared in cal conditions. The survival of these culti- the 2000 Journal, p.28-29. 142 THE HIGO WAY OF MAKING CAMELLIA BONSAI Los Angeles Congress lecture by Shigeo Matsumoto

LA FA\;ON IDGO DE FAlRE DES BONSAIS DE CAMELIAS ,, DIE IDGO - METHODE, BONSAI-KAMELIEN ZU GESTALTEN nE~1JfEY /~::t-~fXft t?

In Japan the bonsai technique of cultivating kept in Higo Province exclusively for plants has been inherited from ancient times. many years. It is reasonable to imagine that the bonsai The Higo-ryu, or Higo way, of making culture developed because people living in camellia bonsai features Rigo camellias city areas, although isolated from nature, grafted onto old, heavily twisted root­ had so much love for it that their satisfac­ stock of wild C japonica to produce, in a tion had to come through the art of relatively short time, plants that appear to dwarfed plants. Even today, we find the be very old. , same idea in keeping appropriate camellias " close at hand to create an atmosphere that ,Collecting Rootstock reminds us of the feeling we have for In early spring, when wild camellias are camellias growing in the wild. still dormant, we visit mountains and, with The camellia bonsai became widely the permission of the owners, search for known after Higo camellia bonsai were appropriate C japonica rootstock. Heavily introduced to the public mainly after the crooked, irregular, aged-looking rootstock end of the Second World War. Higo is an is valued highly as bonsai material. It is old name used during the feudal age for usually found on steep mountainsides the present Kumamoto Prefecture on where landslides happen very often. The

Kyushu Island, the southernmost of the camellias in these locations keep trying to I four major islands of Japan. return to their original shape after each '\ Rigo camellias and the technique of making landslide. Eventually, a strangely curved bonsai of them have been inherited by the appearance results. It is, however, quite samurai and their descendants for about 200 rare that an ideal rootstock of an artistic years. For generations during the shape is encountered even in an area with Tokugawa dynasty (1603-1867) the lords an extensive camellia population. of Higo Province were fond of special While heavily curved materials are highly forms of six flower species - the peony, appreciated, even straight stock with good the convolvulus, the chrysanthemum, the roots that spread visibly on the surface of iris, the sasanqua and the camellia. They the ground are considered favourable for were called "Higo's Six Flowers". Itis said bonsai. There is also a method of making that the unusual love the lords had for Higo rootstock from seedlings, especially for camellias - mostly flat or saucer-shaped mini-bonsai. singles with large circular or flared' stamen And people who are not interested in clusters - caused this special form to be ' collecting rootstock in the mountains 143

Rootstock of wild camellias are soaked in water. Stock is cut to size, lower ends smeared with clay.

Rootstock is planted in soil of pumice and granite. How to practice triangle grafting.

Grafted junctions are bound with grafting tape. 144 themselves can purchase rootstock on slightly acidic, have the appropriate capacity sale at nurseries and plants markets in to retain water but with good drainage, and be early spring. well aerated. We usually use a mixture of crushed volcanic pumice and clean sand Planting in Pots from weathered granite, which meets all The lower half of the rootstock is soaked in the requirements for good potting soil. water for at least two days before planting in Organic materials like leaf mould should a pot so that sufficient water is absorbed for never be used, or camellias will suffer from it to well up at the top surface. Rootstock can serious root-rot and eventual withering and be left soaking in the water for a month or death. two if there is no time to work with it imme­ Fertilizing is not needed when the root­ diately. stock is planted. In fact, early fertilizing is Each rootstock is then cut into appropriate considered to be rather harmful. style and length, taking account of the The trunk above the soil is loosely covered appearance and conformity to the pot it is to with plastic bags or tapes to prevent excessive be planted in. It may seem strange, but no water evaporation from the trunk surfaces. small or young roots are needed at all. On the occasion of watering, excessive water New young, white roots, which are called should drain out rapidly and old air is "crystal roots" because of their appearance, exchanged for new while the plastic cover will sprout from the cambium ring of the is removed. lower cross-section buried in the soil. For Two or three months after planting, good germination of the crystal roots, part of adventitious leaf buds will appear on the the rootstock which was underground when trunk and the cambium ring will begin '\ it was growing in the wild should be buried. raising on the top surface of the rootstock, It is too much to expect germination from a which can be felt through the black film section of a trunk which had been above the with a fingertip. By that time, new crystal ground. roots will be sprouting out around the Before planting, all cut ends of the root­ cambium ring at the base of the rootstock stock are smoothed flat with a sharp, clean buried in the soil. knife. Germ-free clay paste is smeared over the cut end planted in the ground. This Grafting enables sufficient water to be absorbed from There are opportumtles for grafting the soil through the clay-paste stratum. The scions on to the rootstock twice a year: clay stratum helps the rootstock to absorb once in early spring at the time of planting water from the lower cross-section through rootstock and another in summer. At both capillary action until the crystal roots times, cell multiplication of plants is active emerge. This procedure seems to be indis­ and camellia scions harden. pensable for cross-sections larger than There are various methods of grafting about 3 cm (1.25 in) in diameter. useful for camellia bonsai. We usually If grafting is not done simultaneously employ Triangle Grafting in spring and with the planting, the cut ends of the summer, Bottle Grafting in summer only exposed upper section are covered with and Approach Grafting from spring to black plastic film so that evaporation of autumn. water is suppressed. Triangle Grafting is a very effective Needless to say, the potting soil should be method, but some practice may be needed 145

How to practice bottle grafting. End of scion is dipped into water-filled bottle.

I Pots are placed in half shade. A grafted pot before wiring.

Grafted pot after wiring. Same pot blooming the next year. 146 to become skilled in fitting a shaved scion Care After Grafting of triangular, pyramidal shape into a v­ In the case of grafting camellias, unlike shaped notch in the stock. An ingenious other plants, the union of the xylem tissues solution to this rather troublesome task is is built very slowly. Two or three months Simple Incision Grafting recently devised are needed before a graft is proved to be by Katsusuke Oota. successful. Even if both rootstock and [A detailed description of Simple Incision scion are healthy, the key to success lies Grafting and brief descriptions of other not always in the quality of grafting grafting methods can be found in the 1999 techniques but in the quality of plant Journal, p.l03-107.] care after grafting. Bottle Grafting is the traditional Rigo Some important secrets to success: way of making bonsai in Kumamoto, * The grafted camellias should be cov­ inherited by Rigo samurai and their ered with transparent plastic bags in which descendants from the Tokugawa Dynasty. a few drops of clean water are sealed to The rate of success is relatively high and, keep the inside in saturated humidity. because two-year-old scions can be * Grafted plants should be placed in half employed in this method, flowers can be shade. Moreover, the grafted parts should expected to bloom one year earlier than be covered with newspaper bags for the with other grafting methods. first fortnight or so. Until recently, we amateurs bound stock * Grafted plants require sufficient and scion together with a plastic string and watering. then completely covered the union with a * Fertilizer should begin after one year black tape. Now, with a new type of graft­ when the new root system is established. ing tape being used by professionals in * Some, but not all, adventitious leaf Japan, we can accomplish these procedures buds should be retained for one or two in one step. The tape has the characteristics years, pinching the tops appropriately in of appropriate elasticity, self-adhesion, self­ order to keep all parts of the rootstock fusion and self-disintegrating (biodegrad­ alive and to stimulate root growth. ability). First, we bind this new tape three or four Shaping Bonsai times around the stock and the scion, The ultimate goal of making bonsai is to elongating the tape to as much as twice create the impression of an aged plant in the original length by creating appropriate overall appearance. It is usually said that tension. Then, we completely cover the the features of an old pine tree in the wild grafted joint and the cross-section of the are models for all bonsai. Thus, the base of stock by shifting the overlapping of the the bonsai should be rooted vigorously in tape. Because the tape is self-adhesive and the soil and the trunk twisted as if self-fusing, there is no need to bind the tape weathered for many years. The branches ends. It is recommended that the entire should spread out in all directions, bend­ grafted portion is then covered with alu­ ing somewhat downward, yet with an up­ minum foil to enable cambium to easily sweep at their tips. appear around the grafted joint. Bonsai shaping is performed by training By the time the graft is a success, the new trunks and branches through wiring and type of tape will have gradually biode­ pruning. It is recommended that the first graded, so there is no need to remove it. bend at the graft point should be made in 147

Higo Camellia Society's bonsai show in Kumamoto. lIl'iiliiiiiii'i as heavy a curve as possible. We start sai compact at an early stage. wiring one year after a successful grafting - before the trunk and branches become Repotting and Transplanting too hard to be bent. However, camellia The first reponing or transplanting is branches are relatively flexible and even done after about five years because it usu­ two- or three-year-old ones can be curved ally takes about that time until a solid root somehow. ball completely fills a pot. We repeat We usually wire bonsai in early summer reponing or transplanting every three when the new shoots become hardened. years thereafter or the plant could even­ Two aluminum wires the size of one-half tually become pot-bound, with hardened to one-third the diameter of the trunk are soil, and rapidly lose its vigour. usually used in parallel. The wire is taken A heavy pmning is needed on the occasion off in autumn so that ugly spiral scars do of reponing or transplanting. One-third to not remain for a long period. one-half of the root ball is taken off at the Pruning is a very important and useful same time as a heavy pruning of the procedure to keep bonsai compact. branches. The same composition of soil However, camellias usually flower at ter­ material is used for reponing or transplanting. minals, so there is a compromise we must make. I believe that we should not expect Camellia Shows to see flowers every year on our bonsai. I Holding camellia shows is popular in think it is good enough to see flowers Japan. However, the way of displaying every other year. So, I prune my bonsai camellias is somewhat different from that heavily every other year. in Western countries. In Japan, camellias We wish the first bloom to be as early as are usually shown planted in pots or as possible, so we never prune our bonsai at sprays of flowers in decorated vases. It is an early stage. However, some enthusiasts rare to have single flowers in small water­ in Kumamoto recently have begun to filled containers. prune even the first shoots, leaving two or In early spring every year, our Kita­ three leaf buds in order to make their bon­ Kyushu Branch of the Japan Camellia 148 Society holds a bonsai show for about five idea of making espaliers in pots using days, including a weekend. Last spring, we fragrant, miniature hybrids. They were had a show from 22 to 26 February and selling many young camellia plants from displayed about 600 pieces of bonsai and professional nurserymen. potted camellias. As usual, a seminar on Last spring, I also visited a plant market grafting camellias was very popular with in Kumamoto. It is the largest outdoor visitors, and members gave demonstrations plant market in Japan, held in early spring on making bonsai in a comer of the show every year. Among the many plant shops room. Grafting materials such as root­ are some specializing in camellias. They stock, young plants and grafting tape were sell camellia nursery plants of new and old also sold. varieties, bonsai and bonsai material such Visiting camellia shows in other areas is as rootstock. a lot of fun, and we learn much from the At the end of February each year camellias displayed. Last spring, I visited a Kumamoto holds a Higo camellia bonsai show in Kurume. The city is the largest show sponsored by the Higo Camellia plant-producing site in Japan. Every year, Society. The masterpieces displayed they produce 800,000 pots of camellias. here are always the model for our bonsai At the show, some bonsai and potted making. camellias were displayed, along with many sprays of flowers arranged in interesting Shigeo Matsumoto is an ICS Director and sake bottles and classified according to member of the Journal's Editorial Board. varieties. Their pride last spring was a new

TEA MIGHT ALLEVIATE CANCER

'M'~*~~~jj~ LE THE POURRAIT ATTENUER LE CANCER TEE KANN BEl KREBS EVENTUELL LINDERUNG VERSCHAFFEN

I Rutgers University researchers have American Chemical Society in Chicago in found a compound in black tea that may August. target and kill colorectal cancer cells with­ The research on black tea is part of the out harming surrounding healthy tissue, Pioneer Nutraceuticals Research Program according to Kuang Yu Chen, professor of funded by the New Jersey Commission on chemistry and head of the research group Science and Technology.· Geetha Ghai, at the University's Center for Advanced principal investigator and assistant director \, Food Technology in New Brunswick, New of CAFT, said that the program seeks to Jersey, USA. The results were presented at determine the benefits of selected food the 222nd national meeting of the products for disease prevention. 149 The work on black tea, performed in the black tea. "We had a working hypothesis laboratory of Chi-Tang Ho, a professor of that food and food substances that are gen­ food science, began with a massive screen­ erated during processing will have benefi­ ing in order to find chemicals in tea show­ cial value and we have showed exactly ing deferential gross inhibitory factors. that," Ghai said. "These are chemicals that will cure cancer Now that researchers have discovered but do little or no damage to normal cells," polyphenol's anti-cancerous properties, Chen said. they are looking for the mechanism of the The researchers found that when the cancer-cell "suicide." "We want to identi­ black tea compound polyphenol was added fy the mechanism and continue the screen­ to a culture containing matched cancerous ing process," Chen said. The polyphenol and normal colon cells, all of the cancer compound is naturally derived, although it cells were killed while the normal cells goes through slight modifications during were unaffected. The polyphenol is the process of making black tea, he said, believed to target the COX-2 gene, which adding, "If we know the mechanism, we is typically correlated with the incidence can provide better modifications," of colon cancer. The findings may be beneficial for other "The compound apparently caused the forms of cancer as well, if the research is cancer cells to commit suicide," Chen said. performed using cancer cells from other "Their DNA was chopped into pieces and parts of the body, Chen said. "We must the cells died. But the compound had little commit more time and money for further or no effect on normal cells." research," he said. The polyphenol specifically targets can­ cer cells - different from many common This report is based on an article by methods of treating cancer today, Chen Sandra Hoenig that appeared in the said. "When [we] use chemotherapeutic Rutgers University newspaper, the Daily agents, it's a blunt attack, like using a ham­ Targum, on 11 September 2001. Further mer to kill a fly," Chen said. "You want a information can be obtained by contacting precise attack on a target cell." Kuang Yu Chen on the Internet at: The anti-colorectal cancer properties are [email protected] produced when green tea is fermented into The Editor 150 IN THE REGIONS

:fr lR~liRifrz9J~ TOUR DES REGIONS IN DEN REGIONEN

-,

Our Internet address: www.camellia-ics.org Klaus Peper always needs and welcomes help in providing new information and articles Send information to: Dr. Klaus Peper Hopfenweg 15 66424 Homburg Saar Germany Phone: 49-6841 166452 (office) 49-6841 5476 (home) Fax: 49-6841 166655 e-mail: [email protected]

AFRICA Leslie Riggall has resigned as director and membership representative. He and his wife

are moving to Panama. Keith Kirsten has agreed to assume the duties of director and \.. membership representative. For further information contact Keith at Keith Kirsten I Horticultural International, P.O. Box 1458, Fourways 2055, Johannesburg, South Africa.

AUSTRALIA Our National Camellia Congress this year was in Canberra, capital of Australia. Ron and Pat Macdonald stayed with us for a couple of days before we all traveled to the con­ gress. Our branch camellia shows were popular with both exhibitors and visitors. Many new homes are being built and much re-development happening everywhere, so people need new plants in their gardens and camellias and sasanquas are popular. In 2002 the Australian National Congress is in Perth in August. It is a special meeting to celebrate 50 years of the camellia society in Australia and it would be wonderful if overseas ICS members could come. Springtime in Western Australia is magic, a carpet of wildflowers for miles and miles. If you are interested in coming, please e-mail us for more details. Peter Levick at [email protected] For information contact Nance Swarison, 43 Wellington Road, East Lindfield, NSW 2070; tel: 61-2-9924-4843 or any of the other Australian officers listed on page 4.

.c. 151 CHANNEL ISLANDS Highlight of the year was the rcs stall at the official opening of the Royal Jersey Horticultural and Agricultural Hall on 13 July by HM The Queen. The screens displayed the Clara Maria Pope paintings and text from the J819 "Monograph of the Genus Camellia" by Samuel Curtis. The flower arrangement by Diana Martland was of camel­ lia foliage, including 'Kingyoba-tsubaki', with fis htail leaves, 'Elegans Champagne', 'Lady Vansittart', 'Kimberley', 'Gland Slam', c.sasanqua, C.re/iculata hybrid 'Lasca Beauty' and the rose 'Queen Mother'. As she was coming to the stall, luckily, HM was diverted, but turning back she exclaimed with a smile, "Oh, Camellias l " Had she come closer, I think she would have spotted that the blooms were roses. But then, in the 18th century the camellia was known at the "Rose of China". So I think the rcs stall worked well. Vi Lort-Phillips

CHINA It was a beautiful day in early spring when Mr. Wang Chengyun, vice-mayor of Wenzhou opened the China Region Camellia Show of 200 I . The show was held on 23­ 25 February at the Wenzhou Sky Center hotel. There were more than 4,000 blooms of 300 varieties and camellia enthusiasts from different parts of China, including from as far away as Sichuan province. The show was held at a tea bar plus part of the lobby. A camellia basket in the center of the lobby was filled with more than 1,000 blooms. Many individual tables held blooms in different categories, such as fragrance, reticulatas, large japonicas and miniatures. Mr. Qiu Yiguan, ICS member and vice president of the Wenzhou Camellia Society, won the first prize of RMB 1,000 yuan (one month's average salary in China). His reticulata hybrid bloom of 'Jean Pursel' was 16.8 cm (6.75 in) across, the largest in the show. There

China: Camellia basket at show was filled with more Ihan 1000 balloons. 152

Channel Islands:Former ICS presidents Vi Lon-Phillips and Mayda Reynolds are nanked by Diana Martland (left) and Margaret Long awaiting the Queens alTival at the lCS Jersey Group's stand.

BOlh photos: Maryan Talbot-Robens

The Queen is distracted and .... ~'-_...... begins to move away. 153 were 19 medals for other blooms. We all had a fine time talking about camellias for those three days.

We will hold the next show on 1-3 March 2002 and would like to have overseas visi­ tors. For more information contact Tim Shao, ICS membership representative, 1 Zhongxing Dadao, Longwan District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 32501. Fax: 86-577-8653-6113; Hand phone: 1380-6699-691; e-mail: [email protected] website: www.longpai.com

FRANCE For information regarding activities, contact: Dr. Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois, Chaperon, 91640 Briis-sous-Forges; tel: 33-1-69 15 48 35; e-mail: [email protected]­ psudJr

GERMANY For decades camellia friends in Germany believed that the old German cultivars 'Francofurtensis' and 'Teutonia' had disappeared. After a long search, Professor Klaus Peper found them in Italy. During the annual Camellia Exhibition at the Palmengarten in Frankfurt on 4 February, small plants of the two old cultivars and the old French cultivar 'Triomphe de Mayence' were given to the director of the Palmengarten, Dr. Mathias Jenny, by Dr. Peper and Signora Giovanna Corneo of Italy (see p'xX). On 14-18 February, some members were at the Home and Garden Springfair in Essen with an information desk and made presentations of camellias. A highlight was the intro­ duction by Dr. Franco Ghirardi of his new book "Higo Camellia" (see Books Section, p'xX). Our annual members meeting was held on 26-27 March at Kassel-Wilhelmshohe. There were no camellias in bloom, but there was considerable interest in the many large camel­ lias in very small pots that had been moved outside the conservatory, which was being refurbished. There were tours of the area, including the "Herkules" monument and the art gallery in the castle. Eight of our members traveled to Los Angeles for the International Camellia Congress and tours. Our next annual meeting is planned for 23 February 2002 at the Stuttgart Wilhelma. For more information contact Rolf Tiefenbach, membership representative, Am Mtihlenbach 12, D-27711 Osterholz-Scharmbeck; Tel/Fax: 49-4791-57669.

ITALY The second Winter Camellia Show at Isola Madre (Stresa) on 8-9 December 2001 was an overwhelming success. Thanks to sunny days and wide advertising, the show attract­ ed had more than 1,000 visitors despite its rather remote location. Almost 100 varieties and species were exhibited, including C.sinensis, C.granthamiana, sasanqua x reticulata hybrids and sasanqua varieties. With the,support of local camellia enthusiasts (Societa Italiana della Camelia, Verbania Garden Club, Orticola Verbanese), the show was spon­ sored by Regione Piemonte, local chambers of commerce and the consortium of the 154 area's camellia and rhododendron nurseries, Fiori tipici del Lago Maggiore (www.lago­ maggiorefiori.it). 'Atroviolacea', a camellia from the 1830s, has been identified in a garden in Caserta, near where the local 2001 camellia show was held. The full story will be told in the 2002 Journal. For more information on events contact Mirella Gloria Motta, via Boccaccio 4, 1-20123 Milano; e-mail: [email protected]

JAPAN Major camellia activities for 2002 in which the Japan Camellia Society has interest are as follows: 7·12 January ­ More than 20 members of the Japan Camellia Society are participating in the First National Symposium on Yellow Camellias of Vietnam and its associated excursions, observing rare camellias at the Tamdao National Park and the Cucphuong National Park, Vietnam. 21·25 February ­ The 12th Camellia Bonsai Show by the Kita-Kyushu Branch of the Japan Camellia Society will be held at the Synthetic Agriculture Center of Kita-Kyushu City. 24 February to 3 March ­ The Higo Camellia Bonsai Show will be held by the Higo Camellia Society at the site of the annual plant market on the riverbank of the Shirakawa . River in Kumamoto City. 1·3 March - The Annual Camellia Show will be held jointly by the Kurume and Tsukushi branch of the Japan Camellia Society at Ishibashi Memorial Hall in Kurume City. 3·10 March - The Camellia Show of Meijo Tsubaki-no-Kai will be held at Nagoya Castle in Nagoya City. 15~17 March - The Camellia Show by Kasugai Tsubaki Aikokai will be held at the Municipal Tree-planting Botanical Garden of Kasugai City. 18·24 March ­ The Annual Camellia Show of the Nagoya Camellia Society will be held at the Higashiyama Botanical Garden of Nagoya City. 2~.24 March - "Tsubaki. summit", the camellia convention which is held annually, cosponsored by the Japan Camellia Society and local communities in Japan which desig­ nate the camellia as their symbol flower, will take place in Kure City, Hiroshima Prefecture, this year. Kure City, which was developed as a naval port of the modern Japanese Navy and where one of the naval bases for the Japanese Self-Defense Force is still located, celebrates the centennial anniversary of its city organization this year. Tsubaki summit is one of the major events of that occasion. The convention includes the ceremony, lectures, a social, a camellia show, garden visits, etc. Mid April - "Kodomo-no-kuni Camellia Festival" will be held in Kodomo-no-kuni (Children's Park) in Yokohama City. For more information contact Shigeo Matsumoto, 1-7-26 Takasu-higashi, Wakakatsu­ ku, Kita-Kyushu, 808-0144 Japan; e-mail:[email protected] \. NEW ZEALAND -, A delegation from the Jinhua Municipal Government spent two days in August in the 155 Franklin District and were given a whirlwind tour of the area. Jinhua is keen to have Franklin as a "sister city" because it is where Pat Macdonald lives. They have made an approach to the Franklin District Council. For more information about New Zealand activities contact Mrs. Eve Murphy, P.O. Box 313, Puckekohe.

PORTUGAL The biennial camellia exhibition in Santo Tirso in March was a success. Many ICS members attended and there was an ICS desk, where information was provided and some camellia enthusiasts joined the Society. The camellia exhibitions in Porto and Santo Tirso, which take place in alternating years, have definitely been contributing to the growing interest in camellias. All Portuguese ICS members were invited to gather at Casa do Casal-Santo Tirso, the home of former ICS Director for Portugal Jose Gil de Ferreira, to visit the grounds and have a nice time. Jose Gil de Ferreira and I were invited by the Town Hall of Pontevedra, Spain, to be members of the jury at Galicia's annual camellia show, Concurso Exposicion Internacional da Camelia, in March. It was a pleasureJo be there and exchange experi­ ences with our fellow camellia admirers in Galicia, as we have so many common inter­ ests. In fact, some of their oldest treasured camellia trees are of Portuguese origin. Clara Gil de Seabra

After 19 years as director for Portugal, Mr. Jose Gil de Ferreira has decided to retire from office. He is the founder and first member of the Portugal Region of the ICS. He attended many International Camellia Congresses and has been visited by many camellia experts. As a result, he is often requested to give information and advice about camellia gardens, trees and cultivars. He has always encouraged exchange of information between camellia enthusiasts and his love for camellias is well known, even by those who never had the privilege of visiting Casa do Casal-Santo Tirso, the greatest private collec­ tion of camellias in Portugal. Last February ICS members were received by Mr. Ferreira and his wife at his home and they once again visited the marvellous garden. They took the opportunity to thank Mr. Ferreira for his enthusiasm and support, and to say how they appreciate everything he and his wife have done for the Society and the camellia world. Maria Augusta d' Alpuim For more information contact Portuguese membership representative Maria Augusta d'Alpuim, Estrada Exterior da Circunvala~ao, 14262 - Bl. C-4° Dt° - 4450 Matosinhos; Tel: 315-22-9384740.

SPAIN The annual camellia show in Galicia, Concurso Exposicion Internacional da Camelia, is usually held the first weekend in March. In 2002 it will be in Vigo. For more information contact Sr. D. Jose Luis Perez-Cirera Lopez-Nifio, Faculta de Biologia, Campus Universitario Sur, 15706 Santiago de Compostela; e-mail: [email protected] 156 SWITZERLAND For information about regional activities and the 2005 International Camellia Congress contact Mrs. Mary Caroni, via Solari 11, CH-6648 Minusio, or Signora Claudia Respini, -I via Verbano 24, CH-6648 Minusio.

UNITED KINGDOM Major events in 2002 in which the UK Region will be involved: ~I 12-13 March - Camellia Days exhibition and lectures in conjunction with the Royal Horticultural Society's Early Camellia Competition at the RHS, Vincent Square, London. 9-10 March - Cornwall Camellia Show, St. Ives; contact: Bill Johnson, Trannack Vean, Heamoor, Penzance, Cornwall TR20 8UP; teVfax: 44-1736-363763. 15-19 March - Spring Weekend in Brittany; contact: Pat Short, 41 Galveston Road, London SW15 2RZ; tel:44-20-8870-6884; fax: 44-20-8874-4633; e-mail: [email protected] 24 March - Camellia Celebration at Borde Hill Gardens, Haywards Heath, West Sussex; contact: Pat Short as above. 9-10 April - Royal Horticultural Society's Main Camellia Competition,RHS Vincent Square, London. 20-21 April-Annual Show of the Southeast Branch, RHS Rhododendron, Camellia and Magnolia Group, Ardingly College, Ardingly, West Sussex. 1-4 May - Cornwall Garden Society show. -. October - Autumn Weekend: combined ICS and RHS Rhododendron, Camellia and Magnolia Group. I For more information on events where contacts are not listed: Keith Sprague, mem­ bership representative, 329 London Road, St. Albans, Herts. AL11DZ; tel: 44-1727-825­ 908; fax: 44-1727-828-840.

UNITED STATES 1 For information contact Morris Waller, membership representative, 417 Elkins Lake, Huntsville, Texas 77340; tel: 1-936-295-5160; fax: 1-936-295-0095; e-mail: [email protected] or an ICS officer listed on page 4. 157

TREASURER'S REPORT ON THE 2000 ACCOUNTS

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS

1. The accounts are reported in £ sterling. The only money held other than in sterling is in Australian currency. This money is converted at the same rate as in the two preceding years, which is close to the present, always fluctuating, rate.

2. To preserve the present Receipts and Payment format of the Accounts while incorpo­ rating all receipts and expenditure relating to year 2000, the period covered is from 1 May 2000 to 30 April 2001.

3. Unsold stocks of Registers are 190, and Supplements 484. These have a total cost price. of £1,4894. In accordance with past practice, these stocks have not been valued in the Balance Sheet.

4. Interest earned has been apportioned between the individual Designated Funds and Available Funds.

In my opinion these Accounts present a true and fair view of the financial position of the Society as at 30 April 2001.

(Signed) I.A. Rodgers Hon. Auditor

159 BALANCE SHEET 2000 1999 £ £ Assets Computer Equipment 2,860 2,860 Fully depreciated 2,860 2,860 160 ICS Membership Representatives & Subscriptions

ICS Members' Subscription Rates current in 2001 and Membership Representatives to whom yearly subscriptions should be paid promptly every January. Calculation of Subscription Rates for Life Membership ­ I (In the case of Double Life Membership, the age of the younger of the two members ~l should be used.) Below 50 years of age: 30 times the annual subscription rate. Between 50 and 65 years of age: 20 times the annual subscription rate. Over 65 years of age: 15 times the annual subscription rate.

AFRICA (R60, Double R70) Keith Kirsten, Keith Kirsten Horticultural International, P.O. Box 1458, Fourways 2055, Johannesburg, South Africa.

AUSTRALIA ($19, Double $24) Miss N J Swanson, 43 Wellington Road, East Lindfield, NSW 2070.

CHANNEL ISLANDS & OTHER REGIONS (£10.50, Double £13) Mrs Ann Bushell, Richmond House, Richmond Avenue, St. Peter Port, Guernsey GY1 1QQ, via UK.

FRANCE (€ 15.50, Double € 18) Max Hill, 30 Chemin du Bois Chaperon, 91640 Briis­ sous-Forges.

GERMANY (€ 15.50, Double € 18) Rolf Tiefenbach, Am Miihlenbach 12, 27711 Osterholz-Scharmbeck.

ITALY (€ 15.50, Double € 18) arch. Mirella Gloria Motta, Via Boccaccio 4, 20123 Milano.

JAPAN & OTHER ASIAN REGIONS (¥2400, Double ¥3300) Junichiro Amako 2-5-9­ 203 Tanihara, Nerima-ku, 177-0032 Tokyo. J

NEW ZEALAND ($24.50, Double $28) Ron Macdonald, Westwyn, Creamery Road, 3 RDWaiuku.

PORTUGAL (€15.50, Double €18) Senhora Maria Augusta d'Alpuim, Estrada Exterior da Circunvala9ao, 14262-BI. C-4°, Dto 4450 Malosinhos.

. SPAIN (€ 15.50, Double € 18) Prof. Dr. D. Jose Luis Perez-Cirera Lopez-Nino, Facultad '~ de Biologia.(Botanica), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15706 Santiago de Compostela. 161

SWITZERLAND (CHF 27, Double CHF 33) Signora Claudia Respini, Via Verbano 24, CH-6648 Minusio.

UNITED KINGDOM (£10.50, Double £13) Keith Sprague, 120 London Road, St. Albans ALl lDZ

UNITED STATES ($17, Double $20) Morris I Waller, 417 Elkins Lake, Huntsville, TX 77430.

LIFE ANNUAL TOTAL Single Double Single Double Argentina 1 1 Australia 9 1 94 37 179 Austria 1 1 3 Belgium 2 3 8 Canada 1 1 Channel Islands\1 16 5 68 25 144 China 3 119 122 Denmark 1 1 France\2 42 20 82 Germany\3 1 89 63 216 India 1 1 Ireland 3 1 5 Italy 3 25 8 44 Japan(2000) 14 2 115 2 137 Korea 2 4 6 Netherlands 2 3 8 New Zealand 4 36 26 92 Portugal 22 30 82 Slovenia 1 1 South Africa\4(2000) 11 2 4 2 23 Spain 1 24 2 29 Swaziland(2000) 1 2 Switzerland\5 19 20 59 United Kingdom\6 7 3 175 81 350 United States\7 6 2 113 79 281 Vietnam 1 1 Zimbabwe(2000) 1 1 3

Total 78 17 963 403 1881

See Notes on p.162 162 2001 ICS Membership Notes 1) Excludes members registered from Belgium (7), Denmark (1), France (2), Ireland (4), Netherlands (7), UK (1). 2) Excludes members registered from Belgium (1), Netherlands (1), Vietnam (1). 3) Excludes members registered from Austria (3), France (2), Italy (2), Slovenia (1), Switzerland (2). 4) Excludes members registered from Swaziland (2), Zimbabwe (3). 5) Excludes member registered from Italy (1) 6) Excludes members registered from France (1), India (1), Japan (1), Ireland (2). 7) Excludes members registered from Argentina Canada (1), Korea (6), Switzerland (1). l I I We report with sorrow the deaths of the following members: Jean Laborey, France Sigurd Wolff-Boresch, Germany Bob Bischoff, New Zealand John Bond, United Kingdom Logan Edgar, United Kingdom Nancy Tooby, United Kingdom Mrs D Peck, United Kingdom Miss J Penfold, United Kingdom Ron Wallace, United Kingdom

" Joyce Wyndham, United Kingdom I William C. Redd, United States Vi Stone, United States We remember with gratitude their contribution to the fellowship of our Society. \ Membership Changes 2001

ARGENTINA WALDON, Mr S, 4/194 Albert Road MARQUEZ, Heman, Belgrano 949, San South, Melbourne, VIC 3205 Fernando, Buenos Aires, CP (1646) Total New Members=6: Single=6 Argentina: BELGIUM (November 2001) AUSTRALIA (September 2001) New Members New Members BERTIN, M. Frederic, Rue Gatti de COACHWOOD NURSERIES Pty. Ltd., Gamond 193, B-ll80 [F] 900 Wiseman's Ferry Road, Somersby, PENNINCKX, M. Pernieres, Boulevard NSW 2250 d'Arenberg 33, B-7580 Enghien [Cj] '"""'; EMERY, Mr J, 3 Stuart Crescent, Total New Members=2: Single=2 I 1 Lesmurdie, WA 6076 FRANCE (November 2001) .--.: FRANCE, Mr T, 3 Stuart Crescent, New or Re-joined Members Lesmurdie, WA 6076 Ass. BREIZH CAMELLIA, Chez M. Rene \ HAPPELL, Mrs J, 29 Fairbairn Road, LOZACHMEUR, 15 bis Route de Toorak, VIC 3142 Pouldreuzic, 29700 Pluguffan O'CONOR, Mr B G , p.o. Box 9, Killara, BROUARD, M. Xavier, 2 square NSW 2071 Gambetta, 86100 Chatellerault 163 GUIVARCH, Melles Yvonne & Gabrielle, PUNCH, Mrs Rose-Marie, Kilroan, 16 rrue de Yunic, 29160 Crozon Glanmire, Co. Cork [UK] LADEN (EARL), M. Ludovic, Castellien, ITALY (November 2000) 29790 Confort-Meilars New or Rejoined Members LOUIS, M. Michel, la Charliere, 38500 ASSOCIAZIONE "Ie Camelie", c/o Voiron Tortorici Roberta, Via del Corsol04, 1­ LOZACH'MEUR, M. Rene, 15 bis route 00049 Velletri (Roma) de Pouldreuzic, 29700 Pluguffan BRUNELLA & dott. Gianmaria LUC, M. & Mme.Andre, 15 Route de Lez, RADAELI, Pinuccia Villa Le Azalee, Roscanvel 29570 [Cll Meina (NO) LUCAS, M. Claude, L'Abaderie, Chemin CATTOLICA, dott. Guido, Via Ravizza de Carnac, 56400 Ploemel 71,1- 57100 Livorno PEPINIERES NICOLANDES, Kerrnaout COMUNE di VELLETRI, Piazza Cesare Saint Jean, 29340 Riec sur Bellon Ottaviano Augusto, 1-00049 Velletri New Double Membership with spouse (Roma) TANNEAU, M. Eugene, Keresquer ­ CUTINI, avv.Marco, Via Felsinia 12/14, Mahalon, 29790 Mahalon Grossetto THOBY, Mme. Francoise, Pepinieres des FURIGHINI, avv, Giovanni, Via Nazario Cascatelles, La Manotte, 81200 Mazamet Sauro 7, 1-22017 Menaggio (CO) Deceased GHIRARDI, Dott. Franco, Besnate (VA) LABOREY, Jean PONZANELLI,· Mario, Via Massagrande Total New Members = 13: Single=9; 50,1-54036 Marina di Carrara Double=2 VANDONI, Federico, Via Motta 2, 1­ GERMANY (October 2001) 20145 Milano New Members SCHULLIAN, Sigra Martina, Via Merano FISCHER, Bernd + 1, Blumenau 2, D­ 75, I 39100 Bolzano [CH] 63110 Rodgau Total New Members=ll: Single=9; HAUSCHILD, Gilbert + 1, Horstpfad 5, Double=l D-56567 Neuwied NETHERLANDS November 2001 HILLEMANN, Erika, Werderstrassel3a, New Member D-76530 BadenBaden SEPPEN, Mr & Mrs George, KALBING-SCHIMPITZ, I, A. Stifter­ Bilderdijk1aan, 1215 [CI] Strasse 101, D-70437 Stuttgart NEW ZEALAND (September 2001) KOHNKE, Peter & Ana, Bachstrasse 18, New Members D-53115 Bonn ILES, Mr A, P.O. Box 6, Waimana, Bay of NOWAK, Birgit Ursula, Gartenstrasse 25, Plenty D-36275 Kirchheim STEVENSON, Mr & Mrs B D, 95 REWALD, lIse, Am Auekamp 25, D­ Gleneagles Drive, RD. 2, Katikati 34121 Kassel TILLS, Mr & Mrs A, P.O. Box 195, Deceased Takanini 1730 WOLFF-BORESCH, Sigurd Deceased Total New Members=10: Single=4; BISCHOFF, Bob Double=3 Total New Members=5: Single= 1; IRELAND (July 2001) Double=2 New Member PORTUGAL, September 2001 164 New Members VAN VEEN, Sig. Dr, Pieter, Villa Iris, CH­ ALPUIM, Miss Maria Jose, Rua de Aveiro 6574 Vira Gambarogno 85-20 D, 4900 Viana do Castelo WERNLI-BDHLMANN, Sigg. Werner & BASTOS, Mr Abillio Jorges Gonl,:alves, Ruth, Teuchelweg 19, CH-7000 Chur Vilavalva-Arnoia, 4890 Celorico De Basto WITMER, Sigg. Kurt & lona, Via CARVALHO, Mr & Mrs Adriano, Av. Sao Panaoramica 36, CH-6645 Brine Joao de Brito - 182-20,4100 Porto WOLF, Sigg. Frank & Helene, Albergo al CRUZ, Mr & Mrs Candido de Queiros, Porto, CH 6612 Ascona Rua Costa Ferreira 58- 2° Esq., 4785 - 298 ZIHLER, A, Casa Camelia, Via Fontana Trofa Martina, CH 6222 Ronco sopra Ascona [)] '1 FARIA, Maria Isabel Camara Leme, Rua Total New Members=ll: Single =5; da Bandeira 373,4900 Viana do Castelo Double=3 GONc;ALVES, Mr & Mrs Carlos Alberto UNITED KINGDOM (July 2001) Braga, Quinta de Chao de Zil - Sta New Members Comba, Ponte de Lima ALLARTON, Brian G, 7 Manor Avenue LEAD, Mrs Maria Luia Teixeira, Quinta South, Kidderminster, Worcs. DY11 6DE Vila Pouca, Oliveira de Sta Maria, 4765 BATES, Mrs Heather, 140 Mortlake Road, RibaD'Ave Kew Gardens, Surrey TW9 4EW MEIRA, Maria Caroliina Ramos Barrote, BELL, Mrs C A, Wringford, Lurley, Av. Alfonso III - 424- 5° Dto, 4900 Viana Tiverton, Devon EX16 9QS do Castelo BURGESS, Mr C R & Mrs V M, 5 The PINTO RIBEIRO, Mr & Mrs Antonio Close, Avon Castle Drive, Ringwood, Carlos, Casa de Santo Antonio de Hants. BH24 2BJ Britiande, 5100 - 360 Britiande - Lamego CAREW POLE, Sir Richard, Antony PIMENTA, Miss Maria Teresa, Av. House, Torpoint, Cornwall PLlI 2QA Antonio Augusto de Aguiar 171 - 3°, CARNE, 0, Tresahor Vean, Constantine, 10540 Lisboa Falmouth, Cornwall TR11 5PL PIRES, Miss Izilda Sottomayer de CLARKE, Mrs Eleni, Borde Hill Garden, Menezes, Rua de Sao Jose 300,4900 Viana Haywards Heath, W. Sussex RH16 lXP do Castelo EXBURY GARDENS Limited, Exbury Total New Members;;'15: Single = 7; Estate, Exbury, Southampton, Hants. Double=4 S0431AZ SPAIN (November 2001) FAIRWEATHER, C, The Garden Centre, New Member High Street, Beaulieu, BrockenhurstS042 COBO, Sr. D. Marco Antonio, Antonio 7YR Lopez 10,39520 Comilas, Cantabria GEORGE, Mrs K M, The Meadows, SWITZERLAND (September 2001) Treen, St. Buryan, Penzance, Cornwall New Members TR196LQ CITTA di LOCARNO, Servizio Parchi e HILLIER, Professor Sheila, 409 Mountjoy Giardini, Via Vallemaggia 48, CH-6600 House, Barbican, London EC2Y 8BP Locarno KEILTHY, Mrs D, Cardwen Farm, Pelynt, MEIER, Sig. Dr. Hermann, Badestr. 6, Looe, Cornwall PLl3 2LU CH-5401 Baden KITSON, Mrs A, Churchtown, Morval, TESTORI, Sig.Massimo, Via Muraccio, near Looe, Cornwall PLl3 1PW CH-6612 Ascona LYNCH, Mrs Joyce, 81 Lower Side, Ham, 165 Plymouth PL22 lHU Fayetteville, NC 28305 SIMPSON, Mr C & Mrs D, Baldhoon, EARNEST, Jean and Charles, 1900 E. Baldhoon Road, Lakey, Isle of Man IM4 Leonard Street, Pensacola, FL 32503 7QH EMMONS, Jim, 8159 Hollywood SEROTA, Baroness, The Coach House, 15 Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90069 Lyndhurst Terrace, London NW3 5QA ENGLISH, Inman C., 1104 Briarcliff TREGLOWN, Lt. Col. & Mrs J T, Road, Warner Robins, GA 31088 Altamyra, Higher Contour Road, ERNST, Marjorie C., 11433 Ashley Lane Kingswear, Devon TQ6 ODE West, Gulfport, MS 39503 Deceased FRANK Jr., Mr Richard, 1018 Stonewall BOND,John Drive, Nashville, TN 37220 EDGAR, Logan GANZER, Mr Andrew M., 5445 PECK,MrsD. Arrowhead Avenue, Buena Park, CA PENFOLD, Miss J. 90621 TOOBY, Mrs Nancy GEORGE, Mr Ben, 1332 Trail by the WALLACE, Ron Lake, Deland, FL 32724 WYNDHAM, Joyce GLENN ROAD NURSERY, 1141 W. Fire Total New Members=20: Single=14; Dept. Road, Lucedale, MS 39452 Double=3 GOODSON, Jane M., 745 Lennox Drive, USA (November 2001) Jackson, MS 39211-4106 New Members JAMESON,Ms Barbara S., 698 Chaucer ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY, Road, San Marino, CA 91108 Acquisitions Division, Cornell University, JINKS, Mr & Mrs Michael, 207 Ithaca, NY 14853 Edgewood Drive, Brookhaven, MS 39601 ALLMAN, William W. & Beverly A., JOHNSON, J'vlr Robert, 165 Cesta Street, 1466 Brookdale Drive, San Jose, CA Napa, CA 94559 95125 KAMMER, Jr., Robert & Peggy, 336 AMASON, Carl R., P.O. Box184, Calion, Oaklane, Niceville, FL 32578 AR 95621-6353 KREUTZ, V.E., P.O. Box 70, East ASBILL, Larry A., 2728 16th Street, Norwich, NY 11732 Sacramento, CA 95818 LATTA, Mr Forrest S., 4908 Old Shell AUGIS, John M., 2254 Fairvalley Ct., San Road, Mobile, AL 36608 Jose, CA 95125 LEWIS, Ms Patricia J, 1370 Veteran BAILEY, Marshall B. & Annie C., 6474 Avenue #317, Los Angeles, CA 90024 State Road 11, DeLeon Springs, FL 32130 LOWE, Rodney & Rose Mary, 61239 BURCH, Harold L. & Deane, 6724 Roosevelt Road, Slidell, LA 70458 Greenlead Drive, Citrus Drive, CA 95621­ MATHOS, Mr Michael G., P.O; Box 402, 6353 La Jolla, CA 92038 CRAWFORD, Raymond, 20 West Lucerne McCRARAY, Troy & Linda, 4 Briarwood, Circle #319, Orlando, FL 32801 Conroe, TX 77301 DARDEN, Mr Jim, P.O. Box 1087, MINANDO, William & Mary S., 7439 Clinton, NC 28329 Orien Avenue, La Mesa, CA 91941 DREWS, Rupert. & Elizabeth, 775 MOULTON, Robert w., 3790 Menendez Sparrow Street, Charleston, SC 29412 Drive, Pensacola, FL 32505 DUELL, Martha A., 611 Westmont Drive, NORFOLK BOTANTICAL GARDEN, 166 Attn: Mike Andruczyk, 6700 Azalea TORRES, Charles & Annette, 3300 Garden Road, Norfolk,VA 23518 Catherine Street, Moss Point, MS 39563­ O'MALLEY, Ms Marjorie M., 65 Robles 3721 Drive, Woodside, CA 94062 TUFFLI, Barbara Coates, 156 Shelby PAULLIN, Ms Mary Ann, 10029 Beach Lane, Atherton, CA 94027 Street, Bellflower, CA 90706 WALKER, Mr Wayne, 495 So. Hudson PELTIER, Dr James R., 567 Highway 308, Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91101-3505 Thibodaux, LA 70301 WARREN, Bill & Angel, 110 Law Road, RAGLAND, Irma Dean, 709 Leytonstone Fayetteville, NC 28311 Avenue, Modesto, CA 95355-4414 WARRINER, Thomas and Cindy, 159 REESE, Robert and Gail, 9711 Beauclerc Homewood Drive, Fort Walton Beach, FL Terrace, Jacksonville, FL 32257 32548-6340 RICHBOURG, John & Lynnette, 99 WELLS, Jackie, 1103 Hillcrest Drive, Richbourg Road, Monticello, FL 32344 Conroe, TX77301-1109 SHAFER, Mr Ralph, 5525 W. 139th WILSON, Dr. Andrew, 13631 EI Comino Street, Hawthorne, CA 90250 Road, San Diego, CA 92130 SKIRVIN, Mr Rodger E., 631 S. WINTERGARDEN, 415 Maple Street, Rosewood Avenue, Santa Ana, CA 92703 Fairhope, AL 36532 SMELLEY, James L. & Elaine w., 4831 Deceased Devon Street, Moss Point, MS 39563 REDD, William C. SPENCER, John L. & Viola T., 5404 STONE, Vi Marina Cove, Lakeland, FL 33813 Total New Members= 71: Single=33; STRICKLAND, Mr & Mrs George, 6423 Double=19 Barbour Lake Road, Fayetteville, NC 28306 .

l ;l ~! 167

tvlclllbcr: 'ICS 'ACS • Soc. ltaliana INAZAWA Della Camellia 'ACRS NURSERIES OF JAPAN • CA Camellia Growers ofthe Rare Japanese Camellia Societies Don't miss these two NEW INTRODUCTIONS for 2001-2002:

C.AZALEA 'KAGIROHI' Dark green, shilling Tltis yelloll'[orlllol dOl/hie lem'es coutras! beallti­ I,ybrid. prodl/ced by crossil/g [11/(1' lI'ilit brighl red 'Silver Chalice'",;r" C. lIitidissima, flowers, blooms nearly eve,)' mOil/h. is the deepest yelloH'. V' CAMELLIA PETROTIE Mid-size gorgeous yellow 8-fold cnmelli

KAMELIEN ~ KULTUREN Pe~scher Camellia Nursery And International Camellia Garden of Excellence

P.Fischer Hoden 16 21789 Wingst

E-mail: [email protected]

homepage http://www.kamelie.de

Tel: (49) 047781263 Fax: (49) 04778/274

Tuesday-Closed-All Year December-Closed on Weekends 168 ....------......

CCio'S llursenes 3555 Chaney Trail Altadena, CA.91001 Write for free catalogue Listing over 600 Camellias And 400 Azaleas We Enjoy Having Visitors - Stop In Closed on Wednesday and Thursday all year; Closed Sundays, June through December Hours - 8.00 to 4.30 (626) 794 -3383

You are always welcome to Kurume City, the home town of Donckelaeri

One of three old "Masayoshi' trees growing in Kusano-cho, Kurume City, one of which is considered to be the mother tree of Donckelaeri brought in to Europe by Philip Franz von Siebold in 1834.

Grower of various camellias and ornamental trees AKASHIGREEN 1479-2 Yoshiki, Kusano-cho, Kurume City, 839-0836 Japan TEL 0942-47-0592, FAX 0942-47-3491, E-mail: [email protected] i'

:hiswick House, London, by '"\; On the Back Cover: Entrance to the Huntington Botanical Gardens at the time of the 2001 International Camellia Congress in Los Angeles. West was brought from China jchard Rawes. No wonder it "I was dumbfounded by the 200-acre garden at the Huntington Library. Closely planted homas Carey Palmer in Kent, cactuses from the desert are within shouting distance of a valley thick with camellias as shiny-leaved as those which grow in the mists of Ireland. How is that done?" c' V From "Counting My Chickens ... and other home thoughts" 2 that has been going on for " I' by Deborah Devonshire (The Duchess of Devonshire) Long Barn Books, Ebrington, Gloucestershire GL55 6NW, UK, 2001. and Ralph Peer brought the ISBN 1 902421 051 : pages 58 through 68). w species named in the 1980s The Huntington and other camellia gardens of California, along with all of the activities "I of the 2001 Congress, fill this issue of the International Camellia Journal. ffort that could result in a new

. 'i'

n ..,

<, ,

, ~

, .,..",...... -­